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The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning to A.. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning to A... According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common

FULL TEST 60

1 _ a lonely and rugged life, far from (C) who was elected

(A) Wherever the early prospector lived 8 _ are not leached out of soil,

(B) The early prospector lived reclamation procedures are needed to restore (C) Not only did the early prospector live the land’s productivity

(D) The early prospector living (A) For concentrations of salt

2 Helium is _ all gases to liquefy and (B) Salt concentrations that

is impossible to solidify at normal air (C) If salt concentrations

(A) more than difficult 9 _ social crusade aroused Elizabeth (B) the most difficult of William’s enthusiasm more than the

(C) more difficult of expansion of educational facilities for

3 Every year Canadian _ about 75 (A) No

percent of their exports to the United States (B) Nothing

(D) that sell to businesses mirrors made of highly polished metal

4 An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood (A) In early

was _ a traveling company (B) As early

(C) who formed the first 11 The quantum theory states _, such (D) forming the first as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny

5 When water freezes in the cracks of rocks, definite units called quanta or photons

_ expands, causing the rocks to break (A) energy that

6 With x – ray microscopes scientists can see instantly when disturbed in their hiding through live insects _ even through places

where water drains through the soil _ 7.As resident of New Mexico, Dennis Chavez

_ to the House of Representatives in

1930 and to the Senate in1938

(A) when elected

(B) elected

1 surface below the deep

2 deep below the surface

3 the deep below surface

4 the deep surface below

14 Algebra generalizes certain basic laws 15 Even at low levels, _

_the addition, subtraction, (A) the nervous system has produced

multiplication, and division of all numbers detrimental effects by lead

(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead

on the nervous system

16 The culinary expert Fannie Farmer taught dietetics, kitchen management, and

to cook at her famous Boston school

17 The elephant relies more on its sense of smell than for any other sense

18 A few naturally elements exist in such small amounts that they are known

mainly from laboratory-made samples

19 Some insects hear ultrasonic sounds more than two octaves than higher humans can

20 To stay warm in cold weather, cold-blooded animals must expose itself to a

source of warmth such as direct sunlight

21 A severe illness where she was just nineteen months old deprived Helen Keller

of both her sight and hearing

D

4 Like all ecological systems, a forest is made up of a living environment and a

A nonliving environment, the latter composed of air, rocks, soiled, and water

23 The purposeful of the elementary school is to introduce children to the skills,

information, and attitudes necessary for a smooth adjustment to society

24 A time zone is a slightly irregular north-south belts that extends from pole to

pole

25 Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television,

and film productions on both sides the Atlantic Ocean

D

2 | P a g e

26 A microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the

gentle renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall

D

27 Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body

such as a limb

D

28 The poetry of e.e cummings illustrates the way in which some poets bend

grammatical rules as they strive to expression their insights

29 Commercial rock wool is made by blowing steam through molten rock such as

limestone to create fine, flexibility, glasslike fibers

D

5 Accounting is described as art of classifying, recording, and reporting

AB significant financial events

31 The development of the watch depended upon the invent of the mainspring

7 Harriet Monroe’s verse survive today as evidence of her undiscouraged zeal for

A B C the advancement of modern poetry

D

33 Physical fitness activities can lead to an alarming variety of injuries if

A B participants push themselves greatly hard

D

15 The structure or behavior of many protozoans are amazingly complex for

A B C single-celled animals

D

35 Alaska’s rough climate and terrain divide the state into isolated regions and the

difficult of highway maintenance is a troublesome problem

36 For hundreds of years, sailors relied on echoes to warn them of another ships,

icebergs, or cliffs in foggy weather

D

3 | P a g e

37 Although he is employed in the scientific and technical fields, the metric

system is not generally utilized in the United States

38 Prototypical oboes did a loud, harsh tone, but the modern oboe is appreciated

for its smooth and beautiful tone

D

39 Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth, tantalizing secret of

the planet are concealed

D

18 The pioneer John Chapman received the nickname “Johnny Appleseed”

A because he planted apple seedlings during him travels in what are now Ohio,

B C D Indiana, and Elinois

(10)

(15)

(20)

READING PRACTICE 26

Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse

The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D for applying patterns to textiles The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile

decoration and then for printing on paper Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image It is then

transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press

Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in

the middle of the fifteenth century It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve")

The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument,

or burin The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink

Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images A set of multiples is called an edition Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear Mass production of prints in the

sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before

11 What does the passage mainly

discuss?

