Alcohol, nutrition, and health

Nutrition And Health Series Adrianne Bendich, PhD, FACN, Series Editor For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7659 Ronald Ross Watson Victor R Preedy Sherma Zibadi Editors Alcohol, Nutrition, and Health Consequences http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield Editors Ronald Ross Watson Division of Health Promotion Sciences Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and School of Medicine Arizona Health Science Center University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA Victor R Preedy Department of Nutrition and Dietetics King’s College London London, UK Sherma Zibadi College of Public Health Department of Health Promotion Sciences University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ISBN 978-1-62703-046-5 ISBN 978-1-62703-047-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012943968 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at theCopyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Series Editor Page The great success of the Nutrition and Health Series is the result of the consistent overriding mission of providing health professionals with texts that are essential because each includes: (1) a synthesis of the state of the science; (2) timely, in-depth reviews by the leading researchers in their respective fields; (3) extensive, up-to-date, and fully annotated reference lists; (4) a detailed index; (5) relevant tables and figures; (6) identification of paradigm shifts and the consequences; (7) virtually no overlap of information between chapters, but targeted, inter-chapter referrals; (8) suggestions of areas for future research; and (9) balanced, data-driven answers to patients’ as well as health professionals’ questions which are based upon the totality of evidence rather than the findings of any single study The series volumes are not the outcome of a symposium Rather, each editor has the potential to examine a chosen area with a broad perspective, both in subject matter as well as in the choice of chapter authors The editors, whose training is both research and practice oriented, have the opportunity to develop a primary objective for their book, define the scope and focus, and then invite the leading authorities to be part of their initiative The authors were encouraged to provide an overview of the field, discuss their own research, and relate the research findings to potential human health consequences Because each book is developed de novo, the chapters are coordinated so that the resulting volume imparts greater knowledge than the sum of the information contained in the individual chapters Alcohol, Nutrition and Health Consequences, edited by Dr Ronald Ross Watson, Dr Victor R Preedy, and Dr Sherma Zibadi is a very welcome addition to the Nutrition and Health Series The 43 chapters in this comprehensive volume examine the clinical consequences of alcohol including the beneficial as well as detrimental effects The book is logically organized into seven sections and begins with an overview section that includes informative chapters on the genetics of alcohol metabolism, laboratory models, and the very earliest effects of alcohol on the embryo and breast-fed neonate The extensively referenced chapter on alcohol’s effects during embryopathy contains excellent tables and figures that describe the consistent detrimental findings of ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation The second section contains six chapters that describe both the beneficial as well as the adverse effects of alcohol on the nutritional status of individuals and the nutritional value of certain foods The chapters review these effects on overall metabolism The chapter on specific effects on protein contains comprehensive figures and the chapters on lipids and the clinical consequences of alcoholinduced vitamin B12 deficiency contain important, relevant references Additionally, there are chapters that examine at-risk, culturally specific populations including Native Americans The third section contains unique chapters that examine the potential for certain foods and food components to affect alcohol metabolism Individual chapters review the effects of plant polyphenols, folic acid, zinc, tocotrienols, soy products, oats, and omega fatty acids Organ systems and disease conditions reviewed include mammary tissue, immune function, HIV infection, maternal to fetal nutrient transfer, gastrointestinal permeability and emptying, liver function including drug detoxification, alcoholic liver disease, cognitive function, and Alzheimer’s disease v vi Series Editor Page Alcohol has been shown to interact with foods and food components to either enhance or depress the food’s biological effects Alcohol can also affect metabolism of foods and food components Five chapters examine alcohol’s interactions with dietary components One example of the complex interactions involves the consumption of energy drinks especially among young adults who frequently use energy drinks as a mixer with alcohol The most common active ingredients in energy drinks include caffeine, taurine, guarana, and ginseng The combination of alcohol and energy drinks appears to increase alcohol absorption as well as the consumption of large volumes of alcohol The combinations of caffeine and alcohol and cigarette smoking and alcohol are reviewed in the next two chapters that examine the potential benefits and risks of these combinations The physiological rationale for the frequently seen co-use of cigarettes and alcohol may be due to their stimulation of specific brain areas, as reviewed in the next chapter The final chapter in this section reviews the complex interactions between alcohol use and its effects on metabolism in individuals at risk for HIV and infected with HIV The data suggest that there is no safe level of alcohol intake for HIV-infected individuals due to the interactions between alcohol, liver function, HIV drug detoxification, and other factors including the often malnourished state of the patient Alcohol consumption can affect the potential to develop certain chronic diseases as well as exacerbate already existing chronic conditions; however, moderate intake may reduce the risk of certain diseases Section E, containing eight chapters, reviews the association of alcohol with chronic diseases The chapter on cataracts reviews the role of lifestyle, type diabetes, nutrient status, cigarette smoking, and other factors that are known to increase cataract risk and then examines the data suggesting that alcohol may be an independent risk factor for cataract development The next chapter reviews the cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention trial data and finds consistent reporting of excessive consumption of alcohol and increases in both the level of blood pressure and the subsequent incidence of hypertension Dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism, including lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency Dyslipidemia may be manifested by elevated LDL cholesterol or elevated triglycerides or low HDL cholesterol Excessive alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for dyslipidemia as outlined in the next chapter Alcohol abuse is also associated with chronic pancreatitis, and symptoms may be reduced with antioxidant nutrient use as reviewed in the next chapter Also included is an outline of the treatment algorithm In contrast to