Amphibian reptile conservation_4

Fall/Winter VOLUME DECEMBER www.herpetofauna.org AMPHIBIAN & TO THE W: PRESERVATION FOUNDER AND EDITOR Craig Hassapakis ASSOCIATE EDITORS Robert Macey Jack W Sites, Jr J / k gffierv iff azilian If i m t i f ' / n off mtfe u v?i rom u mi Amphibian and Reptile Conservation © Copyright: 2006 Indraneil Das This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited 4(1):3-11 DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc 004001 (1504KB PDF) Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, as a refuge for Borneo’s montane herpetofauna INDRANEIL DAS Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Abstract.— Crocker Range National Park Sabah (East Malaysia), northern Borneo, MALAYSIA an exceptional area for herpetological diversity Inventories of the Park are incomplete, but show high diversity, as well as regional endemicity shared with the adjacent and more well-known Gunung Kinabalu National Park The montane ecosystem of the Range offers refuge for a number of rare herpetofaunal taxa, including Stoliczkia borneensis, Rhabdophis murudensis, Oligodon everetti, Philautus bunitus, Ansonia anotis, Sphenomorphus aesculeticola, and undescribed species of squamates of the genera Sphenomorphus and Gongylosoma The 59 species of amphibians and 45 species of reptiles now recorded from the Range represent 39 and 16.2 per cent of the total Bornean amphibian and reptile fauna, respectively The high levels of deforestation of the surrounding regions of Borneo, particularly lowland rainforests, highten the importance of protection of primary forests of northern Borneo’s Crocker Range Key words Crocker Range National Park, Citation: Das, Indraneil 11 (el in is Sabah, Malaysia, herpetofauna, conservation 2006 Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, as a refuge for Borneo’s montane herpetofauna Amphib Reptile Conserv 4(1):3- 5) sparse in undergrowth and lower in height Unfortunately, Introduction not much is known of the ecological distribution of the Borneo, one of four major islands of the great Indo- montane fauna within these Malayan Archipelago (along with Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi), is situated on the eastern edge of the Sunda so of their conservation status Shelf between coordinates 04° 109-119° E world (after S to 07° N ly ranges at and from It is the second largest tropical island in the New Guinea), covering a land area of approx- between 120-200 m below current levels, uniting the islands of the Sundas (Morley and Flenley fell maxima, upland plant species moved down, response to temperature changes (Flenley 1997; tain known from Gunung Kinabalu (Kitayama Newsome is is because of their have been centers for speciation Gunung Kinabalu, the highest mounin Borneo (see MacKinnon et al 1996) Adjacent to the Gunung Kinabalu National Park is the geologically and floristically part of the same range is the largest protected The area in East Malaysia, covering an area of 1,399 sq km arguably best named William Maunder Crocker (7-1899), a British administrator with the Rajah Brooke’s Sarawak Park 1991), the north- ern edge of Crocker Range, which has a largely intact At about 1,200 m is the upper boundary of lowland rainforest, where the majority of emergent trees, comprises primarily the dipterocarps, disappear from the canopy (Beaman and Beaman 1998) The lower montane forest is five-layered, lacking emergents The upper limit of the lower montane forest is 2,000-2,350 m, that of the upper montane forest, between 2,800-3,000 m The upper montane forest has a dense herbaceous layer The upper limit of the lower subalpine coniferous forests is 3,400 m, which is vegetation level, Situated in northwestern Sabah, this Vegetational zonation for Borneo regions, particular- Crocker Range National Park, although the Kinabalu region in and Flenley 1988) Correspondence above sea less studies conducted in 1987) Palynological evidence reveals that during the last glacial Montane and even and endemism Because of the inaccessible nature of montane regions in terms of logistics, these have also remained one of the least known, and most generalizations stem from Paleohistory, imately 743,380 sq km During the Pleistocene glaciation, sea levels m 1,200 altitudinal ranges is Civil Service, for who introduced British administrative prac- what was then British North Borneo (now the Malaysian State of Sabah) The altitudinal variation of this tice in Park is remarkable, in rising from near sea level to 1,670 and extending from the base of Gunung Alab to the m town of dominated by moss forests and by a profusion of rhododendrons and orchids A gener- Tenom The higher slopes al description of the site studies are is in Briggs (1997:68) Preliminary on the herpetofauna of the Crocker Range National Email: idas@ibec.unimas.my Amphib Reptile Conserv | http://www.herpetofauna.org 003 December 2006 Volume I I Number I el Indraneil Das Map of Borneo, showing the location of Crocker Range National Park, Sabah Map generated with the MICRODEM mapping program written by Peter Guth of the U.S Naval Academy, using the GTOPO30 data set and edited by the author using Photoshop version 6.0 DOI: 10.151 4/journal.arc.004001 5g001 Figure low elevations (290-410 m) have been conducted by Tan (1992), resulting in the discovery of new species by Inger (1989) and in general ecological studies of amphibians by Inger and Stuebing (1992) As predicted by Inger (1966) and Inger and Stuebing (1989), the fauna of both Sabah and of Borneo had continued to grow through new collections and better laboratory and field techniques An Hee assessment of the herpetological biodiversity of Crocker ing both the dry and wet months Range, Sabah, was conducted 2000-2001, in order included netting for aquatic amphibians (adults as well as the Park, at er baseline data on species occurrence and habitat http://www.herpetofauna.org have been included in the pres- Methodology Field The work was conducted between the years 1999-2001, larval stages), was delayed in press, and two subsequent field collections from the Crocker Range have now been published- Ramlah et al (2001) and | lists ent inventory present manuscript, written in 2001, Amphib Reptile Conserv (2004) both reported anuran amphibians collected from the Range Their to gath- use et al along forest and “cruising” trails or streams at ticularly after dusk, microhabitats 004 (e.g., Collecting techniques collection, including all dur- walking times of the day, and par- following evening showers Potential under fallen trunks and branches and but- December 2006 Volume I I Number I e15 Crocker Range National Park Table Checklist of the herpetofauna of Crocker Range (the National Park and associated lowlands) Amphibians Bufonidae Ansonia anotis Inger, Tan & Yambun, 2001 Ansonia hanitschi Inger, 1960 Ansonia leptopus (Gunther, 1872) Ansonia longidigita Inger, 1960 Ansonia spinulifer (Mocquard, 890) Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 829 Bufo juxtasper Inger, 1964 Laptop hryne borbonica (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 827) Pedostibes maculatus (Mocquard, 1890) Pedostibes rugosus Inger, 1958 Megophryidae Leptobrachella baluensis Smith, 1931 Leptobrachella parva Dring, 1983 Leptobrachium montanum Fischer, 1885 Leptolalax cf gracilis (Gunther, 1872) Leptolalax cf.pictus Malkmus, 1992 Megophrys nasuta (Schlegel,1858) Megophrys cf kobayashii Malkmus & Matsui, 1997 Microhylidae Chaperina fusca Mocquard, 892 Kalophrynus heterochirus (Boulenger, 1900) Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838 Kalophrynus subterrestris Inger, 1966 Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 Metaphrynella sundana (Peters, 1867) Microhyla borneensis Parker, 1926 Ranidae Fejervarya limnocharis (Wiegmann, 1835) Huia cavitympanum (Boulenger, 1893) Ingerana baluensis (Boulenger, 1896) Limnonectes finchi (Inger, 1966) Limnonectes ingeri (Kiew, 1978) Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 183 8) Limnonectes leporinus (Andersson, 1923) Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894) Meristogenys kinabaluensis (Inger, 1966) Meristogenys orphnocnemis (Matsui, 1986) Meristogenys poecilus (Inger & Grids, 