Science Libraries in the Self-Service Age CHANDOS INFORMATION PROFESSIONAL SERIES Series Editor: Ruth Rikowski (Email: Rikowskigr@aol.com) Chandos’ new series of books is aimed at the busy information professional They have been specially commissioned to provide the reader with an authoritative view of current thinking They are designed to provide easy-to-read and (most importantly) practical coverage of topics that are of interest to librarians and other information professionals If you would like a full listing of current and forthcoming titles, please visit www.chandospublishing.com New authors: we are always pleased to receive ideas for new titles; if you would like to write a book for Chandos, please contact Dr Glyn Jones on g.jones.2@elsevier.com or telephone 44 (0) 1865 843000 Science Libraries in the Self-Service Age Developing New Services, Targeting New Users ALVIN HUTCHINSON Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC, USA Chandos Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright r 2019 Smithsonian Institution Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-102033-3 For information on all Chandos Publishing publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Glyn Jones Acquisition Editor: Glyn Jones Editorial Project Manager: Thomas Van Der Ploeg Production Project Manager: Joy Christel Neumarin Honest Thangiah Cover Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India DEDICATION Dedicated to my wife and son who endured my frequent disappearances to write this book Also to the Smithsonian Institution about which I would echo the old saying, “Find a job you love and you’ll never work a day in your life.” This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS A Self-Service Story A Self-Service Story Administration and Planning for New Services References Resources Introduction: Science Libraries and Service Innovation Business and Self-Service Application to Libraries Reduced Library Visits User Groups Same Users New Users Cost Savings as a Service Shifting Priorities Biomedical Roots Mediate Automated Services—At First About This Book References Part I Non Traditional Library Services Scholarly Communication Services Emergence of Scholarly Communication Services Scientist as Author New Audience Rise of Repositories Standard Identifiers Copy Cataloging Leveraging Data for New Audiences Locally Produced Content DOI Creation and Management 1 6 9 10 10 11 13 14 15 16 16 17 19 21 21 22 23 23 25 26 27 29 29 vii viii Contents Open Access and Advocacy Open-Access Mandate Compliance Article-Processing Charge Management Hybrids Summary: Information and Awareness References Publishing Services Origins of Modern Library Publishing Repositories LibraryÀPress Partnerships Legacy Content Republishing Metadata Metadata Search, Retrieval, and Display Rights and Permissions Reference Material Alternative Formats Datasets Registration Services Hosting Services Digital Preservation Planning, Administration, and Management Funding Skills References Research-Information Management History Use Cases Scientist Profiles Evaluation and Metrics Enter Once, Reuse Often Data Collection Sensitive Data Common Vocabularies RDF and Interoperability Current RIS Solutions 30 30 32 32 34 35 37 37 39 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 55 56 56 57 58 59 59 60 Contents Free Systems Commercial Services Open-Source Solutions Partner With Other Organizational Units Use of Identifiers Implementation and Participation Summary References ix 60 61 62 63 64 66 66 67 Data-Management Services: Advocacy, Communication, and Policy 69 Needs Assessment Planning, Budget, and Institutional Support Advice and Policy Awareness Services Data-Management Plans Retention and Appraisal Training and Skills Development References Further Reading Data-Management Services: Practical Implementation 70 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 81 Hands-on Work A Note on Supporting Data Descriptive Metadata Data Description File Naming, Formats, and Backup Data Reuse and Metrics Preservation Data as Primary Research Output References 81 82 82 84 85 87 88 89 90 Metrics and Research Impact 91 Librarian Involvement: Reasons and Reluctance Metadata Collection Caveats and User Education Service Development and Planning Bibliometrics 91 92 93 94 95 Skills and Training 135 (Continued) up rather robust APIs to allow users to retrieve and reuse information about the resource being identified (bibliographic data about an article, in the case of CrossRef DOIs) One advantage of identifiers is in not only uniquely identifying resources with similar names (as with ORCIDs to disambiguate authors) but also they can help in measuring impact in that clicks on an actionable identifier in order to view the online resource can be counted and quantified either over time or in comparison