Origin of matter and evolution of galaxies m terasawa, s kubono, t kishida (world scientific, 2005)

O r i g i n of M a t t e r E v o l u t i o n of Galaxies 0 This page intentionally left blank Editors M Terasawa CNS, University of Tokyo,Japan 5.Kubono CNS, University of Tokyo, Japan T Kishida RIKEN, Japan T Kajino National Astronomical Observatory, Japan T Motobayashi RIKEN, Japan K Nornoto University of Tokyo, Japan O r i g i n of M a t t e r E v o l u t i o n of G a l a x i e s r pWorld Scientific N E W JERSEY * L O N D O N * SINGAPORE * BElJlNG * S H A N G H A I HONG KONG * TAIPEI * CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA ofice: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 2003 Copyright 2005 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereoJ may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher ISBN 981-238-824-9 Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers (S)Pte Ltd International Symposium on % Orgin of Mutter undEvolution of @diu@es 2003 RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan November 17-1 9,2003 Local Organizing Committee M Terasawa Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo S Kubono Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo T Gshida RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility T Kajino National Astronomical Observatory of Japan T Motobayashi RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility K Nomoto Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo Hosted by: Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo (CNS) RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility (RAW) National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) V This page intentionally left blank PREFACE This book is the proceedings of the International symposium on Origin of Matter and Evolutions of Galaxies 2003 (OMEG03) which was held in RIKEN, Japan, during November 17 - 19 in 2003 This was the 8th meeting of this series, started back in 1988 in Japan We had 105 participants including 26 scientists from outside Japan The main purpose of this meeting was to exchange new development of many topics among theoretical and experimental scientists from various science fields, i.e nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, cosmic-ray physics, particle physics, cosmology, astronomy, geophysics, and others Furthermore, we tried to make opportunities for young people to participate actively as much as possible Therefore, 24 invited talks, 23 oral talks, and 27 posters with a three-minute oral talk were presented within days! A lot of interesting experimental and observational results which were made by the recent development of new instrumentations and techniques were presented Many theoretical efforts were also reported Lively and hot discussions have proven that nuclear astrophysics has a flourishing future The OMEG03 was co-hosted and sponsored by the Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo (CNS), RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility (RARF), and National Astronomical Observatory, Japan (NAOJ) We thank all those sponsors listed above We wish to thank Ms K Takeuchi and T Iwanami for their secretariat works We are grateful to all members at CNS and RARF as well as students who worked for this symposium We believe that all the participants enjoyed to discuss and could identi@ new problems for hture collaborations Finally, we would like to express many thanks all the participants, speakers, and chairpersons for making the symposium successful M Terasawa and S Kubono vii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS vii Preface Review and Scope Origin and Evolution of Matter in Brane-World Cosmology G J Muthews I Big Bang Cosmology and Primordial Nucleosynthesis 19 Updated Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Compared to WMAP Results A COC 21 Decaying Cold Dark Matter Cosmology and CMB Anisotropies K Ichiki 33 Hadronic Decay of SUSY Particle and Destruction of Light Elements K Kohri 41 11 Observations: