RELATIVE CLAUSE(part 3) This time we will continue with " Non-Defining R.C" B/Non-Defining R.C : 1/ A non-defining r.c contains extra information : - In writing it is seperated by comma ,and in speech , if use " at all", is usually indicated by intonation . Ex : A train , which was already an hour late,broke down again . -Non-defining r.c are placed after nouns which are definitely "already" .They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something to it by giving some more information about it . -Unlike Defining r.c , they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion .The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining clause . NoTice that we put a comma between a noun and a non-defining clause and another comma at the end of this clause if it is not also at the end of the sentence . 2/Relative pronouns used in non-defining r.c : ---For Persons : ----Subject :Who ----Object :whom/ who ----Possesive :Whose a/ Subject :who-We use "who" as the subject of the clause Ex: Peter ,who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next turn . Notice that : Clauses such as these ,which come immediately after the subject of the main verb . In spoken English we would be more likely to say : Peter had been driving all day so he suggested stopping at the next turn. --Clauses following "a preposition +Noun " are also common . Ex: I passed the letter to Peter ,who was sitting next to me . b/Object :who/whom -We used "who/whom " as the subject of the main clause although "whom" is more formal and rarely used in spoken English .The pronoun can't be omitted . Ex : Peter , who/whom I admire , is going to visit the university next week . --But non-defining clauses , coming later in the sentence , after the object of the main verb or after a preposition+noun , are common in conversation . Ex : She introduced me to her husband ,whom i hadn't met before . c/ Object of a preposition -The preposition is normally placed before "whom" and the pronoun can't be omitted . Ex: Mr Richard , for whom i was working , was vey generous. --It is however possible to move the preposition to the end of the clause . This is commonly done in conversation and "who" then finally take the place of " whom" Ex: Mr Richard , who i was working for , was generous. --If the clause contains the expression of time or place , this will remain at the end. Ex: John , with whom i played tennis last week, was fatter than me . John , who /whom i played tennis with last week , was fatter than me . d/Possesive:whose Ex :Ann, whose children are at school all day , is trying to get a job . Note:"All , both , most, few , several, some "+of + whom/ which<--------This form can be both used for people and things. -When we want to add information about the whole or the part of a particular number of things or people , we can use the non-defining r.c with " of which/of whom" after words such as :"all,both,each,many,most,neither,none,part,som e , (a number ne ,two. thee, .,the first ,the second , ,a half , a third , .)and superlatives ( the best , the biggest, ) Ex: Her sons , both of whom study abroad , ring her up every week. The busses, most of which are already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. . RELATIVE CLAUSE( part 3) This time we will continue with " Non-Defining R.C". in a non-defining clause . NoTice that we put a comma between a noun and a non-defining clause and another comma at the end of this clause if it is not