Kaplan MCAT review 2015 general chemistry review

MCAT® General Chemistry Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT® General Chemistry Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team About Scientific American About the MCAT How This Book Was Created Using This Book Chapter 1: Atomic Structure Atomic Structure Introduction 1.1 Subatomic Particles 1.2 Atomic Mass vs Atomic Weight 1.3 Rutherford, Planck, and Bohr 1.4 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atoms Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 2: The Periodic Table The Periodic Table Introduction 2.1 The Periodic Table 2.2 Types of Elements 2.3 Periodic Properties of the Elements 2.4 The Chemistry of Groups Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Shared Concepts 11 Practice Questions 12 Answers and Explanations Chapter 3: Bonding and Chemical Interactions Bonding and Chemical Interactions Introduction 3.1 Bonding 3.2 Ionic Bonds 3.3 Covalent Bonds 3.4 Intermolecular Forces Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: Compounds and Stoichiometry Compounds and Stoichiometry Introduction 4.1 Molecules and Moles 4.2 Representation of Compounds 4.3 Types of Chemical Reactions 4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations 4.5 Applications of Stoichiometry 4.6 Ions Conclusion 10 Concept Summary 11 Answers to Concept Checks 12 Equations to Remember 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics Chemical Kinetics Introduction 5.1 Chemical Kinetics 5.2 Reaction Rates Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Equations to Remember Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 6: Equilibrium Equilibrium Introduction 6.1 Equilibrium 6.2 Le Châtelier’s Principle 6.3 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Equations to Remember 10 Shared Concepts 11 Practice Questions 12 Answers and Explanations Chapter 7: Thermochemistry Thermochemistry Introduction 7.1 Systems and Processes 7.2 States and State Functions 7.3 Heat 7.4 Enthalpy 7.5 Entropy 7.6 Gibbs Free Energy Conclusion 10 Concept Summary 11 Answers to Concept Checks 12 Equations to Remember 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations Chapter 8: The Gas Phase The Gas Phase Introduction 8.1 The Gas Phase 8.2 Ideal Gases 8.3 Kinetic Molecular Theory 8.4 Real Gases Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations 10 Chapter 9: Solutions Solutions Introduction 9.1 Nature of Solutions 9.2 Concentration 9.3 Solution Equilibria 9.4 Colligative Properties Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 12 13 14 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 10: Acids and Bases Acids and Bases Introduction 10.1 Definitions 10.2 Properties 10.3 Polyvalence and Normality 10.4 Titration and Buffers Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 Equations to Remember 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 11: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Introduction 11.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 11.2 Net Ionic Equations Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts Practice Questions 10 Answers and Explanations Chapter 12: Electrochemistry Electrochemistry Introduction 12.1 Electrochemical Cells 12.2 Cell Potentials 12.3 Electromotive Force and Thermodynamics Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Equations to Remember 10 Shared Concepts 11 Practice Questions 12 Answers and Explanations About This Book Copyright Information Glossary Index Art Credits Periodic Table of the Elements Special Offer for Kaplan Students The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Editor-in-Chief Uneeb Qureshi Kaplan MCAT Faculty MCAT faculty reviewers Elmar R Aliyev; James Burns; Jonathan Cornfield; Alisha Maureen Crowley; Nikolai Dorofeev, MD; Benjamin Downer, MS; Colin Doyle; M Dominic Eggert; Marilyn Engle; Eleni M Eren; Raef Ali Fadel; Tyra Hall-Pogar, PhD; Scott Huff; Samer T Ismail; Elizabeth A Kudlaty; Kelly Kyker-Snowman, MS; Ningfei Li; John P Mahon; Matthew A Meier; Nainika Nanda; Caroline Nkemdilim Opene; Kaitlyn E Prenger; Derek Rusnak, MA; Kristen L Russell, ME; Bela G Starkman, PhD; Michael Paul Tomani, MS; Nicholas M White; Kerranna Williamson, MBA; Allison Ann Wilkes, MS; and Tony Yu Thanks to Kim Bowers; Tim Eich; Samantha Fallon; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garthaffner; Joanna Graham; Adam Grey; Allison Harm; Beth Hoffberg; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Diane