Front Matter TITLE PAGE Norman O. Harris, DDS, MSD, FACD Professor (Retired), Department of Community Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Anotnio San Antonio, Texas Franklin GarciaGodoy, DDS, MS, FICD Editor, American Journal of Dentistry, Professor and Associate Dean for Research, Director, Clinical Research Center, Director, Bioscience Research Center, College of Dental Medicine Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, Florida Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 COPYRIGHT A CIP catalog record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress Publisher: Julie Levin Alexander Assistant to Publisher: Regina Bruno Acquisitions Editor: Mark Cohen Assistant Editor: Melissa Kerian Editorial Assistant: Mary Ellen Ruitenberg Marketing Manager: Nicole Benson Product Information Manager: Rachele Strober Director of Production and Manufacturing: Bruce Johnson Managing Production Editor: Patrick Walsh Production Liaison: Alexander Ivchenko Production Editor: Patty Donovan, Pine Tree Composition Manufacturing Manager: Ilene Sanford Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Design Director: Cheryl Asherman Design Coordinator: Maria Guglielmo Walsh Cover and Interior Designer: Janice Bielawa Composition: Pine Tree Composition, Inc. Manager of Media Production: Amy Peltier New Media Project Manager: Stephen Hartner
Primary Preventive Dentistry - 6th Ed (2004) PRIM Front Matter TITLE PAGE Norman O Harris, DDS, MSD, FACD Professor (Retired), Department of Community Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Anotnio San Antonio, Texas Franklin Garcia-Godoy, DDS, MS, FICD Editor, American Journal of Dentistry, Professor and Associate Dean for Research, Director, Clinical Research Center, Director, Bioscience Research Center, College of Dental Medicine Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, Florida Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 COPYRIGHT A CIP catalog record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress Publisher: Julie Levin Alexander Assistant to Publisher: Regina Bruno Acquisitions Editor: Mark Cohen Assistant Editor: Melissa Kerian Editorial Assistant: Mary Ellen Ruitenberg Marketing Manager: Nicole Benson Product Information Manager: Rachele Strober Director of Production and Manufacturing: Bruce Johnson Managing Production Editor: Patrick Walsh Production Liaison: Alexander Ivchenko Production Editor: Patty Donovan, Pine Tree Composition Manufacturing Manager: Ilene Sanford Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Design Director: Cheryl Asherman Design Coordinator: Maria Guglielmo Walsh Cover and Interior Designer: Janice Bielawa Composition: Pine Tree Composition, Inc Manager of Media Production: Amy Peltier New Media Project Manager: Stephen Hartner Printing and Binding: Banta Book Group Cover Printer: Phoenix Color Corp Pearson Education, Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Pty Limited, Sydney Pearson Education Singapore Pte Ltd Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Ltd., Toronto Pearson Educacion de Mexico, S.A de C.V Pearson EducationJapan, Tokyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte Ltd Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Copyright 2004, 1999, 1995, 1991, 1987, 1982 by Pearson Education, Inc., Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, or likewise For information regarding permission (s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc Pearson is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc 10 ISBN 0-13-091891-1 CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Contributors xi Introduction to Primary Preventive Dentistry Norman O Harris The Development and Structure of Dental Plaque (A Bacterial Biofilm), Calculus, and other Tooth-Adherent Organic Materials 23 Max A Listgarten Jonathan Korostoff The Developing Carious Lesion Norman O Harris Adriana Segura 45 The Role of Dental Plaque in the Etiology and Progress of Periodontal Disease 73 Donald E Willmann Norman O Harris Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing Methods Samuel L Yankell Ulrich P Saxer 93 Dentifrices, Mouthrinses, and Chewing Gums Stuart L Fischman Samuel L Yankell 119 Oral-Health Self-Care Supplemental Measures to Complement Toothbrushing 145 Terri S.I Tilliss Janis G Keating Water Fluoridation 181 Elaine M Neenan Michael W Easley Michael Ruiz, Research Assistant Topical Fluoride Therapy 241 Kevin J Donly George K Stookey 10 Pit-and-Fissure Sealants 285 Franklin Garcia-Godoy Norman O Harris Denise Muesch Helm 11 Oral Biologic Defenses in Tooth Demineralization and Remineralization Norman O Harris John