Chapter Transfer of Training McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Figure 5.1 - A Model of the Transfer Process 5-2 Introduction Transfer of training - trainees effectively and continually applying what they learned in training to their jobs Generalization - a trainee’s ability to apply learned capabilities to on-the-job work problems and situations that are similar but not identical to those problems and situations encountered in the learning environment 5-3 Introduction (cont.) Maintenance - process of continuing to use newly acquired capabilities over time Training design - the characteristics of the learning environment Trainee characteristics - include ability and motivation that affect learning Work environment - includes factors on the job that influence transfer of training 5-4 Table 5.1 - Transfer of Training Theories 5-5 Training Design (cont.) Key behaviors - set of behaviors that can be used successfully in a wide variety of situations Application assignments - work problems or situations in which trainees are asked to apply training content to solve them 5-6 Training Design (cont.) Encourage trainee responsibility and self management Trainees need to take responsibility for learning and transfer which includes: preparing for training being involved and engaged during training using training content back on the job Self-management - a person’s attempt to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior 5-7 Table 5.2 - Examples of Obstacles in the Work Environment That Inhibit Transfer of Training 5-8 Training Design (cont.) Encourage trainee responsibility and self management Obstacles inhibit transfer because they cause lapses, which take place when the trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply the capability emphasized in the training program Trainees should try to avoid a consistent pattern of slipping back or using old, ineffective learned capabilities 5-9 Table 5.3 - Sample Content of Self-Management Module 5-10 Work Environment Characteristics That Influence Transfer (cont.) Peer support Support network - group of two or more trainees who agree to meet and discuss their progress in using learned capabilities on the job which may involve face-to-face meetings or communications via e-mail The more peer meetings that trainees attend, the more learning transferred to the workplace 5-18 Work Environment Characteristics That Influence Transfer (cont.) Peer support Trainers might also use a newsletter to show how trainees are dealing with transfer of training issues Trainers may also provide trainees with a mentor, a more experienced employee who can provide advice and support related to transfer of training issues 5-19 Work Environment Characteristics That Influence Transfer (cont.) Opportunity to use learned capabilities or opportunity to perform refers to the extent to which the trainee is provided with or actively seeks experiences that allow for application of the newly learned knowledge, skill, and behaviors from the training program It is influenced by the work environment and trainee motivation 5-20 Work Environment Characteristics That Influence Transfer (cont.) Opportunity to perform is determined by breadth, activity level, and task type Low levels of opportunity to perform may indicate that: the work environment is interfering with using new skills training content is not important for the employee’s job 5-21 Work Environment Characteristics That Influence Transfer (cont.) Technological support Electronic performance support systems (EPSSs) - computer applications that can provide, as requested, skills training, information access, and expert advice It may be used to enhance transfer of training by providing trainees with an electronic information source that they can refer to on an as-needed basis while they attempt to apply learned capabilities on the job 5-22 Work Environment Characteristics That Influence Transfer (cont.) Technological support Trainers can monitor trainees’ use of EPSS, which provides the trainer with valuable information about the transfer of training problems that trainees are encountering These problems might relate to the training design or work environment 5-23 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer Learning organization is a company that has an enhanced capacity to learn, adapt, and change 5-24 Table 5.6 - Key Features of a Learning Organization 5-25 Figure 5.4 - Four Modes of Knowledge Sharing 5-26 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer (cont.) Knowledge management - process of enhancing company performance by designing and implementing tools, processes, systems, structures, and cultures to improve the creation, sharing, and use of knowledge 5-27 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer (cont.) Ways to create and share knowledge Use technology, e-mail, and social networking sites or partais on the company intranet Publish directories Develop informational maps Allow employees to take time off from work to acquire knowledge, study problems, attend training, and use technology 5-28 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer (cont.) Ways to create and share knowledge Create chief information officer and chief learning officer positions for cataloging and facilitating the exchange of information in the company Require employees to give presentations to other employees about what they have learned from training programs they have attended 5-29 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer (cont.) Ways to create and share knowledge Create an online library of learning resources such as journals, technical manuals, training opportunities, and seminars Design office space to facilitate interaction between employees 5-30 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer (cont.) Ways to create and share knowledge Create communities of practice using face-toface meetings, wikis, or blogs for employees who share a common interest in a subject Use “after-action reviews” at the end of each project to review what happened and what can be learned from it 5-31 Organizational Environments That Encourage Transfer (cont.) Keys for effective knowledge management Training and information technology collaboration Create knowledge management leadership positions Provide ease to use technology for employees to access and share information within the context of their job Ensure employee trust and willingness to share information by recognizing and promoting employees who learn, teach, and share 5-32 ... preparing for training being involved and engaged during training using training content back on the job Self-management - a person’s attempt to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior... support for training: Provide a brief on the purpose of the program and its relationship to business objectives and strategy Encourage trainees to bring to the training session work problems and situations... pay attention to the development of their staff because part of their incentive plan is based on training and development The incentive plan comprises fiscal, productivity, and strategic goals