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!"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ ,+-. " # # = + + + $ !"#"$%%&'"( )*""+, $ !"- ./"!"- 0123 "3!45 5 /0 )*"( " # #= − + 6 '%%& 7 5 8 9 8 5 5 5 # " # # " # # # # = = + = ⇔ + = ⇔ = < = − ""- 0 ( ) ( ) 59 . 9 . 9% & $ + − − − ( ) ( ) 9 9 9%& %$ = − − = − − − ":;<=":$5 5 >0: ?$ %& %$ % %& %$ − − − + = − ⇔ = − ⇔ = − − 7 5 7 5 7 = + ⇔ = − ⇒ + = − ⇔ + = ⇔ = − − )1@ 7 7 = − AB"CD'"E ,+-. F""2GH, 7 " 5# # #+ + = /0 IGH, 7 " 5# # #⇔ + − + = ( ) " 5# # #⇔ + − − = " " 5# # #⇔ − + − − = ( ) [ ] " " 5# # #⇔ − + + − = " " " 5 # # # # # = ⇔ + + + − = !"#$"%&'( )*+ ,-./0123 12330&)$45 0=" !"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ 4 . " " 5 # ' ' ( # # # # π π = + ∈ ⇔ + + + = F""J " " . # # # π = + = + − ≤ ≤ " # #= + 5 5 ⇔ + = ⇔ = ∨ = − 0=" (5 " 5 # # ' ' ( π π π ⇔ + = ⇔ + = ∈ . # ' ' ( π π ⇔ = − + ∈ K2 . . # ' ' ( # ' ' ( π π π π = + ∈ = − + ∈ F""2GH, L M# # #+ + − = + /0 ;,2GH"%# NO2GH, M M L M# # # #⇔ + + − + − = + P M P# # # #⇔ − + − = + KJ #= − 5 ≥ IGH,Q M P 5 # #+ − − = F""2GH,$%*"R,GS # # = = − − T # ≤ $ 5 < 'UAB"CD'"E 5 ≥ )*" # = , 5 P # # # # # # ≥ − = ⇔ ⇔ = − = AB"CD'"E # ≤ )1@"E+2GH,0 # = ,&-. >->'"VW@=$'"XD@XDYZ # ,2[\"*"= !Q"G/ 9 9 5 5 # " #) # " #= = = ≤ ≤ /0 ] # " #)= 0"$Y$^$ # " #)= 0"$Y$ [ ] 59 ->"!Q"\XD@XDZW0 5 5 # " *# # ) *# π π = = ∫ ∫ !"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ 5 > 5 # # ) *# ∫ KJ # # # * #*# # ) *# ) * ) *# = = ⇒ = = = ∫ \D@ 5 5 5 # # # # ) *# # ) #) *#= − ∫ ∫ 5 5 5 5 5 # # # # # #) *# #) ) *# #) )= − = − ∫ ∫ )1@ 5 5 5 # # # # " *# # ) *# # ) #) ) ) π π π π = = = − + = − ∫ ∫ )1@)( ) π − H%-> 6 ,&-. ,2\:;T@:;T0,"9"G/_:( 7 .;T( % ` D =" Z9 " J 2[ \: % \;T a %DU %*" J 2[ :;T ;"# 'b"-Z#J2[\:;!4 7 .>->'"2\:;T6 /0 b " "# : ( 7 9 ;T ( % : .;T %DU %*" D =" D "- Z + c"G/ _":;Z%DU="Z%:Z( 7 9;Z(.d 5 : T M5& = ]@":;TCD b""#"J2[\:%\;Ta%DU%*"J2[:;T $"D@#+O0\Z⊥:;T T":;TCD$%*"]0D"-+:;. 0D"-+]; + %&⊥ %T]( 7 9 ZeeT]% 7 , += = ⇒ Z ⊥ :; ⇒ :; ⊥ \Z Ff"g0,"#D+Z0$\ Zg ⊥ \9:; ⊥ Zg ⇒ Zg ⊥ \:;. @Zg0'bZ#J2[\:; "\Z%DU="Z.Zg0G/ ⇒ -, ,. , -, = + ⇒ = T"E>@ T \ 7 %&$ %&, - ,%,& " = = = 9G/+,2 -, = ->'"2\:;T 7 T T 7 7 7 - %&$ %&$ - -,= = H%-> 6 &- W.@∈^%W.@h,"Ai+ ( ) ( ) 7 7 # " # " / # " + − + = − − /0 S A B K H C O I D 7 a !"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ ( KJ(Wj@9hk2dY!i[lW@≤Wj@ #" ≤ 7 7 #" / #" − − − = − + T7h5% #"− ≥ − $ 7 7 / − − − ≥ = − − + m_ 9 8 9 0 0 − = = − − no(5⇔(5J( j∞ no 5 j n j∞ j∞ P T"I( 9 " 0 +∞ (n(P=GS'" # " # #" " + = = ⇔ = = 6789:7/,;-. 