Giáo trình public speaking for collecge and career 10e by gregory

Public Speaking for College & Career Public Speaking for College & Career 10e Hamilton Gregory Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College TM TM PUBLIC SPEAKING FOR COLLEGE & CAREER, TENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 Copyright © 2013 by Hamilton Gregory All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Previous editions © 2010, 2008, and 2005 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States This book is printed on acid-free paper DOW/DOW ISBN 978-0-07-803682-8 MHID 0-07-803682-8 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Michael Ryan Vice President, Content Production & Technology Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: David Patterson Brand Manager: Susan Gouijnstook Director of Development: Rhona Robbin Development Editor: Sarah Remington Digital Product Analyst: Janet Smith Marketing Manager: Clare Cashen Content Project Manager: Jennifer Gehl Senior Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy Senior Designer: David W Hash Cover/Interior Designer: Greg Nettles/SquareCrow Creative Cover Image: young man © Ocean/Corbis, young woman © Hill Street Studios/Blend Images/Corbis, crowd scene © Bob Daemmrich/Alamy Content Licensing Specialist: Ann Marie Jannette Photo Research: Jennifer Blankenship Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited Typeface: 10/12 Minion Pro Printer: R R Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gregory, Hamilton Public speaking for college & career/Hamilton Gregory.—10th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-07-803682-8—ISBN 0-07-803682-8 (acid-free paper) Public speaking I Title II Title: Public speaking for college and career PN4121.G716 2013 808.5’1–dc23 2012020023 www.mhhe.com Dedicated to the memory of Merrell, my beloved wife and best friend, who left this world much too soon Brief Contents Preface xiv part Foundations of Effective Communication Chapter Introduction to Public Speaking Chapter Managing Nervousness Chapter Listening 20 36 part Developing a Focus Chapter Reaching the Audience 52 Chapter Selecting Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea 72 part Preparing Content Chapter Finding Information Appendix 88 Tips for Finding Materials 107 Chapter Evaluating Information and Avoiding Plagiarism 110 Chapter Supporting Your Ideas 130 Chapter Presentation Aids 150 Appendix How to Avoid “Death by PowerPoint” 172 part Organizing the Speech Chapter 10 The Body of the Speech 180 Chapter 11 Introductions and Conclusions Chapter 12 Outlining the Speech 214 part Presenting the Speech Chapter 13 Wording the Speech 234 Chapter 14 Delivering the Speech 252 part Types of Public Speaking Chapter 15 Speaking to Inform 276 Chapter 16 Speaking to Persuade 296 Chapter 17 Persuasive Strategies 316 Chapter 18 Special Types of Speeches Chapter 19 Speaking in Groups 358 Appendix Sample Speeches Glossary 380 End Notes 384 Photo Credits 392 Index 394 vi 374 344 198 Contents Preface xiv Chapter Managing Nervousness 20 Reasons for Nervousness 22 Part The Value of Fear Foundations of Effective Communication 22 Guidelines for Managing Nervousness 24 In the Planning Stage 24 Immediately before the Speech 26 During the Speech Tip 2.1 27 Prepare for Memory Lapses 30 Resources for Review and Skill Building 34 Chapter Listening 36 Introduction to Listening 38 The Problem of Poor Listening Skills 38 How to Listen Effectively 39 Prepare Yourself 39 Be Willing to Expend Energy Chapter Introduction to Public Speaking Listen Analytically Take Notes Benefits of a Public Speaking Course The Speech Communication Process Tip 3.1 Tip 1.1 Seek Feedback Tip 3.2 The Process in Everyday Life 10 43 43 The Listener’s Responsibilities 44 12 Speech Introducing Yourself or a Classmate 12 Sample Speech Introducing a Classmate 14 Provide Encouragement 47 Speech Evaluations 14 When Evaluating Tip 1.2 Avoid the Five Biggest Mistakes Made by Speakers 15 44 Confront Electronic Rudeness 46 Find Value in Every Speech 14 Tip 3.4 48 48 48 Express Appreciation to a Speaker 49 When Receiving Evaluations 49 17 Resources for Review and Skill Building Show Courtesy and Respect Tip 3.3 Sample Self-Introduction Speech 13 Delivery Learn How Listeners Show Respect in Different Cultures 43 Control Emotions 44 Enrich Listeners’ Lives 12 Preparation 42 Give Every Speaker a Fair Chance Maintain High Ethical Standards 10 Quick Guide to Public Speaking Take Notes in Important Conversations