Types of british animals

llSIldyyMiiife BIOLOGY LIBRARY Uibrarj f0r EDITED BY F G f 0ng AFLALO, Naturalists F.R.G.S., F.Z.S TYPES OF BRITISH ANIMALS UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME for EDITED BY fjfmut0 F G |lah:raUsts AFLALO ANIMALS OF AFRICA BY H A BRYDEN ILLUSTRATED BY E CALDWELL " It will be welcome news to boys who are fascinated by wild life that the second The volume of The Library for Young Naturalists' has made its appearance and he gives just the kind of information that is wanted manner is author's engaging, " Morning Post, by the lover of animals " It is not only a genuinely instructive work, but one in which the simple and engaging literary style and the bold pictures combine to give a lively interest to the a capital book for a growing boy who is eurious about beasts." It is subject The Scotsman " No better writer of a book on the fauna of the Dark Continent could have been selected than Mr Bryden, whose personal acquaintance with the country and knowledge of its wild beasts have been often exemplified in our columns A commendably full index adds to the value of a very useful and interesting work." ' Field "Mr Bryden is well known as amongst the highest authorities on the fauna of Africa, and he has produced a decidedly attractive book on this fascinating subject, The book would well adapted to the needs of the intelligent young student make a capital school prize for the junior forms." Liverpool Post " It is primarily meant for boys, interest in natural history them an that before us." The and nothing could be better adapted to give than such a series of entertaining chapters as Tablet TYPES OF BRITISH PLANTS BY C S COLMAN WITH 16 FULL-PAGE PLATES AND NUMEROUS OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT " strongly recommend this book to all who are themselves interested in Botany, or desire to encourage in others the taste for the most fascinating and harmless of natural sciences We can congratulate the author on the admirable manner in which he has conceived and elaborated his method." We " A really fascinating and lucid way." "An excellent book Land and^ everything is set forth in the Water most interesting Spectator book compiled by an editor for who illustrated intelligently boys and girls; clearly expressed, full of information; will answer questions if any reader is in difficulty, and and generously." Bookman THE FOX Frontispiece TYPES OF BRITISH ANIMALS BY G F AFLALO ILLUSTRATED BY E CALDWELL SECOND IMPRESSION SANDS & CO LONDON: 15, KING STREET, STRAND EDINBURGH 21, HANOVER STREET : 1909 .- ;.:-.;: * : ;/-\ - UBRARY G TYPES OF SPONGES 282 be foolish enough to waste his time with an inferior bait when there are others to be had Although these anemones are of low structure, feeding, with the aid of stinging tentacles, and having to throw out the undigested solid matter of their like the jelly-fish, meals, you must not, deceived by the familiar comparison with their floral namesakes, regard them as fixtures, for they are perfectly capable of shifting their position The tentacles are used in wafting small edible objects within reach by setting the water in motion, as well as if necessary, and conveying them to In order to find abundance and variety of in stinging them, the mouth food, the anemone likes to plant itself in the tideway and in currents that ebb and flow, and this, no doubt, is object in entering into partnership with the wandering hermit-crab In the aquarium it is sometimes its first necessary to feed anemones by hand, introducing directly into the gaping mouth a small portion of fish or meat at the end of a wooden skewer I used to be rather