High Yield Warm-up Questions: Neuroscience, Part A ORGAN SYSTEMS SET 1: NEUROSCIENCE, PART A A major step in the development of the central nervous system is closure of the neural tube What steps occur in neurulation prior to closure of the neural tube, and what defects result when either the rostral or the caudal end of the neural tube fails to close? If the fetus has either a rostral or a caudal open neural tube defect, what two substances may be detected in amniotic fluid, which one is specific for only open neural tube defects and which one may be elevated in any body wall defect? An infant may be born with one of three forms of spina bifida What is the cause of spina bifida, and what are the major features that distinguish one form of spina bifida from another? What are the two myelin forming glial cells in the peripheral versus central nervous system, what are two ways that myelin speeds up the conduction velocity of action potentials, and which myelin forming cells promotes the regeneration of a severed axon? What are the differences in anterograde and retrograde axonal transport; what are their different rates, ATPases, and what toxins and viruses may be transported into the CNS in the retrograde direction? 1 High Yield Warm-up Questions: Neuroscience, Part A The range of demyelinating conditions includes: Multiple sclerosis Guillain Barré Central pontine myelinolysis Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Disseminated encephalomyelinitis Metachromatic leukodystrophy Charot-Marie-Tooth disease Krabbe disease Which two are caused by specific enzyme deficiencies, which two are probably autoimmune in cause, which one results from overaggressive treatment for hyponatremia and which one is caused by an inherited neurologic sensorimotor disorder? Where in the CNS are the preganglionic neurons found in each division, what neurotransmitters are used by the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in each and what are the different postsynaptic receptors used by each neuron? How much CSF is produced per day, how often does it turn over, and what are the causes of the two common forms of hydrocephalus? High Yield Warm-up Questions: Neuroscience, Part A An elderly patient develops normal pressure hydrocephalus Explain the three signs or symptoms of this condition, and how this form of hydrocephalus differs from hydrocephalus ex vacuo 10 Name the neural components and functions of the dorsal column/ medial lemniscal system and the anterolateral system 11 Using this figure, identify each of the lettered structures and a sign or symptom if lesioned A Ipsilateral loss of vibratory sense in lower limb Ipsilatera sense in B C F E G D Ipsilateral flaccid paralysis Neuroscience,2e Figure #03.14 DMG#0314 Dragonfly Media Group 3 C o te High Yield Warm-up Questions: Neuroscience, Part A 12 A 34-year-old male suffers spinal cord trauma that causes a lesion that results in the signs and symptoms of Brown Sequard syndrome List one sensory and one motor deficit that will be evident ipsilateral and below such a lesion or one sensory deficit that will be contralateral and below such a lesion, and list what deficits will be ipsilateral and at the level of the lesion 13 There are two important organizational features with regard to cranial nerves in the brainstem Which CN’s enter or exit from the midbrain, pons and medulla, and which CN’s exit from a medial versus a lateral brainstem vascular territory? 14 Brainstem lesions may affect the corticospinal tract, the medial lemniscus, the spinothalamic tract or the descending hypothalamic axons List the clinical effects of each tract lesion, and indicate whether the sign and symptoms will be ipsilateral or contralateral and below a lesion 15 Brainstem vascular syndromes commonly result in a lesion of at least one long tract, and at least one cranial nerve, which helps localize the site of the lesion Compare and contrast the tract(s) and CN’s that will be affected in lateral versus medial medullary syndrome and how they would present clinically These question sets are intended to be completed before viewing the High Yield course lectures Video explanations can be found on the Warm-up Questions page within the online High Yield course For further review of the topics covered in this set, refer to the following lectures: Neuroscience: • Development of the Nervous System and Associated Pathologies • Cytology of the Nervous System and Associated Pathologies • Autonomic Nervous System Organization • The Ventricular System and Associated Pathologies • The Spinal Cord ... be contralateral and below such a lesion, and list what deficits will be ipsilateral and at the level of the lesion 13 There are two important organizational features with regard to cranial nerves... be ipsilateral or contralateral and below a lesion 15 Brainstem vascular syndromes commonly result in a lesion of at least one long tract, and at least one cranial nerve, which helps localize the... System and Associated Pathologies • Cytology of the Nervous System and Associated Pathologies • Autonomic Nervous System Organization • The Ventricular System and Associated Pathologies • The Spinal