X-Rays, Cosmic Rays and Meteoritic Anomalies 45 Nuclear Astrophysics with the INTEGRAL Observatory R Diehl 47 Probing the Galactic Chemical Evolution of Si and Ti with Presolar S i c Grains S Amuri 59 XMM Observations of Metal Abundances in the Intracluster Medium K Matsushitu 71 Recent Advances in the Study of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars I.: Primus 80 What Do Metal-Poor Stars Tell?: Origin of 0-Zn and r-Process Elements I: Ishimuru 92 ix This page intentionally left blank List of Participants Aman; Sachiko Physics Department Washington Univ St.Louis M063130,USA saQwuphys.wustl.edu Ao& W d o Natonal Astromonical Observatory of Japan 2-2 1-1 Osawa,Mitaka Tokyo 181-8588 Japan aoki.wako@nao.ac.jp Aumann, Thomai GSI Planker str.1 D-6429 1Darmstadt Germany t aumannQgsi de Bdantekin, Baha Akif Department of Physics Univ Wisconsin 1150 University Avenue Madison WI 53726 USA baha@nucth.physics wisc edu Bishop, Shawn Simon Fraser Univ 445 East 35 Ave, Vancouver,vswlOl Canada bishop@triumf.ca ClauaYq Spitden Itoly and LNS-INFW University Catoyyio Via S.Sofia,44 95133 catania Italy spitaleri@lns.infw.it COGNain CSNSM Bat 104 F-91405 Orsay Campus France coc@csnsm.in2p3.fr Descouvemonf, Pierre Universite Libre de Bruxelles CP229 B1050 Bruxelles Belgium pdesc@uib.ac.be 573 574 Diehl, Roland L MPE Garching, Germany Max Planck Institut fuer extraterrestrische Physik Giessenbachstr D-85741 Garching Germany rod@rnpe.rnpg.de Ej24 Hko JASRI/Spring-8 Kouto-1-1-1 ,Mikazuki chou Hyogo 679-5198 Japan ejiriaspring8 or jp Endo, Tomoki Kyoto Univ Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Japan endo@ruby.scphys kyoto-u.ac.jp Fujka wa, Hisashi University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan sequence@rfl.so-net.ne jp Fujmoto, Shin-ichko Kurnarnoto National College of Technology 2659-2 Suya,Nishigoshi,Kikuchi Kurnarnoto 861-1102 Japan hjirnoto@ec.knct.ac jp Gibefin, fdien Heavy ion nuclear physics RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitarna 351-0198 Japan gibelin@rarfaxp.riken.go jp Gem; Tomoko Heavy ion nuclear physics RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitarna 35 1-0198 Japan gorni@ne.rikkyo.ac.jp ffayakawa, Takehito Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Naka,Toukai,Shirakata-Shirane2-4 lbaraki 319-1 195 Japan hayakawaQjball4.tokai.jaeri.go.jp He, J m h n Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo Z-lHirosawa,Wako Saitarna 35 1-0 198 Japan he@cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Honda, Satoshi Natonal Astrornonical Observatory of Japan 2-2 1-1 ,Osawa,Mitaka Tokyo 181-8588 Japan honda@optik.rntk.nao.ac.jp 575 Hong, Seung- Woo Department of Physics Sungkyunkwan University 300 Cheon Cheon Dong,Jang An Gu Suwon 440-76 Korea swhong@skku.ac.kr Hmn, Chang Ho Institute of Basic Science Sungkyunkwan University Cheon Cheon Dong,Jang An Gu Suwon 440-76 Korea hch@color.skku.ac kr IchiX$ Kiyotomo National Astronomical Observatory 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka Tokyo, 181-8588 Japan ichiki@th.nao.ac.jp Ikeda, Nobuo Faculty of Engineering Kyushu Univ Hakozaki 6-10-1 Fukuoka812-0053 Japan nikeda@nucl.kyushu-u.ac.jp Inoue, Susumu Max-Planck-Institut h e r Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 1,Postfach 1317 85741 Garching Germany inouemu@rnpa-garching.mpg de Inoue, Yoshizumi International Center for Elementary Particle Physics University ofTokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan berota@icepp.