and Small-Group Meetings 42 Avoid Fake Listening The Speaker’s Responsibilities 10 Take Every Speech Seriously 40 Resist Distractions Elements of the Process 39 40 18 Resources for Review and Skill Building 50 vii viii Contents Chapter Selecting Topic, Purpose, Part and Central Idea 72 Developing a Focus Selecting a Topic 74 Select a Topic You Care About 74 Select a Topic You Can Master 74 Choose a Topic That Will Interest the Audience 78 Narrow the Topic The General Purpose 78 79 To Inform 79 To Persuade 79 Chapter Reaching the Audience 52 The Specific Purpose Tip 4.1 Be Sensitive to Audience Discomfort Getting Information about the Audience 55 55 The Central Idea 80 80 82 Devising the Central Idea 83 Interviews 56 Guidelines for the Central Idea Surveys 56 Overview of Speech Design Audience Diversity 57 Age 79 Tip 5.1 Examine Your Hidden Purposes The Audience-Centered Speaker 54 Gender To Entertain 84 85 Resources for Review and Skill Building 58 86 Part 58 Educational Background Occupation 58 Preparing Content 58 Religious Affiliation 59 Economic and Social Status 59 International Listeners 59 Tip 4.2 Work Closely with Interpreters America’s Diverse Cultures 61 62 Listeners with Disabilities 63 Audience Knowledge 64 Audience Psychology 65 Chapter Finding Information 88 Interest Level 65 Finding Materials Efficiently 90 Attitudes 65 Misconceptions about Research 91 The Occasion 67 Time Limit 67 Searching Electronically Expectations 67 Libraries Tip 4.3 Be Prepared to Trim Your Remarks 68 92 Getting Help from Librarians Other Events on the Program 68 Books 93 Audience Size Articles 94 68 Adapting during the Speech 69 Resources for Review and Skill Building Reference Works 94 70 91 Interlibrary Loan 94 92 ix Contents The Internet 94 Web Searches Using Copyrighted Material Resources for Review and Skill Building 94 Online Communities and Individuals Tip 6.1 97 Reasons for Using Support Materials Definition 97 Saving Key Information 132 133 133 Vivid Image Interviews with Experts 98 134 Example 134 102 Narrative Printouts and Photocopies 102 134 Comparison and Contrast Notes 102 Analogy Resources for Review and Skill Building APPENDIX: Chapter Supporting Your Ideas 130 Types of Support Materials Experiences and Investigations 97 Surveys 128 95 Develop a Filing System for Important Ideas 96 Field Research 126 105 TIPS FOR FINDING MATERIALS 107 Chapter Evaluating Information and Avoiding Plagiarism 110 Testimony Tip 8.1 136 136 137 Give Listeners Bonus Material Statistics 138 139 Sample Speech with Commentary 144 Resources for Review and Skill Building 147 Being an Honest Investigator 112 Finding Trustworthy Information 112 Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Recognize Dubious Claims Chapter Presentation Aids 150 113 Advantages of Visual Aids 152 113 Find More Than One Source Types of Visual Aids 152 114 Examine Opposing Viewpoints 114 Be Cautious in Using Polls 115 Beware of Groups with Misleading Names 116 154 Tip 9.1 Analyzing Internet Sites 117 155 Video and Animation 156 Objects and Models Be Willing to Challenge Reports in the Media 117 156 Never Let Visuals Substitute for a Speech 157 Yourself and Volunteers Don’t Be Swayed by Widespread Dissemination 117 157 PowerPoint Slides 157 Multimedia from the Internet Watch Out for Web Manipulation 118 Don’t Be Dazzled by High-Tech Design 152 Charts Drawings and Photos Recognize the Fallibility of Experts 115 Tip 7.1 Graphs 118 Media for Visual Aids 160 Investigate Sponsors and Authors 118 Multimedia Projectors 160 Look for Verifications 121 Boards Avoiding Plagiarism Types of Plagiarism Tip 7.2 Posters 160 122 Flip Charts 161 122 Giving Credit to Sources 160 123 Be Specific When Citing Internet Sources 126 Handouts 162 Visual Presenters 162 Overhead Transparencies 162 160 www.downloadslide.net Index A Abstract of article, 94 Abstract words, 242 Acceptance speech, 352 Action: by audience, 33, 281–282, 299–301 by speaker, 27 speech to motivate, 299–301 Activity, physical, 27, 33, 281–282 Adaptation, 54–55, 68, 69–70 Adapting during the speech, 68, 69–70 Ad hominen fallacy See Attack on a person Adrenaline, 22 After-dinner speech, 346–349 Age, of listeners, 58 Agenda, for group discussion, 360–361 Alliteration, 246–247 American Psychological Association style, 102–104 Analogy, 136–137 Analytical listening, 40–42 Anecdotal evidence, 113 Anecdotes: as entertainment, 347 as evidence, 113 Anthony, Susan B., 327 Antithesis, 247 Anxiety, 20–34 Anxiety, social, 22 APA style, 102–104 