McGarvey; Petros Minasi; John Polstein; Deeangelee Pooran-Kublall, MD, MPH; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Karin Tucker; Lee Weiss; and the countless others who made this project possible About Scientific American Scientific American is at the heart of Nature Publishing Group’s consumer media division, meeting the needs of the general public Founded in 1845, Scientific American is the longest continuously published magazine in the United States and the leading authoritative publication for science in the general media In its history, 148 Nobel Prize scientists have contributed 240 articles to Scientific American, including Albert Einstein, Francis Crick, Stanley Prusiner, and Richard Axel Together with scientificamerican.com and in translation in 14 languages around the world, it reaches more than million consumers and scientists Other titles include Scientific American Mind and Spektrum der Wissenschaft in Germany Scientific American won a 2011 National Magazine Award for General Excellence V Valence electrons bonding electrons, 81 chemical bonds, 74 definition, 7–8, 24, 42 electron affinity, 52 halogens, 24–25, 56, 77 ionization energy, 50–51 Lewis structures, 82, 82t, 83 metals, 43, 44, 46, 55, 57 noble gases, 24–25 octet rule, 74f, 74–75 Periodic Table, 25–26, 42–43, 43, 46, 47–48 Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), 87–90, 88t van der Waals equation of state, 271–72 van der Waals forces, 94 van’t Hoff factor (i), 311, 312, 313 Vaporization definition, 210 Raoult’s law, 309, 309f sweat evaporation, 214 Vapor pressure boiling definition, 210, 232, 311 Henry’s law, 261–62 Raoult’s law, 309, 309f Vapor pressure depression as colligative, 308 boiling point elevation and, 309 mole fraction units, 297, 309 Raoult’s law, 308f, 308–10, 309f Voltaic cells See Galvanic cells Voltmeter, 401, 415 Volts (V), 409 Volume percent, 296 Volume (V) as state function, 209 Avogadro’s principle, 256–57 combined gas law, 254–55, 260 constant-volume calorimeter, 214, 214–16, 216f gases filling, 250 ideal gas law, 253f, 253–56 ideal gas special cases, 257–60, 258f, 259f, 260f ideal vs real gases, 252, 270–72, 271f in molarity, 298 isovolumetric process, 206 Le Châtelier’s principle, 186 VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory, 87–90, 88t W Water dissociation constant (Kw) conjugate acid–base pairs, 341 definition, 336 temperature, 340 Water (H2O) alkali metals and, 55, 55f, 74 as amphoteric, 333, 335–36 as Brønsted–Lowry acid, 331 as conductor, 134 combination reaction formation, 120, 122f combustion reaction product, 122, 122f, 125–26, 206f, 224, 225f, 379 covalent molecule dissociation, 311 diabetic ketoacidosis, 179 dissociation constant (Kw), 336, 340, 342 drug solubilities, 329–30 electrolytes, 133–34, 134f geometry, 90, 91, 91f hydration, 288, 292 hydration complexes, 58, 58f hydrogen bonding, 95f, 95–96 Maillard reaction inhibition, 73 molality equaling molarity, 298 neutralization reaction product, 123, 124, 344 pH, 337 phase changes, 218–19, 232 solubility rules, 292–93 solvation enthalpy, 289–90, 290f solvation entropy, 290–91 See also Aqueous solutions; Autoionization Weak acids/bases conjugate acid–base pairs, 341 definition, 341–42 electrolytes, 134 neutralization reactions, 344–45 titration, 350 Why study chemistry, Work (W) first law of thermodynamics, 204–5, 205f, 206f, 214 isovolumetric processes, 215–16 X X See Mole fraction Y Yield definition, 128–29 Le Châtelier’s principle, 186 Z Z See Atomic number Zeff See Effective nuclear charge Zero-order reactions, 154, 162, 163f Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 214 Zinc (Zn) as electrode, 400f, 400–1, 408 double-displacement reactions, 122, 123f Zwitterion, 333, 333f Art Credits Chapter Cover—Image credited to koya979 From Shutterstock Figure 1.1—Image credited to Slim Films From The Coming Revolutions in Particle Physics by Chris Quigg Copyright © 2008 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 1.2—Image credited to User: Albedo-ukr From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under licenses: 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General Chemistry Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT? ? General Chemistry Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team... 828-0690 www.aamc.org /mcat mcat@aamc.org How This Book Was Created The Kaplan MCAT Review project began in November 2012 shortly after the release of the Preview Guide for the MCAT 2015 Exam, 2nd edition