Tóm tắt ngữ pháp tiếng anh 9 hệ 10 năm theo từng unit, sổ tay tiếng anh 9 thí điểm, ôn tập ngữ pháp thi vào lớp 10
TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 1: LOCAL ENVIRONMENT CLAUSES OF CONCESSION - In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves - Despite - Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves - I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications - I didn't get the job in spite of the fact (that)/ despite the fact (that) I had the necessary qualifications - In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you - Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time - In spite of the traffic, - I couldn't sleep although I was very tired … despite being very tired CLAUSES OF REASONS - Because of the rain, they cancelled the match - Due to … - They cancelled the match because it rained a lot, - I didn't get the job because of not having all the necessary qualifications - I didn't get the job because/ due to the fact (that) I didn’t have the necessary qualifications - Due to what I said yesterday, she was angry with me - I didn’t arrive on time because the traffic was bad … because of the bad traffic - I couldn't sleep because I drank a lot of coffee … because of my drinking a lot of coffee TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR CLAUSES OF TIME CLAUSE OF PURPOSE - Mary went to England to study English … in order to study English … so as to study English - Mary went to England so that she could study English … in order that she could study English - I closed the door so as not to be disturbed by the noise - I closed the door so that the children wouldn’t disturb me PHRASAL VERBS get up find out bring out look through keep up with set off turn up get over take off grow up begin a journey arrive overcome remove to become an adult show sb around take sb to somewhere pull down turn off turn on go over destroy switch off, to stop a device switch on, to start a device examine go on continue put sth down make a note pass down get out of bed get information publish / launch read stay equal with be thinking with pleasure about something to come have no more of take action to solve an problem stop doing business accept, deal with have a friendly relationship with somebody return transfer from one generation to the next dress up put on formal clothes live on have enough money to live think over turn down set up stay up reject or refuse something start go to bed later than usual apply for cheer sb up to consider an idea carefully to ask for sth make sb feel happier look forward to run out of deal with close down face up to get on with come back TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM UNIT 2: CITY LIFE GRAMMAR COMPARISON ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE Short Adj: adj – er Tính từ có tall – taller vần vần large – larger tận –y, big – bigger -ow, -er happy - happier Long Adj: Tính từ có vần trở lên more careful SUPERLATIVE the adj – est the tallest as tall as the largest as large as the biggest as big as the happiest adj the most – more careful AS…AS as adj as as happy as adj the most careful intelligent – more intelligent the most intelligent as careful as as intelligent as Bất Qui Tắc Good better the best as good as Bad worse the worst as bad as Far farther / further as far as Old older / elder* the farthest / the furthest Mẫu câu S + (be) + adj ss + than + (S + TĐT) / O S + (be) + adj ss + (N) + in / of … S + (be) + as as + (S + TĐT) / O the oldest / eldest* adj Ta dùng từ sau trước tính từ so sánh hơn: a bit, a little, much, a lot, far Ex: Let’s go by car It’s much cheaper Don’t go by train It’s much more expensive Could you speak a bit more slowly? Her illness was far more serious than we at first thought TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM ADVERB Các trạng từ tận – ly GRAMMAR COMPARATIVE more adv SUPERLATIVE the most adv carefully – more carefully the most carefully AS …AS as adv as as carefully as slowly – more slowly the most slowly fast the fastest as fast as hard – harder the hardest as hard as late the latest as late as early – earlier the earliest