Apologies, 31, 207, 211 Appeal, in conclusion, 209 Appealing to motivations, 333–334 Appearance, personal, 263–264 Apprehension; See Nervousness Argumentation; See Reasoning Argumentum ad hominem; See Attack on a person Arousing emotions, 334–336 Articles finding, 94, 103–105 full-text, 94 Articulation, 259 Assistant, using an, 167 Attack on a person, as fallacy, 331 Attention material, for introductions, 200–204 Attitudes: toward occasion, 67–68 toward speaker, 66–67 toward speech goal, 65–66 394 Audience: action, 33, 281–282, 299–301 adaptation and analysis, 54–55, 65–75, 318–320 age, 58 asking questions of, 201–203 attitudes, 65–67 behavior of, 31–32, 305 common ground with, 323–324 cultures, 43, 59–64, 107, 164, 353–354 customizing, 54–55, 65–75, 185–186, 286–287 disabilities, 63–64 discomfort, 55 distractions created by, 42–43, 269 diversity, 43, 57–64, 107, 164, 353–354 economic status, 59 educational background, 58 eliciting a response, 299–301 ethnic composition, 62 expectations, 67–68 facial expressions, 265 gender, 58, 238–239 getting information about, 55–57, 318–320 incentive to listen, 204 interest level, 65, 78 international, 43, 59–62, 164, 353–354 interviewing listeners, 56–57 knowledge, 64, 286–287, 318–320 mood, 55, 69 needs and desires, 333–334 nervousness, 20–34 occupations, 58 psychology of, 65–67 questionnaires, 56–57 race, 62 reactions, 31–32 religious affiliation, 59 responsibilities, 44–48 role play, 305 rudeness, 44–48, 269 self-interest, 204, 284 size, 12, 68 social status, 59 speaker’s obligations to, 10–12 Audience analysis, 54–55, 65–75, 318–320 Audience-centered speaker, 54 Audio clip, 169 Audiovisual materials, 150–171, 173–179 Average, 140–141 B Baby, crying of, 269 Background information, 205 Bandwagon, as fallacy, 330 Bar graph, as visual aids, 153 Barriers to communication, 9–10, 42–47, 269 Begging the question, as fallacy, 332 Beginning and ending, delivery of, 268–270 Benefits of public speaking course, 4–6 Bibliography cards, 102–105 Bibliography citations, 94, 102–105 Bibliography, in outlines, 222 Blind or visually impaired listeners, 64 Blog, 96, 109 Boards for visual aids, 160 Bodily action, 27, 33, 281–282 Body language See Nonverbal communication Body of speech, 180–196 main points, 183–192 organizational patterns, 186–191, 301–307 outlining, 214–226 preview, 206–207 sample, 191–192 support materials, 130–146, 324–325 transitions, 192–195 Book preview, 93 Books, 91, 93, 102–105 Brainstorming, 75–77, 365–366 Breathing techniques, 27 Brevity, virtues of, 67, 68, 82, 219, 273, 286 Bridges, 193 Build, as visual aid technique, 168 Building on an unproven assumption, 332 C Card trick, 30 Cards: outlining, 195 speaking notes, 226–230, 267 Catalog, library, 91–94 Cause-effect pattern of organization, 188–189 Cell phones, 45–47 Central idea, 82–86, 206–207, 209–210, 220 Chalkboard, for visual aids, 160 Challenge, in conclusions, 209 www.downloadslide.net Index Channel, in speech communication, Charts, as visual aids, 154–155 Chronological pattern of organization, 186–187 Citations, 94, 102–105 Citing sources, 103–105, 126, 139, 222 Clarifying question, 101 Clarity: of language, 241–242 of voice, 259 Classmate, introducing, 12–14 Clichés, 246 Clinchers, in conclusions, 209–211 Closed question, 56 Clothes, speaker’s, 263–264 Color, choosing, 165–166 Color-blind listeners, 165–166 Common ground with audience, 323–324 Communication apprehension; See Nervousness Communication barriers, 9–10, 42–47, 269 Communication process, 6–10 Communication vs performance, 29 Comparative-advantages pattern, 306–307 Comparison and contrast, 136 Competence, revealing, 205 Complete-sentence outline, 218 Computers, for organizing material, 195 Conclusions, 207–212 clincher, 209–211 delivery, 268–270 guidelines, 211 outlines, 211–212 sample, 211–212 signaling the end, 208 summarizing key ideas, 208–209 Concrete words, 242 Confidence, 5, 20–34 Connotations of words, 239–240 Continuity, 230 Contrast, 136 Controlling material, 229–230 Controlling statement; See Central idea Conversational style of speaking, 262–263 Copyrighted material, using, 126–127 Copyright infringement, 126 Correlation, 142 Credibility, 152, 205–206, 321–324 Credit, giving, 123–126 Critical listening, 40–42 Critical thinking, 113–121 Criticism, in group discussions, 364 Crude language, 238 Crying, 258, 269 Cultures, diverse: showing respect in, 43 understanding, 43, 59–64, 107, 164, 353–354 Curiosity, arousing, 203 Customizing a speech, 54–55, 65–75, 185–186, 286–287 D