the above chronic conditions, epidemiological studies have linked light to moderate alcohol consumption, i.e., 10–30 g alcohol per day, with about a 30 % decreased risk of type diabetes compared to nondrinkers There appears to be a U-shaped relationship between the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption and type diabetes risk especially in women The next chapter examines the association between alcohol consumption, adiposity, and obesity Cross-sectional and prospective studies suggest that long-term, high alcohol intake (>3 drinks/day) is associated with increased abdominal adiposity and weight gain In contrast to the obese patients, the next chapter describes the etiology of anorexia and it appears that alcohol may play a minor role in this condition whereas bulimics may have alcohol-related psychological dysfunctions The next unique chapter reviews the influence of alcohol consumption on human cancers known to be caused by viral infections This chapter includes comprehensive tables that outline those cancers that are associated with viral infections including, but not limited to, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis viruses, human papillomavirus, human lymphotrophic virus type 1, human herpesvirus 8, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Two of the most serious diseases to affect chronic alcohol users are cancers, mainly of the digestive tract, and liver diseases These two areas are reviewed in depth in the final 12 chapters of this comprehensive volume Chronic alcohol users have an increased risk of many cancer types and alcohol use can affect the treatment of cancers not directly related to alcohol abuse The effects of alcohol on the development and treatment of liver, colorectal, urinary tract, esophageal, and other digestive tract cancers are each reviewed in separate chapters In contrast, chapters include the epidemiological findings that low or moderate intake of wine is associated with reduced risk of development of certain cancers As indicated in previous chapters, the combination of alcohol use and cigarette smoking is Series Editor Page vii frequently seen Their synergism in upper digestive system cancers is described in detail with excellent tables and figures and suggests that acetaldehyde, a human carcinogen derived from both alcohol and cigarettes, is a major factor The final section on alcohol and liver diseases contains eight comprehensive chapters Topics reviewed include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); chronic viral infections in the liver; hepatic insulin resistance and other associations with effects of obesity and type diabetes; cholesterol metabolism and its management; adverse effects of ceramide, a lipotoxin, and the use of ceramide-lowering drugs; dietary lipids and the potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids to reduce the chronic inflammation seen in many liver diseases; protein-calorie malnutrition and multiple micronutrient deficiencies associated with chronic liver diseases and the use of enteral and parenteral nutrition therapies; and the role of the liver in assuring adequate vitamin A delivery to the rest of the body once dietary vitamin A has been consumed This final chapter reminds us of the liver’s functions of storing and metabolizing vitamin A and synthesizing vitamin A binding proteins that permit the release of vitamin A from the liver to be distributed to all cells and tissues of the body The logical sequence of the sections as well as the chapters within each section enhance the understanding of the latest information on the current standards of practice with regard to chronic alcohol use and its consequences for clinicians, related health professionals including the dietician, nurse, pharmacist, physical therapist, behaviorist, psychologist, and others involved in the team effort required for successful treatment of alcoholism as well as liver diseases that may or may not be directly related to alcoholism Other relevant diseases as well as conditions that adversely affect the liver’s normal metabolic processes are also included This comprehensive volume has great value for academicians involved in the education of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, medical students, and allied health professionals who plan to interact with patients with relevant disorders The volume contains over 100 detailed tables and figures that assist the reader in comprehending the complexities of the metabolism as well as the potential benefits and risks of alcohol on human health The over-riding goal of this volume is to provide the health professional with balanced documentation and awareness of the newest research and therapeutic approaches including an appreciation of the complexity of the effects alcohol can have on virtually every organ system within the body Hallmarks of the 43 chapters include key words and bulleted key points at the beginning of each chapter, complete definitions of terms with the abbreviations fully defined for the reader, and consistent use of terms between chapters There are over 3,400 up-to-date references; all chapters include a conclusion to highlight major findings The volume also contains a highly annotated index This unique text provides practical, data-driven resources based upon the totality of the evidence to help the reader understand the basics, treatments, and preventive strategies that are involved in the understanding of how alcohol may affect healthy individuals as well as those with chronic alcohol use with or without relevant infectious diseases, obesity, diabetes, and/or neurocognitive declines With equal importance, critical issues that involve patient concerns, such as malnourishment; potential effects on mental functions; and addiction and withdrawal are included in well-referenced, informative chapters The overarching goal of the editors is to provide fully referenced information to health professionals so they may have a balanced perspective on the value of various preventive and treatment options that are available today as well as in the foreseeable future In conclusion, Alcohol, Nutrition and Health Consequences, edited by Ronald Ross Watson, Ph.D.; Victor R Preedy, Ph.D., D.Sc., FRIPH, FRSH, FIBiol, FRCPath; and Sherma Zibadi, M.D., Ph.D., provides health professionals in many areas of research and practice with the most up-to-date, wellreferenced, and comprehensive volume on the current state of the science and medical consequences of alcohol use This volume will serve the reader as the most authoritative resource in the field to date and is a very welcome addition to the Nutrition and Health Series Adrianne Bendich, Ph.D., FACN, FASN Series Editor Preface Humankind has had a complex relationship with alcohol from the beginning of recorded history In most societies, some level of alcohol consumption is acceptable In the United States, about 60% of high-school students illegally use alcohol Alcohol-altered diet and nutrition directly affects ten million alcohol-abusing adults It costs people in the United States more than $250 billion in health care, lost work, etc Alcohol research is in a golden era With more powerful tools for data collection and analysis and increased funding, the epidemiology of alcohol consumption, dietary consequences, role of nutrition in treatment of alcohol’s pathology, and alcohol-related health issues are being better elucidated Therefore, there