Hicks 12 Caries Risk Assessment and Caries Activity Testing Svante Twetman Franklin Garcia-Godoy 337 13 Periodontal Disease Prevention: Facts, Risk Assessment, and Evaluation Norman O Harris Donald E Willmann 14 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 399 Peter E Cleaton-Jones Connie Mobley 15 Nutrition, Diet, and Oral Conditions Carole A Palmer Linda D Boyd 319 419 16 Understanding Human Motivation for Behavior Change 449 367 Mary Kaye Sawyer-Morse Alexandra Evans 17 Dental Public-Health Programs Mark D Macek Harold S Goodman 467 18 Preventive Oral-Health in Early Childhood Stephen J Goepferd Franklin Garcia-Godoy 19 Oral-Health Promotion in Schools Alice M Horowitz Norman O Harris 501 521 20 Preventive Oral-Health Care for Compromised Individuals Roseann Mulligan Stephen Sobel 21 Geriatric Dental Care Janet A Yellowitz Michael S Strayer 559 589 22 Primary Preventive Dentistry in a Hospital Setting Norman O Harris Jeffery L Hicks 605 23 Rationale, Guidelines, and Procedures for Prevention of the Plaque Diseases Norman O Harris Marsha A Cunningham-Ford 645 Glossary 685 Index 695 PREFACE This is the sixth edition of the text, Primary Preventive Dentistry The successive editions since 1982 have provided an excellent example of the fact that the useful lifetime of much knowledge is finite At the time of the first edition even such dental essentials as mechanical and chemical plaque control, access to dental care and dental insurance were only being slowly accepted Now, a new wave of dental visionaries is coming on the world stage to speak with confidence about future vaccines, genetic engineering and therapeutic stem cells These are exceedingly important basic science subjects to all health professions and are only now creeping into the general dental lexicon and application Like in past editions, the information in the text and supporting references has been greatly upgraded, although every effort has been made to retain original citations from past landmark research An increased emphasis has been given to school programs because of the increasing number of school based health clinics (SBHC) that are being developed to care for children Risk assessment is highlighted in the text as a necessity for determining at the time of an initial/annual clinical examination whether a patient's treatment is to be preventive or restorative Remineralization of incipient caries, an old idea, but a relatively new weapon in the dentists' arsenal, offers a new preventive strategy for those seeking to maintain intact teeth for a lifetime Throughout this approximate last quarter-century of metamorphosis, the format of the book has remained constant It is written in a style that is user-friendly, whether the user is a dental or dental-hygienist student, a dental assistant, a private- or publichealth practitioner, a health educator, or a school nurse The book and suggested learning strategies have been successfully used for class-paced study; they have been used for remedial programs; and they have been used for remote self-paced learning as well as for scheduled continuing education courses Each chapter commences with a series of objectivessubject matter that the authors consider essential Key words and concepts are italicized in each chapter to help focus on information deemed important Throughout the text, there are embedded clusters of true-and-false questions, as well as answers and fill-in-the-blank questions at the end of the chapter These are included for student self-evaluation Following the class presentation of the subject matter it is recommended that about an hour-or-so should be spent outside the classroom to review the chapter As each question is encountered for which the answer is not completely understood, a check mark should be made before reading on At the end of the chapter, the marked questions should be again reviewed and the answers learned at the 100% levelnot just memorized Prentice Hall has, with this sixth edition, established a website for the book that permits a student to take a "mock examination" at the end of each chapter A personal or institutional computer is a requisite for Prentice Hall to respond to new true-orfalse, essay, and to fill-in-the-blank type of questions The true-or-false questions will be computer marked and returned immediately to the students e-mail address The essay and fill-in-the blank questions will not be marked because of the variety of possible correct answers submitted, but will be immediately returned to the student along with the "school answers" for comparison This exchange between the student and the Prentice Hall website is strictly between two