Deaf, interpreters for, 61, 63–64 Deaf or hearing-impaired listeners, 61, 63–64 Debate, conduct during, 322 Deductive reasoning, 326–327 Definition speech, 278–279 Definitions, 133–134, 278–279 dictionary, 133 extended, 278 informal, 133 Delivery of speech, 17–18, 252–273 beginning and ending, 268–270 continuity, 230 conversational style, 262–263 crying, 258, 269 cues in speaking notes, 227 distractions during speech, 9, 42–47, 269 extemporaneous method, 14, 257 eye contact, 17, 32, 264–265 facial expressions, 265 gestures, 267–268 impromptu method, 255–257 key to good delivery, 254 lectern, 266 manuscript method, 254–255 memorization method, 24–25, 254 methods, 254–257 movement, 266 nervousness, 20–34 nonverbal communication, 59–60, 263–270 notes, 267 personal appearance, 263–264 posture, 265–266 practice, 273 question-and-answer period, 270–272 stage fright, 20–34 voice, 257–263 Demonstration, 204, 280–282 Demonstration speech, 280–282 Denotation of words, 239 Description, 279–280, 348 Description speech, 279–280 Dewey, John, 364 Dictionaries: Definitions from, 133 Synonyms, 240 395 Disabilities, listeners with, 63–64 blind or visually impaired, 64 deaf or hearing impairment, 63–64 mobility impairments, 63 Discussion forums, 95, 109 Discussions; See Group discussions Disruptions, 269 Distractions, 9–10, 42–47, 269 in listening, 9–10, 42–43 while speaking, 269 Diversity, 43, 57–64, 107, 164, 353–354 Documenting sources, 102–105, 126, 139, 222 Dogs, guide, 64 Domain (Internet), 119–120 Doublespeak, 243–244 Drawings, as visual aids, 155–156 Dressing for a speech, 263–264 Dullness in a speech, 15 E E-books, 93 Economic status (of audience), 59 Educational background, of listeners, 58 Either-or reasoning, as fallacy, 332 Elaboration of oral language, 248 Electronic rudeness, 45–46, 269 Electronic search options, 91–92, 107–109 ELMO, 162 E-mail interviews, 98–99 Emergencies, 169 Emotions arousing, 334–336 controlling in listening, 44 crying, 258, 269 Encyclopedias, 94 Energy, excess, 33 English, as second language, 152 Entertaining speech, 79–80, 346–349 Enthusiasm for topic, 74 Ethics 10–11, 24, 45, 54, 55, 74, 98, 100, 112, 114, 122, 123, 137–139, 142, 200, 236, 237–239, 243, 271, 280, 298, 301, 321, 331, 335–336, 353, 364 Ethnic groups, 62 Ethnocentrism, 62 Eulogy, 254, 258, 354–355 Euphemisms, 243–244 Evaluating information, 110–121 Evaluating sources, 110–121, 139 Evaluations of speeches, 48–50 giving, 48–49 receiving, 49–50 Evidence, 324–325; See also Support materials www.downloadslide.net 396 Index Examples, 134, 347 Expectations, 67–68 Experience, gaining, 34, 371 Experiences and investigations, 97 Experiences, personal, 75–77, 97 Expert sites, 96, 109 Experts: checking with, 60 cultures, 60, 109 fallibility of, 115–116 Internet, 109, 115–116 interviewing, 98–102 quoting, 137–139 where to find, 60, 96, 109 Explanation speech, 283–284 Expressiveness, 17, 259–263 Extemporaneous speaking, 14, 257 Extended definition, 278 Eye contact, 17, 32, 264–265 F Facial expressions, 265 Facebook, 300 Fair use, 127 Fake listening, 43 Fallacies in reasoning, 329–333 attack on a person, 331 bandwagon, 330 begging the question, 332 building on an unproven assumption, 332 either-or reasoning, 332 false analogy, 332 false cause, 331 hasty generalization, 330–331 red herring, 331 slippery slope, 332–333 straw man, 332 Fallacy-fact pattern, 283 False analogy, 332 False cause, as fallacy, 331 Fear of speaking, 20–34 Feedback, 8–9 Field research, 97–102 Filing system, 96 Finality, sense of, 208 First speech, 12–18 Flip charts, as visual aids, 161–162 Foamboards, 161 Foreign language interpreters, 61 Format for citing sources, 103–104 Franklin, Benjamin, 93, 347 Full-text articles, 94 G Gender of listeners, 58, 238–239 General Purpose, 79–80 entertaining speeches, 79, 346–349 informative speeches, 79, 276–294 in outlines, 220 persuasive speeches, 79, 296–314, 316–341 Generalizations in deduction, 326–327 as fallacies, 330–331 Generalities versus specifics, 284–285 Gestures, 17, 267–268 Gettysburg Address, 319 Goal, speech See Purpose Grammar, correct, 240–241 Graphs, as visual aids, 152–153 Group discussion, 360–367 leaders, 360–363 participants, 363–364 reflective-thinking method, 364–367 Group presentations, 367–371 Groups, working in, 358–371 H Handouts, 62, 162, 312–313 Hasty generalization, as fallacy, 330–331 Hearing versus listening, 38–39 Hidden agenda, 364 Hidden purposes, 80 High-tech design, 118 Honesty, of speaker; See Ethics Humor, 346–347 Hypothetical