Fish hatching and fish catching

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FISH HATCHIITG FISH CATCHIIS IIWIWIilliriMlltWilllWilD'Wi ALBERT R MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University THE GIFT OF WILLARD A KIGGINS, in memory of his father JR Cornell University Library SH 34.R78 Fish hatching and fish catching 1924 003 244 633 Cornell University Library The tine original of tliis book is in Cornell University Library There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003244633 FISH HATCHING, FISH CATCHING, R BARNWELL ROOSEVELT, Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of Game Fish, etc., New York, Author of New York etc SETH GREEN, Superintendent of Fisheries of the State of ROCHESTER, UNION AND ADVERTISER CO.'s 1879 N Y BOOK AND JOB PRINT FISH HATCHIJSTG INTRODUCTION During the few years which have intervened discovery of fish culture, its rapid strides, and although its infancy ; since the practice has advanced with it is still the laws which govern its little more than in management have been so far ascertained and applied that it is now an established art, capable of yielding vast results for the The days of doubt and uncertainty benefit of mankind have passed away, and numerous 'experiments lending invariably to the same end have established it on a firm basis For a time cautions persons, even- when most enthusiastic could not help questioning in their own outcome would minds what the final be, and whether all that was predicted for the new undertaking would be realized, but success in all well considered and properly conducted attempts has swept away fear and hesitation, and experience may now be said to have fully confirmed The possibilities the highest hopes of the most sanguine which fish culture suggested were so far beyond what can be obtained in other fields of human labor, so greatly exceeded the best results in agriculture that it seemed impossible that they could be realized, or that this enter- would have remained so long undiscovered or unBut day after day and year after year the theory has been put in practical operation, where all its steps could be and were accurately noted, and the incredible increase and profit obtained left but one conclusion possible No persons could be more cautious, more slow prise developed to express a positive opinion, or to accept a hasty judg- _ ment than the authors of this work, as they can show by all their wri tings, acts and utterances, but they feel at last that they and the public can give perfect credence to it be conducted as departments of modern the claims of fish culture, provided intelligently human and wisely as other labor must not, however, be forgotten that this new art is as exact and exacting as any other, nor that it has its limits and must be managed with care and not slurred over or slighted To the ignorant and indiflferent it will yield no more than the cultivation of the land and possibly not so much, and precisely what those limits are of which we speak and what are the requisites of circumstance and manipulation, this work is intended to show This is meant for a practical book on a practical subject, in which nothipg sh'all be stated on conjecture; no mere fancy picture however alluring shall be presented to the public, and the bare facts with plain directions shall be given that all who wish may read and understand, and all who have the opportunity may practice what is herein set forth With that view no attempt will be made at grace of diction, and scientific names, formulas and information will be omitted as far as is thoroughly consonant with Many misthe purpose to be attained, and no farther It apprehensions exist in the public mind in relation to a matter which has dawned upon the world so lately and so suddenly, expectations as extravagant in tions as they are depressed in others, some direc- and while one man from the worst of waters, anything can be achieved from the will try to raise the best offish another doubts if most favorable opportunities It is the function of book to correct these mistakes and prevent these this blunders 