2018 surgical critical care therapy a clinically oriented practical approach

Editors Ali Salim, Carlos Brown, Kenji Inaba and Matthew J Martin Surgical Critical Care Therapy A Clinically Oriented Practical Approach Editors Ali Salim Brigham and Womens’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Carlos Brown Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA Kenji Inaba Division of Trauma Surgery, Rm C5L100, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Matthew J Martin Trauma and Emergency Surgery Service, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA ISBN 978-3-319-71711-1 e-ISBN 978-3-319-71712-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935893 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The field of surgical critical care is constantly expanding, evolving, and undergoing rapid change Providers are experiencing increasing volumes of complex surgical cases and clinically challenging postoperative patients from a wide variety of surgical subspecialties With the introduction of new technologies, less invasive surgery, balanced resuscitation strategies, and an aging population, updating and communicating improved care techniques for the critically ill surgical patient are crucial As providers, our goal is to deliver optimal, evidence-based care supported by relevant policies and data; however, there is no comprehensive source that provides concise and practical guidance to intensivists and multidisciplinary ICU team members The Surgical Critical Care Therapy textbook will provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of the field and will serve as a valuable resource for clinicians, surgeons, and researchers with an interest in surgical critical care The chapters focus on the management of common problems and critical decision-making scenarios that arise in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit For example, several well-designed randomized prospective trials have recently altered the way we care for surgical patients presenting with traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis The protocols, care bundles, guidelines, and checklists that show improved process measures and patient outcomes will be discussed in detail throughout the book We hope that this textbook will help guide patient management and stimulate future investigative efforts Each chapter is written by widely recognized and established experts in the field who share numerous tips and wisdom gained over the course of their careers We also believe that this textbook will become an invaluable resource for residents preparing for their in-service exams or the critical care portions of their general surgery board exams and for all fellowship-trained intensivists who are taking the surgical critical care board examinations We wish to thank the professional editorial efforts of Springer and to acknowledge our peers and family members for their support throughout this project Without the help of so many, this project could not have been brought to fruition Carlos Brown Kenji Inaba Matthew J Martin Ali Salim Austin, TX, USA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Tacoma, WA, USA, Boston, MA, USA Contents Traumatic Brain Injury Asad Azim and Bellal Joseph Intracranial Pressure David A Hampton and Deborah M Stein Spinal Cord Injury Michael Hernon and George Kasotakis Analgesia, Sedation, and Delirium in the ICU Douglas R Oyler and Andrew C Bernard Alcohol Withdrawal Uzer Khan and Alison Wilson Brain Death Evaluation and Determination Anupamaa Seshadri and Ali Salim Management of the Potential Organ Donor Margaret K M Ellis, Mitchell B Sally and Darren J Malinoski Care of the Postop Craniectomy/​Craniotomy Patient Filip Moshkovsky, Maureen Mercante and Mark Cipolle Arrhythmia Evaluation and Management in the Surgical ICU Edward Kelly 10 Acute Coronary Syndrome Daniel L Gramins 11 Hemodynamic Monitoring Nicole A Stassen 12 Endpoints of Resuscitation Benjamin L Davis and Martin A Schreiber 13 Care for the Postoperative Cardiac Surgery Patient Andrew S Kaufman, Philip S Mullenix and Jared L Antevil 14 Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest Cindy H Hsu and Hasan B Alam 15 Assessment and Management of Acute Respiratory Distress in the ICU Bishwajit Bhattacharya and Kimberly Davis 16 Noninvasive Ventilation Eric Bui 17 Conventional Mechanical Ventilation Elizabeth Warnack and Marko Bukur 18 Advanced Modalities and Rescue Therapies for Severe Respiratory Failure Charles S Parsons and Charles H Cook 19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Trista D Reid and David A Spain 20 Care of the Postoperative Pulmonary Resection Patient John Kuckelman and Daniel G Cuadrado 21 Stress Gastritis and Stress Ulcers:​ Prevention and Treatment Lisa M Kodadek and Christian Jones 22 Nutritional Support in the Surgical Critical Care Patient Matthew J Martin, Joseph V Sakran and Robert G Martindale 23 Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Javid Sadjadi and Gregory P Victorino 24 Acute Liver Failure Amar Gupta and Chad G Ball 25 Acute Pancreatitis Peter Fagenholz and Marc de Moya 26 Management of the Post-op Abdominal Catastrophe and Open Abdomen Priya S Prakash and Patrick M Reilly 27 Acute Kidney Injury Ian J Stewart and Joseph J DuBose 28 Renal Replacement Therapy:​ A Practical Approach Craig R Ainsworth and Kevin K Chung 29 Management of Common Urologic Conditions Among the Critically Ill E Charles Osterberg 30 Venous Thromboembolism, Prophylaxis, and Treatment (Including Fat Embolism Syndrome) Franz S Yanagawa and Elliott R Haut 31 Blood Products and Transfusion Therapy in the ICU Damon Forbes 32 Damage Control Resuscitation Kyle J Kalkwarf and John B Holcomb 33 Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents Dave D Paskar and Sandro B Rizoli 34 Laboratory Assessment of Coagulation Hunter B Moore, Eduardo Gonzalez and Ernest E Moore 35 Coagulopathies and Hypercoagulable States Aaron Strumwasser and Erin Palm 36 Antibiotic and Antifungal Therapy in the ICU Mitchell J Daley, Emily K Hodge and Dusten T Rose 37 SIRS/​Sepsis/​Septic Shock/​MOSF Thomas J Herron and David J Ciesla 38 CLABSI Tarek Madni and Alexander L Eastman 39 Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Stephanie Nitzschke 40 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Dina M Filiberto and Martin A Croce 41 Fungal, Viral, and Other Oddball Infections and the Immunosuppressed​ Patient Sameer A Hirji, Sharven Taghavi and Reza Askari 42 Postoperative Intra-abdominal Infection Paul B McBeth and Andrew W Kirkpatrick 43 New Fever in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patient Evan Ross, Deidra Allison, Athena Hobbs and Ben Coopwood 44 Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Surgical Patients Brian C Beldowicz, Jeremiah J Duby, Danielle Pigneri and Christine S Cocanour 45 Adrenal Insufficiency Ellie Cohen and Walter L Biffl 46 Thyroid Hormone Abnormalities James M Bardes and Elizabeth Benjamin 47 Intravenous Fluids Peter Rhee and Paul M Evans 48 Sodium and Potassium Abnormalities Caroline Park and Daniel Grabo 49 Other Electrolyte Abnormalities Galinos Barmparas and George Paul Liao 50 Acid-Base Disorders Jack Sava and Robel Beyene 51 Cirrhosis and End-Stage Liver Disease James M Tatum and Eric J Ley 52 Obesity in Critical Care Julietta Chang and Stacy Brethauer 53 Care of the Elderly Critical Care Patient Christos Colovos, Nicolas Melo and Daniel Margulies 54 Burns Gary Vercruysse 55 Care of the Patient with Liver Failure Requiring Transplantation Caroline Park and Damon Clark 56 Care of the Critically Ill Pregnant Patient Alexandra Edwards and Wendy F Hansen 57 Unique Aspects of Surgical Critical Care for Children Jamie Golden, Aaron R Jensen, David W Bliss and Jeffrey S Upperman 58 Palliative Care in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit Kathleen O’Connell and Zara Cooper 59 Ethics in Critical Care Jessica Ballou and Karen J Brasel 60 Biostatistics and Research Design for Clinicians Tarsicio Uribe-Leitz, Alyssa Fitzpatrick Harlow and Adil H Haider 61 Organizational Innovation in Surgical Critical Care Brian C Beldowicz and Gregory J Jurkovich 62 Billing R Lawrence Reed II 63 Tracheostomy in the ICU Maher M Matar, Stephen A Fann and Bruce A Crookes 64 Feeding Gastrostomy Tubes Brittany K Bankhead-Kendall and Jayson Aydelotte 65 Central Line Placement Marc D Trust and Pedro G R Teixeira 66 Pulmonary Artery Catheter Matthew J Eckert and Matthew J Martin 67 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation:​ How Do We Do It?​ Pablo G Sanchez and Aaron M Cheng 68 Ultrasound Imaging for the Surgical Intensivist Charity H Evans and Samuel Cemaj 69 Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Daniel Dante Yeh Index Contributors Craig R Ainsworth Burn Intensive Care Unit, Burn Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA Hasan B Alam Department of General Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Deidra Allison Dell Seton Medical Center at University of Texas, Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Austin, TX, USA Jared L Antevil Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA Reza Askari Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Trauma, Burn, and Surgical Critical Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Jayson Aydelotte Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of TexasAustin, Austin, TX, USA Asad Azim Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Chad G Ball Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada Jessica Ballou Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA Brittany K Bankhead-Kendall Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA James M Bardes Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Los Angeles County and Univeristy of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Galinos