illustration, 201 Hypothetical narrative, 135 I Icebreaker, 205 Illustrations, 200–201, 210 Imagery, 25, 245 Imagining success, 25 Impromptu speaking, 255–257 Incentive to listen, 204 Inductive leap, 328 Inductive reasoning, 327–329 Infinitives, 81 Inflated language, 244 Information: finding, 88–105, 107–109 overload, 286 quality of, 110–121 Information charts, 154–155 Informative speeches, 79, 276–294 definition speech, 278–279 description speech, 279–280 explanation speech, 283–284 guidelines, 284–288 process speech, 280–282 sample, 222–226, 288–293, 375–378 Inspirational speech, 355 Integrity; See Ethics Interest, audience, 65, 78 Interests, personal, as speech topics, 75 Interference, in communication process, 9–10 Interlibrary loan, 94 Internal summary, 194 International listeners, 43, 59–62, 164, 353–354 Internet blog, 96, 109 country of origin, 120–121 dangers, 117–121 discussion forums, 95, 109 domain names, 119–120 evaluations of Web sites, 121 expert sites, 96, 109 exploring for topics, 77–78 misconceptions, 91 multimedia materials, 160 search engine, 95, 109 search tips, 94–97 search tools, 109 subject directory, 95, 109 vlog, 96, 109 widespread reports, 117 Interpreters Sign language, 61, 63–64 Foreign language, 61 Interviewing audience, 56 e-mail, 98–99 expert, 98–102 guidelines, 99–102 notetaking, 102–105 types of questions, 100–101 using tape or video recorder, 100 Intonation, 260 Introducing self or classmate, 13–14 Introduction of speech, 198–207 attention material, 200–204 credibility, 205–206 guidelines, 207 icebreaker, 205 orienting material, 204–207 outlines, 220–221 practice, 26, 273 www.downloadslide.net Index preview of body of speech, 206–207 samples, 211–212 Introduction, speech of, 350–351 Investigations of experts, 115–116 of sponsors, 118–119, 121 Investigations, personal, 97 J Jargon, 61, 244–245 Jokes, 346–347 K Keyword searches, 91, 108 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 237 Knowledge level of audience, 64, 286–287, 318–320 L Language, 234–248 abstract, 242 accuracy, 239–241 alliteration, 246–247 antithesis, 247 appropriate, 237–238 articulation, 259 clarity, 241–242, 259 cliché, 246 concrete, 242 connotations, 239–240 crude, 238 denotations, 239 doublespeak, 243–244 emotional meanings, 239–240 euphemisms, 243–244 grammar, 240–241 imagery, 245 inflated words, 244 jargon, 61, 244–245 metaphor, 245–246 mixed metaphor, 246 offensive, 238 oral versus written, 248 parallel structure, 186, 247 power of words, 236 precise words, 239–244 pronunciation, 259–260 repetition, 248 rhetorical devices, 246–248 rhythm, 247 sexist, 58, 238–239 simile, 246 simple words, 241–242 stereotypical, 238–239 vividness, 245–246 Leadership, in small groups, 360–363 Leave-behinds, 312–313 Lecterns, 266 Length of speech, 67, 68, 82, 219, 273, 286 Library research, 92–94 Lincoln, Abraham, 242, 257 Line graphs, as visual aids, 152–153 List of key ideas, 154 Listeners, 36–50 age, 58 in communication process, customizing, 54–55, 65–75, 185–186, 286–287 disabilities, 63–64 eliciting a response, 299–301 enriching lives of, 12 expressing appreciation, 49 facial expressions, 265 international, 43, 59–62, 164, 353–354 interviewing, 56–57 questionnaires, 56–57 responsibilities of, 44–48 rudeness, 44–48, 269 self-interest, 204, 284 Listening, 36–50 controlling emotions, 44 evaluative, 40, 48–50 fakery, 43 how to improve, 39–44 importance of, 38–39 incentive to listen, 204 mood, 55, 69 notetaking, 40–42 rudeness, 44–48, 269 versus hearing, 38–39 Logical fallacies, 329–333 Long presentations, handling, 286 Loudness and softness, 261 M Magazines, 94 Main points in body of speech, 183–192 in conclusions, 211 in introduction, 207 number of, 184–185 organizing, 186–191 parallel language, 186, 247 preview of, 206–207 and support materials, 191–192 Major premise, 326–328 Manuscript method, 254–255 Maps, as visual aids, 155–156 397 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 333–334 Mean (average), 141 Median (average), 141 Meetings, 360–367 Memorization method, 24–25, 254 Memory aids, 288 Memory lapses, 30 Message, in communication process, Metaphor, 245–246 Methods of speaking extemporaneous, 14, 257 impromptu, 255–257 manuscript, 254–255 memorization, 24–25, 254 Microphone, 259, 266 Minor premise, 326–328 Minus signs, on the Internet, 108 Minutes, 362 Misleading names, 116 Mistakes/blunders, 15 Mixed audiences, 64, 318–320 Mixed message, Mixed metaphor, 246 MLA documentation style, 102–104 Mobility impairment, listeners with, 63 