238 Was the supply at each favorable station continuously renewed from the vast storehouse of nature, it would make no difference if they were all fished out at any one particular spot a short rest would recuperate the fishery and others would take the place of those which had been caught As it is, however, when any locality is stripped clean and bare, it remains barren for a long time Where — only a few valuable fish are left, their natural enemies, being as numerous as ever, prevail against them and destroy the last remnant Possibly, after work way their endeavors to many in ; years of waiting, strangers but it is a slow operation assist the process By he has nothing to work upon because the parents are gone new He may man cultivation, He can get no eggs, must import and plant undertaking always seed, an artificial If diflBcult, and often doubtful Fykes are modified pound nets, and not so injurious unless too many of them are set, or the mesh is tod'small They have short wing, and the outer end is kept open with hoops of wood, some being larger and some smaller, so as to make modified traps in which the fish are retained." The objection against them as they are now used is, that they catch the fry on account of the smallness of Seines are sweep nets, and are the least in- their mesh chance to slip by Another destructive net is the gill net It is used largely for shad, and is either attached to poles as a permanent and fixed fishing engine, or is floated by the current, suspended in the water Their length varies between one hundred and eight hun- jurious ot all, as they give the fish a while they are not in use dred fathoms The largest of these require but 8kiif,with two, or at most, but three Being constructed of tine one light men to manage them twine they are almost imper- 239 ceptible to the fishes in the turbid tide waters later in the season the water becomes When clear, greater ex- is done by fishing at night The mesh was formerly six and one-fourth inches, it is now reduced to five and even less, sufficiently large, however, to admit ecution of the shad getting it is fastened by the its head so far through the mesh that hence the term gill net, but gills, so small as to take fish that should not be marketed These gill nets have both a lead and a cork line,by which they are held in a vertical position as they drift with the current rial, With the treble view of the economy of mate- the prevention of injury by vessels of light draught in passing over them, and to enable the same net to be used with lacility in either deep or shoal water, the upper margin of the net is supported by long and slender cords ot from five to seven feet in length, to the free ends ot which corks or wooden floats are attached The net thus constructed is laid upon the stern of the skiff, one or two men, according to its size, row the boat across the current, while another standing on the stern carefully casts the net into the water with the drift to This done, tide, direction being given which the end remains attached it is it suffered to by the boat After the net has drifted a sufficient length of time, the fishes are removed from it, either by under-running it or by replacing it upon the stem of the boat, again to be cast into the water No nets should be used except in the ocean, the large and lake8,and even then the mesh should be limited as to size, but as it is doubtful whether the community is ready tor so sweeping a law, necessary as it is the most injurious, which are the pound nets, should be everwhere prohibited These are so f^tal, that they should not be rivers ; allowed anywhere unless it be in the ocean We not S40 -fishing, enter into any further details as to nets and net use their to opposed for the reason that we are wholly taken be can that except for two or three kinds of fish no other way and that are wholly food and not sporting fish We believe that the sportsman and tish-culturis bound and ist, has some rights which the net-fisherman in will one day be made to respect day comes the better for the AnS community the sooner that OOlSTTErsTTS »- — PASB, lHTBOB0OTIOIf 