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Ishihara, Masayasu RlKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan ishihara@rarfaxp.riken.go jp Ishika wa, Tomoko Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka 1-3,Shinjuku 162-8601 Tokyo Japan tornoko@post.kek jp Ishimam, Ydri Department of Physics Ochanomizu University 2-1-1 Otsuka,Bunkyo Tokyo 112-8610 Japan is himaru@phys.ocha.ac.jp Ishiyma, Hironobu IPNS,KEK 1-1 Oho Tsukuba-shi, 300-080 Japan hironobu.ishiyama@kek jp 576 Ishizuka, Chikako Division of Physics Hokkaido Univ Kita 10-jo , Nishi 8-chome , Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0810 Japan chikako@nucl.sci.hokudai.ac jp Iwamoto, Nobuyuki University of Tokyo 7-3- Hongo ,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan niwamoto@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Kiinura, Sachie INFN-LNS Via S Sofia n.62 95123 Catania Italy kimura@lns.infn it Kishida, Takashi Heavy ion nuclear physics RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan kishida@rarfaxp.riken.go jp Iwanami, Tomoko Heavy ion nuclear physics RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 1-01 98 Japan Kajno, Toshitaka Natonal Astromonical Observatory of Japan 2-2 1-1 ,Osawa,Mitaka Tokyo 181-8588 Japan kajino@t h nao ac jp Kanungo, Ritupama RI Beam Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan Kohri, Kazunori Department of Earth and Space Science Osaka University Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka OSAKA 560-0043 Japan kohri@vega.ess.sci.osaka-u.ac jp Koura, Hkoyuki Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Naka,Toukai,Shirakata-Shirane2-4 Ibaraki 319-1 195 Japan koura@riken.jp Kubono, %gem Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan kubono@cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp 577 Kurata-Nishhura ,Mizuki RlKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 35 1-0 198 Japan mizuki@riken.go.jp Kusakabe, Motohiko University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan s22003@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Lange, Jens-Soeren Brookhaven National Laboratory Bldg.510 c/o STAR Experiment Upton Frankfurt University New York 11973-5000 USA soeren@bnl.gov Madokoro, Hideki RlKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 35 1-0 198 Japan madokoro@postman.riken.jp Maruyama , Toshiki Japan Atomic Energy Research lnstitute Naka,Toukai,Shirakata-Shirane2-4 Ibaraki 319-1 195 Japan maru@hadron02 tokai jaeri.go jp Mathews, Grant f Department of Physics University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN, 46556 USA gmathews@nd.edu Matsunami, Yoshiwfi Tokyo Inst Of Technology 2-1 2- 0-Okayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8551 Japan matunami@geo.titech.ac jp Matsushita ,Kyoko Department of Physics Tokyo University of Science Kagurazaka 1-3,Shinjuku 162-8601 Tokyo Japan matusita@rs.kagu tus ac jp Minemura, Toshijwki RlKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 1-0 198 Japan minemura@riken.jp MolIer, Peter Nuclear theory Los Alamos National Laboratory LosAlamos NM87545 USA moller@moller.lanl.gov 578 Moon,Jun Ymg Department of Physics Chung-Ang University 22 Huksuk-dong,dongjak-ku Seoul, 156-756 Korea JymOOn’iC9hanmail.net Morita, Kosuke RlKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan morita@rarfaxp.riken.jp Motobayashi, Tohm Heavy ion nuclear physics RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan Nags; Yasuki Osaka University 1-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan nagaiC9rcnp Osaka-u ac jp Nakamura, Takashi Department of Physics Tokyo Inst Of Technology 2- 12- 0-Okayama, Meguro Tokyo 152-8551 Japan nakamuraC9ap t itech ac.jp Nakarnura, KO Research Center for the Early Universe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan nakamuraC9resceu.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Nazarewicz, Witold Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Tennessee 401 Nielsen Physics Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 USA witek@utk.edu Nishimura, Shunj RI Beam Science Laboratory RlKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi saitama 350-0198 Japan nishimu@rarfaxp.riken.go jp Naga taki, Shigehiro Department of Physics University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan nagataki@utap.phys s.u-tokyo.ac jp Nomo to, Kenichi University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan nomotof9astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp 579 Notani, Masahh-o Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan notani@riken.jp