fond of doing this years ago at the now closed Crystal Palace Aquarium, and the promptness with which the anemone took all the work off my hands the moment it got wind of the meal always reminded me of the "You press the button we the rest," in the advertisement of a well; known camera spawn, in some The reproduction of anemones cases developed (and the is by young hatched out) within the parental folds With the jelly-fishes and anemones the Sponges have (sub-kingdom Porifera) nothing whatever to do, and indeed the notion of a mere sponge, the flabby thing you use in your morning tub, belonging to the kingdom at all, may shock your notions of animal propriety But it does Not that the sponge, as you THE SPONGE know way 283 or ever was, a living animal in quite the same Its exact position is none too easy to as you are it, is, but I imagine that in regarding it as the of what once was a colony of animals you cannot go far wrong In its innumerable canals and describe, remnant cavities there once resided a host of jelly-like creatures, harmony and nourishing themselves on the minute food particles borne on the water in its ebb and flow throughout the mass The living sponge gives living in perfect us, in short, the ideal picture of peaceful socialism and and digestion Very elementary are no one can but dwellers, fairly say that their organisation is in any way inadequate to their style of living, while perfect circulation its their reproduction, half animal and half vegetable, would, I could but explain it in sufficiently simple terms (which, frankly, I cannot), be sure to strike you as still if more wonderful than any described in these pages Though I alluded to the bath-sponge as a familiar example, you must bear in mind that there are hundreds of kinds of sponges, some, as our British "breadcrumb" sponge, being absolutely useless for commercial purposes This particular species, which is only one out of two or three hundred met with on our coasts, lies on the rocks in greenish masses, resembling minute volcano craters Although sponges are fixtures, the larvae swim freely And now we have come collection of British In spection same studio these pages to the end of this small types got together for your in- they are masterpieces, all from the Each one of the creatures mentioned in life is, for the time being, perfect in its way Lower yet than the sponges we might have travelled, among the infusorians and amcebas, but with the sponges TYPES OF SPONGES 284 perhaps end the creatures that can reasonably serve as As I have already said, the plan types of a local fauna of selecting types, while apparently making our task simpler, really involves additional difficulties over and above the invidious responsibility of choice and rejection Perhaps the widest gap in the collection comes fishes, where I said next to nothing of the and hag-fish, and altogether omitted the truncate lamprey and that worm-like dweller in the sand called sea-squirts after the Bcdanoglossus Of the relationships of these different divisions of the animal commonwealth you have been told little or nothing, nor have these pages even conformed to the accepted order from highest to lowest It is, as a matter of fact, rather difficult, particularly when we get down to the zoological basement and animal more or cellars, to decide whether one highly organised than, another Our point of view may not be nature's Freedom of movement and good eyesight would seem to be among is less her choicest gifts yet would you on that account declare the roving young barnacle more highly organised than its ; Be careful ere you accuse nature of If anything in this and