1—Fish Culture 10 " a—Trent 19 " 3— TroutPonds " 4—Hatching House " 5—Treatment of Eggs " 6—Young Trout and Salmon S8 " 7-Adult Trout 7i " 8—Holton and other Hatching Boxes " 9—Manipulating Salmon Chapter " Culture 30 , 39 » 93 and Trout 102 10— General Remarks on Trout Breedine '' 11— Other Varieties of Pish 50 ISl 183 " la— Shad Culture 141 " 13—Black Bass and other Fish 167 " 14—Fish Catching " 15—Fishing " 16—Fishing for Bass and other Fish 211 '• 17—Nets and Netting 233 for the 176 Salmon Family ,.184 iisr ID EX PASS FAaB American Waters American Fish Ainsworth'B Screens Alewives Black Bass 11 Color of Fish 13 California 121 Dry Impregnation 166 Diseases 13,157,159 Water Spawning Young 78 Salmon 159 159,160 159 DimlDution of Pish 59 Distribution of Trout Pry Pnemies of Pish Life.22, 25, 161 Eels an Eggs when ripe 69 34,38 120 120 Semi-artiflcial Bait-Pishing Brewer's Pish Way Blue-backed Trout Fertilized 130 135 Number on Trays 42 Treatment 50 Placing in Troughs 50 Growth Dead 53 Bottom Pishing 223, 236 LOBBOf Blue Pish Trolling 226,236 Number Cold Blooded Creature a Connecticut Elver Catfish Brook Trout 20, 115 Cot Casting the Ply Casting Lines 23 62 221 206 see leaders Changing Water in Cans of Pish Cannibalism Cray-FlBh 61, 67,114 236 22S Chumming for Blue Pish 107 117 64, 67, 86 Cyblnm Maculatnm .106 in Pish Wilmot's Treatment 18 Handling 97 98 228 Dead before impregnation 118 Killed by cold 119 Of Shad 155 OfBlackBass 160 13,158, 169 California 54 Washing Carp 15,157,163 Commissioners of Fisheries 17 , 53,118 227 12 Cisco Conferva Cleanliness 29,111 37,128 Transportation Trays for Inspecting 208 Chumming 28,111 SheUs 77,87, 178 Breeding of Trout 60 54, 87,90,92 22,93 How cat-fisli see tiout Bottom of Ponds 25, 26, 144 Deformities Transportation see 16 23,68, 69, 87,109 Hshlng Bulllie^, Brook Trout Blue Swelling Blind Fisli see Salmon, Cal 128 89, 129 89 Exhaustion of fisheries 238 Fish Culture, General Bevlew Compared with Agriculture 6, Conclusions Established Origin of 10 In American ,WaterB 11 Foreign Method 15 Partly Natural Method Palmer's Method Fecundity Pish Commissioners Pish Catching 176 Pykea aag Plies , 193 121 129 17 243 PASS ' Impregnation—Percentage After Death Filter 47 Feather Implement 49 Fry when Visible Food of Trout Fry 63 63 Implements Motion of Food for Troat 66 Incubation of the Salmonidse > 83 FryofShad 155 Fly-FisUng ForShad FlyEods 197 Frog Cnltnre 172 Ways 131 119 — PorShad Hatching House New York Plan of Herring ' Impregnation Dry 171 190 217 181, 191 StripedBass 217 Localization offish 237 65 239 IS 16, 93, 139 93 16 60 54 65 88 90 Minks Manipnlation of Salmon and Trout 102, 108, 112 of Shad 152 Milt 107, 110, 114, 115, 119 Migration of Salmon 20, 72 Shad Fish Migratory Fish confined water 141 236 to fresh 154 16 Movementof embryo 165 38 Moths 194 89 Mascallonge Fishing 168 166 169 59 ' 187 Needle Point Handling Wllmot'sPlan Shad Eggs Hearing in Fish Hybrids Salmon Trout Maggots Motion of Food Muskrats 43 Hooks see 134 238 Holton Hatching Box Hatching Boxes Coating Introduction Lake Trout Monstrosities Gravel for troughs 48 53 Growth of Eggs Trout, Salmon and Salmon Trout 66 100 GlassTrays 99 Jars QiUNets Mesh Hueninguen 134 20 Where found Food 6, 49 20, 133 Spawns 99 Microscope Measure Moss for Transportation 13 , 132 231 Lobsters Propagation Lines, for Trout and Salmon StripedBass Leaders for Trout and Salmon 87,109 13, 92, 93, 158, 163 Grayling 98 King-flsh 193,198 ProzenFlsh Fungus Gold Fish Government Aid of Inspecting Bggs 215 Book of Time 49 23 52 222 184 Tying 139 for Fish Culture • Improving Streams Jars of Glass for Trout Hatching Kinds of Fish Cultivated 184 Baas for Striped Fish of Whiteflsh 79, 130 Salt 29 118 198 108 117 New York Lakes Commissioners Nippers Net for moving Trout Nursery for Trout Fry 152 91 83,168 23, 111 16 Substitute for Net from Worms Night Fishing Nets and Nettlnec Natural Spawning of Trout Ova 213 26 27 49 49, 108 59 62 69 181* 283 103 see eggs * 244 PA&B, Outfit for Fish Culture 122 Oswego BasB 158, 162 Fishing OTer-running of reels Pike Perch Ponds for Trout Location Laying out 