with other resources using PIDs Persistent, unique identifiers are also crucial to participate in what many are seeing as the next great thing in information science—linked data This is a way of constructing metadata that makes it both machine and human readable, and allowing easy integration into other systems that use linked data A common example of linked data is DBpedia, a representation of Wikipedia as linked data Use of PIDs in Libraries Science librarians who develop or assist with the creation of local databases documenting research activity (including institutional repositories) should look for the use of PIDs by other systems and incorporate them into their local database where possible This ensures that the data can be integrated with other services This would also apply to maintaining information about authors by incorporating the ORCID identifier Certainly, any effort to implement institutional license to metrics tools such as Altmetric or PlumX would be made much easier with the use of identifiers for publications, scholars, and perhaps institutions/departments ORCID, OCLC, NISO, and other organizations regularly offer webinars on the topics related to the use of PIDs Many librarians recognize the broader issues around the need to share research data to leverage today’s scientific research in support of future inquiry However, there may be a common reluctance to delve too deeply into learning more or acquiring skills in this area due to unfamiliarity with or misunderstanding of the mechanics of data management (Bresnahan and Johnson, 2013) There might also be a misconception that providing data-management services requires some intermediate (or advanced) IT or technical skills While technical or subject knowledge is helpful, most librarians who explore research data-management services will see that the terms and concepts are analogous to those they may have learned in standard cataloging and classification courses 136 Science Libraries in the Self-Service Age Research data aside, science librarians who begin to offer services in research information management—including the collection and sharing of bibliographic data outside the traditional library catalog—should familiarize themselves with established formats and procedures An understanding of relational databases, queries, and markup languages can go a long way in explaining how the collection of institutionally created research outputs can go more smoothly It is helpful to be able to read HTML and perhaps CSS or inline style markup For example, when viewing the source data for a web page and/or displayed search results, it is easier to find and understand how the data is structured and shown to the end user Copying the URL which appears when a search is done and experimenting with changing the variables to create a new search is an example of something that can be easily learned and a handy skill to have With some exploration of URL syntax, predetermined searches can be executed with a hyperlink in and embedded on web pages to get a user right to the information s/he needs While not essential for science librarians to master, file formats such as comma or tab delimited, XML and JSON are illustrative of how descriptive and administrative metadata is created and integrated with other systems Along with these formats is an understanding that computers and servers routinely share information without human intervention Commonly referred to as APIs, the automated exchange of bibliographic data or other research information (e.g., through the exposure of a repository’s data via OAI-PMH) is something that science librarians should be aware of—but not necessarily experts in Simply being aware that conversion of metadata to XML or JSON is enough to ensure that it is continually synchronized with other systems, websites and services without the need to manually copy and move data is sufficient Reformatting data in this way makes it possible for librarians to partner with other units and effectively participate in organization-wide research information collection and sharing The familiar use of an ASCII text editor (not a word processor) to manipulate URLs and/or view files is also useful in developing these capacities There are several low cost or freely available text editors which display content as color coded or indented for ease of reading depending on the file format and extension Similarly, plugins are available for some browsers that will open files of these and other formats for ease of viewing While these formats are primarily created with the intention of machine-to-machine communication, tools that make them easily Skills and Training 137 viewable make the job of understanding this part of the research infrastructure a bit easier PROJECT MANAGEMENT A critical need for science librarians today is not so much a