is an overview section on nutrition and the effects of alcohol use on it to aid the reader This includes genetics of alcohol metabolism and lessons learned from animal models Chronic alcohol use is associated with heart, liver, brain, and other organ pathology Alcohol is a drug of abuse and a caloric food It causes poorer intake and absorption of nutrients, thus playing a major role in many aspects of clinical consequences Alcohol use lowers consumption of fruit and vegetables, lowers tissue nutrients, and, in some cases, requires nutritional therapy by clinicians Thus the next section deals with diverse chapters relating to oxidation, body weight, health inequalities, specific problems to Native Americans, and biology Clearly, metabolites of ethanol such as acetaldehyde are important modifiers of nutrients and metabolism of protein which are reviewed In addition, the effects of alcohol abuse on nutrients’ actions including vitamin E, vitamin B12, and zinc in the body’s biology are assessed Alcohol modifies use and metabolism of diverse foods with oats, fish oil, and soy being examples that are reviewed Infectious diseases, particularly viral ones including HIV/AIDS and viral infections promoting cancer can be changed by alcohol abuse which is defined in this book More importantly chronic diseases are susceptible to chronic alcohol abuse These include a wide range of nutritional diseases such as cataracts, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and bulimia This book helps to define the causes and types of nutritional changes due to alcohol use and how nutrition can be used to ameliorate its consequences The role of antioxidant nutrients and foods as partial therapies is carefully defined Chapters deal with application of current nutritional knowledge by physicians and dietitians in understanding alcohol and cancer promotion Reviews describe alcohol use in liver, colorectal, urinary, and digestive systems Of course, toxic metabolites, acetaldehyde plays an important role in digestive tract cancer described in a chapter An intimate, detailed knowledge of the effects of alcohol on the biochemical reactions and nutritional changes is critical in preventing or treating biomedical consequences Specific areas involving alcohol-related damage due to alcohol-combined effects with foods are reviewed, specifically the interaction with caffeine in foods, tobacco smoke and nicotine, and energy drinks Because of alcohol’s effects on the liver with a diverse range of diseases, they become a major section Therefore the roles of nutrients as therapies for alcoholic liver diseases are defined including the actions of dietary fats, vitamin A, and native plant foods in reducing and exacerbating them ix x Preface The book will become a desk reference for alcohol therapists and researchers as well as primary care physicians and dietitians These professionals frequently need information on the nutritional effects of alcohol as well as the role of nutritional supplementation and diet in the therapy of alcohol pathology Research progress encourages us to summarize and evaluate in detail advances in understanding changes in nutritional biochemistry and physiology caused by ethanol (alcoholic beverages) It will assist the clinician, student, and dietitian to comprehend the complex changes caused by direct and indirect effects of ethanol at the cellular level via its nutritional modification This book will stimulate research while educating health-oriented laypersons as well as scientists and health-care professionals Tucson, AZ, USA London, UK Tucson, AZ, USA Ronald Ross Watson Victor R Preedy Sherma Zibadi Index A Acetaldehyde, 439 See also Ethanol metabolism as a carcinogen, 444–445 colon cancer, 449 esophageal cancer, 466–467 gene polymorphisms ALDH2 deficiency, 446–447 high-activity ADH1C*1 allele, 448 low-activity ADH1B, 447–448 hepatocellular cancer, ethanol metabolism, 419–421 minimization of, 450–452 salivary acetaldehyde normal oral flora, 445–446 smoking and alcohol, 446 stomach cancer, 448–449 Acid SMase (aSMase), 231 Acrolein, 44 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Acute alcohol intoxication in vitro models, 28 in vivo models, 29 Acute pancreatitis, 343 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 84, 85 Adiposity drinking pattern drink type, 375–377 lifestyle characteristics, 377–378 meals, 377 NAFLD, OS and vitamin A, 599 Aerodigestive tract cancers, 401, 404 Aflatoxin B1, 419 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 5, 216 catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), 16 expression, 17 genes, 16 genetic variation, 17–18 isozymes, 16 nomenclature, 16, 17 oxidation, 17 pathway, polymorphisms acetaldehyde levels, 20, 21 alcohol dependence, 21 alcohol metabolism, influence, 20 genotypes, 20 isozymes encoding, 19 Alcoholic beverages, 431–432 Alcoholic fatty liver, 498 Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) cholesterol absorption and metabolism in, 527–528 histological changes, 523 lipid metabolism adiponectin, 526 AMP-activated protein kinase, 524–525 cannabinoid system, 527 hepatic steatosis, 526 insulin resistance, 526 steatosis, 524 nutritional state in, 528–529 pathogenesis, 524 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a, 524 Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 132 abnormal plasma fatty acid composition, 534 betaine, 479–480 biochemical changes ethanol intoxication, 484–485 nutraceutical effect (see Nutraceutical effect) causes of, 217, 484 chronic viral infections, 501 clinical trials, 473 development, 217–218 dietary fatty acids, 534, 535 endotoxins, 218 gender differences, 501 genetic polymorphisms, 501 histone acetylation and methylation, 475–476 liver lipid peroxidation, 217 methyl donors, 474 micronutrient abnormalities, 533 molecular changes, 476 polyunsaturated fatty acids corn oil and fish oil, 538 elevated CYP2E1 and iNOS activity, 539 endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines, 537 hepatic stellate cells, 537–538 LC-PUFA, 539 metabolic pathways for, 535–536 n-6/n-3 fatty acids, 540 R.R Watson et al (eds.), Alcohol, Nutrition, and Health Consequences, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 563 564 Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (cont.) n-3 PUFA levels, 539 phospholipids and cell membranes, 537 prooxidant effect, 536 ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation, 217 S-adenosylmethionine blood alcohol cycle, 477 epigenetic background, 475 gene expression changes, 477–479 intragastric ethanol feeding, 478 microarray analysis of, 475 PCR microarray analysis data mining, 478 TLR4 and upregulation prevention, 478 saturated fatty acids, 538 Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) antioxidants, 550 malnutrition in aetiology of, 546 alcohol, 546 anorexia, 546 anthropometric measurements, 547 chronic alcoholics, 547, 548 dietary fat and proteins malabsorption, 547 protein-calorie malnutrition, 548 vitamin deficiency, 547 treatment enteral nutrition, 550 parenteral nutrition, 549 S-adenosylmethionine, 551 Alcohol-induced brain disease cognitive impairment and dementia, 508 insulin resistance ceramide inhibitor treatments, 515, 517 ER stress, 515 PPAR agonist, 517 liver-brain axis of, 513–514 Alcohol-induced cognitive deficits brain shrinkage/neurodegeneration, 182 chronic alcoholism, 181–182 chronic and excessive consumption, 181 etiopathogenesis alcohol intoxication, 