as early as Well better the best as well as badly worse the worst Mẫu câu S +V + adv ss + than + ( S + TĐT) / O S +V + adv ss + in / of … S +V + as adv as + (S + TĐT) / O Các trạng từ vần giống tính từ – faster – later as slowly as Bất Qui Tắc as badly as So sánh không bằng: S + V(not) + as adj / adv as + (S + TĐT) / O S + V(not) + so adj / adv as Ex: + (S + TĐT) / O A cat is not as friendly as a dog A cat is not so friendly as a dog - Dưới số ví dụ có dạng not as… as: Jack isn’t as old as he looks The city center wasn’t as crowded this morning as it usually is Jim didn’t as well in his examination as he had hoped “The weather’s better today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it’s not as cold as yesterday” I don’t know as many people as you - Ta dùng twice as…as, three times as…as, v.v… Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago Their house is about three times as big as ours Sử dụng less … than : less thường dùng với tính từ dài Ex: This book is less expensive than that one TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 3: TEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE REPORTED SPEECH a Đổi từ nhân xưng NGÔI I NGƯỜI NÓI II NGƯỜI NGHE III NGƯỜI ĐƯỢC NHẮC ĐẾN ĐT chủ ngữ I WE YOU THEY HE SHE IT ĐT tân ngữ me us you TT sở hữu my our your them him her it their his her its b Đổi trạng từ thời gian nơi chốn here ⟶ there yesterday these ⟶ those … ago this now today ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ that last… then ⟶ tomorrow that day next… c Đổi (nếu động từ thường thuật khứ) will can shall ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ would could should may must have to d Thay đổi loại câu ĐT sở hữu mine ours yours theirs his hers ĐT phản thân myself ourselves yourself / yourselves themselves himself herself itself the previous day the day before the previous … the … before … before the next day the following day the next … the following … ⟶ ⟶ might had to * Câu mệnh lệnh + “Hurry up, Lan” he said ………………………………………………………… * Câu hỏi Yes-No + She said to them, “Don’t be late tomorrow” ………………………………………………………… + “Do you know Bill ?”, he said + She said, “Are you hungry, John ?” ………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… * Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi + “What is her name ?”, Bill asked me ………………………………………………………… + “Why did they that ?”, he wondered ……………………………………………………… … + He said, “Where does she live ?” ………………………………………………………… + “What time does the film begin ?” ………………………………………………………… TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 4: LIFE IN THE PAST WISH (IF ONLY = I WISH) LOẠI I Ước muốn tương lai, thể phiền lòng hai chủ ngữ không giống CẤU TRÚC S + wish + S + would + V0 II Ước muốn trái với S + wish + S + VQUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN (be → were) III Ước muốn trái với khứ S + wish + S + VQUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH LOẠI CÂU USED TO + V0 (đã từng) (BE) USED TO + V-ing (quen với) used to + V0 is / am/ are + used to + V-ing didn’t use to + V0 never used to + V0 isn’t / am not/ aren’t + used to + V-ing did + S + use to + V0 …? is / am/ are + S + used to + V-ing …? NO LONGER (adv) NOT … ANY LONGER / NOT ANYMORE He no longer loves her No longer does he love her He doesn’t love her anymore He doesn’t love her any longer TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 5: WONDERS OF VIETNAM IMPERSONAL PASSIVE Mẫu câu chủ động thinking verbs think say know prove believe understand People / They + that + S + V suppose report hope claim presume feel Hai mẫu câu bị động tương đương It + (be) + V3ed thinking verb + that + S +V Strong mệnh đề that + (be) + V3ed thinking verb+ to V mệnh đề that (nếu V tương lai) +to have + V3ed mệnh đề that (nếu V khứ) SUGGEST / RECOMMEND S+ suggest + V-ing S+ suggest + that + S + (should) + V0 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 6: THEN AND NOW PAST PERFECT LOẠI CÂU CÁCH CHIA SỬ DỤNG Diễn tả hành động thứ hai hành động xảy khứ had + V3ed Diễn tả hành động xảy trước thời điểm khứ had not + V3ed Examples: had + S + V3ed …? - Yesterday evening, after he had finished his