Barmparas Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai hemoglobin concentration high-risk patients organ dysfunction patient population septic shock transfusion trigger upper gastrointestinal bleeding Resuscitation adequacy disparate settings endpoints hemodynamic endpoints See Hemodynamic endpoints metabolic endpoints See Metabolic endpoints pulse contour models regional endpoints See Regional endpoints TEG TEG TEG Resuscitation morbidity Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) trial Resuscitation phase Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) Rewarming phase Rhabdomyolysis and AKI cause mannitol skeletal muscle Tamm-Horsfall protein treatment Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) Right and left ventricular function Right coronary artery (RCA) Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction Right ventricular assist device (RVAD) Riluzole Ringer’s lactate (LR) Risk Analysis Index (RAI) Risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria Robotic video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RVATS) Rostral raphe pallidus nucleus (rRPN) Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) ROTEM © S Saline versus albumin fluid evaluation (SAFE) Scarpa’s fascia Score analysis Scrotoplasty Secondary injury Second-degree AV block (2AVB) Sedation and respiratory depression benzodiazepines GABAA receptors propofol Sedation Assessment Sedation vacations Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) Sedatives Seizure prophylaxis Seizures antipsychotics and delirium tremens equal therapeutic efficacy and withdrawal delirium Seldinger technique Selective brain cooling (SBC) Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) Selective pulmonary vasodilators (SPV) concept evidence technique Self-expanding metal (SEM) Sepsis Sepsis diagram Sequential (sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment score Sequential compression devices (SCDs) Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Serum creatinine (SrCr) Serum lipase Serum markers Severe Complicated Intra-abdominal Sepsis (SCIAS) Shared decision-making (SDM) anticipated illness communication skills components evidence-based communication family meetings financial planning goal-concordant care goals and values life-supporting treatments life-sustaining interventions patient/surrogate’s emotion postoperative trajectories surgical condition time-limited trial treatment Shared Decision-Making (SDM) Shock liver Sick Euthyroid Syndrome Silver Nitrate Solution Silver Sulfadiazine Cream Single-donor apheresis/plateletpheresis Sinoatrial (SA) Sinus bradycardia (SB) Sinus tachycardia (ST) Sirolimus SIRS Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) Slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF) Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) Society of Thoracic Surgeons/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Sodium cell physiology hyponatremia phosphate solution Sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphate (Na-K-ATPase) Solvent/detergent plasma (S/D plasma) Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) Soybean oil-based compounds Spinal cord injury acute management anterior cord syndrome ASIA Brown-Sequard syndrome cardiovascular Cauda equina syndrome central cord syndrome complete cord transection corticosteroids dermatome map diagnostic gangliosides gastrointestinal genitourinary healthcare expenditure hypothermia ICU setting neurologic disability neurologic findings neurological level patients prevalence prognosis pulmonary riluzole short- and long-term rehabilitation spinal immobilization spinal shock surgical fixation syndromes systemic hypertension thromboembolic disease traumatic burst fracture treatment Spinal shock Spironolactone Splanchnic arteriolar vasodilation Spontaneous awakening trials (SATs) Spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) Spray drying “Square wave” pattern ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Standard deviation (SD) Standards of accessibility Standards of accountability Standards of responsibility Staphylococcus aureus Static compliance Steroids Stone formation Storage lesion Stored whole blood Streptococcus Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) Stress ulceration angiographic embolization definitive diagnosis endoscopic treatment evidence-based guidelines medical treatment prophylaxis signs and symptoms surgical approach Stress-related mucosal bleeding Stroke volume (SV) Study design selection tree Subarachnoid Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) Subclavian vein axillary vein technique Subcostal IVC longitudinal view Subcostal long-axis four-chamber view (S4C) Subdural hematoma (SDH) Subfalcine herniation Sublingual capnography Sucralfate Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim Sulfamylon Sulfonylureas Sunken flap