Mode (average), 141 Model of communication, Models, as visual aids, 156–157 Moderator (panel discussion), 369–370 Modern Language Association style, 102–104 Monotone, 262 Motivated sequence, 301–304, 307–314 Motivations, appealing to, 333–334 Movement, 266 Multimedia, from Internet, 107, 160 Multitasking, 45–47 N Narratives, 134–135, 325 entertaining speech, 348 hypothetical, 135 in introductions, 200–201 Narrowing a topic, 78–79 Needs, audience, 333–334 Nervousness, 20–34 how to manage, 24–34 reasons for, 22 symptoms, 27–30 value of, 22–23 Nonverbal communication, 263–270 eye contact, 17, 32, 264–265 facial expressions, 265 gestures, 267–268 international, 43, 59–62, 164, 353–354 www.downloadslide.net 398 Index Nonverbal communication—Cont movement, 266 personal appearance, 263–264 posture, 265–266 symbols, Note cards for delivery, 226–230 for organizing, 195 in research, 102–105 Notes, taking bibliography citations, 102–105 notes of key ideas, 40, 104 notes while listening, 40–42 O Objectives, hidden, 80 Objectives, as part of speech design, 85 Objects, as visual aids, 156–157 Obscene language, 238 Occasion, speaking, 67–68 Expectations, 67–68 number of listeners, 68 other events, 68 time limit, 67, 68, 82, 219, 273, 286 Occasions, special, 344–355 acceptance speech, 352 after-dinner speech, 346–349 entertaining speech, 79–80, 346–349 eulogy, 254, 258, 354–355 inspirational speech, 355 introduction speech, 350–351 presentation speech, 351 toasts, 353–354 tribute speech, 352–355 wedding speech, 352–353 Occupational titles, nonsexist, 238–239 Occupations of listeners, 58 Offensive language, 238 Online petitions, 300–301 Open-ended question, 56, 100 Open-mindedness of speaker, 322–323 Opinion, 114 Opposing viewpoints, 114 Oral footnote, 124–125 Oral versus written language, 248 Organization of speech body of speech, 180–196 conclusions, 207–212 how to simplify, 195–196 importance, 182 introductions, 198–207 patterns, 186–191, 301–307 stick-on-slips, 195 support materials, 130–146, 324–325 transitions, 192–195 using a computer, 195 Organizational patterns See Patterns Orienting material, in introduction, 204–207 Outlines: complete-sentence, 218 guidelines, 217–222 Outlines importance of, 214–215 kinds of, 217–218 parts, 220–222 revising, 229–230 samples, 222–226, 288–293, 307–311, 336–339 subdivisions, 218–220 topic outline, 217–218 versus speaking notes, 226–227 Outline-to-speech process, 216 Overhead transparencies, 162 Overt-response question, 202 Overview of public speaking, 14–18 of speech design, 85 P Panel discussion, 369–371 Parallel language, 186, 247 Paraphrasing, 123–124, 138 Participants, in small groups, 363–364 Patterns, organizational cause-effect, 188–189 chronological, 186–187 comparative advantages, 306–307 fallacy-fact, 283 impromptu speeches, 255–257 motivated sequence, 301–304, 307–311 problem-solution, 189, 305–306, 336–341 spatial, 187–188 statement-of-reasons, 190–191, 306 topical, 190–191 Pauses, 27, 261–262 Percentage, 141–142 Perfection, 33 Personal appearance, 263–264 Personal experiences, 75–77, 97 Personal inventory, 75–76 Personal investigations, 97 Persuasion scale, 318–320 Persuasion, strategies of, 316–341 Persuasive speeches, 296–314, 316–341 audience analysis, 54–55, 65–75, 318–320 credibility, 321–324 emotions, 334–336 evidence, 324–325 goals, 298 motivated sequence, 301–304, 307–311 motivations, 333–334 patterns of organization, 301–307 persuasion as long-term process, 307 persuasion scale, 318–320 problem-solution pattern, 189, 305–306 reasoning, 326–333 samples, 307–314, 336–341 speech of refutation, 299 speech to influence thinking, 298–299 speech to motivate action, 299–301 Petition, 300–301 Photocopies during research, 102 Photographs, as visual aids, 155 Physical activity, 27, 33, 281–282 Pictorial graphs, as visual aids, 153–154 Pie graphs, as visual aids, 153–154 Pitch, of voice, 260 Plagiarism, types of, 122–126 cut and paste, 123 unacceptable paraphrase, 123 wholesale copying, 122 Plus signs, on Internet, 108 Podium See Lectern Point-support-conclusion pattern, 256 Poise, 17, 32 Polls, public opinion, 115 Polysyndeton, 247 Positive imagery, 25 Positive nervousness, 23 Posters, as visual aids, 160–161 Posture, 17, 265–266 PowerPoint, 15, 157–159, 173–179 animation, 156 blunders, 173–179 basic steps, 157–159 blank the screen, 159, 168 build, 168 clutter, 179 color, 165–166 creating slides, 157–159 enlargements, 165 templates, 178 typography, 177 Practice, 19, 273 Precise words, 239–244 Prejudgments, 43–44 