work, he went home at o’clock - By the year 2000, I hadn’t known anything about computers Nhấn mạnh thông tin It + be + adjective + (for/of + N/pronoun) + to V smart brave kind unprofessional useful hard Diễn đạt cảm xúc, tự tin lo lắng S + be + adjective + to V S + be + adjective + that-clause happy glad pleased relieved sorry certain sure confident convinced afraid annoyed astonished aware conscious surprised TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 7: RECIPES AND EATING HABITS QUANTIFIERS (TỪ CHỈ SỐ LƯỢNG) With Uncountable Nouns With Countable Nouns With Both (Với danh từ không đếm được) (Với danh từ đếm được) (Với hai loại danh từ) much a little/little/very little * a bit (of) a great deal of a large amount of a large quantity of many a few/few/very few ** a number (of) several a large number of a great number of a majority of a/ an (số ít) * little, very little: ít, khơng *a little: (đủ khơng nhiều) ** few, very few: ít, không ** a few: vài (đủ không nhiều) all enough more/most less/least no/none not any some (sd câu khẳng định, lời mời) any (sd câu phủ định, câu hỏi) a lot of lots of plenty of CONDITIONALS IF CLAUSES MAIN CLAUSES - S + Vthe future simple tenses - S + Vthe present simple S + Vthe present simple , the present perfect S + Vthe past simple , the past continuous the present continuous - S + (be) going to + Vo - S + (can, could, may, might, should, ought to, must) + Vo - Câu mệnh lệnh could S+ (be → were) would might could S + Vthe past perfect , the past perfect continuous S+ might LOẠI 1: điều kiện có khả xảy tương lai LOẠI 2: điều kiện trái với thật (mang tính giả thuyết) + Vo should would MEANINGS + have + V3ed should LOẠI 3: điều kiện trái với thật khứ (thể hối tiếc) TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM UNIT 8: TOURISM GRAMMAR ARTICLES THE DEFINITE ARTICLE THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ZERO ARTICLE (THE) (A/AN) (Ø) DÙNG MẠO TỪ XÁC ĐỊNH Khi vật thể hay nhóm vật thể xem - The sun (mặt trời) - The sea (biển cả) - The world (thế giới) - The earth (quả đất) Trước danh từ vừa đề cập trước - I saw a beggar.The beggar looked curiously at me Trước danh từ xác định cụm từ mệnh đề - The girl in uniform - The mechanic that I met - The place where I waited for him Trước danh từ ngữ cảnh mà người nói người nghe xác định - My father is working in the garden - Please pass the dictionary Trước so sánh cực cấp, trước "first", "second", "only" (duy nhất) từ dùng tính từ hay đại từ - The first day - The best time - The only way (cách nhất) - He is the first to discover this accident "The" + Danh từ số nhóm động vật, lồi đồ vật, phát minh, nhóm người - The whale is in danger of becoming extinct - The fast food has made life easier for housewives - The small shopkeeper is finding business increasingly difficult (giới chủ tiệm nhỏ) "The" + Tính từ tượng trưng cho nhóm người, tầng lớp xã hội -The old (người già); the rich and the poor (người giàu người nghèo) "The" dùng trước danh từ riêng biển, sông, quần đảo, dãy núi, tên gọi số nhiều nước, sa mạc, miền - The Pacific - The Netherlands (Hà Lan) - The Crimea (Vùng Crimê) - The Alps (dãy Alps) "The" đứng trước tên gọi gồm The danh từ + of + danh từ - The Gulf of Mexico - The United States of America - The north of Spain - The Middle East (Trung Đông) - The West (Tây Phương) 10 "The" + họ (ở số nhiều) nghĩa gia đình - The Smiths DÙNG MẠO TỪ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH Trước danh từ số đếm - We need a microcomputer - He eats an ice-cream Trước danh từ làm bổ túc từ (kể danh từ nghề nghiệp) - It was a car - She'll be a musician - Peter is an actor Trong số thành ngữ số lượng - a lot (nhiều); - a couple (một cặp/đôi); - a third (một phần ba) - a dozen (một tá); - a hundred (một trăm); - a quarter (một phần tư) Lưu ý - 2.5 kilos = two and half kilos (two kilos and a half) - 1/2kg = half a kilo - a half-doze (nửa tá), - a half-length (bức ảnh chụp nửa người) - a half-hour (nửa giờ) KHÔNG DÙNG MẠO TỪ Trước tên quốc gia, tên châu lục, tên núi, tên hồ, tên đường - Europe - South America - France - Downing Street Khi danh từ không đếm danh từ số nhiều dùng theo