computers No student records will be kept at the website The goal of the program is to provide the learner with a means of self-evaluation of his/her level of attainment Student participation in this voluntary, non-jeopardizing, website program can result in a huge step towards achieving long-term mastery learning The questions in the question bank are also available to teachers who might desire to use them for their own purposes Since curriculum time allocations vary from institution-to-institution, the chapters not need to be scheduled in a given sequence, being free standing for the indexed subject matter The 23 chapters include the theory and practice of preventive dentistry in private and public health environments One chapter discusses plaque formation, while two chapters each emphasize the importance of caries and periodontal disease and disease prevention To aid in combating these two plaque diseases, there are chapters on dentifrices, toothbrushing and auxiliary tooth cleaning devices used in accomplishing mechanical and chemical plaque control Sugars, diets, and human motivation are included to facilitate better counseling of patients A chapter is devoted to the use of pit-and-fissure sealants Chapters on public health point out the responsibilities of a public health dentist, as well as two chapters on the oral health advantages of fluoridewater fluoridation, and topical applicationsboth of which are prime preventive tools of a public health dentist as well as for the private practitioner Different age and health status groups are also considered in separate chapterspedodontic, geriodontic, handicapped, and hospitalized individuals Finally, there is a chapter on how to use risk assessment to integrate prevention into the total treatment plan In summary, the authors have contributed the chapters of updated information, the editors have established the learning system, while Prentice Hall has provided a website for worldwide user self-evaluation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For a multiauthored and multi-edition book text, there is a need for a lot of credit to go around Lest we forget, the authors of the first edition established the foundation, from which the several later editions in preventive dentistry have been upgraded Approximately 60 authors and authoresses have contributed of their knowledge and time through their writings from the first to the present sixth edition These authors and authoresses have come from research laboratories, state and national public health agencies and teaching institutions in the United States and overseas Authors from Canada, Korea, England, South Africa, Switzerland and Sweden are represented in the latter group A spin-off Spanish edition of the fifth edition of the text has been published reflecting this multinational approach to the book Manufacturers and dental-supply houses have contributed photos and information on their products, while journal publishers have given permission for use of copyright material Teachers using the book, and students learning from the book, have both made suggestions that have enhanced the value of the texts Very few texts would be published without the help of a publisher For this publication by Prentice Hall, there is Melissa Kerian who kept us on schedule, Amy Peltier who has lent her computer expertise, and Mark Cohen, the book editor, who harmoniously kept everyone staying the course To those many other known and unknown individuals who helped develop this edition of the primary dental prevention text, the editors desire to voice heartfelt appreciation Of a more personal nature, both editors wish to thank their wives, Katherine Garcia-Godoy and Grace Harris for their continuing support and encouragement Norman O Harris DDS, MSD, FACD هذا الكتاب بدعم من الشبكة االسالمية للتعليم www.allislam.net Franklin Garcia-Godoy DDS MS, FICD CONTRIBUTORS Linda D Boyd, MS, RDH, R Assistant Professor Department of Periodontology Oregon Health Sciences University School of Dentistry Portland, OR Peter E Cleaton-Jones, BDS, MB, BCH Professor of Experimental Odontology Director, Dental Research Institute Director, Medical Research Council University of Witwatersrand Witwatersrand, South Africa Marsha A Cunningham-Ford, RDH, BS, MS Associate Professor Department of Preventive Dentistry and Community Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Kevin J Donly, DDS, MS Professor Director Postdoctoral Pediatric Dentistry Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Michael Easley, DDS, MPH, FACD Associate Professor Department of Health Promotion and Administration Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, KY