specific skill as a service orientation The acquisition of research materials from outside the organization and the development of a comprehensive subject collection meet a user need that is in decline These books and journals formally produced and distributed by commercial and other professional publishers are becoming available directly to the reader, bypassing the library-as-gatekeeper What is emerging is the reverse: the collection of research materials produced within the research organization for dissemination to outside users This is what OCLC’s Lorcan Dempsey calls “inside-out” libraries Librarians who engage in the inside-out library will soon find themselves involved in projects with multiple players, some outside of the library Conversion of text to digital, metadata markup, management of open-source platforms on space provided by the organization’s IT office all require the coordination of activity among library staff as well as contractors, webmasters, and creators of the content Librarians should have some grasp of project-management principles And while they need not be certified as such, the more knowledge gained in the basic steps and procedures of project management, the more likely the science librarian is to have success in the endeavor LEARNING METHODS Unfortunately, there does not seem to be a great deal of emphasis on scholarly communications in today’s library and information science (LIS) programs (Bonn, 2014) The same may be true for teaching more specific skills such as repository management, copyright advisory, and open-access issues although the discrepancy is understandable given the relatively recent emergence of these programs (Simons and Richardson, 2012; Finlay et al., 2015) Because of a general lack of formal training opportunities in many of these areas, it is likely that science librarians who acquire the skills and knowledge required to provide expanded researcher support services will either be self-taught or learn via informal and internal opportunities Just as many people use Google to answer questions once 138 Science Libraries in the Self-Service Age directed to the library reference desk, librarians can likewise help themselves to training opportunities freely available online Individuals and communities with expertise in those new service categories use Listservs and social media channels to disseminate relevant knowledge, and their presence has grown in recent years In addition, many organizations with an interest in expanded library support for the research enterprise have posted guides, curricula, and other resources online A list of online resources which may be of interest is appended to this chapter EXISTING COMPETENCIES Finally, librarians already possess one of the most valuable skills required in the development of new service categories: the ability to learn independently Librarians are familiar with a wide range of search tools and resources to easily identify material on a certain topic and to sift through to find the most relevant, concise, and accessible for learning purposes The compilation of instructional materials on science libraries in the digital era is a trivial task for librarians and makes the acquisition of knowledge and competencies much easier Development of competence and skills in a particular area is often much more effective when the learner has practical exercises to which they can apply the newly acquired knowledge For that reason, it is not unusual for new services to launch with support by library staff who are as yet novices in the area but for whom the day-to-day operations make more sense as time goes on The old saying admonishes us not to “get it right” but simply to “get it going” and expect improvement to come with experience RESOURCES Curriculum UNESCO Open Access Curriculum for Researchers and Library Schools.http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/publications-by-series/oa-curricula-for-researchers-and-libraryschools/ Skills and Training 139 Organizations Offering Training Material, Webinars, and Videos Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) Data Curation Center (DCC) Library Juice Academy Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) National Information Standards Organization (NISO) Listservs and Other Online Communities Scholcomm (Association of College and Research Libraries) Listserv Liblicense (Center for Research Libraries) Listserv RDAP (Research Data Access and Preservation) Listserv JISC-Repositories Listserv IR Managers Forum (See: https://groups.google.com/forum/#! forum/irmanagers) KnowledgeSpeak Newsletter LIS-E-Resources Listserv ASIS&T Listserv Digital Science (Blog and Twitter Feed) REFERENCES Auckland, M., 2012 Re-skilling for skilling for research: an investigation into the role and skills of subject and liaison librarians required