186–187 glia and alcoholic neurodegeneration, 186 growth factor signaling, 187 HPA axis, 187 neurogenesis, 182, 183 neuronal oxidative-nitrodative stress, 182–183 NF-kB signaling activation, 183–185 NMDA receptor supersensitivity, 183, 185–186 proinflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, 183, 184 TLRs, 183, 185 FAS, 182 neuroinflammatory signaling cascade, rats, 189–192 neuronal apoptosis, neonatal rat brain BAC, 194, 195 caspase-3, 195, 197 cerebral cortex and hippocampus, ethanoladministered pups, 195–197 Index chronic treatment, 195 elevated plus maze, 194, 195 escape latency, 193–194 ethanol-treated rats, 194–196 NF-kb level, 195, 197 Alcohol-induced gut leakiness, 219 Alcohol-induced liver disease insulin and IGF-1 signal inhibition insulin/IGF-1network integrity, 511 Long-Evans rat models, 509–511 oxidative stress, 509 proinflammatory cytokines, 509 insulin resistance ceramide inhibitor treatments, 515, 517 ER stress, 514 PPAR agonist, 517 progression, 508 Alcohol-induced oxidative tissue damage alcohol metabolism, 216–217 ALD, 217–218 endotoxemia mechanism, 218–219 intestinal barrier integrity, 219 molecular mechanisms, gut permeability, 219–220 oats antioxidant properties, 220 Avns, 220–221 dysbiosis, 222 intestinal hyperpermeability, 222 NF-kB activation, 221 prebiotic, 222 protection, 220, 221 Alcohol metabolism absorption rate, 16 enzymes and genetic aspects ADH, 16–18 ADH and ALDH polymorphisms, 19–21 ALDH, 18 catalase, 19 cytochrome P450 enzymes, 18–19 hepatic oxidation, 16 Alcohol use and abuse body weight and composition (see also Body weight) alcoholic drinks and consumption, 90 epidemiological study, 92–94 ethyl alcohol, 89 overweight and obesity (see Overweight and obesity) complications, malnutrition, 8–10 Alcohol-use disorders (AUD) alcohol consumption and body weight, 93, 94 anorexia nervosa, 392–393 bulimia nervosa, 392–393 epidemiology of, 97–98 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) esophageal cancer, 466–467 genetic variation, 18 polymorphisms acetaldehyde levels, 20, 21 Index alcohol dependence, 21 alcohol metabolism, influence, 20 digestive tract cancer, 442–443 genotypes, 20 isozymes encoding, 19 Jewish, 20 stomach cancer, 442 American Indians (AI)/Alaskan Natives (AN) alcoholism alcohol consequences, 137 biology, 137 history and risk factors, 136 nutrition, 138 prevalence, 136–137 positive tribal programs alcohol initiation and abstinence, 140 IHS, 138 mixed populations, 140 Native Pride Project, 139 prevention and intervention, 139 reservation, 140 rural, 139 Tucson Indian Center, 139 urban, 140 2-Aminoethane sulfonic acid See Taurine AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), 335 Anorexia nervosa alcohol use disorders assessment protocols, 393 pharmacological and psychological treatments, 393 purging symptoms, 392 clinical characteristics, 384 diagnosis, 384–385 dietary treatment, adolescent patients, 386 body mass index, 387 enteral feeding, 389 healthy eating habits, 388 osteopenia, 387 prepubertal patients, 387 target weight assessment, 387–388 weight maintenanace, 388 weight restoration, 388 nutritional aspects clinical features, 385 physical abnormalities, 385–386 treatment, 386 prevalance, 384 Anthropometry, 90 Antioxidants, 345 alcoholic steatohepatitis, 550–551 chronic pancreatitis Braganza’s free radical theory, 350–351 coenzyme Q10, 348 phenolic compounds, 348 placebo-controlled double blind trial, 351 selenium, 347 vitamin A, 346 565 vitamin C, 347–348 vitamin E, 346–347 vitamins, 311 Apical junctional complex (AJC), 219, 220 Apoptosis cognitive deficits BAC, 194, 195 caspase-3, 195, 197 cerebral cortex and hippocampus, 195–197 chronic treatment, 195 elevated plus maze, 194, 195 escape latency, 193–194 ethanol-treated rats, 194–196 NF-kb level, 195, 197 lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, 45–46 As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle, 450 Atrophic gastritis, 441 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasisectodermal dystrophy (APECED) oral and esophageal cancer, 444 Autoimmunological CP, 343–344 Avenanthramides (Avns), 220–221 B B cell lymphoma protein (Bcl-2), 45 Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), 45 Beer, 431 Betaine, 474, 479–480 Blood alcohol level (BAL) cycle, 474 Blood antioxidant vitamin levels, 314 Body fat quantization body mass index, 90–91 DEXA and MRI, 90 waist circumference, 91 Body mass index (BMI), 309 alcohol use and abuse, 90–91 cataracts, 309 Body weight abdominal fat deposition, 378 alcohol BMl and weight gain, 95 cigarette smoking, 94 cross-sectional studies, 372 energy consumption, 91–92 family history, 94 fat distribution, 374–375 interventionstudies, 374 prospectivestudies, 372–374 fat quantization body mass index, 90–91 DEXA and MRI, 90 waist circumference, 91 Braganza’s free radical theory, 350–352 Brazilian cocoa/zoom See Guarana Breast cancer See also Ethanol metabolism alcohol drinking, 145–146 plant polyphenols, 148 566 British Regional Heart Study (BRHS), 372 Bulimia nervosa aetiology of, 389 alcohol use disorders assessment protocols, 393 family and genetic factors, 393 impulsive behaviours, 392 pharmacological and psychological treatments, 393 diagnosis of, 389–390 nutritional aspects clinical features, 390, 391 physical abnormalities, 390–391 treatment, 391–392 prevalence, 389 C Caffeinated alcoholic beverages (CABs) basic effects, 266–267 healthcare and legal perspectives, 267 intoxication reduction, 266 psychological effects, 267–268 surveillance results and statistics, 268–269 Caffeine, 256, 257, 259 See also Caffeinated alcoholic beverages (CABs) Cancer alcohol colorectal cancer (see Colorectal cancer) digestive tract cancer (see Digestive tract cancer) epidemiological studies, 431–432 esophageal cancer (see Esophageal cancer) hepatocellular cancer (see Hepatocellular cancer) stomach cancer (see Stomach cancer) urinary tract tumors, 434–435 breast cancer, 145–146 carcinogenic agents, 397–398 Cancer-dependent viral infection aerodigestive tract cancers, 401, 404 alcohol, 402–403 beverage categories, 398 epidemiological studies, 398 folate depletion, 401 Patterns of Drinking Score, 398–400 viral human carcinogens, 404 aldehyde dehydrogenases, 400–401 viral infections, 402–403 viruses carcinogenesis, 401 Cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, 527 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 84 dyslipidemia (see Dyslipidemia) Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), 524 Caspase-8, 45 Cassia occidentalis L., 486 Catalase, 19 Cataracts BMI and WHR, 309 CRP, 309 and diabetes combination, 308 Index dietary habits, 310 interrelationships, 307 metabolic syndrome, 308 micronutrients intake, 310–311 prevalence, 308 socioeconomic risk factors age, 314–315 alcohol intake, 315–317 female gender, 311–312 lifestyle and education, 315 smoking, 312–314 sunlight exposure, 314 CCl4 intoxication, nutraceutical effect, 486 Cellular retinol-binding protein I (CRBPI), 554 Central nervous system (CNS), 228 Choline, 103–104, 474 Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 53 Chronic alcohol abuse in vitro models, 30 in vivo models agar gel diet model, 31 drinking water model, 32 ethanol agar block model, 31 exposure to alcohol vapors, 32 intragastric infusion model, 31 liquid diet model, 30–31 Chronic liver disease (CLD) See also Alcoholic liver disease alcohol abuse and obesity, 502 Dionysos Study, 499 drinking habits and pattern, 500 