1983) Meristogenys whiteheadi (Boulenger, 1887) Occidozyga baluensis (Boulenger, 1896) Rana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) Rana hosii Boulenger, 1891 Rana luctuosa (Peters, 1871) Rana raniceps (Peters, 1871) Rana signata (Gunther, 872) Staurois latopalmatus (Boulenger, 1887) Staurois natator (Gunther, 1858) Staurois tuberilinguis Boulenger, 1918 Rhacophoridae Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871) Philautus aurantium Inger, 1989 Philautus bunitus Inger, Stuebing & Tan, 1995 Philautus hosii (Boulenger, 1895) Philautus mjobergi Smith, 1925 Continued on page 007 Amphib Reptile Conserv http://www.herpetofauna.org | 005 December 2006 Volume | Number | | e15 Indraneil Das Plate A view of forests of the Crocker Range National Park at 16th Mile, on the Papar-Keningau Pass DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g002 Plate Megophrys nasuta DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g003 Plate Nyctixalus pictus DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g004 Plate Staurois natator DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 5g005 Plate Limnonectes palavanensis DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g006 Amphib Reptile Conserv | http://www.herpetofauna.org 006 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e15 Crocker Range National Park Table Continued Amphibians Philautus petersi (Boulenger, 1900) Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 829) Polypedates macrotis (Boulenger, 1891) Polypedates otilophus (Boulenger, 1893) Rhacophorus angulirostris Ahl, 1927 Rhacophorus baluensis Rhacophorus 1954 Inger, everetti Boulenger, 894 Rhacophorus gauni (Inger, 1966) Rhacophorus pardalis Gunther, 1858 Reptiles Agamidae Bronchocela cristatella (Kuhl, Draco haematopogon Boie Phoxophrys borneensis 820) Gray, 1831 in: 1960 Inger, Phoxophrys cephalum (Mocquard, 890) Eublepharidae Aeluroscalabotes felinus (Gunther, 864) Gekkonidae Cosymbotus platyurus (Schneider, 1792) Cyrtodactylus baluensis (Mocquard, 1890) Cyrtodactylus matsuii Hikida, 990 Scincidae Apterygodon Mabuya 1864 vittatus Edeling, sp Sphenomorphus sp Tropidophorus mocquardii Boulenger, 1894 Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina (Boie, 1827) Asthenodipsas laevis (Boie, 827) Asthenodipsas malaccanus Peters, 1864 Amphiesma flavifrons (Boulenger, 1887) Amphiesma saravacense (Gunther, 1872) Calamaria leucogaster Bleeker,1860 Calamaria suluensis Taylor, 1922 Coelognathus flavolineatus (Schlegel, 1827) Gongylosoma baliodeirum (Boie, 1827) Gongylosoma longicauda (Peters, 1871) Gongylosoma sp Gonyophis margaritatus (Peters, 1871) Hydrablabes periops (Gunther, 872) Lepturophis albofuscus (Dumeril, Bibron Lycodon effraenis Cantor, 827 Lycodon subcinctus Boie, 827 Oligodon everetti Boulenger, & Dumeril, 1854) 893 Pareas nuchalis (Boulenger, 1900) Psammodynastes pulverulentus (H Boie in F Boie, 1827) Pseudorabdion albonuchalis (Gunther, 896) Ptyas fusca (Gunther, 1858) Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 827) Rhabdophis conspicillatus (Gunther, 872) Rhabdophis murudensis (Smith, 1925) Sibynophis geminatus (Boie, 1826) Sibynophis melanocephalus (Gray, 1825) Continued on page 009 Amphib Reptile Conserv http://www.herpetofauna.org | 007 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e15 Plate Rhacophorus everetti DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc 004001 5g007 Plate Meristogenys kinabaluensis DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 5g008 Plate Meristogenys whiteheadi DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 5g009 Plate Rana hosii DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g01 Plate 10 Leptophryne borbonica DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc 004001 5g001 Plate 1 Phoxophrys borneensis DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g01 Plate 12 Phoxophrys cephalum DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 5g01 Plate 13 Aeluroscalabotes felinus DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g01 Amphib Reptile Conserv http://www.herpetofauna.org | 008 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e15 Crocker Range National Park Table Continued Colubridae Stoliczkia borneensis Boulenger, 1899 Crotalidae Parias sumatranus (Raffles, Popeia sabahi (Regenass 822) & Kramer, 1981) Trimeresurus borneensis (Peters, 1872) Tropidolaemus wagleri Wagler, 1830 Elapidae Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768) Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc 004001 5t001 Table Geographical the Bornean statistics for components sum Borneo *Total land area figures for Indonesia and Malaysia represent only the (Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, and Indonesia) Data from Smythies and Davison Human (1999:6) Land Area (km 2) Population 5,760 300,000 52.1 4,360 75.7 *Malaysia 198,160 3,527,200 17.8 134,214 67.7 Sabah Sarawak Indonesia West Kalimantan 73,710 1,808,800 24.5 44,367 60.2 124,450 1,718,400 13.8 89,847 72.2 539,460 9,096,000 16.9 396,100 73.4 146,760 3,228,000 22.0 87,000 59.3 Central Kalimantan 152,600 1,396,000 9.1 111,100 72.8 South Kalimantan East Kalimantan 37,660 2,597,000 69.0 8,000 21.2 202,440 1,875,000 9.3 180,000 88.9 Total 743,380 12,923,200 17.4 534,674 71.9 *Brunei Darussalam DOI: tresses 0.1 51 4/journal arc.004001 institutions ) ) in Cover 5t002 As may be of tree trunks) were searched Data on specimens taken from systematic Area (km 1990 (km (1990) Percent Forest Forested Population Density of have also been collated These sively Museum, London; Field Museum Chicago; Zoological Museum, Gunung montane expected, a large in distribution hanitschi, A number of species These include Ansonia anotis, longidigita, Leptobrachella include the Natural History A of Natural History, parva, Leptobrachium montanum, Leptolalax Kalophynus are exclu- baluensis, L pictus, cf was recorded in standard pro forma All species and colour morphs were photographed in life using color slide Huia cavitympanum, Ingerana baluensis Meristogenys kinabaluensis, M orphnocnemis, M poecilus, M whiteheadi, Rana signata, Philautus bunitus, P petersi, Rhacophorus angulirostris, R baluensis, R everetti, and R gauni, among amphibians A few widespread species occur in the lowlands of the Range, including the human-commensal, Kaloula pulchra The number and proportion of reptiles that are essentially montane at this site seemed slightly lower: Draco haematopogon, Phoxophrys borneensis P transparency film, for use in talks, field manuals, and for pro- cephalum, duction of publicity material Sphenomorphus Kinabalu Park National Headquarters; “Borneensis Collection” of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu; and the Sabah State , Museum, Kota Kinabalu Data recorded for each capture include species, sex, stage of growth, and reproductive condition Voucher specimens were retained to verify identification and eventual deposition in appropriate systematic institutions Dietary tat subterrestris, and microhabi- data , Cyrtodactylus sp., baluensis, C matsuii, Tropidophorus mocquardii, Amphiesma saravacense, Stoliczkia borneensis, and Popeia sabahi the other hand, there Results and discussions including The known amphibian fauna includes (ten species), Megophryidae (seven Agamidae The reptile (four Gekkonidae (three Scincidae (four Crocker Range as known Amphib Reptile Conserv lists the reptiles, and these cristatella, vittatus, Mabuya sp., Of the ecological types (habitat + use of diel time) represented among the amphibian fauna, 36 are exclusively riparian and/or utilize riparian habitats for breeding and 23 are non- species), riparian All are active at night, and some (including Staurois latopalmatus and Ansonia longidigita) also found abroad dur- the herpetofauna of the http://www.herpetofauna.org species, Ahaetulla prasina, and Coelognathus flavolineatus ing the day at present | more lowland Aeluroscalabotes felinus, Cosymbotus platyurus, Apterygodon Colubridae (27 species), Crotalidae (four species), and Elapidae (two species) Table Bronchocela species), Microhylidae Eublepharidae (one species), species), human commensals among include: fauna recorded thus far includes species), relatively the families Bufonidae (seven species), Ranidae (21 species), and Rhacophoridae (14 species) were On 009 Among the reptiles, only four species can be December 2006 Volume I I Number I e15 Indraneil Plate 14 Das Amphiesma saravacense DOI: Plate 15 Sphenomorphus sp DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 5g01 0.1 51 4/journal.arc 004001 5g01 Plate 16 Stoliczkia borneensis DOI: 10.151 4/journal arc.004001 5g01 Plate 17 Logging in the lowlands of the Crocker Range DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc 004001 5g01 classified as riparian, the rest non-riparian the Range could species) The Amphib Reptile Conserv | of a few fauna of (e.g., the sit-and-wait viperid snakes, as well as their Mock community (19 non-venomous colubrid mimic, the so-called species); the activity patterns Psammodynastes pulverulentus) are difficult to classify into also be divided into a diurnal and a nocturnal one (25 reptile http://www.herpetofauna.org 010 December 2006 Volume I I Number Viper, I e15 Crocker Range National Park either of these two categories Divided into categories based on microhabitat use, 17 were exclusively arboreal, 24 primarily terrestrial, one primarily fossorial, for comments on known of References These montane colubrid snake, Stoliczkia borneensis, hitherto known only from the Beaman, Natural ulation the Range represent 39 and amphibian and reptiles M., Hamzah, mainland Asian pop- Bornean Nature Journal 42:229-243 and Stuebing, R B 1989 Frogs of Sabah Sabah Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu, iv + 132 p of northwestern Borneo Malayan Nature Journal 46:41-51 and in tane forests of northern Borneo, such as the Sabah thank I Parks, Nais for permission and Scientific Officer, Jamili and its facilities to invitation to participate Expedition (1999); Fatimah successive Directors the in Kok Peng Lim For permission and their care, I current, at for support facilities to Ramlah, IBEC For field Heok Hui and J 50-59 in p R 1988 Fate Quaternary vegetation his- palaeopalynology II.: Journal of Biogeography 15:555-578 1992 Biodiversity and forest change in history Museum Z., Wasly, F., and Ali, An H 2001 Ali, F (editors) A Scientific Ecosystem and Species Components Fondon (6) + 267 p Tan, Smythies, B E and Davison, G W H account of anuran 137-146 p in Ismail, at G Journey through Borneo Crocker Range National Park, Sabah com- Volume Natural Academic Press, ASEAN 1999 The Bornean Province, 5-37 in Smythies, B E (author) The Birds of Borneo Fourth edition Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn Bhd., Kota p of Natural Alan Resetar, and Kinabalu, xii p lowlands of Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, p 496-497 in Mohamed, M, and Omar, S (editors) Forest Biology and Conservation in Borneo Centre for Borneo Studies Publication No 2., Yayasan Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 500 p Ismail, G., Manuscript received: 18 February 2002; Accepted: 21 July 2004; of Borneo http://www.herpetofauna.org + 853 Tan, F F 1992 Ecological distribution of amphibians and reptiles in (Anna Wong), and the Borneensis Collection of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu (Maryati Mohammed, Ahmed Sudin, and Fucy Kimsui) Gary Geller, Jet Propulsion Faboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, | p Biogeographic Evolution of the Malay Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, (Stuart Gunung Kinabalu National Park Headquarters (Jamili Nais and Maklarin Fakim); Sabah State Museum, Kota Kinabalu Amphib Reptile Conserv + 147 and Flenley, Primack, R D and Hall, P Sabah Parks Zoological Museum, map J and vegetational examine specimens under History, Chicago (Robert Frederick Inger, helped generate the base R 1987 Fate Cenozoic vegetational and tory of the Central Highlands of Sumatra of Biodiversity and thank the staff of the Field Cassandra Redhed); J (editor) Press, Oxford, viii Newsome, of Sabah Parks for thank Christopher Cowell Austin, and Kelvin and Flenley, Malaysian Borneo BioScience 42(ll):829-837 Institute James Davies, and Nicolas Pilcher) I J Whitmore, T C Crocker Range Scientific and colleagues, past and panionship, p Archipelago Oxford Monographs on Biogeography, Clarendon Environmental Conservation (UNIMAS), for support and facilities, + 101 environmental changes in the Malay Archipelago, Abang and Andrew Alek Tuen, the at Reptiles of Sabah Natural History Publications (Borneo), Morley, R 192/99 [4]) administered by Universiti Malaysia Sarawak I thank Prof Ghazally Ismail, former Deputy Vice Chancellor, Ali, Director The Natural History of Amphibians West Center, Honolulu 45 p MacKinnon, K., Hatta, G., Malim, M., and Mangalik, A 1996 The Ecology of Kalimantan Periplus Editions (HK) Ftd., Singapore, xxiv + 802 p.; 44 plates work in the Crocker Range National Park Collections from the Park were made under permit number TS/PTD/5/5Jld 14(76) Field work was supported by a research grant (UNIMAS UNIMAS, and Datuk Lamri F F 1996 Kitayama, K 1991 Vegetation of Mount Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia Map ofphysiognomically classified vegetation East- Sabah, for the survival of biodiversity — and Tan, Sdn Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, vi monCrocker Range of the long term places great importance of protection of Acknowledgments and Stuebing, R B 1992 The montane amphibian fauna Inger, R F Inger, R F Borneo (editors) Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Inger, R F been already logged or placed under logging concesrainforests of J in + 268 p The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo Fieldiana Zoology 52:1-402 [Reprinted 1990 Lun Hing Trading Company, Kota Kinabalu] Inger, R F 1989 Four new species of frogs from Borneo Malayan reptile fauna, respectively (MacKinnon et al., 1996:398) The uncertain future of tropical and Nais, Z., Tachi, T., Mohamed, Crocker Range 103-112 p Kinabalu, xiv the productive forests of East Malaysia, for instance, have sions p Inger, R F 1966 The high levels of deforestation of countries within Borneo (excluding Brunei Darussalam; see Das 1994) are a cause for concern (Primack and Hall 1992; Table 2) Most of either plates an introduction in the tropics: Range Park, Scientific Expedition 2002 recorded to date from 16.2 percent of the total 25 and manual Sdn Bhd., Selangor Darul Ehsan 134 the anurans of Crocker of Trimeresurus popeiorum The 59 species of amphibians and 45 species of p.; Journal of Quaternary Science 12:345-346 Hee, K B., Sudin, A., Matsui, M., and Mohamed, M 2004 Notes on Gongylosoma Another species of snake collected, Popeia until recently referred to the + 220 1994 Evaluating biodiversity: the Batu Apoi experience Flenley, from the range include a semi-fossorial skink of the was I xiii Kota Bhd., Sdn 1997 Parks of Malaysia: a practical guide J Ambio 23(4/5):238-242 J R 1997 The Quaternary species genus Sphenomorphus and the colubrid snake of the genus sabahi, (Borneo) Publications Longman Malaysia Crocker Range Additional specimens of a Crocker Range New History 1998 S Kinabalu/Royal Botanic Garden, Kew Briggs, Das, frog endemic, Philautus bunitus, were collected The Plants of Mount Gymnosperms and Non-Orchid Monocotyledons H and Beaman, R J Kinabalu Gunung Kinabalu and Trus Madi (and most recently, from Sarawak’s Gunung Murud); Oligodon everetti, also known solely from the Gunung Kinabalu massif; and Rhabdophis murudensis, known from Gunung Murud, to the south of collected the manuscript and three aquatic A number of rare taxa are known from the Range include the third specimen Aaron Bauer and Fee Grismer Finally, I’d like to thank Published: 26 011 December 2006 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e15 Plate 36 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 6g039 Plate 37 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g040 Plate 38 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 6g041 Plate 39 DOI: Plate 40 DOI: 10 151 4/journal arc 004001 6g043 Plate 41 DOI: 10.1 514/journal arc 004001 6g044 Plate 42 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 Plate 43 DOI: Plate captions: 36 Cyrtodactylus sp 37 41 Cyrtodactylus sp 42 Ptychozoon kuhlii Species plates 36-38, 40 & 42 taken by