A The origins of textile decoration

B The characteristics of good-quality

prints

C Two types of printmaking

D Types of paper used in printmaking

12 The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in

meaning to

A principal

B complex

C general

D recent

13 The author's purposes in paragraph 2

is to describe

A the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century

B the use of woodcuts in the textile industry

C the process involved in creating

a woodcut

D the introduction of woodcuts to Europe

14 The word "incised" in line 15 is closest

in meaning to

A burned

B cut

(10)

15 Which of the following terms is defined

in the passage?

A "patterns"(line 5)

B "grain"(line 8)

C "burin"(line 15)

D "grooves"(line 16)

16 The word "distinctive" in line 18 is

closest in meaning to

A unique

B accurate

C irregular

D similar

17 According to the passage, all of

the following are true about engraving

EXCEPT that it

A developed from the art of the goldsmiths

B requires that the paper be cut with a burin

C originated in the fifteenth century

D involves carving into a metal plate

18 The word "yield" in line 22 is closest in

meaning to

A imitate

B produce

C revise

D contrast

Question 32-40:

19 According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?

A Their designs are slightly raised

B They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching

C They were first used in Europe

D They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original

20 According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public

to own prints in the sixteenth century?

A Prints could be made at low cost

B The quality of paper and ink had improved

C Many people became involved in the printmaking industry

D Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable

21 According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they

A can be reproduced on materials other than paper

B are created from a reversed image

C show variations between light and dark shades

D require a printing press

Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790 Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport

Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors

of the seaboard Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company

in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)

(20)

(25)

The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike

encouraged imitation Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie

Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger

stagecoaches The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle

developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain

32 Paragraph 1 discusses early

road building in the United States mainly

in terms of the

A popularity of turnpikes

B financing of new roads

C development of the interior

D laws governing road use

33 The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest

in meaning to

A unsafe

B unknown

C inexpensive

D undeveloped

34 In 1790 most roads connected towns in

the interior of the country with

A other inland communities

B towns in other states

C river towns or seaports

D construction sites

35 The phrase "on the threshold of" in line

4 is closest in meaning to

A in need of

B in place of

C at the start of

D with the purpose of

36 According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?

A The states could not afford to build roads themselves

B The states were not as well equipped as private companies

C Private companies could complete roads faster than the states

D Private companies had greater knowledge

of the interior

37 The word "it" in line 10 refers to

A legislature

B company

C authority

D payment

38 The word "imitation" in line 13 is closest

in meaning to

A investment

B suggestion

C increasing

D copying

39 Virginia is mentioned as an

example of a state that

A built roads without tollgates

B built roads with government money

C completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in

one year

D introduced new law restricting road use

40 The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 20

as an example of a feature of wagons that was

A unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles

B first found in Germany

C effective on roads with uneven surfaces

D responsible for frequent damage

to freight KEY GRAMMAR

1 B

2 B

3 C

4 B

5 A

6 C

7 D

8 C

9 A

10 B 11.D

12 D

13 B

14 B

15 C

16 C

17 B

18 A

19 D

20 B

21 A

22 D

23 A

24 C

25 D

26 C

27 C

28 D

29 D

30 A

31 C

32 A

33 D

34 A

35 C

36 C

37 A

38 A

39 C

40 C

FULL TEST 62

1 When _in arctic regions, the Aleuts construct igloos as temporary winter shelters (A) travel

(B) to travel (C) traveling them (D) traveling

2 Most substances contract when they freeze

so that the density of a substance’s solid is _of its liquid

(A) than the higher density (B) higher than the density (C) the density is higher than that (D) the higher the density

3 The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is _clearly understood

(A) none (B) no (C) not (D) nor

4 Desert animals _a means of retaining moisture in such a hot, dry climate if they are to survive

(A) need (B) needing (C) to need (D) was needed

5 _state of Wyoming is also known as the

“Equality State” because Wyoming women were the

first in the nation to vote

(A) The

(B) There is a

(C) That the

(D) As the

6 Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much

sweeter _

(A) than cane sugar does

(B) does cane sugar

(C) cane sugar

(D) than cane sugar

5 Ground plans and contour maps of the Earth _from aerial photographs (A) can be drawn

(B) can draw (C) to draw (D) drawn

6 By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert _over art

(A) influence worldwide a great (B) a great worldwide influence (C) influence a great worldwide (D) a worldwide influence

7 _millions of galaxies exist in the vast space outside the Milky Way

(A) It is estimated that (B) An estimate that (C) That is estimated (D) That the estimated

8 The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil _the plants grow

(A) which (B) which in (C) in which (D) in

9 The operetta first _as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century

(A) to emerge (B) emerging (C) has emerged (D) emerged

10 _complex organic catalysts originating in living cells

(A) Enzymes (B) Enzymes are (C) Enzymes which are (D) Enzymes while they