degeneration muddling progress book has unwittingly suggested so gross a libel, pitch it on the fire, put on your cap and go forth and see for stationary parent ? yourself THE ''MARIGOLD" JELLY-FISH INDEX A -li DDER, Bournemouth, Crossbills 164 Adipose Fin of Salmon, 184 Ailsa Craig, Gannets breeding on, at, 116 at, 128 Nightjar Pier, 205 Breadalbane (Lord) on Capercailzie, 152 Air-bladder of fishes, 215 120 Ambergris, 48 Breadcrumb Sponge, 283 Amphibians, 171 Anchovy, 201 Animals, Kindness to, Breathing of Insects, 243 " British Deer and their Horns," 58 Broads, Life on the, 131, 146 Bryden (H A.) on the Landrail, 30 107 Antlers, 61 Arundel, Bass at, 210 Australia, Fruit-pigeons Rabbits in, 57 Sparrows Buckland in, 119 in, 81 Sting- ray in, 219 Avon, Salmon in the Wiltshire, 182 (F.) on Evidence of Design, 47 Bullen (F T.) on Whaling, 47 Bumble-bees, 245 Burying-beetle, 254 Butcher-birds, 99 Butterflies, 247 21, 25 BADGER, Balanoglossus, " 284 flADDIS FLY, 251, 257 Barnacles, 233 \J Camberwell Beauty, 248 Canis, Guillemot feeding on, 153 Basking Shark, 218 Capercailzie, 119 Capybara, 49 Bass, 207 Carnivora, Bass Rock, Gannets on the, 151 Bat, 63 (meaning of the word), 73 Bath-sponge, 283 Carp tribe, 206 "Castings "of Owls," 123 Bald Mouse," 64 Bean-fly, 242 Bearded Reedling, 131 Beard of the Oyster, 264 Cat, 13 Wild, 16, 19 Caterpillar, 242 Cats and Clover, 245 Cattle, Wild, Bergylt, 180, 220 Birds, 2, 77 " Black-beetle," 72, 256 Blackbird, 91 Black grouse, 120 Blennies, 180, 206 "Blind as a bat, "65 Centipedes, 227, 235 Blubber, 44 Class, Bluebottle, 252 Blue Shark, 215 Coarse Cephalopods, 266 Chichester Canal, Eels in the, 193 Harbour, Bass in, 208 Chimaeroids, 213 Christchurch, Osprey at, 155 Salmon at, 182 fish, 209 Cock-fighting, 26 286 ItfDEX Cockle, 263 Cockroach, 256 Cod family, 206 Eggs Coleoptera, 244, 253 Colorado Beetle, 242 Conger, 180, 188, 191 Continent, Magpies on the, 117 Coot, 140, 145 Coral Polyp, 225 Cormorant, 150, 152 Corncrake, 106 Cornwall, Sharks in, 214 - Shrews in, 68 Cowper on the Halibut, 197 Crossbill, 116 Crows, 87 Crustaceans, 3, 227 Cuckoo, 110, 112 Cucumber Smelt, 217 Curlew, 137 Cushat, 118 Cuttle, 226, 265 Jelly-fish, 281 Lobster, 229 Shark, 219 Snakes, 167 Squid, 269 Ray, 219 Elimination, 77 Elvers, 189 Epping Forest, Deer in, 61 Ermine, 32, 34 Eye of Flatfish, 195 Frog, 173 Lobster, 228 Shark, 216 " Family," "Fauna," Meaning Deep-sea Fish, 45 Deer, Fallow, 59 Red, 59 Roe, 59 (meaning of the word), 73 Demoiselle Dragon-fly, 257 Derbyshire, Grouse in, 127 - in, 132 Dipper, 140 Diptcra, 244, 251 Diver, 153 Fishes, 5, 179 Fishing with Otters, 29 Flatfish, 194 Fleet Pond, Coots on the, 145 Flies, 251 Flycatcher, Spotted, 97 Fly-fishing, 209 " Flying" Mouse," 64 " Form of Hare, 56 Fortescue (Hon J.) on Dorset, Sand-lizard in, 162 Dory, 200, 203 Dragon-fly, 251, 257 "Drumming" of Snipe, 138 Duck, 156 Durham, Grouse in, 127 is, 255 White-tailed, 154 of Owls, 123 Squirrel, 53 Earwig, 255 Echinoderms, 273 Eel, 188 Red Deer, 60 Fox, 4, 16, 20 Shark, 218 French Partridge, 106 Frog, 172 Dog, 3, 14 Dormouse, 54 - of, Fields, Birds of the, 78, 102 252 EAGLE, Ear-tufts of, 128 59, 60 Origin FABLES, Fallow Deer, DADDY-LONG-LEGS, Darwin on Cats and Clover, 2-15 Devon, Bearded Reedling laid in dark nests, 83 of of of of of Electric 246 GALL-FLIES, Game Laws, 17 Gannet, 150 Garden, Birds of the, 78, Garden-spider, 239 Gastropods, 266 "Genus," Geology, 59 Gill-slits in Sharks, 215 Glow-worm, 254 Gnat, 252 Gnawing of rodents, Goatsucker, 128 Gobies, 206 Godwits, 137 51 90 INDEX Goldfish and Kingfishers, 144 Goldsmith on the Halibut, 197 Grassi on Spawning of Eels, 188 Grave-digger, 254 Great