Jim by Djoko T Iskandar Amphib Reptile Conserv Gehyra 6g045 mutilata Gekko smithi 39 Gekko 0.1 514/journal.arc.004001 6g042 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 40 vittatus 6g046 Lepidodactylus lugubris 43 Tribolonotus gracilis A McGuire http://www.herpetofauna.org | 38 Species plate 39 taken by Alain Compost Species plates 41 & 43 taken 073 December 2006 Volume | | Number | e16 D T Iskandar and W R Erdelen Philautus jacobsoni; the lizards Harpesaurus tricinctus, H the modigliani, and Thaumatorhynchus brooksv, and the snakes amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia are discussed Iguanognathus werneri and Anoplohydrus aemulans ough analysis of The present rate of habitat destruction in Indonesia is most important issues related Indonesia about 54 million hectares (Sunderlin and Resosudarmo 1996), reports earlier by United Nations Food the Fauna and and to activities about were estimated to cover an area of still some (Jakarta Post, 15 January 1999) estimates that up to 1.3 million forests It is Kalimantan will have tain man-made have shown which reptile species Even superficially resemble forests, in oil forests, as has catch” i.e., PKA caught for specimen trade (see Table for determined newly for each calendar year Quotas is on a provincial At present 30 level reptile issued for 27 species (Table tas are 1) plantations Since Indonesia has been party to CITES, concern has shade been repeatedly stated over the implementation of Article IV of in terms of conditions and microclimate, most of the amphibian and rep- human commensals live may be i.e., II species are protected by Indonesian law, and, of these, quo- that these con- palm In international trade they are treated species under the quota regulation) This “annual allowable only a small segment of the original diversity in amphibian and and trade, both skin are then set habitats 1) determines the number of specimens that on Sumatra largely occurred Studies in lowland the and the Indonesia); species that are traded are subject to annual quota, (State Ministry for estimated that by the year 2010 lost all of its are authorities according to the rules and regulations in CITES Appendix Environment 1997) Between 1985 and 1997 about 18 million hectares of forest have been lost in Indonesia, mostly lowland rain CITES Indonesian Flora species in Table hectares of forest are cleared annually in Indonesia and that 91% CITES, the to (PKA: Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan dan Konservasi Alam), the Management Authority CITES Appendix I species may be harvested for domestic use (see e.g., the non-protected CITES Appendix I 51.5 most of them operating under 33 leading business groups habitat loss in Java and Bali is about our opinion, long overdue Directorate General of Protection and Nature Conservation million hectares, carried out by over 421 private companies, Agenda 21 -Indonesia the overall situation in wildlife trade in Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan (LIPI: million hectares in 1990 In 1998, logging thor- Indonesian Institute of Sciences, the Scientific Authority increase in annual deforestation from 300,000 hectares in the 1970s A Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of World Bank estimated an Agriculture Organisation and the and conservation of Since 1978, Indonesia has been party alarming In 1996, logging concessions covered an area of and in is, to trade IV the Convention (Nash 1993) Article Appendix refers to II or species species and to the fact that export should not be detrimental to occurring in agricultural landscapes For instance, no typical the survival of the respective species (paragraph 2a) and that tile taxa found are typical was found in north Sumatra (Gaulke forest-dwelling species oil palm export should “be limited in order to maintain that species plantations 1998) throughout its Accordingly, conversion of natural forest to agroecosystems ecosystems in studied in et al 1997, or urban areas will result in the extermination of most of the range at a level consistent with which that species might species that formerly occurred in the given area ” (paragraph it its role in the occurs and well above the level at which become eligible for inclusion in Appendix I Subsequently, several reviews of the trade 3) situation for particular species groups were earned For out Indonesia, the most important ones were on Asian monitor Trade (Luxmoore and Groombridge 1990) and on Asian pythons (Groombridge and Luxmoore 1991) Information on lizards General remarks on wildlife trade in Indonesia trade in Indonesian lizards umenting the many different facets of relevance for achieving Indonesia has a long history of wildlife trade, particularly in birds, live reptiles, reptile skins, among wildlife and sustainable harvests of the species in question (Erdelen 1998b) corals Indonesia ranks the world’s leading nations in export of wildlife and products and snakes has been compiled doc- Still, the problem of setting appropriate quotas, as already dis- cussed in Nash (1993), has not been solved for most of the taxa (Nash 1993) Early conservationists in Confusion also widespread over the Indonesia already saw a considerable danger for certain wild in trade in Indonesia species through the largely uncontrolled export of wild animal term “non-detrimental” as given in the Convention (see species in those days, particularly the export of bird skins (e.g., Dammerman mammal and above) This 1928) Trade in live plants and animals in Indonesia has received critical attention shop by the the community for many years This particularly applies to trade in mammals, birds, and reptiles For instance, enormous quantities of reptile skins were exported from Indonesia in the 1980s (see Jenkins and Broad 1994), and live to is is underscored by the holding of an develop guidance for making of “non- detriment CITES IUCN work- scientific authorities on findings” international export of birds and mammals had also reached Amphibian and As The 1991 figures for Indonesian wildlife exports, as compiled by Nash (1993), list almost 80,000 parrots, 1.9 mil1 and million pieces of coral These figures certainly no still Amphib Reptile Conserv persists In this section a fauna of Indonesia As pointed Asian (van Dijk et turtles trade subject out in an al IUCN workshop This is on 2000), determining trade have short-term or longis a complex exacerbated in amphibians and reptiles because of our lack of knowledge of their biology and ecolo- few of http://www.herpetofauna.org | not available This also applies for the herpeto- term negative effects on natural populations of Indonesian wild flora and fauna meets the criterion of sustainability is levels for a species that should not longer apply, but nevertheless the question as to whether trade in certain species indicated above, an overall analysis of wildlife trade in Indonesia sions over conserva- tion implications new dimen- lion reptiles including reptile skins, over 14,000 primates, reptile trade in Indonesia: 074 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e16 Plate 44 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 6g047 Plate 45 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g048 Plate 46 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 6g049 Plate 47 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g050 Plate 48 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g051 Plate 49 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g052 Plate 50 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g053 Plate 51 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g054 Plate captions: 44 Cryptoblepharus balinensis 45 Emoia artrocostata 46 Emoia caeruleocauda 47 Lamprolepis smaragdinum 48 Eutropis multifasciata (male) 49 Eutropix rudis 50 Glaphyromorphus nigricaudis 51 Species plates 44-49 taken by Jim Amphib Reptile Conserv A Papuascincus stanleyanus McGuire Species plates 50 & 51 taken by Djoko http://www.herpetofauna.org | 075 T Iskandar December 2006 Volume | Number | | e16 D T Iskandar and W gy and the exploitation patterns, even in the so-called “better known” How species (Erdelen 1998a) difficult the relevant field data to