nghĩa chung chung - I don't like French beer - I don't like Mondays Trước danh từ trừu tượng, danh từ trường hợp cá biệt - Men fear death Nhưng: - The death of the President made his country acephalous Sau tính từ sở hữu (my, our, your, their, his, her, its) sau danh từ sở hữu cách (Lan’s) - My friend - The girl's mother Trước tên gọi bữa ăn -They invited some friends to dinner Nhưng: - The wedding breakfast was held in a beautiful garden Trước tước hiệu - President Roosevelt - King Louis XIV of France Trong trường hợp sau - Women are always fond of music - Go by car/by bus - In spring/in autumn - last night, next year, - from beginning to end, - from left to right - To play golf/chess/cards Nhưng: - play the guitar/ the piano - Go home/get home /be at home - Go to bed/ hospital/ church/ school/ work/ prison Nhưng: - They went to the school to see their children's teacher - The priest goes to the jail to pray for the two dying prisoners - She will get a bus at the church SỬ DỤNG A HOẶC AN A đứng trước âm phụ âm - a game - a university - a European (một người Âu); - a one-legged man An đứng trước nguyên âm H câm - an egg - an hour An đứng trước mẫu tự đặc biệt đọc nguyên âm - an SOS - an MSc - an X-ray (một tia X) 10 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR COMPOUND NOUNS 11 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 9: ENGLISH IN THE WORLD I INTRODUCTION RELATIVE CLAUSES (ADJECTIVE CLAUSES) The student WHO sits next to me is from China Ex: Relative pronoun relative clause Mệnh đề quan hệ thường đặt sau danh từ mà liên hệ, đơi bị tách khỏi danh từ mà liên hệ từ cụm từ There’s a man here who wants to meet you Ex: I saw something in the paper which would interest you WHO người, thay THAT Làm chủ ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ (subject relative pronoun) Nó thay cho he, she, they, danh từ người Ex: I thanked the woman She helped me → I thanked the woman who / that helped me WHOM người (có thể lược bỏ), thay THAT Làm tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ (object relative pronoun) Thay cho him, her, them, danh từ người Ex: The man was Mr Jones I saw him →The man (whom / that) I saw was Mr Jones WHICH vật, thay THAT Làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ mệnh đề quan hệ (có thể bỏ làm tân ngữ) (subject or object relative pronoun) Thay cho it, they, them, danh từ vật Ex: The book is mine It is on the table →The book which / that is on the table is mine I liked the cakes My mother made them →I liked the cakes (which / that) my mother made them WHOSE + N người, dùng vật Chỉ sở hữu, thay cho his, her, their, its Whose danh từ mà bổ nghĩa đặt đầu mệnh đề quan hệ Ex: I know the man His bicycle was stolen → I know the man whose bicycle was stolen The student writes well I read her story → The student whose story I read writes well 12 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM WHERE GRAMMAR nơi chốn (relative adverb) Thay cho there cụm từ nơi chốn Chú ý dùng where phải bỏ giới từ cụm từ nơi chốn Ex: The building is very old He lives there → The building where he lives is very old thời gian (relative adverb) WHEN Thay cho then cụm từ thời gian Ex: I’ll never forget the day I met you then → I’ll never forget the day when I met you THAT Sử dụng - thay WHO, WHOM, WHICH mệnh đề quan hệ có giới hạn (loại mệnh đề khơng có dấu phẩy) - sau danh từ vừa người vừa vật - sau danh từ bổ nghĩa all, only, a few, little, much, none, no, the first, the second, sau đại từ bất định someone, something, anyone, anything, everyone, everything,…, so sánh Không sử dụng - mệnh đề khơng giới hạn (loại mệnh đề có dấu phẩy) - mệnh đề có giới từ đứng trước Ex: There are a few things We can them →There are a few things that we can them II USING PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES - WHOM, WHICH thường làm tân ngữ cho giới từ mệnh đề quan hệ Ex: She is the woman I told you about her →She is the woman whom I told you about →She is the woman about whom I told you The music was good I listened to it last night →The music which I listened to last night was good →The music to which I listened last night was good 13 