178-97:;0<=>?0797@0 <=>90+?$- J 2[ %*" E f 3 ,#" . " :; %*" " D D@# 5. p M 5.% # " &1 # " + − = + − = q;9;"#":;d"E>!4mf 3q:.+" /0 f< 9 7 7 2 % &1 2 = ∩ ⇒ ), 9 9r % $ ∈ ⇒ − ⇒ − − %,?0D"-+; ( ) ( ) 9 9 7 -$& %&$ - * $ &1 $2 - * $ &1 $2 " " = ⇔ = ),F0f<":;$ 7 2&$ %&$ - - " " = b ( ) ( ) r 9 9 7 7 r * $ &1 * $ &1 = ⇔ = P P r r 7 = − ⇔ = ⇔ − = ⇔ = "f3F.;.$ j)*"97,:59 !"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ A j)*" 7 9 7 7 $ − , 9 7 7 % 4 'U"%*"Ef3ZW@s."-t995%G/[d%*" d # " 3− + = = − )"#2GH,>`+G/["XD"-t.`%%DU%*"G/[d%, f3+"-to"Wl%*"tXDd /0 Ff"]0,"#D%DU+t$d.t]0G/["XDt.`%%DU%*"d d2GH,0 # " 3 = + = − + = − ),]∈d$f3]j9−j9−\D@ 1 (−9−j9− ),t]⊥d%d3%6Hq2GH0 (99−.$ uj−jj−−(5⇔( 7 ),#. 1 ( 9 9 7 7 7 − − 7 9 9 1 1= = − − \D@.2GH,>`+G/[t]0 # " 3− − = = − − 6$ p 9 9 7 7 7 − − ]0D"-+tto$to P r 9 9 7 7 7 − − 6B ,&-. F""2GH,"E2l r P M3 3 + = − /0 F"vs(j!"%*"9.!∈^%.!'U/"!45 " 9 4 3 4 3 4 4 − = − = = + + "2GH, r r P M P M 4 3 4 3 4 − + = − ⇔ − + = − + ⇔ r P r M 4 4 4 4 4 + + = + + + = + Ni@"6%# 7 4 = #% (5%( )*"(5⇒!(5N=" )*"(⇒!(72ls(j7" C78-97:;0<=>?0700<9B- <=>90+?$- J2[Ef3 ,#" .G/V2GH, M M 5# " # "+ − − + = %"- t79Ff":%;0"#2"-'wbt#,f3"-]0,"#D%DU+ "-t0$G/[:; D KG/V<g97%!'>^(9 r 1. 5= > = .$t4"G/V -03"D !"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ E F"v"- ( ) 5 5 9% # " 0"#2"-D@ 5 % $ % $ 1% .% 1% .% ∈ ∈ ⇔ ⊥ = . 5 5 5 5 79 9 9 71% # " .% # "= + − = − − T 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M M 5 M M 5 7 7 5 5 # " # " # " # " # # " " # " # " + − − + = + − − + = ⇔ + − + − − = + + − = 5 5 7 5# "⇒ + − = \D@G/[:;2GH, 7 5# "+ − = KG/[tg2GH, 7 # " = + = + Ttg%DU%*":;.$f3+"-]0"E+E2GH, 7 7 5 # " # " = + = + + − = F""E@GS 7 9 r r 'U"%*"EYf3ZW@s.G/[" 7 # " 3− − = = %"-t5995 )"#2GH,J2[I"XD"-t%*"G/["/"'"x G/["%J2[I!4 /0 F"v 9 9 4 03%6H22D@#+J2[I IGH,J2[IWj!@jsj!(5 KG/[" "XD"-:9795%3%6Hq2GH 99 = b""# 5 e e r 9 4 / 4 * % / 4 = + + = " ⇔ + == + + #!(% r p P P 5 + = + + ⇔ − = ⇔ = = − j)*" = f(.(⇒!(PIGH,J2[IWP@jsM(5 j)*" = − f(.(⇒!(IGH,J2[IWj@sj(5 <=>990?$- ,2lsAB/"""CD'"ED 7 3 3 + − = + + % 3 3 − + 03 /0 F"v . 3 # " # " 5= + ∈ !"#$ % !&'$$()*()*&+ 6""# 7 # " # " + + − = + + − 7 r# " # " " #⇔ + + − = + + − ⇔ = + 7 3 # " # " " # " # " # " 3 − + − − − − + − = = = + − + − + D0 { } r9 59 7 59 5" # # " " # " # "⇔ = + − − − = − ≠ + − ≠ F"""CD'"E 7 p p 3 = − + ,-./07B0F37D <G0 -9B.0