Alexandra E Evans, PHD Assistant Professor Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior University of South Columbia, SC Stuart Fischman, DMD, FACD, FICD Professor Emeritus School of Dental Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, NY Franklin Garcia-Godoy, DDS, MS, FICD Associate Dean for Research Professor of Restorative Dentistry Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, FL Stephen J Goepferd DDS, MS Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry College of Dentistry University of Iowa Iowa City, IA Harold S Goodman, DMD, MPH Associate Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School University of Maryland Baltimore, MD Norman O Harris, DDS, MSD, FACD Professor (Retired) Department of Community Dentistry Department of Dental Hygiene University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Denise Muesch Helm, RDH MA Assistant Professor Northern Arizona University Department of Dental Hygiene Flagstaff, AZ Jeffery L Hicks, DDS Associate Professor General Dentistry University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio San Antonio, TX M John Hicks, DDS, MS, PhD, MD Associate Professor of Pathology and Director of Surgical and Ultrastructure Pathology Department of Pathology Texas Children's Hospital Houston and Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX Alice M Horowitz, PhD Senior Scientist National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD Janis G Keating, RDH Professional Educator Phillips Oral Healthcare, Inc Littleton, CO Jonathan Korostoff, DMD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Periodontics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Max A Listgarten, DDS Professor Emeritus University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Visiting Professor, University of California in San Francisco Foster City, CA Mark D Macek, DDS, DrPH Assistant Professor Department of Oral Health Care Delivery and Director of Community Programs Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School University of Maryland Baltimore, MD Connie Mobley, PhD Associate Professor Department of Community Dentistry University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Mary Kaye Sawyer-Morse, PhD Associate Professor, Nutrition University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio, TX Roseann Mulligan, DDS, MS Associate Professor and Chairman Department of Dental Medicine and Public Health Section of Geriatric and Special Care Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Elaine M Neenan, MS, DDS, MPH Associate Dean, External Affairs School of Dentistry University of Texas Dental School San Antonio, TX Carole A Palmer, EdD, RD Professor and Head Division of Nutrition and Oral Health Promotion Department of General Dentistry School of Dental Medicine Tufts University Boston, MA Ulrich P Saxer, DDS, PhD Professor and Head of Prophylaxis School Lecturer in Periodontology University of Zurick Zurick, Switzerland Adriana Segura Donly, DDS, MS Associate Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Texas Dental School at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Stephen Sobel, DDS Associate Professor of Clinical Dentistry School of Dentistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA George K Stookey, MSD, PhD Distinguished Professor Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, IN Michael S Strayer Associate Professor Section of Primary Care College of Dentisitry Ohio State University Columbus, OH Terri S I Tillis, RDH, MS, MA Professor Dental Hygiene Department School of Dentistry University of Colorado Health Science Center Denver, CO Svante Twetman, DDS, PhD, Odont Dr Professor D, Ecorrect Aincorrect A "white spot" can occur on any surface; however, it cannot be visually observed on every surface For instance, it cannot be seen at the bottom of pits and fissures It is usually first observed as a radiolucency in x-rays of the interproximal surfaces Bincorrect The incipient stage begins as a "white spot" and continues until there is surface cavitation, which by definition is an irreversible overt carious lesion Cincorrect The in situ stage of gingivitis is characterized by an infiltration of body defense cells beneath the sulcular epithelium A, C, D, Ecorrect Bincorrect The opposite is true Much less x-ray energy is required for the DXR images than with the intraoral film A, B, D, Ecorrect Cincorrect While "white spots" are a translucent white, once remineralized, they usually take on the hue of the enamel A, B, C, D, Ecorrect B, D, Ecorrect Aincorrect The twice-a-year prophylaxis is adequate for the majority of