Crested Grebe, 146 Great Northern Diver, 153 287 Ireland, Animals Island Fauna, of, 18, 161, 163 87 JACKDAW, Jay, 88 Jelly-fish, 279 John Dory, 203 Great Water Newt, 174 Grebe, 140, 146 Green Fly, 242 Jumping-spiders, 238 Grilse, 184 Pearl-divers, 46 KANAKA Kearton Grouse, Black, 120 Red, 120 Guillemot, 153 (R.) on Moles and 69 Worms, on Stoats and Eggs, Gull, 148 Seal feeding on, 40 36 Kelt, 184 Kestrel, 102, 107 " Kingdom," Kingfisher, 140, 143 284 HAG-FISH, Halibut, 196 T ADYBIRD, 141 Sand-lizards in, 162 Hampshire Pike, Hamster, Landrail, 102, 106 Lapwing, 138 Large Copper, 248 Lateral line, 185, 193 Leaf-cutter, 246 Leaping of Salmon, 184 50 Hanover Rat, 50 Hare, 54 Harting (J E.) on Herons' Nests, 134 Harvest-mouse, 49, 52 Hastings, Conger at, 190 Hedgehog, Leather-grub, 253 Leeches, 275 Leighton (Dr G.) 71 Hedge-sparrow, 81 of, on Food of Adder, 166 Hermit-crab, 228, 230 Heron, 133 Herring, 200 Eggs 253, 254 AJ Lampreys, 214 Lemmings, 50 Lepidoptera, 244 Lesser Shrew, 68 219 Limpet, 263, 266 Little Owl, 122 Herring-gull, 148 Hessian-fly, 242, 253 Hibernation of Dormouse, 54 Honey-bee, 244 Horns of Cattle, 61 Lizard, 162 Loaches, 206 Lobster, 227 pots, 209 Locust, 225, 255 Horseshoe-bats, 64 House-fly, 252 Housetop, Birds of the, 78, 79 Long-eared Owl, 122 Humble-bees, 245 Lugworm, Hunting-spiders, 237 Lul worth, Lobsters at, 228 Lundy Island, Gannets on, 151 Hymenoptera, 243 274 Storm Petrels TCHNEUMON-FLIES, 246 Illnesses of Game-birds, 127 " Indigenous," Meaning 2, 106 88, 116 156 MAGPIE, Mallard, Mammals, Insectivora, Insects, 227, 241 Invertebrates, of, 19 226 on, 152 Lung-breathing Fishes, 180 Marigold Jelly-fish, 280 Marshes, Birds of the, 78, 131 INDEX 288 Marsh Warbler, 133 Owls, 89, 121 Mason-bees, 245 Oyster, 263, 264 May-flies, 257 Metamorphoses of Insects, 243 Migration of Birds, 6, 85, 137 Herring, 201 Swallows, 86 Millais (J G.) on Deer, 58, 61 276 PARASITES, Parr, 184 Partridge, 102, 105 Peacock Butterfly, 248 Pearl-oyster, 265 " Millipedes, 227 Mole, 68, 274 (meaning of the word), 73 and Peewit, 138 Molehills, 71 Molluscs, 3, 263 Monkfish, 215 Moors, Birds of the, 78, 125 Peculiar," Meaning of, 125 Peewit, 138 Pelican feeding young, 118 Pied Wagtail, 142 Pigeons' Milk, 118 Moreporks, 129 Morocco, Locusts in, 256 Dartford Warbler in, 133 Pilchard, 200 Ospreys in, 155 Woodchat 141 Pill -millipede, 235 Plovers' Eggs, 138 at, 208 Porifera, 282 Portsmouth, Bass at, 208 " Portuguese Man-o'-War, 280 Postal Guide, The, 27, 32 Prawn, 232 Protection of Wild Animals, 32, 122 52 at, 182 Music, Seals and, 37 Mussel, 263 Mute Swan, and young Trout, Porbeagle Shark, 217 Mosquito, 242, 252 Moths, 247 Mouse, 49 Harvest, 52 Wood, 41, 68 Pike, 210 Plymouth, Bass in, 99 Mudeford, Salmon Pigmy Shrew, Protective Colouring, 34, 83, 103, 158, 196, 268 156 Land-crabs Aquarium, 204, 269 NAPLES Natural History, Nerve-winged, 257 Neuroptera, 244, 257 New Grouse in the, 127 Newt, 174 Membrane in Sharks, Nightingale, 91, 93, 110 Nightjar, 127 Northumberland, Grouse 50 Nuthatch, 115 265, 267 OCTOPUS, "Order, "3 Orthoptera, 244, 255 Osprey, 154 Otter, 29 in, 196 RABBIT, Range of the Nightingale, 94 Rat, Black, 50 Brown, 50 Ratton, 50 Ray, Electric, 219 Razor-fish, 263 Red Ant, 246 216 Norway Rat, Large Flatfish 54 Ants in the, 246 Deer in the, 60 Forest, Nictitant in, 228 QUEENSLAND, Red-backed Shrike, in, 127 99 Redbreast, 91, 92 Red Deer, 59, 60 Grouse, 125 Worm, 253 Reedling, Bearded, 131 Reptiles, 5, 161 Richmond, Deer at, 60 Herons at, 134 Kingfishers at, 145 INDEX Right Whale, 42 Ringdove, 118 Ringed Snake, 167 River and Lake, Birds of 289 Smell of Sharks, 217 Smolt, 184 Smooth Hound, the, 78, Thrush feeding