to effectively support the evolving information needs of researchers RLUK Retrieved from ,http://www.rluk.ac.uk/ content/re-skilling-research Bonn, M., 2014 Tooling up: scholarly communication education and training Coll Res Libr News 75 (3), 132À135 Bresnahan, M.M., Johnson, A.M., 2013 Assessing scholarly communication and research data training needs Ref Serv Rev Available from: http://doi.org/10.1108/RSR01-2013-0003 Finlay, C., Tsou, A., Sugimoto, C., 2015 Scholarly communication as a core competency: prevalence, activities, and concepts of scholarly communication librarianship as shown through job advertisements J Librarianship Scholar Commun (1), eP1236 Available from: http://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1236 Schmidt, B., Calarco, P., Kuchma, I., Shearer, K., 2016 Time to adopt: librarians’ new skills and competency profiles In: Loizides, F., Schmidt, B (Eds.), Positioning and Power in Academic Publishing: Players, Agents and Agendas IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 1À8 Simons, N., Richardson, J., 2012 New roles, new responsibilities: examining training needs of repository staff J Librarianship Scholarly Commun (2), eP1051 Available from: http://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1051 This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 12 Summary: The Inevitability of the Self-Service Model Someday those of us born before 1985 or so may tell our children and grandchildren about the way we used to watch movies in the late 20th century We might tell them, “At one time, when you wanted to watch a movie, you had to get in the car and drive to a store and get a DVD or video tape and pay a rental fee for it.” If we don’t get sidetracked by a discussion of what DVD and VHS are, we might continue, “you had to return it in days and if it was a tape, you had to rewind it or face an additional fee.” And further, “If the movie you wanted was already rented to someone else, you had to come back later and hope it was there Occasionally you found a movie that you hadn’t heard of before and you ended up liking it Kind of like finding a book in a library that you didn’t know about until you were looking for something else.” And these 21st-century children may look at us like we’re from another planet They may ask what happened to all that and we will go on to explain that these “video stores,” as they were known eventually, went away when it became cheap and easy enough to send movies over the Internet and to collect payment from viewers The movie, television, newspaper, and music industries were blindsided by digital distribution, and they will never be the same It is important to note in this story that a number of employees in the media industry lost their jobs during this transition A lot of who were probably decent people worked in video stores; they were often helpful and knew a lot of movies that they sometimes recommended to us But it wasn’t just the video store clerks who had to find something else to Anyone involved in the distribution, warehousing, ordering, billing, promotion, property management, and other functions related to running a videorental enterprise found themselves out of work overnight when movies were delivered directly to users It might be that the last area of media to be affected by digital delivery is scholarly publishing Perhaps due to its reverence for the established, Science Libraries in the Self-Service Age DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102033-3.00012-X Copyright © 2019 Smithsonian Institution Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved 141 142 Science Libraries in the Self-Service Age traditional publication system and hide-bound practices, the business model of scholarly publishing has only faced disruptive change after the inefficiencies of most other media businesses have been wrung out Some say it is ironic that the Internet was developed by and for scientists but they are the last to exploit its full potential in scientific communication But in any case, because scholarly publishing is a laggard among other media, science librarians might have a chance to get out in front of the changes and at least take some control over what might happen Librarians may be better positioned to adapt to new distribution models of research publications than video stores and other commercial enterprises A long-term relationship with their users and their parent organization as well as the relatively slow change and adherence to tradition in scholarly publishing may turn out to be a factor in saving libraries and librarians—provided they can react quickly enough However, science librarians have to accept that scientists can and retrieve a large body of articles themselves, without the need to visit the library This understanding should give the science librarian