syndrome Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Supportive therapy Suppurative Thrombophebitis Surgical critical care acute PE management airway CRRT ECLS ICU care ICU management intravascular volume neurodevelopment pain management signs skull fractures vascular access VP shunt Surgical global package (SGP) Surgical intensive care unit (SICU) Surgical intensivists Surrogates role Surviving Sepsis Campaign Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) Swan-Ganz catheters Sympathetic storming Sympathoadrenal system Symptomatic hypomagnesemia Synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV) Syndrome of the trephined Synthetic colloids dextran gelatin HES Synthetic glucocorticoids Systemic hypertension Systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) acute brain dysfunction blood transfusions cardiovascular system chronic conditions development dysfunctional immune response ESICM historical perspective hyperglycemia and hyper-inflammation ICU antibiogram immunosuppressed phase, CARS inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling innate immune system isotonic balanced salt solutions lung-protective ventilation MOF pathophysiology physiologic changes PICS post-injury MODS post-injury MOF precapillary arterioles renal replacement therapy SCCM SOFA score trauma patient Systemic therapeutic hypothermia Systems-based performance improvement Systolic anterior motion (SAM) Systolic blood pressure (SBP) T Tachyarrhythmias Tachycardia ST VF VT Tachydysrhythmias Tactical Combat Casualty Care Tar burns Targeted temperature management (TTM) after adult non-traumatic cardiac arrest after cardiac arrest exclusion criteria hypothermia IHCA and nonshockable rhythms phases post hoc analysis post-arrest practical checklist retrospective studies studies Technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (Tc-99m HMPAO) brain scan TEG-/ROTEM-based assay Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) Temporary epicardial pacing Tension time index (TTI) Thawed Plasma The anti-fibrinolytic tranexamic acid (TXA) Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) Thiazolidinediones Third-degree, or complete, heart block (CHB) Thoracentesis Thoracic bioelectric impedance Thrombectomy Thrombelastograms (TEG) Thrombin receptor activator protein (TRAP) Thromboelastographic analysis Thromboelastography (TEG) Thromboembolic deterrent stockings (TEDS) Thromboembolic disease Thromboembolic events Thrombolysis Thromboprophylaxis Thyroid hormone function measurement regulation replacement Thyroid replacement dosing Thyroid replacement protocol Thyroid storm clinical presentation diagnosis management treatment Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Tissue cortisol resistance Tissue factor (TF) Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) Titrate IV ketamine Tonsillar herniation Total body water (TBW) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Total Quality Management Tracheoinnominate artery fistula (TIAF) Tracheostomy complications cricothyroidotomy delayed complications early complications indications vs percutaneous tracheostomy placement procedure prophylactic antibiotics step-by-step technique surgical procedure timing Tranexamic acid (TXA) Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography Transesophageal ECHO (TEE) Transesophageal echocardiogram Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) Transfusion Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care (TRICC) Transfusion Requirements in Septic Shock (TRISS) Transfusion thresholds, ICU clinical practice guidelines restrictive vs liberal transfusion strategies Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) Transfusion-associated complications acute hemolytic transfusion reaction anaphylactic transfusion reactions bacterial infections blood-borne viral infections blood product transfusions febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions microbiologic testing TACO TRALI TTBI urticarial transfusion reaction viral and parasitic diseases Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections (TTBI) Transfusion-transmitted infections Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) Transmembrane potential (TMP) Transplantation HCC patients liver MELD score Transpulmonary lung pressure Transpulmonary pressure Transthoracic ECHO (TTE) Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) Trauma catheter insertion intensive care unit Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database Trauma/burns Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) anticoagulant and blood sampling cell-based model, hemostasis etiology massive transfusion protocol ROTEM vs TEG TEG-/ROTEM-based assay TEG-guided resuscitation viscoelastic assays viscoelastic indices blood product transfusion clot strengthening (propagation and amplification) fibrinolysis liquid to solid state transition maximum clot strength platelet