Robin, 88, 92 Rock-leech, 275 Rodentia, Snipe, 136 Roe-deer, 59 Sole, 195, 198 Romanes on the Peewit and Mole, Solen, 263 Solan Goose, 151 Southampton, Bass Rome, Base at, 210 Spawning of shooting, 105 Royal Natural History quoted, 154, 164 Eels, 188 Spermaceti, 48 Sperm Whale, Crown Prince of Austria) on the Osprey, 155 Ruminantia, 180 162 Sandpipers, 137 Sardine, 200 SALMON, Sand-lizard, 47 Spiders, 227, 236 Spinning Spiders, 238 Spiracles in Sharks, 216 Spitzbergen Grouse, 126 Sponges, 282 Spotted Flycatcher, 97 Spouting of Whales, 45 Scabbard-winged, 244, 253 Scale-winged, 247 Scilly, Storm-petrels at, 152 Scotch Hare, 56 Scotland, Crossbills in, 116 Grouse in, 125, 127 Scoulton Mere, Gulls at, 149 Sea-anemones, 281 Sea-squirts, 284 Sea-swallows, 148 Seal, 37 Shagreen, 216 Sharks, 214 Sprat, 201 Spur-dog, 216, 218 Squid, 265, 267 Squirrel, 52 (meaning of the word), 73 Starfish, 273 Starling, 79, 82 Stickleback and Pike, 211 Sting-ray, 218 Stoat, 19, 32 Storm-petrel, 152 Stour, Salmon in the, 182 Straight-winged, 255 " Sub-kingdom," Shells, Collections of, 265 Shetlands, Divers breeding in the, 153 Shore-birds, 78, 147 Shrews, 67 Shrike, Red-backed, 99 Swallow, 79, 83 Swan, 156 Swanage Pier, 205 Swift, 79, 83 rPENCH L Sibbald's Whale, 41 Singing Mice, 56 Skippers, 247 Skua, 150 Skylark, 102 Slime of Eels, 192 of Tench, 212 "Slough "of Reptiles, Slow-worm, 163 at, 208 Sparrow, 79 Spartel, Ospreys at Cape, 155 Rook, 87, 102, 104 (late on, 91 Snake, Ringed, 167 138 Rudolf 218 Snails, 266 140 and Pike, 211 Tern, 148 Thames, Swans on the, 157 Trout, 185 The Cruise of the Cachalot, 47 The Mountains of California, 141 The Story of a Red Deer, 60 Thresher Shark, 218 163 Thursday Island, Pearl-oysters 265 at, 290 INDEX Tiger-moth, 248, 250 Titmouse, Great, 95 Toad, 173 Tongue of Chameleon, 111 Slow- worm, 163 - Snakes, 166 Water-ousel, 141 Water-rat, 51 Water-shrew, 51, 68 Water- wagtail, 142 Weasel, 19 Web of Spiders, 239 Fish, Difference between, Woodpecker, 111 Torpedo Ray, 219 Whale and Tree-creeper, 97 Whalebone, 42 "Whale-feed," 42 Wheat-midge, 253 Whelk, 274 Whistling Swan, 156 Tree-sparrow, 81 Trout, 185 Tse-tse Fly, 242 Turbot, 180, 195 Turnstone, 155 "Type," , 60 Venom of adder, 165 Vertebrates, 2, 226 Viper, 164 Voles, 50 Vultures in the tropics, 214 BIRDS, 137 WADING Wagtail, 140, 142 Walrus, 38 Warbler, Dartford, 133 Marsh, 133 Water-boatman, 255 - Water Newt, Great, 174 Whitebait, 138, 202 White-tailed Eagle, 154 Whooper, 156 Wild Life at Home, Wireworm, 69, 104 36, 69 Wolf-spiders, 237 Woodchat in Morocco, 99 Woodcock, 111 Wood-mouse, 52 Woodpecker, Green, 111 Woodpigeon, 110, 118 Woods, Birds of the, 78, 110 "Woolly Bear," Worms, 69, 274 Wren, 88 YORKSHIRE, 248 Grouse in, 125, PLYMOUTH BRENDON AND SON, PRINTERS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, BERKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day Books not in demand may be renewed if application is made before expiration of loan period MAR \ 50m-8,'26 496170 UBftARY G UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY ... Classes of Latin names Meaning of Fauna Fauna of the British Isles Their geographical position Climatic and other changes Origin of islands Our neglect of many useful animals Silence of British. .. 213 TYPES OF BRITISH ANIMALS INTRODUCTION Scope of the book Orders Family Types Genus Vertebrates and Invertebrates Classes Use of Latin names Definition of mammals, birds, fishes, etc Meaning of. .. Starfish Its mode of crawling Its food Worms The longest British animal Burrowing of Lugworms Muscular strength of the Rock-Leech Breeding of Leeches Parasites 273 CONTENTS xvii TYPES OF BRITISH JELLY-FISHES,