213 - 13, 14, 168, 162 SO, 60 189 32,33 Flies 198 38 68 ForSalmon Pound Nets 70 Destructlveness Preserving Fluid Polywogs ' 238 179 176 173 1S8 Starvation 174 Salt Pood Pan for Spawn Self-picker 107 Ponds 108 see Striped Bass for Disease Syphon Spawning of Trout Salmon Screens 20B Running Sinker 293 Alns worth's Salt Water Herring Streams, how Improved Sturgeon Shad 13, 64, 66 .209 TroUingfor 211 Salmon 230, 236 31, 32 109 108 112 115 122 123 33, 60, 129, 'Trays Habits 68 121 156 132 164 18,141 97 141 145 19 Migration Natural Propagation Natural Loss 20 Box 147 California, 20, 64, 66, 70,71, 77, 85 Artificial Culture 148 Migration Nests Errors in Fish Culture Development of Egg Distribution of Fry 149 13, Culture Rivers Family » 2t,77,10i 136 Reels 13 99 , 21, 102, 103, 108 Spanish Mackerel Cleaning 91 97, 99 ' 184 Success of Fish Culture Suitable Varieties of Fish Salmon Trout Fishing 83 85 Smelt 108 for Fly Fishing for 162 87, 91 32,38,108 Rock-fish 54 114 54 74 47, 96 Shape of Ponds Skin of Trout Delicate Stripping Fish Seth Green taking Spawn Spermatozoa Stocking Ponds Streams Net for Restrlpping Female Trout Rock Bass Rods 43 87, 88, 46, 69 Shading Ponds Bait Water Bath 110, 113 158 - Pish Pishing , 214 Price of Eggs and Fry 130 Palmer's Method of Fish Culture 129 Proat of Fish Culture 124 Plan of Hatching House Proportion of Males and Females 154 Seines Smell of Fish Scent of Pish Strawberry Bass Supply of Water Sediment Shipping Eggs 233 234 Netting, from 130 184 Holes through Banks Raceway 66, 77 Rods S4, Botatlon In Fish Culture Eats Remedies for Disease 58 31, 82 31 see 23 Confined to Fresh Water Fishing 30 Preserves 21 58 Fry Growth Land Locked 821 Shape Raceways Bottom Pickerel Salmon— Eggs Time in which Eggs Hatch Young 64 19 Scientific Spawning Names 20, 21, 72 20 77,102 141 146 148 150 ' 246 PAOB Shad— Handling 163 the Eggs Ponding the Parents 153 Confined to Fresh Water 1B4 Sent to California 156 155 Transportation of Eggs 166 Temperature Acclimatization 165, 156 216 Ply-fiahing Striped Baes 168,166 Spawning 167 fishing Lines for 216 Trout—Eods Troughs 189 44 Trout for to jCleanse 61 Zinc Temperature 129 27, 52, 84, That win kill Eggs for Shad Treatment of Eggs 86 119 166 50 Time of Incubation 62 Tameness of Fish Trays 83 97 217 of Glass, with Menhaden withLohster 218 Number of Eggs on 230 Doable in Trough 120 Fly-fishing, 222 Baskets 163 with Shrimp 223 with.Crab with Spearing 224 225 TrOQt 13, 97 ations California Number Nests Spawning Eggs, 21 of Kangeley Time of Incahation Fry 21, 102 sea eggs 22, 75 23, 62 24, 68 Natural Hatching 25 Geographical Dlstrihution 27 Young Adult 74 Long Island 76 Waters 88 for Cannibals 89 Oar practice in Hatcliing 100, 108 Crowding together 101 Netting Culture Profitable Blue-backed Fishing 127 128 161 208 221 24 Wall-eyed Pike see pike-perch Whltefish 13,20,97 94 Hatching Box for Eggs Impregnated after Death 118 Welcher's Treatment 138 EaisingtheFry 139 Food for Weak Fish 140 231 168,162 White Perch Welcher's Method with Whltefish 138 117 Wilmot's Handling 115 Washing Eggs 89 Water Snakes Worms Water Supply 125 Wastefalness of Nature Yellow rerch Fishing 184 127 ' 181 108 135 113 Trolling for Trout Thumb-stall Umbilical Sac 60 63, 79 66, 7^, 76 Can 108 Tackle 58 Bemoval Food Growth to each Black Bass, 19, 120 20,64, 67, 86 20 42 Taking Spawn by Hand TiringoutFish Transporting Live Fish Times for general consider- Cnltnre, 100 69 87,38, 46, 74 22 13,168 211 \ \ \ ... http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003244633 FISH HATCHING, FISH CATCHING, R BARNWELL ROOSEVELT, Commissioner of Fisheries of the State of Game Fish, etc., New York, Author of New York etc SETH GREEN, Superintendent of Fisheries... lamentation, and the country mourns over a national calamity fish may be in process of utter annihilation, and yet is raised, land we and we sit by with folded hands in value dearly, because to sweat and. .. expense, and man and and finally when at last successfully harvested and saved from destruction through disease, insects and the elements, it yields but a meagre advance upon the cost of time and