Chapter Seven Positive Organizational Behavior McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objectives • Frame, in terms of the positive psychology movement • Discuss the theory, research, and application of self efficacy/confidence, optimism, hope and resiliency as best POB criteria-meeting capacities and when in combination represent psychological capital (PsyCap) • Present the theory, research, and application of happiness/subjective well-being (SWB) as a potential POB capacity • Present the theory, research, and application of emotional intelligence (EI) as another potential POB capacity • Explain the specific roles that emotion and intelligence play in emotional intelligence Introduction • POB operational criteria: – Based on theory and research – Valid measures – Unique concepts – Open to development – Managed for performance improvement Positive Psychology • Positive psychology is concerned with optimal human functioning • Three levels of positive psychology are: – Valued subjective experiences – Positive individual traits – Civic virtues and the institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship Self-Efficacy • Theoretical background and meaning – Specific versus general self-efficacy • Specific/ task oriented: statelike • General: traitlike – Self-efficacy differs from established organizational behavior concepts • Self-esteem • Expectancy concepts • Attribution/locus of control Self-Efficacy Continued • Process and impact – Choice behavior – Motivational effort – Perseverance – Facilitative thought patterns – Vulnerability to stress Self-Efficacy Continued • Sources of self-efficacy Self-Efficacy Continued • Implications in the workplace Self-Efficacy Continued • Implications in the workplace (continued) – Selection of human resources • Based on magnitude and strength – Training and development • Bandura’s three categories: guided mastery, cognitive mastery, and development of selfregulatory competencies • Behavior modeling training – Other applications Self-Efficacy Continued • Example of self-efficacy scale: – Auto sales position Optimism Continued • Optimism in the workplace – Downside of optimism – Seligman’s met life studies – Other research and application in the workplace Hope • Willpower – agency • Waypower – pathways Resiliency • Bouncing back • Enhance the assets – Manage risk factors – Adaptational process Psychological Capital (PsyCap) • • • • Confidence (self-efficacy) Positive attribution (optimism) Persevering toward goals (hope) Bouncing back and beyond (resiliency) Other Potential POB Dimensions • Happiness or subjective well-being (SWB) – Background on SWB • • • • Life satisfaction Satisfaction with important domains Positive affect Low levels of negative affect – Temperament and personality dispositions – Role of goals – Adapting and coping Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Happiness or subjective well-being (SWB) (continued) – SWB across cultures – SWB in work Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional intelligence (EI) – Role of emotion • Emotional processing • Emotional categories and continuum Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional intelligence (EI) (continued) • Types of emotions Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional intelligence (EI) (continued) – Role of Intelligence • Nature versus nurture intelligence • Recognition of multiple intelligences (illustrated) • Intelligence as cognitive mental ability (illustrated) Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional intelligence (EI) (continued) • Recognition of multiple intelligences Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional intelligence (EI) (continued) • Intelligence as cognitive mental ability Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Meaning of Emotional Intelligence – The capacity for: • Recognizing our own feelings and those of others • Motivating ourselves • Managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional Intelligence in workplace – Goleman’s approach to EI in workplace – Initial supporting evidence – Conflict with selection research – Application to leadership (illustrated) – Other EI applications Other Potential POB Dimensions Continued • Emotional Intelligence in workplace – Application to leadership (continued) Questions ... differs from established organizational behavior concepts • Self-esteem • Expectancy concepts • Attribution/locus of control Self-Efficacy Continued • Process and impact – Choice behavior – Motivational... categories: guided mastery, cognitive mastery, and development of selfregulatory competencies • Behavior modeling training – Other applications Self-Efficacy Continued • Example of self-efficacy