Nozawa, Takaya Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences Hokkaido Univ N10 W8,Kita-ku 060-0810 Sapporo Japan nozawa@ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp Ogata, Kazuyuki Kyushu Univ Hakozaki 6-10-1 ,Higashi-ku,Fukuoka city Fukuoka 12-858 Japan kazu2scp@mbox.nc.kyushu-u.ac jp Ohkubo, Takuya University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan ohkubo@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Otsuka, Takaharu University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan Otsuka@phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Otsuki, Kaori University of Notre Dame 225 Nieuwland Science Hall Motre DameJN46530 USA kot suki@nd edu Oyamatsu, Kazuhi-0 Aichi Shukutoku University Nagatake-cho, Aichigun Aichi,480-1197 Japan oyak@asu.aasa.ac jp PeIlegriti, Maria Grazia Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN and Universit de Catania Via S.Sofia,44 95123 Catania Italy pellegriti@lns.infn.it Primas, F European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild Strasse D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen Germany fprimas@eso.org saito, Akito Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan akito@rarfaxp.riken.jp 580 Sakar;Hia'eyki Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan sakai@cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Shimour4 Susumu Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan Sasaquj T2ikahh-o National Astronomical Observatory 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka Tokyo, 181-8588 Japan sasaqui@th.nao.ac.jp Shinka; Hisaaki Segawa, MmXo RCNP, Osaka University 10-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki Osaka, 567-0047 Japan segawa@rcnp.osaka-u.ac jp Smith, Michael Scott Shhq Tetsushi Sud4 T'uma Research Center for Nuclear Physics Osaka University 10-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan shima@rcnp.osaka-u.ac jp Shimizq Youhei Research Center for Nuclear Physics Osaka University Onoharanishi 1-8-1 7- 105,Mino Osaka 562-0032 Japan yshimizu@rcnp.osaka-u.ac jp Computational Astrophysics Group Institute of Physical & Chemical Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan hshinkai@riken.jp ORNL Physics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory MS-6354,Bldg.6025 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6354 USA msmit h@mail.phy ornl gov Hokkaido Univ Kita 10-jo , Nishi 8-chome , Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0810 Japan suda@astrol.sci.hokudai.ac.jp Sukhomchkh, Sergey Ivan0 wCh Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute 188300 Gatchina Leningrad District Russia sergeis@mail.pnpi.spb.ru 581 Sumiyoshi, Kohsuke Numazu College of Technology Ooka3600,Numazu Shizuoka 410-8501 Japan sumi@numazu-ct ac.jp Tachibana, Takahko Waseda University Senior High School 3-3 1-1 Kamishakujii,Nerimaku Tokyo, 177-0044 Japan ttachi@waseda.jp Tdada-Hidai, Masahide Libra1 Arts Education Center Tokai Univ 1117 Kitakaname,Hiratsuka 259-1292 Japan hidai@keyaki cc u-t okai ac.jp Tdahisa, Keiii’ Research Center for Nuclear Physics Osaka University 10-1 ,Mihogaoka,Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0047 Japan takahisa@rcnp.osaka-u.ac jp Takano, Masatoshi Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo,Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan takanorn@waseda.jp Takeda, Atsushi Cosmic-Ray Group,Department of Physics Kyoto University Oiwakecho,Kitashirakawa,Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan takedaacr scphys kyoto-u.ac jp Takeuchi, Kazuko Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan t akeut i@cns.s.u-tokyo ac jp Tmihata,lsao RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan Tatsumi, Toshitaka Department of Physics Kyoto University Oiwakecho,Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan tat sumi@ruby.scphys kyot 0-u ac.jp Tchuvil’sky, Ywii Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics Moscow State University 119992,Moscow Russia TCHUVL@nucl-th.sinp.msu.ru 582 Termishi, Takashi Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan teranisi@cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Terasawa, Mariko Torri; Hisayuki RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan htorii@bnl.gov Tribble, Robert E Center for Nuclear Study(CNS) University of Tokyo 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan Cyclotron Institute Texas A&M University College Station rrx 77843 rnariko@cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp tribble@comp.tamu.edu Thiamova, gabriela Department of Physics University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1 ,Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan thiarnova@tkyntmphys s.u-t okyo ac.j USA Tumino, Aurora Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-INFN Via S.Sofia,44 95123 Catania Italy tumino@lns.infn.it P Togano, Yasuhiro Rikkyo Univ 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro,Toshima Tokyo 171-0021 Japan toga@ne.rikkyo.ac jp Tominaga, Nozomu Department of Astronomy University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1 ,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan ntorninaga@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac jp Umeda, Hideyuki University of Tokyo 7-3- Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan umeda@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp Wadmir, Rykov RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan rykov@bnl.gov 583 Wakabayashi, Yasuo Kyushu Univ (CNS) 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0198 Japan bayashiacns s u-tokyo.ac.jp Wmajo, Shinya Department of Physics Sophia University 7-1 Kioi-cho,Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-8554 Japan wanajo@sophia.ac.jp Yakiv, Pavlenko V Main astronomical observatory of national academy of sciences Zabolotnoho 27 Kyiv-l27,03680 Ukraine yp@mao.kiev.ua Ymasaki, Tatsuya Kyoto University Oiwakecho,Kitashirakawa,Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan yamasaki@kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp Ymo, Yasushige RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako saitama 351-0195 Japan yyano@riken.go.jp Yoshida, Satoshi Hosei University 2-17-1 Fujimi,Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-8160 Japan s-yoshida@i.hosei a.jp Yoshida, Takashi Department of Astronomy University of Tokyo 7-3- Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan tyoshida@astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp This page intentionally left blank AUTHOR INDEX Amari, S 59 Aoki,W 429 Balantekin, A B Bishop, S 375 103 Coc,A 21 Descouvement, P 24 Diehl, R 47 Ejiri, H 111 Fujimoto, S 344 Gomi,T 477 Hayakawa, T 208 He, J 481 Honda, S 440 Hyun, C H 387 Ichiki, K 33 Inoue,S 336 Inoue,Y 123 Ishimaru, Y 92 Ishiyama, H 16 Ishizuka, C 489 Iwamoto, N 197,493 Kohri,K 41 Lange, J S 497 Maruyama, T 417,501 Mathews, G J Matsushita, K 71 Moller, P 254 Moon, J Y 505 Morita, K 266 Nagataki, S 133 Nakamura, K 446 Nakamura, T 155 Nazarewicz, W 229 Nishimura, S 304 Notani, M 354 Nozawa, T 509 Ogata, K 268 Ohkubo, T 175 Otsuki, K 466 Oyamatsu, K 407 Pellegriti, M G 513 Primas, F 80 Sasaqui, T 517 Segawa, M 521 Shima, T 217 Shimizu, Y 367 Smith, M 525 Spitaleri, C 185 Suda,T 529 Takada-Hidai, M 485 Takahisa, K 533 Takeda, A 537 Tatsumi, T 397 Teranishi, T 361 Terasawa, M 293,541 Thiamova, G 545 585 586 Togano, Y 549 Tominaga, N 326 Tribble, R 143 Tumino, A 553 Umeda,H 163 Wanajo, S 279 Yamasaki, T 291 Yoshida, S 557 Yoshida, T 456, 561 ... interstellar medium comes from the most massive and shortest lived stars In this model, the burst of intermediate mass stars begins to produce n5;26Mg at [Fe/H] -2.5 At this stage, during the... of Re/Os Cosmochronometer M Segawa 52 Recent Nuclear Astrophysics Data Activities at ORNL M Smith 525 xv Nucleosynthesis in Extremely Metal Poor Stars and the Origin of the Most Metal-Poor Star... for multiple images of objects The most sensitive test 47 looks for niultiple images of dimensional groups of objects, allowing for the possibility rotation and translation Redshift measurements