enough lead time to develop nontraditional services and remain relevant to the research enterprise and perhaps avoid the fate of those who worked in other media-based businesses Institutional repositories, metrics services, and library-publishing initiatives are some of the early efforts to anticipate these changes and adapt quickly enough to provide value to the organization before any hasty decision to eliminate the library can be brought by budget pressures It is not inevitable that science libraries go the way of the video store After all, one is a nonprofit and mostly owned and operated by a larger entity, whereas the other is for profit and had to stand on its own financial support But what is inevitable is the movement of mediated services to self-service in nearly all enterprises: commercial, nonprofit, educational, or entertainment INDEX A Abstracting and indexing (A&I) services, 3À4, 12À13, 15, 42 Academia.edu, Academic publishers, 120 Administration and planning for new services, Altmetric for Institutions, 100À101 Altmetrics, 97À100, 135 American Chemical Society, 70 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 54 Application programming interfaces (APIs), 28, 58, 136 Article indexes, 2À3 Article-processing charge (APC) management, 32 Articles on demand, 116À118 ArXiv, 46 ASCII text editor, 136À137 Author addenda, 31 Automated services, mediating, 16 Automated storage and retrieval, 126 Awareness services, 74À75 B Backfile digitization, 40 Backfile material, digitization of, 41 Backfile republishing, 40À41 Backfile-publishing program, 41 Bepress’ Digital Commons, 49 Bibliographic data, 27, 66, 82À83 Bibliometrics, 91, 95À96 Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL), 40À41 Biodiversity information, 42 BioMed Central, 33 Biomedical libraries, 125 Biomedical roots, 15 BioOne, 24À25, 37À38 BioRxiv, 46 Books on demand, 113À115 Business and self-service, C California Digital Library, 75 Caveats and user education, 93À94 CD-ROM, ChemRxiv, 46 Circulation statistics, 110 Citation counts, 95 Citation data, 92À93 Citation databases, 102 Citation metrics versus impact, 96À97 Clarivate, 62 Clarivate Analytics, 83À84 COinS (Context in Span), 28 Common European Research Information Format (CERIF), 54, 59 Communication media, Communication to users, 127 Competence and skills, development of, 138 “Concierge” services, 73 Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information, 59 Cooperative collection storage, 126À127 Copy cataloging, 26À27 Copyright Clearance Center, 118 Cost cutting, 123 Cost savings as service, 13À14 Cost-saving measures, 118À119 COUNTER model, 100 Creative Commons (CC) terms, 44 Creative destruction, CrossRef, 29À30, 48, 71, 83, 134 Current research information system (CRIS), 53À54 143 144 Index D Data, reuse of, 27 Data archiving, 81À82, 88 Data Citation Index, 83À84 Data collection, 47, 57À58 and reuse of data, 56À57 Data journals, 70 Data mining, 89 DataCite, 29À30, 71À72, 83À84 Data-management certification programs, 77À78 Data-management costs, 72À73 Data-management plans (DMPs), 48, 69À71, 75À76 Data-management services, 69, 81, 135 advice and policy, 73À74 awareness services, 74À75 data as primary research output, 89À90 data-management plans, 75À76 data reuse and metrics, 87À88 descriptive metadata, 82À84 file naming, formats, and backup, 85À87 hands-on work, 81À82 needs assessment, 70À72 planning, budget, and institutional support, 72À73 preservation, 88À89 retention and appraisal, 76À77 supporting data, 82 training and skills development, 77À78 DataMed.org, 84 Dataset readme files, basic, 85 Datasets, 47À48, 82À84, 86À87 DBpedia, 135 DeepDyve, 118 Demand-driven acquisition (DDA), 111À114, 119, 123 Descriptive metadata, 82À84 Digital age, 23 Digital Commons, 41, 49 Digital Curation Center (DCC), 77 Digital distribution, 141 Digital library competencies, 138 Digital object identifiers (DOIs), 25, 29, 42, 48, 83, 97 creation and management, 29À30 registration agency, 29 Digital preservation, 49, 88 Digital Public Library of America (DPLA), 41 Discovery service platforms, 132À135 Disruptive innovation, DMPTool, 75 DropBox, 86 Dryad, 71À72 DSpace repository platform, 41, 63 E Ebook DDA, 114 Ecological Society of America, 70 Economic implications, 120 Eigenfactor, 92 Ejournal statistics, 116 Elsevier, 62, 99À100 Entrepreneurial libraries, 112 EPrints, 41 EuroCRIS, 54 European universities, 56 “Evidence-based acquisition” (EBA) packages, 115 Excel, 86À87 F Faculty bibliography, 24 Faculty reporting systems, 53 Figshare, File naming, formats, and backup, 85À87 Funder policies on retention, 77 Funding, 50À51 Funding agencies, 72À73 G General knowledge and skills, 131À132 Get it Now, 118 Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 42 Google Books, Google Scholar, 3À4, 8À10, 24À25, 43, 60À61, 95 GRID, 65 H Harvard Profiles, 