iceberg phenomenon, 499, 500 safe alcohol dose, 498–499 vitamin A supplementation, 557 Chronic pancreatitis (CP) antioxidants (see Antioxidants) clinical symptoms, 341 definition, 341 etiological factors of acute pancreatitis, 343 alcohol consumption, 342–343 autoimmunological factors, 343–344 hereditary pancreatitis, 343 hypercalcaemia, 343 pancreatic juice outflow, 343 smoking, 343 idiopathic, 344 life expectancy, 341 oxidation-antioxidation balance disturbance, 344–346, 352 pathogenesis of, 344 prevalence of, 341–342 treatment algorithm for, 349, 350 antioxidants in, 349–351 conservative treatment, 348 Index diabetic diet, 349 endoscopic treatment, 349 high energy diet, 348–349 pharmacological treatment, 349 psychotherapy, 348 Chylomicron remnants (CMR), 554 Cigarette smoking, 92, 93 acrolein, 44 alcohol and body weight, 94 cataracts, 313 Co-abuse, 282 Cobalamin (Cbl), 131–133 Coenzyme Q10, 348 Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), 393 Colon cancer, 449 Colorectal cancer alcohol consumption beef meat, 434 low-folate intake, 433–434 saturated fatty acids, 433 carcinogens, 432 environmental-lifestyle factors, 432 fatty red meat consumption, 433 genetic and molecular mechanisms, 432 incidence, 432 risk factors, 432 C-reactive protein (CRP), 309 Creatinine-height index, 547 Cyclooxygenase (COX), 537 Cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1), 413, 419, 462 D Death-inducing signaling complexes (DISC), 45, 54 Dietary carotenoids, 310–311 Digestive tract cancer See also Acetaldehyde acetaldehyde-related genetic risk factors ADH polymorphism, 443 ALDH2 polymorphism, 442–443 alcohol beverage type and diet, 441 tobacco and, 440–441 atrophic gastritis, 441 Helicobacter pylori infection, 441 Dopamine, 276 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), 90 Dyslipidemia chronic alcohol abuse AMPK, 335 ethanol, 330 FABP-2, 335–336 HDL-c level, 331 hypertriglyceridemia, 329 lipid oxidization system (see Lipid oxidization system) liver disease, 329 malnutrition, 330–331 PPAR-a, 335 prevalence, 330 567 sex differences, 331 TG level, 331 definition, 330 E Eating disorders in adolescence anorectic (see Anorexia nervosa) bulimic (see Bulimia nervosa) prevalence, 383 aetiology, 384 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) alcohol-mediated insulin resistance brain disease, 515 liver disease, 514 PERK and IRE1, 514 sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, 335 Endothelial nitric oxide synthases (nNOS), 46 Endotoxins, 218 Energy drinks consumer marketing, 255 definition, 256 ingredients Asian ginseng, 258 caffeine, 256, 257 guarana, 257, 258 taurine, 257 mixing with alcohol premixed alcoholic energy drinks, 261 risky drinking, 260 sociodemographic factors, 258–259 Enteral nutrition, 550 Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) alcohol intake case-control studies, 463–465 cohort studies, 465–466 ecologic and migrant studies, 463 demographic profile, 460 incidence rates, 461 Esophageal cancer alcohol assessment, 462–463 carcinogenic effect, 461–462 case-control studies, 463–465 cohort studies, 465–466 ecologic and migrant studies, 463 gene-environment interaction in, 466–467 APECED patients, 444 epidemiology of, 460–461 Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) alcohol intake case-control studies, 463–465 cohort studies, 465–466 ecologic and migrant studies, 463 demographic profile, 460 incidence rates, 461 Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency, 434 Index 568 Ethanol extract of propolis (PEE), 488 Ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation, 46–50 antioxidants, 46 apoptosis, 45–46 embryopathy BDNF receptors, 53 neural crest cell apoptosis, 52 neurotrophic/survival factors downregulation, 53 neurulation, 51 p75 NTR, 53–54 Shh, Ptc-1, and Gli-1 expression, 52–53 teratogenesis, 51 Fenton reaction, 37 Harber-Weiss reaction, 37 reactive aldehydes synthesis acrolein, 44 g (gamma)-ketoaldehydes, 44–45 4-hydroxynonenal, 38, 40, 42 malondialdehyde, 43–44 n-3 fatty acid, 41, 44 n-6 fatty acid, 41 4-oxo-2-nonenal, 39, 42–43 Ethanol-mediated liver degeneration insulin and IGF-1 signal inhibition insulin/IGF-1network integrity, 511 Long-Evans rat models, 509–511 oxidative stress, 509 proinflammatory cytokines, 509 Ethanol metabolism, 420 to acetaldehyde, rat mammary tissue, 146 cytosolic pathway, 147–148 flavonoids, 151 glutathione, 149 hydroxyl radicals, 149 Lieber and De Carli diet, 149 microsomal pathway, 148–149 oxidative stress process, 149–150 purine-rich foods/beverages, 151 subcellular fractions, 149 thiol products, 151 xenobiotic electrophiles, 150 alcohol drinking and breast cancer, 145–146 hepatocellular cancer acetaldehyde role in, 419–421 oxidative stress, 421–422 Ezetimibe, 529 F Fat synthesis and oxidation, Fatty acid binding protein (FABP)-2, 335–336 Fenton reaction, 37 Fermented sea tangle (FST), 488 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), 156, 158, 159 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 182 alcohol exposure age, 157–158 duration, 157 ethnic susceptibility, 158 monozygotic and dizygotic twins study, 158 peak blood alcohol concentrations, 157 smoking and illicit drug use, 158 socio-economic status, 157 alcohol-mediated teratogenicity, 158 retinoic acid (RA) synthesis, 160 Fish oil n-3 fatty acids cell death, 228 CNS, 228 docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), 227, 228 ethanol, 228 PS synthesis and content, 236, 237 Sphingolipid turnover (see Sphingolipid turnover) Folate deficiency, 131 alcoholic steatohepatitis, 547 zinc deficiency, pregnancy, 163 Folic acid, 103 G Galactagogue, 64 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 267, 268 g (gamma)-ketoaldehydes, 44–45 Ginkgo biloba (EGb), 487 Glutamate, 268 Glutathione peroxidases (GPx), 46 Guarana, 257, 258 H Haptocorrin (HC), 132 Harber-Weiss reaction, 37 Harris-Benedict equation, 547 Hazardous alcohol use, 294 Helicobacter pylori infection, 441 Hepatic cirrhosis, 411 Hepatic inflammation, 414–415 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 290, 293 Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) alcohol altered DNA methylation, 422 environmental carcinogens, 419 ethanol metabolism (see Ethanol metabolism) hereditary hemochromatosis, 418 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 418 retinoid interaction, 422–423 viral hepatitis, 415–417 animal experiments, 412–413 epidemiology, 412 hepatic cirrhosis, 411, 413–414 hepatic inflammation, 414–415 intracellular signal transduction, 414–415 Hepatomegaly, 484 Hepatoprotective agents, 491 See also Nutraceutical effect Hereditary hemochromatosis, 418 Hereditary pancreatitis, 343 High blood pressure epidemiological evidence, 322 limitations, 324 mechanism biochemical mechanism, 322–323 Index cardiovascular risk factors, 323 genetic influence, 322 prevention, alcohol consumption, 324–325 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 84, 331 Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC), 132 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 312 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection alcohol ART, 242, 244 CD4+ cell count, 243, 244 consumption, 242, 243 longitudinal effects, 242 MVECs, 243 NRTI, 242 ROS, 242, 243 viral load response, 243 in vitro suppression, 243 antiretroviral therapy, 288 cardiovascular disease, 294 ecological epidemiology, 288 epidemiology acquisition, 289 alcohol use over time, 291 none, moderate and