function TEG/ROTEM regression analysis Traumatic brain injury (TBI) airway, breathing and circulation cognitive/physical functions history and physical examination neurological disabilities neurological examination GCS pupillary response primary cerebral concussion cerebral contusion DAI EDH IPH IVH SAH SDH radiological assessment CT scan MRI scan secondary unintentional blunt trauma Traumatic cardiac arrest Traumatic hematoma, brain craniotomy indications Traumatic uterine rupture Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) Tricyclic antidepressants Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) Trophic feeding Tube dislodgement Tube site wound infection Tumor lysis syndrome Twofold approach Type HRS U Ultrasound (US) imaging A4C A5C American Society of Echocardiography apical four-chamber view basic steps, US study B-mode, M-mode and Doppler mode cardiac output central venous pressure characteristics echocardiography hypoechoic structures IVC diameter paracentesis parasternal long-axis view parasternal short-axis view patient factors pericardiocentesis PLAX POCUS practice PSAX quality assurance program residency training programs RV strain secondary S4C Society of Critical Care Medicine sound waves subcostal IVC systolic function technical factors thoracentesis US waves volume responsiveness Uncal herniation Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) United States (US) healthcare system Univariate analyses Univariate statistical tests Unstable angina (UA) Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) Uremic acidosis Ureteroenteric stricture Ureterolithotomy Urethritis Urinary diversions complications types Urinary tract infections (UTI) Urologic infections emphysematous epididymoorchitis genitourinary system prostatitis and prostate abscess pyelonephritis renal abscesses urethritis XGP Urologic problems, clinicians Urology Urticarial transfusion reaction US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) US Preventive Service Task Force (USPTF) Uterine atony management PPH source of hemorrhage surgical management Uterine-placental unit description Uterotonics V V/Q ratio VA/NIH Acute Renal Failure Trial Network Vancomycin Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) Vascular access Vasoplegia Vasopressin Vasopressor therapy Vasopressors Venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) Venous thromboembolism (VTE) AHRQ diagnosis DVT economic standpoint fat embolism ICU pathophysiology patient PE protocol prevention AAOS ABG and D-dimer ACCP consequences CTA duplex ultrasound EAST IVC filters mechanical prophylaxis pharmacologic prophylaxis See Pharmacologic prophylaxis V/Q scan risk factors therapeutic anticoagulation thrombolysis and thrombectomy trauma patients Venous-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) circuit Veno-venous ECMO (VV-ECMO) Veno-venous extracorporeal oxygenation Ventilation Ventilation goals Ventilation therapy Ventilation Weaning Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan Ventilator management Ventilator modes Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) clinical algorithm clinical pathway diagnosis epidemiology GCS prevention risk factors SIRS treatment Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) Ventilator-induced lung injury or (VILI) Ventral hernia Ventricular arrhythmias Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) Ventricular assist device (VAD) placement Ventricular fibrillation (VF) Ventricular premature beats (VPCs) Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt Ventromedial preoptic area (VMPOA) Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) Videolaryngoscopy Vietnam Conflict Viral hepatitis Viral infections diagnostic testing respiratory infections treatment Viscoelastic assays Viscoelastic testing Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) Volume Control A/C VolumeView ™ Volutrauma Von Willebrand disease (VWD) diagnosis outcomes pathophysiology symptoms treatment W Walking blood bank Warfarin Warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) Weaning parameters Wedge pressure Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) White phosphorus burns Whole blood transfusion history stored vs WFWB walking blood bank World War I (WWI) X Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) Xarelto © ...Editors Ali Salim, Carlos Brown, Kenji Inaba and Matthew J Martin Surgical Critical Care Therapy A Clinically Oriented Practical Approach Editors Ali Salim Brigham and Womens’s Hospital, Harvard... of Trauma, UC Davis Health, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Sacramento, CA, USA Elizabeth Benjamin Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Los Angeles... Withdrawal Uzer Khan and Alison Wilson Brain Death Evaluation and Determination Anupamaa Seshadri and Ali Salim Management of the Potential Organ Donor Margaret K M Ellis, Mitchell B Sally and Darren