63 HighWire Press, 24À25, 37À38 Index H-index, 60, 92, 96 Hosting services, 49 Hybrids, 32À34 I Identifiers digital object identifiers See Digital object identifiers (DOIs) importance of, 132À133 standard identifiers, 25À26 use of, 64À65 ILLiad ILL software, 118 Impact factor (IF), 92 Index Medicus, Indexing and abstracting services See Abstracting and indexing (A&I) services Informal article sharing, 26À27 Information and awareness, 34À35 Information technology, 16 In-person visits, 123À124, 128 “Inside-out” libraries, 137 Institutional press, 39, 48 Institutional repository (IR), 4, 24, 54 Institutional/faculty bibliography, 12 Inter-library loan (ILL), 113À114, 116À118 Internal organization identification, 65 Internet, 8, 37 IP-based services, 3À4 IRUS-UK (Institutional Repository Usage Statistics), 100 ISNI, 65 ISSN, 48 J Journal Article Tagging Suite, 15 Journal cancellations, 34À35 Journal Citation Reports, 100À101 Journal content, disintermediation of, 23 Journal disintermediation, 23 Journal IF (JIF), 95, 97À98 Journal literature, 23 Journal-issue processing, 11 JSON, 136 Just-in-time versus just-in-case, 112 145 L Learning methods, 137À138 Legacy content republishing, 40À41 Leiden Ranking, 96 Liaison librarians, 26, 30 Library budgets, 110À111 Library Publishing Coalition (LPC), 38À39 Library Publishing Toolkit, 38À39 Library space, 128 Library visits, reduction in, 9À10 Library-based publishing, 37À38 Library-managed institutional bibliography, 27 Library-mediated versus self-service metrics tools, 100À101 LibraryÀpress partnerships, 39À40 Library-publishing operations, 39, 43 Licensing electronic content, 13 Links, creation of, 133 Locally produced content, 29 LOCKSS, 49 M Max Planck Institute, 34 Medline, 2, 15, 66 Memorandum of understanding (MOU), 44 Mendeley, 100, 115À116 Metadata, 42À43 collection, 24, 92À93 descriptive, 82À84 search, retrieval, and display, 43À44 Metrics and research impact, 91, 100 altmetrics, 97À100 bibliometrics, 95À96 caveats and user education, 93À94 citation metrics versus impact, 96À97 librarian involvement, 91À92 library-mediated versus self-service metrics tools, 100À101 metadata collection, 92À93 service development and planning, 94À95 tools and applications, 101 Microservices, 72 Microsoft Office (Office) formats, 86À87 Modern library publishing, origins of, 37À39 146 Index N P Natural Environment Research Council, 77, 85 Natural language processing, 47, 89 Needs assessment, 70À72 Negotiations, 124À126 Netflix, Networked information technology, 1, New audience, 23 leveraging data for, 27À28 New services, planning for, New users, 11À13 “Next-Generation Metrics”, 96 Non-journal content, publishing, 47 Patron-driven acquisition (PDA), 111 Payments, collection of, 51 Peer-reviewed journal article, 1À2 Peer-reviewed literature, 22À23, 118 Persistent identifier (PID), 132À135 in libraries, 135 users of, 134 Planning, administration, and management, 50 PLoS, 33 PLoS ONE, 23 PlumX, 99À101, 135 Preliminary steering\planning committee, 72 Preprints servers, 46 Preservation of data, 88À89 Profiles RNS (Research Networking Software), 62À63 Project Euclid, 37À38, 50 Project management, 137 Project Muse, 37À38 ProQuest, 62 Public library, Publication system, 141À142 Publishing business implications, 120 Publishing registration service, 48 Publishing services, 37 alternative formats, 46À47 datasets, 47À48 digital preservation, 49 funding, 50À51 hosting services, 49 legacy content republishing, 40À41 libraryÀpress partnerships, 39À40 metadata, 42À43 metadata search, retrieval, and display, 43À44 origins of, 37À39 planning, administration, and management, 50 reference material, 45À46 registration services, 48 repositories, 39 rights and permissions, 44À45 skills, 51 PubMed, 2À3, 15, 61 O OAI-PMH standard, 43, 136 Off-site storage, 123, 125À127 On-demand library acquisitions, 112 Online bibliographic databases, 15 Online catalog, 124À125 Online discovery products, Online editorial and manuscript management system, 41 Online library usage, 10 Online literature, systematic search of, 25À26 Online metadata, management of, 133 Online self-service model, Online social media, 98 Online streaming, Open Journal Systems (OJS), 49 Open science, 74 Open access (OA), 10À11, 30, 37À38, 109 and advocacy, 30 fund creation, 33À34 Open-access mandate compliance, 30À32 Open-ended storage, documenting costs of, 77 OpenRefine, 87 Open-source solutions, 62À63 Operational efficiency as a service, 109 ORCIDs, 25, 64À66, 84, 134 Overhead and administration costs, 118À119 Ownership, total cost of, 110À112 Index PubMed Central, 30, 125 PubMed database, 24 Purchase-on-demand services, 109 alternative solutions, 115À116 articles on demand, 116À118 books on demand, 113À115 just-in-time versus just-in-case, 112 operational efficiency as a service, 109 overhead and administration