hazardous drinking, 288 prevalence of alcohol, 289–290 hazardous alcohol use, 297 intervention studies, 295–296 liver disease, 293–294 oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage antiretrovirals, 245–246 mtDNA, 245 ROS, 244 serum MDA, 245 Tat protein, 245 progression adherence, 291–292 immune function, 292 and survival, 292–293 pulmonary diseases, 295 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), 38, 40, 42, 536 Hypercalcaemia, 343 Hypermetabolic state, Hypertriglyceridemia (HT), 329 Hypopharynx cancer, 401, 404 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis, 187 I Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 46, 220 Insulin and insulin-like growth factor type (IGF-1) ethanol liver degeneration, 509–511 neurodegeneration, 511 signal transduction mechanisms, 508–509 Insulin receptor substrate, type (IRS-1), 509 Insulin resistance alcoholic brain disease ceramide inhibitor treatments, 515, 517 ER stress, 515 569 PPAR agonist, 517 alcoholic liver disease ceramide inhibitor treatments, 515, 517 ER stress, 514 PPAR agonist, 517 ceramides, 512–513 lipotoxicity, 512 steatohepatitis, 512 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification, 440 Isoflavones Bifidobacterium breve strain, 204 chronic diseases, 204 degradation and absorption, 204, 205 ethanol metabolism, 210, 211 field meat, 204 FSM, 204, 207 glucose-conjugated orms, 204 Go-Koku, 203 Pueraria lobata, 204 soymilk, 204, 207 structure of, 204, 205 Isoprostanes, 536 K Kupffer cells (KC), 218, 219, 537 L Laboratory alcohol models acute alcohol intoxication in vitro models, 28 in vivo models, 29 chronic alcohol abuse agar gel diet model, 31 drinking water model, 32 ethanol agar block model, 31 exposure to alcohol vapors, 32 intragastric infusion model, 31 liquid diet model, 30–31 in vitro models, 30 Lactation alcohol family history of, 66–68 milk-ejection, 66 oxytocin and prolactin, 66 breastfeeding infant nutrition, 71 sensory learning, 72–73 sleep, 71–72 ethanol breast pumping, 70 human milk, 68, 69 lower breath alcohol concentrations, 69–70 pharmacodynamics, 69 pharmacokinetics, 68–69 physiology of mammary gland development, 64–65 suckling reflex, 65–66 570 l-Cysteine, acetaldehyde exposure, 451–452 Levuglandin, 45 Lifestyle factors alcohol consumption beverage preference and drinking patterns, 363–364 diet, 364–365 type diabetes, 365–366 type diabetes (see also Type diabetes) alcohol consumption, 359–362 nutrition, 359 obesity, 358 physical inactivity, 359 Lipid oxidization system, alcohol insulin resistance, 334 microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, 333 NAD/NADH ratio, 331–332 TG metabolism, 333–334 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 168–169 Lipoproteins, 330 Liver X receptor-a (LXRa), 528 M Magnolia officinalis, 487 Malnutrition alcohol abuse complications, 8–9 chronic pancreatitis, 348 multifactorial alcoholics, 10 organic pathology development, primary caloric wastage, 4, ethanol effect, 5–6 irregular feeding, 6–7 shift of nutrients, social and family problems, 6–7 prognostic value, 9–10 secondary, 7, Malondialdehyde, 43–44 Mangifera indica stem bark aqueous extract (MSEB), 487 Megaloblastic anemia and alcoholism, 132–133 Metallothionein (MT), 164–166 Methylmalonic acid (MMA), 132 Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), 5, 18, 159, 333, 555 Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), 527 Microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs), 243 Mother-infant dyad See Lactation N N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 550 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), 92 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 267 Nerve growth factor (NGF), 53 N2-ethyl-desoxyguanosine (N2-Et-dG), 420 Neural crest-derived cells (NCCs), 229 Index Neurodegeneration liver-brain axis of, 513–514 nutrition and health inequality alcohol toxicity, 102 choline, 103–104 chronic alcohol misusers, 102 folic acid, 103 oxidative stress, 102 pyridoxine, 103 thiamin, 102–103 vitamin C, 104 zinc, 105 Neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS), 46 Neurulation, 51 NF-k(kappa)B protein, 413 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 217 Nicotine, 276 Niemann-Pick C1-like (NPC1L1), 527 Nitric oxide synthases (NOS), 46 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 418, 497–498, 523–524 cholesterol absorption and metabolism in, 527–528 lipid metabolism adiponectin, 526 AMP-activated protein kinase, 524–525 hepatic steatosis, 526 insulin resistance, 526 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a, 524 nutritional state in, 528–529 nutrition as risk factors for, 502–503 pathogenesis of, 524 Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 412, 418 insulin resistance, 526 pathogenesis, 524 Normeta, 487 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), 242, 246 Nutraceutical effect b-Carotene and S-adenosylmethionine, 490 bilirubin, 490 curcumin, 490 ferulic acid, 488 foods, 487–488 herbs AA intoxication, 486–487 CCl4 intoxication, 486 ethanol toxicity, 486 hepatoprotective action, 485–486, 489 oxidative stress, 487 polyherbal drug preparations, 487 lutein, 488 polyADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor, 488 quercetin, 489 trans-resveratrol, 488 Nutritional disorder See Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia nervosa Nutrition and health inequality alcohol-use disorders epidemiology of, 97–98 tryptophan metabolism, 100–102 Index chronic alcohol ingestion, 98 fruit and vegetable consumption, 99 liver disease, 100 neuroprotection and neurodegeneration alcohol toxicity, 102 choline, 103–104 chronic alcohol misusers, 102 folic acid, 103 oxidative stress, 102 pyridoxine, 103 thiamin, 102–103 vitamin C, 104 zinc, 105 nutrient-dense diet, 98 nutritional deficiency syndromes, 98 physical and mental health, 99 public health strategy, 100 SACN, 98 socio-economic groups, 98–99 tryptophan metabolism, 100–102 O Obesity, See also Overweight and obesity Ocimum gratissimum, 487 Oral cancer, 401, 404 APECED patients, 444 tobacco smoking, 440 Oral gavage, 29 Oropharynx cancer, 401, 404 Overweight and obesity See also Body weightadiposity (see Adiposity) alcohol consumption AUD diagnosis, 94 community-based Shanghai Diabetes Study, 93–94 family history, 93 Finnish population-based twin study, 94 gender and unaccounted genetic factors, 94 Gerona Heart Registry, 92–93 Missouri Adolescent Female Twin Study, 93 NESARC sample, 93 SU.VI.MAX study, 92 biomedical and psychosocial correlates of, 91 body weight (see Body weight) Oxidative stress, 102 See also Alcohol-induced oxidative tissue damage alcohol abuse and dependence, 84 CVD and HDL-C, 84 hepatocellular cancer, ethanol, 421–422 J-shaped relationship, 84 moderate alcohol consumption alcohol beverages, 84 ATP, 84, 85 GSH and vitamin E, 85 MDA, 85 nutritional assessments, 86 oxidative parameters, 85 reperfusion, 84 4-Oxo-2-nonenal, 39, 42–43 Oxytocin, 65–67 571 P Parenteral nutrition, 549 Patterns of Drinking Score (PDS), 398–400 Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, 517 Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), 509 Phyllanthus amarus, 486 PKR-like ER-localizede IF2a kinase (PERK), 514 Popular opinion leader (POL) models, 296 Pregnancy alcohol exposure adaptive response-zinc utilisation, 164 age, 157–158 genetic and ethnic susceptibility, 158 patterns of, 156–157 smoking and illicit drug use, 158 socio-economic status, 157 teratogenicity, 