people; however, there are many who could benefit from a more frequent schedule In other words, the interval between prophylaxes should be flexible and be based on risk Cincorrect Remineralization can only occur BEFORE the overt caries lesion stage Self-evaluation Questions The two stages of caries development, prior to the overt lesion development are _ and _; the two stages of periodontal disease prior to periodontitis are _ and _ Three advantages of the intraoral videocamera are: _, _, and _ Three advantages of the digital X-ray are: _, _ and _ List five reasons for having the problem of false-negative or false-positive diagnoses for caries: _, _, _, _ and _ How does a sealant prevent caries on the occlusal surface? _ How does a sealant arrest early caries on the occlusal surface? _ Define substantivity: _ Give an example of the agent in a mouthrinse with this attribute: _ Give the reason why patients are not demanding remineralization therapy instead of restorations (YOUR evaluation) Why you believe, or not believe that a vaccine can be developed for periodontal disease? 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(1990) Restorative treatment thresholds reported to be used by dentistry in Scotland Br Dent J, 169:119-26 80 Medeiros, V A F., & Seddon, R P (1997) The prevalence of iatrogenic damage adjacent to restored approximal surfaces J Dent Res, 76: 1070 (Abs 414) 81 Qvist, V., Johanessen, L., & Brunn, M (1992) Progression of proximal caries in relation to iatrogenic preparation damage J Den Res, 173:210-2 82 Pitts, N B., & Rimmer, P A (1992) An in vivo comparison of radiographic and directly assessed clinical caries status of posterior approximal surfaces in primary and permanent teeth Caries Res, 26:146-52 83 MacKenzie, M., & Peterson, M (1995) The New Zealand School Dental Service In Harris, N O., Christen, A G., Eds Primary Preventive Dentistry, 4th ed Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 601 84 Espelid, I Tveit, A B., & Skodje, F (1997) Restorative treatment decisions on approximal and occlusal caries in Norway J Dent Res, 76:1099 (Abs 039) 85 Elderton, R J (1993) Overtreatment with restorative 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J Can Dent Assoc, 50:221-23 167 Robinson, P J (1995) Gingivitis: a prelude to periodontitis J Clin Dent, 6: (Spec.) 41-45 168 Lewis, D W (1996) Main, P A Ontario dentist's knowledge and beliefs about selected aspects of diagnosis, prevention and restorative dentistry J Canad Dent Assoc, 62:337-44 169 American Dental Association, Survey Center, 1997/98 (June 1999) Survey of Predoctoral Dental Educational InstitutionsCurriculum, Volume 170 Accreditation Standards for U.S Dental Schools (2000) Commission on Dental Accreditation, American Dental Association, Chicago 171 Yorty, J S., & Birgitti Brown K (1999) Caries risk assessment/treatment programs in U.S dental schools J Dent Edu, 63:745-47 172 Keys, P H (1960) The infectious and transmissible nature of experimental dental caries Findings and implications Arch Oral Biol, 1:304-20 173 Fitzgerald, R J., & Keyes, P H (1960) Demonstration of the etiologic role of streptococci in experimental caries in the hamster JADA, 61:9-10 174 Vaccine to prevent most tooth decay may be ready by 1990 Wall Street Journal, 14 July 1982 175 Cohen, B., Colman, G., & Russell, R R B (1979) Immunization against dental caries: further studies Brit Dent J, 147:9-115 176 Stinson, M W., Nisingard, R J., & Bergey, E J (1979) Binding of streptococcal cell components to muscle tissue Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology D80 (Abs) 177 Koshland, D E Jr (1985) Benefits, risks, vaccines and the courts Science, 227:1285 178 Ma, JK-C (1999) The caries vaccine: A growing prospect 26:374-80 179 Ma, J K., Hikmat, B Y., Wycoff, K., Vine, N D., Chargelegue, D., Yu, L., Meim, M B., & Lehner, T (1998) Characteristics of a recombinant plant monoclonal secretory antibody and preventive immunotherapy in humans Nat Med, 4:601-6 Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved (+/-) Show / Hide Bibliography هذا الكتاب بدعم من الشبكة االسالمية للتعليم المجاني شبكة الجامعة االسالمية التعليمية free .free Univesity Welcome to the Islamic Univesity /Medical Books/Dental Books Engineering Books www.allislam.net Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc., Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved (+/-) Show / Hide Bibliography ... true-orfalse, essay, and to fill-in-the-blank type of questions The true-or-false questions will be computer marked and returned immediately to the students e-mail address The essay and fill-in-the... 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