estimate sustainability it is common mostly species are traded to ensure a constant supply customers the for to collect was shown R Erdelen Realm the Australian Indonesia, the water monitor ( Varanus salvator), the reticulat- Realm of ed python ( Python reticulatus ), and the blood python ( Python Australia and Papua curtus ) (Erdelen et lations 1997) Reptile and amphibian trade phenomenon in Indonesia is had no professional collectors of late 1980s, Indonesia live reptiles (Yuwono may be 1998) Generally, reptile trade major components, a comparatively recent Before the details) from from the Southeast Asian possibly related to the fact that Guinea have rigorous export regu- amphibians and and so the limited reptiles, demand Toward improved conservation subdivided into two of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia Summary of the present numbers, the in large latter situation General issues about 30 species of amphibians, about 18 species of nonabout 50 species of lizards, and about the turtles, for New is for skin trade, including trade in other i.e., few species harvested marine Indonesia This 1998, interested in species rather than availability increases the organs such as gall bladders, and pet trade The former covers a more International customers are in a study of three of the most heavily exploited reptiles in al Yuwono (see Amphibians and remain a poorly under- reptiles in Indonesia Yuwono stood group Although, in recent years, considerable effort has 1998) Skin trade, on the other hand, essentially comprised been put into obtaining a better understanding of the compo- same number of snake species (for details, see five species in Indonesia, viz the water monitor ( Varanus two species of python (the reticulated python Python reticulatus and the blood python P curtus ), the rat snake ( Ptyas mucosa ), and the spitting cobra ( Naja sputatrix ) In the case of cobras, however, most specimens are caught for the food market, and skins are largely by-products (Saputra, pers comm.) Since 1991, all quotas were reduced for these species, and international concern about the numbers of rat snakes harvested led to a total ban of the amphibians and reptiles of Indonesia, salvator), on this species is currently way its to whether the international ban should be latest (for the year EU a better understanding of found in the region, tus), 176,000 salvator) ( One Python reticulatus), pogenic habitats such as paddy oil palm plantations, or is Erdelen et al 1997), oil and However, to vegetation or specific and particularly micro- most of the Indonesian amphibian These may appear as needs from a purely but spective, information this is also scientific per- essential for Indonesian amphibians and reptiles Conservation measures is Of forest need how et and one crocodilian; these is still rather fragmentary For instance, i.e., a total of 208 species of herpetofau- known from fewer than ten specimens In most cases, species are known only from the type specimens How na, are these this translates into the ficult to assess conservation status of these taxa For instance, many species newly described taxa and not necessarily rare 1998) what extent reticulated pythons are caught be launched now, despite the fact that our knowledge 71 amphibian species, 63 lizard species, 73 snake species, (see e.g., al to of the herpetofauna snakes are collected mostly from paddy field areas (Sugardjito geographic distribution patterns reptile species The rubber plantations or rat species occurring Varanus ( palm plantations and cobras and number of (5) the habitat habitat requirements for species, blood pythons are virtually exclusively collected from rubber and especially (3) the ecosystem types, and collected from anthro- from natural the we need approaching the problem of long-term conservation of and 496,000 fields, ( ) between certain species and ation of the major questions arising from studies evaluate whether a species from Python cur- on the habitats from where specimens are collected to far within the Indonesian archipelago, (4) the closeness of associ- 2000) quota for the remaining four ( still in Indonesia, (2) their relationships to closely related taxa providing data on species are 150,000 (Naja sputatrix), 46,400 are geographic patterns and their evolution In particular, project on lifted or not we a complete knowledge of species numbers and the basic bio- trade in this species in Indonesia in 1994 In 1998, LIPI undertook a survey on Ptyas mucosa, and an taxonomic relationships, and geographic distribution of sition, have questionable taxonomic in status listed is dif- may be species Others such as some of the may forested areas or in open areas following deforestation species of the genus Ichthyophis and remains unknown Moreover, these pythons often are rare human dwellings where they can easily find prey (Auliya, pers comm, and own observations) The same applies for the water monitor, which may be caught in habi- collected from remote areas, and the status of these species caught near tats ranging from urban areas to mangrove forests Most species known also be naturally only from the type specimen were remains unknown Other species, particularly snakes, naturally rare but may have may be a wide geographic range within Indonesia or on the island(s) where they are found (e.g., Erdelen 1991) Surprisingly, these high harvest rates have obviously not led to large-scale extinctions of certain populations This may be Local aspects a result of high reproductive rates of Studies carried out in Indonesia have been largely conducted species such as the water monitor and the reticulated python (Shine et al by foreign 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999a, 1999b) This better understanding of the impact of harvesting on the populations of species in the skin trade is in matched by information available on the species used exports for the pet trade ket, To meet the eral lack no way gen- to the fact that there is a of trained herpetologists in Indonesia, as well as a Both issues need for live demands of the pet mar- http://www.herpetofauna.org | due lack of funding facilities to conduct herpetological research to be addressed by Indonesian universities Herpetology could, for instance, be however, rare species are captured only occasionally; Amphib Reptile Conserv scientists, in part much better represented in the curricula 076 December 2006 Volume I | Number | e16 0.151 4/journal.arc.0040016g056 Plate 52 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g055 Plate 53 DOI: Plate 54 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g057 Plate 55 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g058 Plate 56 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g059 Plate 57 DOI: Plate 58 DOI: 10 151 4/journal arc 004001 6g061 Plate 59 DOI: 10 1514/journal arc 0040016g062 Plate captions: 52 Sphenomorphus nigrilabris 53 1 0.1 514/joumal.arc.004001 6g060 Tropidophorus baconi 54 Varanus melinus 55 Varanus indicus 56 Typhlops lin- eatus 57 Cylindrophis melanotus 58 Xenopeltis unicolor 59 Chrysopelea rhodopleuron Species plates 52, 53, 55, 58, & 59 taken by Jim A McGuire Species plate 54 taken by Djoko by Graeme Gillespie Species plate 56 taken by Alain Compost Amphib Reptile Conserv http://www.herpetofauna.org | 077 T Iskandar Species plate 58 taken December 2006 Volume | | Number | e16 D T Iskandar Only slowly and W R Erdelen are projects and studies planned and carried ed for about six months Detailed longitudinal studies of out that have amphibians and/or reptiles as the major target population changes in Indonesian amphibian species have Up group to now, these were groups only occasionally sam- pled within programs that were primarily aimed at broader conservation issues example, conservation of natural ecosystems or wetlands in Indonesia The only excep- forest tion as, for may have been some work on marine turtles Most of the work carried amphibian numbers as whether a general decline in observed elsewhere taking also is ian species, we to “calibrate” observed changes or trends This database needs to be created, possibly as a joint venture between out by local organizations Indonesian universities and the