158 timing of exposure, 157 zinc deficiency, 162–164 ethanol metabolism, 159–160 prostanoid metabolism, 161 retinoic acid (RA) synthesis, 160 impaired placental nutrient delivery, 162 zinc (see also Zinc, pregnancy) alcohol-mediated birth abnormalities, 167–168 deficiency, 162–164 infection-mediated birth abnormalities, 168–169 supplementation, 170–171 utilisation, adaptive response, 164 Premixed alcoholic energy drinks, 261 Premna tomentosa, 486 Prolactin, 65–68 2-Propenal, 44 Protein-calorie malnutrition, 548 Protein metabolism, 5–6 Protein 75 neurotrophin receptor (p75 NTR), 53–54 p53-upregulation modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), 45, 46 Pyridoxine, 103 R Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 217 Resting energy expenditure (REE), Retinoic acid synthesis, 160 S S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), 422 alcoholic steatohepatitis, 551 blood alcohol cycle, 477 epigenetic background, 475 gene expression changes, 477–479 intragastric ethanol feeding, 478 microarray analysis of, 475 PCR microarray analysis data mining, 478 TLR4 and upregulation prevention, 478 Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN), 98 Index 572 Selenium, 347 Serum folate, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), 17 Smoking See also Cigarette smoking; Tobacco smoking early co-usage, 276 expectancies, 272 genetics, 276 home influences, 274 media, 274 peer influences, 273–274 psychosocial, 272–273 socioeconomic status, 274–275 synergism, 271 Soy products ethanol absorption, 207–209 ethanol and toxic acetaldehyde, 203 human study, 206–208 isoflavones (see Isoflavones) rat study, 206 soymilk products and ethanol metabolism, 210–212 vegetable oils, 203 Sphingolipid turnover Alzheimer’s disease, 233 aSMase, 231 brain cortex, 229, 230 ceramide accumulation, 229 cognitive functions, 233 cytokines, 235–236 ethanol, 229, 233 fish-oil-enriched diet, 235 GlcCer synthesis, 231, 232 hippocampus, 229, 230, 233, 234 NCCs, 229 n-3 PUFA effects, 235 oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, 229 PS content and synthesis, 233, 234 PS liposomes, 236 TNF-a, 231 Spirits, 431 SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP), 527 Steatosis/Steatohepatitis See also Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) antioxidants, 550–551 cholesterol management, 529–530 folate deficiency, 547 insulin resistance, 512 Stellate cells, 554 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), 335, 514 Stomach cancer, 439 acetaldehyde, 448–449 ALDH2 polymorphism, 442 H pylori infection, 441 tobacco smoking, 440–441 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, 460 T Taurine, 257 Teratogenesis, 51 Thiamin, 102–103 Thromboxanes (TXs), 537 Tobacco smoking See also Smoking adolescent and adult alcohol users, 280, 281 alcohol cessation, 284 American Indians, 280 animal studies, 283–284 epidemiology, 281 human studies, 283 neural mechanisms, 282–283 oral cancer, 440 physiological reasoning, 281–282 psychological correlation, 280 stomach cancer, 440–441 18th Amendment of the Constitution, 280 Tocotrienol neuroinflammatory signaling cascade, rats, 189–192 neuronal apoptosis, neonatal rat brain, 193–197 neuroprotective effects, 189 vitamin E, 187–188 Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), 511 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine See Caffeine Tryptophan metabolism alcohol withdrawal, 101–102 kynurenines, 100–101 SACN report, 101 serotonin, 100 Tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), 414 Type diabetes alcohol consumption anti-inflammatory properties, 361 beverage type, 362 drinking patterns, 362–363 higher consumption, 360–361 meta-analysis, 359–360 moderate consumptions, 360 obesity, 361 postprandial glucose response, 361–362 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 502 oxidative stress and nutritional status, 84 Tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expression, 53 U Urinary tract tumors, 434–435 V Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 282, 283 The Veterans Administration Aging Cohort Study (VACS), 291, 293 Viral hepatitis epidemiology, 415 hepatitis B, 416 Index hepatitis C, 416–417 Vitamin A, 346 alcohol liver disease acetaldehyde, 555 b-Carotene supplementation, 557 chronic alcoholics, 555–556 ethanol and retinol, 556 ethanol oxidation, 555 hepatic proliferation and differentiation, 557 microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, 555 plasma vitamin A, 556 reactive oxygen and nitrogen formation, 556–557 xerophthalmia, 556 carotenoids, 553 chronic liver disease, 555 daily recommendation, 555 deficiency, subclinical indicators, 554 functions, 553 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 557 adipocytes and hepatocytes, 558 all-trans retinoic acid, 560 AST and ALTconcentrations, 559 hyperinsulinemia, 558 insulin resistance, 560 obesity, 558 oxidative stress role in, 559 proteins and enzyme gene expression, 560 573 reactive oxygen species, 558 VLDL secretion, 558 retinol, 554 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 131–133 Vitamin C, 104, 347–348 Vitamin E, 346–347 W Waist circumference (WC), 91 Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), 91, 309 Wine, 431 Z Zinc, pregnancy alcohol-mediated birth abnormalities, 167–168 cellular signalling, 163 deficiency acrodermatitis enteropathica, 163–164 animal models, 163 prenatal alcohol exposure and metallothionein, 164–166 electrophilic nature, 162 infection-mediated birth abnormalities, 168–169 protein interface Zn sites, 163 supplementation, 170–171 utilisation, adaptive response, 164 About the Series Editor Dr Adrianne Bendich has recently retired as Director of Medical Affairs at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Consumer Healthcare where she was responsible for leading the innovation and medical programs in support of many well-known brands including TUMS and Os-Cal Dr Bendich had primary responsibility for GSK’s support for the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) intervention study Prior to joining GSK, Dr Bendich was at Roche Vitamins Inc and was involved with the groundbreaking clinical studies showing that folic acid–containing multivitamins significantly reduced major classes of birth defects Dr Bendich has coauthored over 100 major clinical research studies in the area of preventive nutrition Dr Bendich is recognized as a leading authority on antioxidants, nutrition and immunity and pregnancy outcomes, vitamin safety and the cost-effectiveness of vitamin/mineral supplementation Dr Bendich, who is now President of Consultants in Consumer Healthcare LLC, is the editor of ten books including Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide For Health Professionals, Fourth Edition coedited with Dr Richard Deckelbaum, and is series editor of Nutrition and Health for Springer/Humana Press (www.springer.com/series/7659) The series contains 40 published volumes – major new editions in 2010–2011 include Vitamin D , Second Edition edited by Dr Michael Holick; Dietary Components and Immune Function edited by Dr Ronald Ross Watson, Dr Sherma Zibadi, and Dr Victor R Preedy; Bioactive Compounds and Cancer edited by Dr John A Milner and Dr Donato F Romagnolo; Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion edited by Dr Fabien DeMeester, Dr Sherma Zibadi, and Dr Ronald Ross Watson; Iron Deficiency and Overload edited by Dr Shlomo Yehuda and Dr David Mostofsky; Nutrition