Paraphrasing in text citation

Paraphrasing & in-text citation Tài liệu nội tuvungcotloi.com sưu tầm Paraphrase To paraphrase means to combine some of the language of the source and some of your own language When you paraphrase you still need to reference or cite the source in the text To “cite” means to name In-text citation State - in your own words - what the author said, then in parentheses ( ) at the end of the sentence, put (the author’s name and year of publication)   Examples: A research report should flow logically (Bouma, 1996)  In-text citation OR Give the author’s name (then year of  publication) - stated that - followed by what the author said - but in your own words   Examples: Bouma (1996) pointed out that a research report should flow logically Bouma (1996) stated that… Bouma (1996) claimed that…    In-text citation OR According to – give author’s name (date of publication) followed by what the author said - but in your own words   Examples: According to Bouma (1996) a research report should flow logically A research report, according to Bouma (1996), should flow logically    Strategies for paraphrasing CONDENSING several words into a single word or fewer words If not for international travellers many small tourist operators in New Zealand would find it difficult to continue operating and retain staff If not for international travellers the economic viability of many small tourist operators in New Zealand would be threatened   EXPANDING a single word or a few words into more descriptive words The opposite of above  Strategies for paraphrasing CHANGING THE WORD FORM from a verb to a noun or an adjective to a noun and vice versa Verb to Noun … tourism benefits the region’s economy… … the benefit of tourism to the region’s economy… Noun to verb – opposite of above   Adjective to noun Government funding is difficult to gain and this means that… The difficulty of gaining Government funding means that… Noun to adjective – opposite of above     Strategies for paraphrasing CHANGING VOICE: Changing passive voice to active voice and vice versa (Note: active voice is preferable in academic writing) Five thousand jobs were created in the tourism industry in… (passive) The tourism industry created five thousand jobs in… (active)   SYNONYMS Using words that have the same meaning The value of tourism grew by ten percent The value of tourism increased by ten percent Strategies for paraphrasing CHANGING THE ORDER of information Thousands of small tourist operators would be threatened with financial hardship if the Government increased bureaucratic approval procedures If the Government increased bureaucratic approval procedures financial hardship would threaten thousands of small tourist operators Strategies for paraphrasing REDUCING THE MEANING OF TWO OR THREE SENTENCES TO JUST ONE SENTENCE From or sentences try to identify the main meaning that can derived from them According to Murphy’s law if something is likely to go wrong then it surely will Further more it when it does go wrong it will occur at the most inopportune moment Murphy’s law states that what can go wrong, will go wrong and at the worst possible moment 10 More about in-text citation You must cite (name) the author(s) both when you have used a direct quote and when you have paraphrased their material into your own words In text, just cite the author(s) family name(s); not their initials, first name nor title of their publication Must be the same in the text as in the Reference section up to and including the date of publication – but without the author’s initials For example In text: Hill (2012) stated that…… In reference list: Hill, R.A (2012) 11 Citing an organisation as author The same rule applies - must appear the same in the reference section as in the text, up to and including the date of publication   For example: In text: According to Tourism NZ (2014)… In reference list must also be: Tourism NZ (2014) And not, for instance Tourism New Zealand (2014) 12 Multiple authors The first time you cite multiple authors you must cite all names (eg Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012) From that point on you can use the et al format (e.g Saunders et al 2000) Please note the full stop after “al.” since this is an abbreviation for the Latin “et alia” This rule does not apply when there are or more authors You can use et al first time You should use et al when there are or more authors When there are two authors, you should always cite both names 13 Direct quotations Direct quotations (enclosed in quotation marks) require the page number of the original Citations paraphrased in your own words not Eg “Leading questions suggest or imply certain answers” (Zikmund, 2000, p.420) When you use a direct quotation it is essential that you so with word perfect accuracy You must check that the quote in your essay/report reads precisely as it appears in the original There is an exception where you might use … to show that you left some words out of a long passage 14 ... funding is difficult to gain and this means that… The difficulty of gaining Government funding means that… Noun to adjective – opposite of above     Strategies for paraphrasing CHANGING VOICE:... tourist operators in New Zealand would find it difficult to continue operating and retain staff If not for international travellers the economic viability of many small tourist operators in New Zealand... research report, according to Bouma (1996), should flow logically    Strategies for paraphrasing CONDENSING several words into a single word or fewer words If not for international travellers