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 10: SPACE TRAVEL PAST SIMPLE I / He / She / It / DTSI TO BE: PAST PERFECT _ was We / You / They / DTSN _ were ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG: Xác định: S + V2ED Xác định: S + had + V3ED … Phủ định: S + hadn’t + V3ED … Nghi vấn: Had +S + V3ED …? Phủ định: S + did not (didn’t) + V (nguyên mẫu)… Nghi vấn: Did + S + V (nguyên mẫu)…? Diễn tả hành động xảy khứ xác định rõ Hành động diễn trước thời đểm thời gian, khơng liên hệ với khứ Diễn đạt hành động thứ hai hành Hành động thứ hai hai hành động động khứ khứ Before, after, by the time No sooner … than : vừa mới… Hardly / Scarely … before/ when: vừa mới… DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (Omission of relative pronouns) Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (không dùng dấu phẩy), đại từ quan hệ tân ngữ (which, whom) lược bỏ The book (which) I bought at the bookstore yesterday was interesting The man (whom) you met at the post office last Monday is my husband 14 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 11: CHANGING ROLES IN SOCIETY FUTURE PASSIVE and PASSIVE VOICE OF MODALS WILL CAN MUST MAY + BE + V3ED MIGHT COULD WOULD SHALL (HAVE) TO (BE) GOING TO + BE + V3ED USED TO NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES DEFINING CLAUSE (Mệnh đề có giới hạn, mệnh đề xác định): loại mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu, làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ, giúp xác định người vật nói đến Khơng dùng dấu phẩy loại mệnh đề NON-DEFINING CLAUSE (Mệnh đề không giới hạn, mệnh đề không xác định): loại mệnh đề bỏ khơng làm tối nghĩa câu, không giúp xác định danh từ bổ xung ý Ta phải dùng dấu phẩy trước sau loại mệnh đề - Ta dùng tất đại từ quan hệ (who , whom , which), trạng từ quan hệ (where, when), whose, kể đại từ quan hệ có giới từ đứng trước, loại mệnh đề - Ta không dùng THAT loại mệnh đề Ex: Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before Mr Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job That block, which cost $5 million to build, has been empty for years New World Hotel, where they are staying, is the best hotel in this city SỬ DỤNG MỆNH ĐỀ KHÔNG GIỚI HẠN TRONG CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP SAU Khi mệnh đề liên kết - với danh từ riêng - với danh từ bổ nghĩa tính từ sở hữu, từ thị, tính từ miêu tả, cụm giới từ Ex: Alan, who didn’t come to class yesterday, explained her absence to the teacher 15 TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR UNIT 12: MY FUTURE DESPITE / IN SPITE OF - In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves - Despite - Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves - I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications - I didn't get the job in spite of the fact (that)/ despite the fact (that) I had the necessary qualifications - In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you - Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time - In spite of the traffic, - I couldn't sleep although I was very tired despite being very tired VERBS + TO INFINITIVE afford agree appear arrange ask care decide demand expect fail forget hope learn manage mean offer plan prepare pretend promise refuse remember seem stop volunteer wait want wish advise allow ask cause challenge command convince expect forbid force hire instruct invite order pay permit program remind teach tell urge want warn VERBS + O + TO INFINITIVE VERBS + V-ING admit advise avoid be used to can’t help can’t stand consider deny discuss dislike end up enjoy feel like finish forget get used to give up go on have difficulty have problems have trouble imagine it’s no use it’s worthwhile 16 keep look forward to mention mind miss recommend remember quit spend time stop suggest understand waste time work at TIẾNG ANH – 10 NĂM GRAMMAR VERBS + V-ING / TO INFINITIVE Common verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive WITHOUT causing a change in meaning begin continue hate intend like love prefer start Common verbs that can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but WITH A CHANGE in meaning 17