Guide for Physicians edited by Dr Edward Wilson, Dr George A Bray, Dr Norman Temple, and Dr Mary Struble; Nutrition and Metabolism edited by Dr Christos Mantzoros; and Fluid and Electrolytes in Pediatrics edited by Leonard Feld and Dr Frederick Kaskel Recent volumes include: Handbook of Drug-Nutrient R.R Watson et al (eds.), Alcohol, Nutrition, and Health Consequences, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 575 576 About the Series Editor Interactions edited by Dr Joseph Boullata and Dr Vincent Armenti; Probiotics in Pediatric Medicine edited by Dr Sonia Michail and Dr Philip Sherman; Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy edited by Dr Carol Lammi-Keefe, Dr Sarah Couch, and Dr Elliot Philipson; Nutrition and Rheumatic Disease edited by Dr Laura Coleman; Nutrition and Kidney Disease edited by Dr Laura Byham-Grey, Dr Jerrilynn Burrowes, and Dr Glenn Chertow; Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries edited by Dr Richard Semba and Dr Martin Bloem; Calcium in Human Health edited by Dr Robert Heaney and Dr Connie Weaver; and Nutrition and Bone Health edited by Dr Michael Holick and Dr Bess Dawson-Hughes Dr Bendich served as Associate Editor for Nutrition the International Journal; served on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine; and was a member of the Board of Directors of the American College of Nutrition Dr Bendich was the recipient of the Roche Research Award, is a Tribute to Women and Industry Awardee, and was a recipient of the Burroughs Wellcome Visiting Professorship in Basic Medical Sciences, 2000–2001 In 2008, Dr Bendich was given the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) Apple Award in recognition of her many contributions to the scientific understanding of dietary supplements Dr Bendich holds academic appointments as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health at UMDNJ and has an adjunct appointment at the Institute of Nutrition, Columbia University P&S, and is an Adjunct Research Professor, Rutgers University, Newark Campus She is listed in Who’s Who in American Women About the Editors Victor R Preedy, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., FSB FIBiol, FRCPath, FRSPH is attached to both the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division and the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics He is Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry (Kings College London) and Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon: Kings College Hospital) He is also Director of the Genomics Centre and a member of the School of Medicine Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an Honors Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology He gained his University of London Ph.D in 1981 In 1992, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists, and in 1993 he gained his second doctoral degree, for his outstanding contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow to the Institute of Biology in 1995 and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000 Since then he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (2004) and The Royal Institute of Public Health (2004) In 2009, Professor Preedy became a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health In his career, Professor Preedy has carried out research at the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital He has collaborated with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany He is a leading expert on the science of alcohol misuse and health He has lectured nationally and internationally To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 570 articles, which includes 165 peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, 90 reviews, and over 40 books and volumes Ronald Ross Watson, Ph.D attended the University of Idaho but graduated from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, with a degree in chemistry in 1966 He earned his Ph.D in biochemistry from Michigan State University in 1971 His postdoctoral schooling in nutrition and microbiology was completed at the Harvard School of Public Health, where he gained years of postdoctoral research experience in immunology and nutrition R.R Watson et al (eds.), Alcohol, Nutrition, and Health Consequences, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 577 578 About the Editors From 1973 to 1974, Dr Watson was assistant professor of immunology and performed research at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson He was assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at the Indiana University Medical School from 1974 to 1978 and associate professor at Purdue University in the Department of Food and Nutrition from 1978 to 1982 In 1982, Dr Watson joined the faculty at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in the Department of Family and Community Medicine of the School of Medicine He is currently professor of health promotion sciences in the Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health Dr Watson is a member of several national and international nutrition, immunology, cancer, and alcoholism research societies Among his patents he has one on a dietary supplement, passion fruit peel extract, with more pending He had done DHEA research on its effects on mouse AIDS and immune function for 20 years He edited a previous book on melatonin (Watson RR Health Promotion and Aging: The Role of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999, 164 pages) For 30 years, he was funded by Wallace Research Foundation to study dietary supplements in health promotion Dr Watson has edited more than 100 books on nutrition, dietary supplements and over-the-counter agents, and drugs of abuse as scientific reference books He has published more than 500 research and review articles Dr Sherma Zibadi received her Ph.D in nutrition from the University of Arizona and is a graduate of the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, where she earned her M.D She has recently completed her postdoctoral research fellowship awarded by the American Heart Association Dr Zibadi engages in the research field of cardiology and complementary medicine Her main research interests include maladaptive cardiac remodeling and heart failure, study the underlying mechanisms and potential mediators of remodeling process, which helps to identify new targets for treatment of heart failure Dr Zibadi’s research interest also extends into alternative medicine, exploring the preventive and therapeutic effects of natural dietary supplements on heart failure and its major risk factors in both basic animal and clinical studies, translating lab research finding into clinical practice Dr Zibadi is an author of multiple research papers published in peer-reviewed journals and books, as well as coeditor of several books ... Departments of Psychiatry and Public Health and Preventive Medicine, One Sky Center for American Indian Health, Education and Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Contributors... Editors Alcohol, Nutrition, and Health Consequences http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield Editors Ronald Ross Watson Division of Health Promotion Sciences Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health. .. Watson et al (eds.), Alcohol, Nutrition, and Health Consequences, Nutrition and Health, DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 F Santolaria and E González-Reimers