Premises: major, 326–328 minor, 326–328 PREP method, 256 Preparation, importance of, 14, 15, 39 Presentation Aids, 150–171, 173–179 hearing, 169 physical activity, 170 smell, 169 taste, 169 www.downloadslide.net Index touch, 170 visual, 150–169, 173–179 Presentation, speech of, 351 Presentations, by teams, 367–368 Preview of body of speech, 206–207 Printouts during research, 102 Problem-solution pattern, 189, 305–306, 336–341 Problem solving, in group discussions, 364–367 Process speech, 280–282 Progressive revelation, 168 Pronouns, sexist, 239 Pronunciation, 259–260 Provocative statement, 203 Psychology, audience, 65–67 Public domain, 127 Public speaking benefits of, 4–6 elements of, 6–10 overview (quick guide), 14–18 Purposes General, 79–80 Specific, 80–82 Purposes, hidden, 80 Q Question attention-getter, as, 201–203 interview, 99–100 survey, 56–57, 97 Question-and-answer period, 270–272 Questionnaire, 56–57 Questions, for interviews: clarifying, 101 closed, 56, 100 follow-up, 101 open-ended, 56, 100 Questions, in introductions: overt-response, 202 rhetorical, 201 Quick Guide to Public Speaking, 14–18 Quotations accuracy, 137–139 as support material, 137–139 entertaining speech, 347 in conclusions, 209 in introduction, 203 paraphrased, 138 summarized, 138 verbatim, 137 R Race, 62 Rapport, gaining, 100 Rate of speaking, 32–33, 261 Reading a speech, 254–255 Reasoning, 326–333 deduction, 326–327 fallacies, 329–333 induction, 327–329 Red herring, as fallacy, 331 Reference works, 94 Reference librarian, 92 Reflective-thinking method, in group discussions, 364–367 Refutation, speech of, 299 Rehearsing See Practice Religious affiliation of listeners, 59 Repetition, 248 Research, 88–105, 107–109 articles, 94, 103–105 bibliography cards, 102–105 books, 91, 93, 102–105 community resources, 92, 99 evaluating information, 110–121 experiences and investigations, 97 field research, 97–102 interlibrary loan, 94 Internet, 94–97, 117–121 interviews, 98–102 librarians, 92 library catalog, 93 misconceptions, 91 note cards, 102–105 printouts and photocopies, 102 reference works, 94 saving key information, 102–105 specific purpose, 80–82 strategies, 89–90 taking notes, 102–105 topics, looking for, 74–78 where to find materials, 107–109 Research schedule, 90 Respect for audience, 11 Respect for speaker, 41–46 Responsibilities: of listeners, 44–48 of speakers, 10–12 Revising outlines, 229–230 Rhetorical devices, 246–248 Rhetorical questions, 202 Rhythm, 247 Role play, 305 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 67, 236–237, 241 Royalty-free material, 127 Rudeness, of listeners, 44–48, 269 S Scapegoating, 11 Search engines, 95, 109 Search options, on Internet: keywords, 91, 108 minus signs, 108 399 phrase, 92, 108 plus signs, 108 wild card, 108 Search strategies, 88–105, 107–109 Selection of topic, 74–78 Self, as a visual aid, 157 Self-actualization, 333–334 Self-confidence, 5, 20–34 Self-deprecating humor, 346–347 Self-interest, appealing to, 204, 284 Self-introduction speech, 12–13 Self-talk, 25–26 Senses, appealing to: hearing, 169 physical activity, 170 sight, 150–169, 173–179 smell, 169 taste, 169 touch, 170 Sex (gender) of listeners, 58, 238–239 Sex-related stereotypes, 238–239 Sexist language, 58, 238–239 Shyness, 25 Sign language, 61, 63–64 Sign-up sheet, 301 Signals, 8, 208 Signposts, 195 Simile, 246 Simple words, 241–242 Situation, in communication process, 10 Skepticism, 113 Slang, 61 Slides, PowerPoint, 157–159, 173–179 Slippery slope, 332–333 Small groups, 358–371 advantages, 358–359 group presentations, 367–371 reflective-thinking method, 364–367 roles of leaders, 360–363 roles of participants, 363–364 Smartphones, 44–47 Smile, 60 Social anxiety, 22 Social media, 300 Social status, of listeners, 59 Softness (of voice), 261 Sources citing, 103–105, 126, 139, 222 format for citing, 103–104 experts, 60, 96, 109, 115–116, 139 revealing, 222 Spatial pattern, 187–188 Speaker common mistakes, 15 credibility of, 152, 205–206, 321–324 responsibilities, 10–12 in communication process, www.downloadslide.net 400 Index Speaking notes, 226–230 during speech, 267 full sheet of paper, 228–290 note cards, 228 sample, 227 visual aids as prompts, 229 Speaking rate, 32–33, 261 Special occasion speeches, 344–355 Specific purpose, 80–82 contrasted with central idea, 83 guidelines, 80–82 in outlines, 220 in research, 90 Speech communication process, 6–10 Speech design, overview of, 85 Speech evaluations, 48–50 Speeches, types of: acceptance, 352 after-dinner, 