of species identification and comparisons with reference col- Bogoriense Moreover, there lections In this context, a strengthening of the role of the detailed taxonomic studies This museum Bogoriense, is Indonesia, in Museum Zoologicum the for number of more a strong need for is best illustrated in the is macrodon and L blythii ) which actually many species are harvested; some of them have not even been described scientifically see Emerson et al 2000; Iskandar 1996) of reference collections for researchers, better infrastructure, in the Museum Zoologicum frog leg trade (mostly Limnonectes urgently required This refers to the setting up and collection materials, and an increase place in Indonesia not have any information against which involved species inventories This work had to face problems leading know not Because of our poor knowledge of the Indonesian amphib- and studies and trade-related surveys we not been carried out yet Accordingly, (for details highly qualified staff for the different taxonomic groups There is still a lack of basic information materials such as and crocodiles Turtles simple field guides or color guides for the most important taxa of Indonesian amphibians and reptiles This information urgently needed by various groups, especially the local munities and the official authorities Customs Control) An internationally sponsored writing local language field guides is com- PKA and program for (such as among Although, is specimens or products from Indonesia study by GEF EMDI, Fauna Malesiana, World Bank As a result, Chelonia mydas ), still been published or are presently being prepared Indonesia ”, and et al 1995) In a stated that the “largest slaughter it is globally occurs turtles IUCN, and the books about mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians have Biodiversity, ( most commonly caught (Suwelo Limpus (1995) of green remain unknown still This particularly refers to the green turtle a promising step toward ested laymen, and the Indonesian authorities Several agencies including situ- ation of the domestic trade in Indonesia and the smuggling of the species this issue, have received the most by international conservation organizations, the attention providing a better information basis for professionals, inter- have taken up reptiles, sea turtles region, including Indonesia" , the Australasian within that “ near-total egg harvest characterizes the green turtle nesting populations of that, for the hawksbill turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ), “ substantial harvest for domestic consumption of meat and scale continues Taxa-specific issues tion of eggs of all marine Indonesia (Tomascik et Amphibians Cuba, Indonesia ” in turtle species still al With 1997) the of amphibians status collec- occurs throughout economic the present have been underscored in numerous in Mass have been exacerbated and situation in Indonesia these trends Most information about articles have that A national strategy and action plan for is based on studies from neighboring areas, such appeared in the media as Sarawak, where Stuebing (1994, 1997) studied habitats the conservation of marine turtles, already outlined in the Indonesia and microhabitats of the herpetofauna, including the early 1990s, has not amphibian tion of Megophryidae, Bufonidae, families Microhylidae, Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae Stuebing ’s work it was marine been implemented, and current exploita- turtles and sustainable (Tomascik et al eggs in Indonesia their 1997) car- issues compiled by Tomascik ried out in a proposed connected protected area system in improvement of fishing regulations of particular relevance for Indonesia as is Sarawak and Kalimantan, jointly to be managed by not is The conservation priority among others, et al include, and fishing techniques to the benefit of marine turtles, better planning of coastal devel- Malaysian and Indonesian authorities (Lanjak-Entimau and opment Betung Kerihun, respectively; the recently law enforcement, research on basic biology and ecology, pro- Bentuang Karimun) Moreover, Stuebing (1994, 1997) had developed a management plan that focused on the herpetofauna Comparable work on the protected area management level is still lacking in Indonesia A second duction of education materials on conservation of marine known latter until as example is the study on the effects of ENSO Among turtles, least ume on in trade has reached exported as “by-catch” origin Moreover, caused by the http://www.herpetofauna.org ( Amy da enormous dimensions The species affected, their relative percentages in the shipments, Gede-Pangrango (West Java), most | the current situation Jenkins 1995; Shepherd 2000) During the past decade, vol- precise Amphib Reptile Conserv is cartilaginea ) reached 66,500 kg for Sumatra only (details in (1998) described the decline in the endemic toad Leptophryne cruentata (Bufonidae) from the slopes of 1981 eruptions of the volcano Mt Galunggung which understood official export statistics for the Asiatic softshell turtle For instance, Iskandar likely and the launching of the relevant of the live export of non-marine chelonians Already in 1988, New impacts on reproductive cycles in nesting areas, conservation programs by the Government of Indonesia events on frog ulations of Indonesian amphibians and, in particular, and avoidance of pollution turtles for the general public, Guinea (Bickford 1998), already discussed above To date, we have only cursory information on the likely effects of prolonged droughts, fire, and haze on popspecies in activities to and then- within Indonesia are virtually unknown what extent protected or threatened species are is not known either For 1994, Jenkins (1995) listed quota for the Southeast Asian box turtle ( Cuora last- 078 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e16 Plate 60 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g063 Plate 61 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g064 Plate 62 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g065 Plate 63 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g066 Plate 64 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g067 Plate 65 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g068 Plate 66 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 Plate 67 DOI: 6g069 Plate captions: 60 Morelia tracyae 61 Morelia boeleni 62 Morelia viridis (juvenile) 63 Morelia Boiga 66 Calamaria sp 67 Calamaria sp irregularis Species plates 60, 62, & 65 taken by Djoko 63, & 64 taken by Alain Compost Amphib Reptile Conserv T Iskandar http://www.herpetofauna.org | 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 viridis Species plates 66 & 67 taken by Graeme 079 64 Python breitensteini 65 Gillespie December 2006 Volume | 6g070 Species plates 61, | Number | e16 D T Iskandar amboinensis ) of 10,000 specimens, and for Amyda and W R Erdelen would carti- need be to Over re-evaluated years ten ago, laginea of 50,000 specimens However, other sources as Thorbjarnarson (1992) had already found that the estuarine croc- quoted in Jenkins (1995) indicate that the real and actual odile may ures much be amboinensis were estimated precisely, plastrons, Hong Kong Cuora 200,000 specimens or, more Annual exports higher at fig- to The sion) (Samedi and Iskandar 2000) The alarming trends in freshwater and marine turtle have drawn Java and Sumatra and that more and the smaller island groups (see Ross and as turtle paste exploitation, particularly in Southeast Asia, in information was needed about wild populations in Kalimantan for which were exported from Sulawesi had become rare status of C raninus has complex or not species Moreover, the atten- been confirmed only recently, remains unclear whether it et al 1996, for discus- “species” consists of a this see Ross et (for details 1996) al status of this species in the wild in Indonesia is more rigorous protection measures and implementation of CITES, respectively Although a first action plan for tortoises and freshwater turtles was already formulated more than a decade ago (IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1989), the situation has dramatically worsened As pointed out by Jenkins (1995), exploitation patterns unknown The Siamese crocodile and Tomistoma were already of non-marine chelonians have shifted from harvests for endangered only indicates the need for further surveys on the domestic consumption status of this species, particularly with regard to its occurrence in tion to large-scale to international endangered in the Conservation Action Plan for croco- listed as diles (Thorbjarnarson 1992) Next Indonesia was to Thailand, considered the highest priority for action regarding these two species This is reflected in their protection status in Indonesia (Table trade, The 1) fact that Tomistoma schlegelii is now considered - it mainly for meat consumption, covering hundreds of thou- Sulawesi In addition, the status of C siamensis in Indonesia sands of individuals annually Imports by mainland China are was only reported from Kalimantan in the mid-1990s (Ross et al 1996) - is unknown According to Ross et al (1996) the Siamese increasing, including massive smuggling, and there are drastically increased exports from Indonesia, from in particular crocodile has not been “imported” to Kalimantan but occurs Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi some of In his introductory remarks to the proceedings of the 1993 international conference on conservation, restoration, and management of tortoises and chairman of the respective turtles, IUCN/SSC ed that “The great Asian river ( Chitra spp specialist group, stat- turtles ( Lizards than that which is Some ern China in the ians (p xix) turtle dence Several of the papers and it that they will wild and curtailing demand in consumer many of the species will be hoped species (see sus ), the viz the estuarine from the species New Guinea crocodile crocodile (C raninus, Ross et (C siamensis ), schlegelii) The ( al Crocodylus poro- Bornean false gharial ( its farm near Makassar (Iskandar- 1998, 2000) lizards after the year 1997 (i.e Ziegler et now split into three 2001) Morelia amethistina shows con- (Yuwono 1998) and (Harvey et al 2000) Most from East Indonesia first that were described appeared in trade under the identity of Bohme et al 2002; Bohme and Jacobs 2001 Bohme ; al 1999) The etal 1999; Sprackland 1999; criteria that led to the inclusion of lguanognathus werneri and Anomochilus leonardi into the in a crocodile IUCN Crocodylus porosus list wild for the skin trade The status of their wild populations ly http://www.herpetofauna.org al Barker 1998; Jacobs, 2003; Philipp available | is of them have two subspecies and the other has six new monitor and C novaeguineae are bred in captivity and caught from the Amphib Reptile Conserv 1998; Shea, 2000) Candoia carinata had and Ziegler 1997; Eidenmuller and Wicker 2005; Harvey and Tomistoma occurrence in Indonesia has been confirmed through observation of specimens scincoides species complex or recently split into four species species Philippine crocodile (C mindorensis ) has been sighted in East Sulawesi, and Long-term other species due to the lack of regulation to control undescribed 1998), the Siamese crocodile and the tomistoma or most common siderable morphological and color variation was (C novaeguineae), the Two subspecies (Smith et countries If this at stake crocodile Yuwono T been known as a very variable species, and Presently six species of crocodiles have been described from Indonesia, Efforts are taxa that are distributed in eastern Indonesia such as the Tiliqua gigas and cannot be achieved in the near future, then the further existence of West Kalimantan reptile species utilized in Indonesia tainties, especially in be implemented in the respective countries of the region, thus reducing or eliminating collecting date, experience in the pet trade has shed light on taxonomic uncer- about the turtles and crocodiles of insular Southeast Asia it is also occurs in it amphibian and addressed in the book (Iskandar 2000) These are not repeated here, but To of Borneo, but according to information from traders and color photographs to facilitate identification of the impacts on natural populations is agamid species have been presently being undertaken to publish a series of guides with workshop on trade of freshwater turAsia (van Dijk et al 2000) a number of were formulated The same appeal the larger The reasons why, exists (yet) that this species occurs in Indonesia local people, these turtle groups In a to lessen some of ) was available has only been reported from Sarawak, in the East Malaysian state paper dealt with an analysis of the situation in recommendations was for considered, remain unclear For Lanthanotus no published evi- conservation in the Asian region, but not a and tortoises in and snakes Accordingly, compared here (Table lists for instance, only Indonesia where populations are most heavily exploited for tles reptiles are the lizards included into the turtle crisis tortoise and these groups only scanty information that species are very likely being lost in nature same proceedings addressed questions of non-marine single no more serious among Indonesian amphib- Probably the least understood groups taking place in Southeast Asia and south- before they can be described” and snakes Batagur baska, depressed and will not long survive without heroic intervenis the Indonesian crocodilians as well as detailed studies John Behler (1997), and Pelochelys bibroni ) are seriously tion” and that “Today, there the systematic status of of the status of their wild populations are urgently needed Callagur borneoensis, and Orlitia borneensis ) and the giant softshells more work on there naturally In sum, 080 remain unclear There on these known species, is virtually no information and quite a number of similarly poor- species should be included on the December 2006 Volume list if I | ignorance Number | e16 Plate 68 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 0.1 6g071 Plate 69 DOI: 6g072 Plate 70 DOI: Plate 71 DOI: 10 1514/journal arc 0040016g074 Plate 72 DOI: 10.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 6g075 514/joumal.arc.004001 6g073 Plate captions: 68 Cerberus rynchops 69 Candoia carinata 70 Chrysopelea paradisii celebensis 71 Dendrelaphis caudalineatus 72 Dendrelaphis punctulatus Species plates 68-70, & 72 taken by Jim Amphib Reptile Conserv A McGuire Species plate 69 & 71 taken by Djoko http://www.herpetofauna.org | 081 T Iskandar December 2006 Volume I I Number I e16 > *5 * i Plate 73 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 6g076 Plate 74 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal arc 004001 6g077 Plate 75 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 6g078 Plate 76 DOI: 0.1 51 4/journal.arc.004001 6g079 DOI: 10.151 4/journal.arc.004001 6g080 Plate 77 captions: 73 Elaphe erythrura 74 77 Acantophis praelongus Plate Species plates 74 & 76 taken by Djoko Amphib Reptile Conserv Enhydris matannensis 75 T Iskandar Species plates 73, 75, & 77 taken by Jim http://www.herpetofauna.org | Rhabdophis chrysargoides 082 A 76 Rhabdophis subminiatus McGuire December 2006 Volume I | Number | e16 Plate 78 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g081 Plate 79 DOI: 10 151 4/journal arc 004001 6g082 DOI: 0.1 514/journal.arc.004001 6g083 DOI: 10.1514/journal.arc.0040016g086 Plate 83 Plate captions: 78 Stegonotus modestus 79 Plate 80 Aspidomorphus mulleri 80 Ophiophagus hannah 81 Tropidolaemus wagleri 82 Chelodina reimannii 83 Chelodina siebenrocki Species plates 78, 79, 82, & 83 taken by Djoko Amphib Reptile Conserv T Iskandar http://www.herpetofauna.org | Species plates 80 & 81 taken by Alain Compost 083 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e16 D T Iskandar about a taxon is IUCN Red a criterion for inclusion into and W R Erdelen launched a Lists, CD-ROM information about Papua particularly as a threatened species To develop As far as skin trade is concerned, further studies on Ptyas mucosa are planned to eventually provide evidence that sities skin trade in this species could be resumed again after the ban reptile biology 1994 For skins that had been on stock for sometime, in 1998), we need more 1998; Sugardjito et more emphasis on teaching amphibian and and systematics This might require changes good working groups in in