costs, 118À119 publishing business implications, 120 total cost of ownership, 110À112 uneven collection development, 113 R RDF and interoperability, 59À60 RDFa (Resource Description Framework in Attributes), 28 ReadCube, 117 Ready reference type questions, Reference material, 45À46 Reference-management software, 82À83, 115À116 Referral services, 73, 81 Registration services, 48 Remote library storage, 124, 126À127 Repositories, 39, 84 rise of, 23À25 Repository Analytics & Metrics Portal, 100 Repository platforms, 26, 41, 100 Research data, 72, 76 Research Data Alliance, 60 Research data-management (RDM), 70À73 Research enterprise, 4, 131À132, 134, 142 Research impact, 70, 96À97 Research information systems (RISs), 53À56, 66À67 application of, 55 Research libraries, 9, 16, 21, 71, 120, 124 Research life cycle, 10À11, 71, 131À132 Research networking systems, 53 Research organizations, 23, 55, 75À76, 91, 134 Research profiling systems, 53, 56 ResearchGate (RG), 4, 26À28, 61, 118 ResearchGraph, 60 147 Research-information management, 53, 136 commercial services, 61À62 common vocabularies, 59 current RIS solutions, 60 data collection, 57À58 enter once, reuse often, 56À57 evaluation and metrics, 56 free systems, 60À61 history, 54 implementation and participation, 66 open-source solutions, 62À63 partner with other organizational units, 63À64 RDF and interoperability, 59À60 scientist profiles, 55À56 sensitive data, 58À59 use cases, 55 use of identifiers, 64À65 Retention and appraisal, 76À77 Ride-sharing, 112 Rights and permissions, 44À45 S Scholar-as-author, 22, 27 Scholarly communication services, 19, 81À82 article-processing charge management, 32 copy cataloging, 26À27 DOI creation and management, 29À30 emergence of, 21À22 hybrids, 32À34 information and awareness, 34À35 leveraging data for new audiences, 27À28 locally produced content, 29 new audience, 23 open access and advocacy, 30 open-access mandate compliance, 30À32 rise of repositories, 23À25 scientist as author, 22 standard identifiers, 25À26 Scholarly publishing, 92, 141À142 Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, 37À38 148 Index SciENcv bioSketch structure, 56À57 Scientific publishers, 21À22, 24À25 Scientific Society Publisher Alliance, 37À38 Scopus, 4, 95 Self-service literature retrieval, Self-service metrics tools, 100À101 Self-service model, 3À4, 8À9, 93 inevitability of, 141 Self-service story, 1À5 Serials cancellation exercise, 22 Serials crisis, 21À22, 30, 39 Service development and planning, 91, 94À95 Service innovation, application to libraries, biomedical roots, 15 business and self-service, cost savings as service, 13À14 mediating automated services, 16 new users, 11À13 reduced library visits, 9À10 same users, 10À11 shifting priorities, 14À15 user groups, 10 Sharing economy, 13 Sherpa/Romeo website, 31À32 Short-term funding, 50À51 Skills, 51 Skills and training, 131 existing competencies, 138 general knowledge and skills, 131À132 identifiers, importance of, 132À133 learning methods, 137À138 need for training, 131 persistent identifier (PID), 133À135 in libraries, 135 users of, 134 project management, 137 resources, 138À139 specific competencies, 132À137 Small-society publishing, 39 Social media, 53, 97À99 Social media metrics, 25 Social network services, Space planning and off-site storage, 123 communication to users, 127 cooperative collection storage, 126À127 cost cutting, 123 inevitability, 123À124 library space, 128 planning and negotiation, 124À125 technology and remote collections, 125À126 Specific competencies, 132À137 Springer-Nature, 70 Staff time, freeing up, 14 Standard identifiers, 25À26, 82 STAR Metrics, 54 T Third-party paying, 21À22 Total cost of ownership, 110À112 Training, need for, 131 Training and skills development, 77À78 Translational science, 53, 97, 102 U Uneven collection development, 113 University of Bristol, 77 US Geological Survey websites, 85 User groups, 10À12 V Video rental stores, Video stores, 141À142 Video tape, 141 VIVO, 15, 62À63 VIVO Integrated Semantic Framework ontology, 59 Vocabularies, 59 W Web 2.0, 37 Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, 83À84 Webmasters, 27À28, 63À64, 137 X XML, 86À87, 136 Z Zotero, 28, 115À116 ... 843000 Science Libraries in the Self- Service Age Developing New Services, Targeting New Users ALVIN HUTCHINSON Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC, USA Chandos Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier... Given the reduction in personal visits to the library, the newfound space can be used for different purposes by the libraries or the institution 14 Science Libraries in the Self- Service Age The. .. for libraries to develop new services to remain relevant to their parent institution BUSINESS AND SELF- SERVICE To the general public, it is in the business world where the effects of the Internet