346–349 entertaining, 79–80, 346–349 informative, 276–294, 375–378 inspirational, 355 introduction, 350–351 persuasive, 296–314, 316–341 presentation, 351 refutation, 299 tribute, 352–355 to influence thinking, 298–299 to motivate action, 299–301 wedding, 352–353 Sponsors, investigating, 118–119 Spotlights (as transitional device), 195 Stage fright See Nervousness Statement-of-reasons pattern, 190–191, 306 Statistics, 139–143 averages, 140–141 correlation, 142 guidelines, 142–143 percentages, 141–142 Stereotypes, 11, 238 Stick-on-slips for organizing material, 195 for research, 102 Stories See Narrative Straw man fallacy, 332 Style See Language Subdivisions (outline), 218–220 Subject directory, 95, 109 Subjects; See Topics Summaries, in conclusions, 208–209 Summarizing, 208–209, 208 Supplementary materials, using, 312–313 Support materials, 130–146, 324–325 analogy, 136–137 comparison and contrast, 136 definition, 133–134 evidence, 324–325 example, 134 in persuasive speeches, 324–325 listening, 40 and main points, 191–192 narratives, 134–135, 325 reasons for using, 132–133 statistics, 139–143 testimony, 137–139 vivid images, 134, 245–246 Surveys, 56–57, 97 Syllogism, 326–327 Symbols, in communication process, Symposium, 368 Synonyms, 240 T Table, 154–155 Taboos, 59 Team presentations 367–368 Tears, 258 Tension relief, 27, 33 Testimonials, 113–114 Testimony (quotations), 137–139, 203, 209 Testing material, 194 Thesis; See Central idea Time limits of speech, 67, 68, 82, 219, 273, 286 Time of day, 10 Time order; See Chronological pattern Title of speech, 220 Toasts, 353–354 Toastmasters International, 371 Topic outline, 217–218 Topical pattern, 190–191 Topics for speeches: choosing, 74–78 narrowing, 78–79 Touch, 170 Transitions, 192–195 bridges, 193 internal summaries, 194 in outlines, 221–222 signposts, 195 spotlights, 195 Transparencies, as visual aids, 162 Tribute speech, 352–355 V Variety, of pitch, 260 Verbal fillers, 262 Verbal signals, 9, 208, 263 Video clip, 107, 156, 160 Video: for interviews, 100 visual aid, 107, 156, 160 Visual aids, 150–169, 173–179 advantages, 26, 152 attention-getter, as, 204 back-row comprehension, 165 boards, 160 build, 168 charts, 154–155 children, 168 clutter, 179 color, 165–166 color-blind, 165–166 computer graphics, 160 dangers of, 157, 173–179 design considerations, 173–179 distraction, as, 168 drawings, 155–156 enlargements, 165 flip charts, 161–162 fonts, 177 guidelines, 163–170 graphs, 152–154 handouts, 62, 162, 312–313 in introductions, 204 in outlines, 222 international audiences, 43, 59–62, 164, 353–354 leave behinds, 312–313 maps, 155–156 models, 156–157 multimedia materials, 107, 160 objects, 156–157 overhead transparencies, 162 pets, 168 photographs, 155 posters, 160–161 PowerPoint, 15, 157–159, 173–179 process speech, 280–282 progressive revelation, 168 projectors, 160 prompt, as, 229 self, 157 video clip, 107, 156, 160 visual presenters, 162 volunteers, 157 Visual presenters, 162 Visualization, 25 Vivid images, 134, 245–246 Vivid language, 245–246 Vlog, 97, 109 Vocal variety; See Expressiveness Voice, 257–263 articulation, 259 clarity, 259 www.downloadslide.net Index conversational quality, 262–263 expressiveness, 259–263 intonation, 260 loudness, 261 pauses, 27, 261–262 pitch, 260 pronunciation, 259–260 rate of speaking, 32–33, 261 softness, 261 verbal fillers, 262 volume, 258–259 Voltaire, 286 Volume (of voice), 258–259 Volunteers, 157 W Web manipulation, 118 Web searches, 94–97, 117–121 Websites See also Internet Analyzing, 117–121 Lists of sites, 107–109 Searches, 94–97 Wedding speeches, 352–353 Wheelchairs, 63 Wild card, on Internet, 108 Word choice See Language World Wide Web See Internet Written vs oral language, 248 Y YouTube, 160, 282 401 www.downloadslide.net www.downloadslide.net www.downloadslide.net www.downloadslide.net www.downloadslide.net www.downloadslide.net www.downloadslide.net .. .Public Speaking for College & Career Public Speaking for College & Career 10e Hamilton Gregory Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College TM TM PUBLIC SPEAKING FOR COLLEGE & CAREER, ... public speaking techniques in action? Public Speaking for College and Career is an integrated program that helps students connect to practice, build confidence and achieve success in public speaking. .. classroom speeches And for their support and patience, special thanks to my late wife Merrell and to our children, Jess, Jim, and June —Hamilton Gregory xxiii Public Speaking for College & Career CHAPTER