zoological The major aim should be to train more students in field techniques and methodology in zoological systematics for later degree work in herpetology Teaching needs could be met either by Indonesian scientists only or in cooperation with Whereas several species are listed as one taxon in the IUCN list, only for one species (Naja sputatrix ) are quota issued by the Indonesian authorities Although the greater number of specimens are certainly N sputatrix, nevertheless an unknown number of other cobra species may be harvested from Sumatra and Kalimantan In short, although surveys on harvest levels of cobras have al to put systematics refers to the cobras already been undertaken (Boeadi et need necessary local expertise, Indonesian univer- the curriculum as well as PKA Another export permits have recently been issued by problem with comprehensive environmental visiting foreign scientists A basis for regular exchange of information among people interested in herpetology in Indonesia ed This may information for an overall assessment tiles a more clearly need- eventually lead to the development of public awareness programs aimed al is all ’’popular 44 at making amphibians and rep- group of animals in Indonesia This of harvest levels, especially for the island of Java, where most exchange of information could be arranged by the formation of the cobras are caught for the food market and skins are of a herpetological working group and/or by providing and used as byproducts exchanging A set of measures Generally, for the future much more research is needed provide better to Without doubt both basic and applied research components The latter tion and sustainable use problems amphibians and the moment vation are, in and/or need sustainable their More use situation “research-coordinating” to be seen as an important component of the megadiversi- of Indonesia and thus need to be more explicitly included into giving species a particular protection status about the herpetofauna, the more many specific we The more we learn will probably realize that species comprise genetically different units, which should be the target of conservation genetic approaches have been to biodiversity conservation Last, but certainly not least, amphibians and rep- (Erdelen 1998b) and are not further discussed here A improving our efforts in conservation measures such as setting aside protected areas or The most pressing reptiles in Indonesia are facing at recommendations regarding the trade made ty our opinion, either related to their conser- to more of Indonesia In addition, however, amphibians and reptiles should in biodiversity conserva- in Indonesia to put and habitat and microhabitat requirements of the herpetofauna place emphasis on conservation of herpetological diversity as ongoing and future programs we need understanding of the composition, the geographic distribution, be earned reptiles in Indonesia This should out both by local and foreign scientists and should involve part of information through the Internet Conclusions and outlook information on which to base conservation measures for amphibians and this tiles and “information-dissemi- with their general low mobility and great evolutionary age may prove to be key groups toward an understanding nating” body might be useful to identify research needs and of the bio- geography of the world’s largest archipelago ensure that information on ongoing research and published results are made available in Indonesia This coordinating body should consist of representatives of the PKA, Indonesian authorities such as LIPI and Acknowledgments official community, and other interest groups (e.g., Bohme, L Anathea Brooks, Indraneil Das, Alfred Gramstedt, Bob Inger, and Tony Whitten for providing useful information and for constructive comments on earlier from the drafts of the manuscript industrial sector) We thank Linny Ayunahati and Pilar Chiang-Joo for drawing the figure and Boeadi, Ed Colijn, For future research programs and the dissemination of George Saputra, and Frank Yuwono information, as indicated above, an overview of project issues raised in our paper reports and other unpublished materials, so-called “gray gratitude erature,” available from various Indonesian authorities, lit- and These efforts, to express our sincere Alain Compost, Graeme Gillespie, and Jim to the excellent color photo- References however, would require the cre- Brown, W C 1998 Philippine Amphibians: an illusBookmark, Makati City, Philippines 16 p Auffenberg, W 1981 The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Alcala, A C and trated field guide Monitor University Presses of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Baillie, have been launched already, such as the LIPI database which contains information on plants and animals In discussions on earlier management of a centralized database Location of this database, combined with a library that contains other relevant published information, as well as staffing, would need funding, the greater part of which would naturally have to come from external sources Several specific initia- lections wish many graphs ation and tives for might make further research more effective by avoiding duplication of work already carried out in Indonesia We McGuire who provided many of an analysis of conservation-related results already reported in these sources Aaron authors are grateful to Bauer, Wolfgang as well as rep- resentatives of universities, nongovernmental organizations, the trade —The Conservation addition, Amphib Reptile Conserv http://www.herpetofauna.org | E M p 1996 Analysis, p 24-43 in Baillie, Groombridge, in its col- International J USA 406 B (compilers and editors) 1996 J M E and IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources, Gland, Switzerland 368 has 084 December 2006 Volume I I Number p I e16 D T Iskandar Baillie, J E M and Groombridge, and W B (compilers and editors) 1996 of Threatened Animals International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Frankfurt, van Dijk, J E M., C Hilton-Taylor, C and Stuart, S N (compilers and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: A 2004 Global Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia 141 J L 1997 Troubled times for and V J Pritchard, Turtles —an international H Proceedings: (editors) Bezujien, M R., New dem Varanus and Management of Tortoises and conference New York Turtle and Webb, G and Manolis, J York, New W., Hartoyo, The S C 1998 York, USA 494 false gharial ( Tomistoma Emerson, p W Erdelen, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom 410 J., Erdelen, 1998 Biology of the commercially-harvested rat snake W in Erdelen, in central Java, 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Dijk, Asian Turtle (editors) J in Trade: proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater New species of monitor (Squamata: Sprackland, R G 1999 freshwater turtles in Papua Hamadryad 26(2):283-315 (Reptilia: Serpentes) Breviora 498: 1-31 Shea, J S., Ziegler, Keogh, J S 1998b Monitoring monitors: a biological perspective on the commercial harvesting of Indonesian reptiles, p 61-68 in Erdelen, W (editor) Conservation, Trade and T., 1999 Varanus V indicus group from Halmahera, Moluccas, Indonesia (Squamata: Sauria: Varanidae) Herpetozoa 12(l/2):45-56 Use of Lizards and Snakes in Indonesia Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde e V., Rheinbach, Germany 144 p Sustainable Mertensiella Manuscript received: December 2001; Accepted: 2005; Published: Amphib Reptile Conserv http://www.herpetofauna.org | 26 December 2006 087 December 2006 Volume I I Number I e16 ... Gongylosoma The 59 species of amphibians and 45 species of reptiles now recorded from the Range represent 39 and 16.2 per cent of the total Bornean amphibian and reptile fauna, respectively The... The known amphibian fauna includes (ten species), Megophryidae (seven Agamidae The reptile (four Gekkonidae (three Scincidae (four Crocker Range as known Amphib Reptile Conserv lists the reptiles,... human pressures with 2000) The percentage of reptile and amphibian species to this region far among is mam- possible adverse effects on reptile and amphibian diversity mals = 8% and birds = 18%;