Advances in agronomy volume 34

ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY VOLUME 34 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME M J AMBROSE R B BEVERLY W C GREGORY UMESHC GUPTA Hu HAN C L HEDLEY W M JARRELL PREMP JAUHAR THOMASA LARUE JOHN LIPSETT THOMAS G PATTERSON SHAOQIQUAN JOSE G SALINAS PEDROA SANCHEZ H K SRIVASTAVA J C WYNNE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Prepared in cooperution with the AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY VOLUME 34 Edited by N C BRADY Science and Technology Bureau Agency for International Development Department of State Washington, D C ADVISORY BOARD H J GORZ,CHAIRMAN E J KAMPRATH T M STARLING J B POWELL J W BIGGAR M A TABATABAI M STELLY, EX OFFICIO, ASA Headquarters 1981 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourr Bruce Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT @ 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, 1NC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART O F THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM T H E PUBLISHER ACADEMIC PRESS,INC 111 Fifth Avenue, New York New York 10003 United Kirigdom Edition published b y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC ( L O N D O N ) LTD 24/28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX LIBRARY O F CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:50-5598 ISBN 0-12-000734-7 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES O F AMERICA 81 82 83 84 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORSTO VOLUME 34 PREFACE ix xi ADVANCES IN PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE IN CHINA Hu Han and Shao Qiquan I I1 111 IV V VI Introduction Anther Culture and Crop Improvement Some Fundamental Problems Protoplast Isolation, Culture and Genetic Manipulation Selection of Mutants Miscellaneous: In Vi'itroPropagation through Plant Tissue Culture References 10 11 HOW MUCH NITROGEN DO LEGUMES FIX? Thomas A LaRue and Thomas G Patterson I II I11 IV Introduction Methods of Estimating Fixation by Crops Estimates for Major Crops summary References 15 19 27 34 36 PEANUT BREEDING J C Wynne and W C Gregory I Introduction II Germ Plasm Resources III Economic Importance and Breeding Objectives IV Breeding and Quantitative Genetics V Breeding Methods VI Interspecific Hybridization VII Conclusions References V 39 40 44 49 63 65 68 68 vi CONTENTS MOLYBDENUM IN SOILS PLANTS AND ANIMALS Umesh C Gupta and John Lipsett I Introduction I1 Molybdenum Fertilizers Their Rates and Methods of Application 13 and Industrial Uses of Molybdenum 75 78 81 85 Responses to Molybdenum on Crops Factors Affecting the Molybdenum Uptake by Plants 89 Deficiency and Sufficiency Levels of Molybdenum in Plants 99 Molybdenum Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Plants 100 Molybdenum Toxicity and Molybdenum-Copper-Sulfur Interrelationships in Animals 105 Summary and Conclusions 107 109 References 111 Physiological Role of Molybdenum in Plants IV Determination of Molybdenum in Soils and Plants V VI VII VIII IX X INTERGENOMIC INTERACTION HETEROSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF CROP YIELD H K Srivastava I Introduction 118 I1 Genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 119 111 IV V VI VII Organelle Involvement in Genetic Phenomena Genetic Implications of Intergenomic Interactions Molecular-Genetic Aspects of Heterosis Improvement of Crop Yield Summary and Conclusions References 130 147 164 174 182 185 THE DILUTION EFFECT IN PLANT NUTRITION STUDIES W M Jarrell and R B Beverly I Introduction I1 System for Expressing Results 111 Mechanisms IV V VI VII Treatments Dilution Effects Concentration Effects Practical Implications 197 199 200 202 204 216 219 CONTENTS VIII Summary and Future Research Needs References vii 221 222 DESIGNING “LEAFLESS” PLANTS FOR IMPROVING YIELDS OF THE DRIED PEA CROP C L Hedley and M J Ambrose I I1 I11 IV V VI VII General Introduction Comparative Responses of Peas to the Crop Environment Attaining Maximum Biological Yield per Unit Area Attaining the Maximum Economic Yield per Unit Area Improving the Efficiency of the Pea Fruit A Plant Ideotype for Improving Yields of Dried Peas Conclusions References 225 229 239 252 265 272 274 275 LOW-INPUT TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING OXISOLS AND ULTISOLS IN TROPICAL AMERICA Pedro A Sanchez and Jose G Salinas I1 I11 IV V VI VII VIII IX Introduction Site Selection Selection of Acid-Tolerant Germplasm Development and Maintenance of Ground Cover Management of Soil Acidity Phosphorus Management Management of Low Native Soil Fertility Discussion Summary References 280 293 295 308 334 354 380 390 397 398 CYTOGENETICS OF PEARL MILLET Prem P Jauhar I I1 I11 IV V Introduction Karyotypic Analysis Meiosis Abnormal Meiosis and Its Genetics Haploidy 408 410 415 417 424 viii CONTENTS VI Polyploidy Aneuploids Structural Changes in Chromosomes B Chromosomes Floral Biology and Hybridization Hybridization and Chromosome Relationships Conclusion References VII VIII IX X XI XI1 428 434 441 446 451 456 472 473 INDEX 481 CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin M J AMBROSE (225), Department of Applied Genetics, John Innes Institute, Norwich NR4 7UH, England R B BEVERLY (197), Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521 W C GREGORY (39), Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Box / 5 , Raleigh, North Carolina 27650 UMESH C GUPTA (73), Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P Box 1210, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada CIA 7M8 HU HAN ( I ) , Institute of Genetics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People’s Republic of China C L HEDLEY (225), Department of Applied Genetics, John Innes Institute, Norwich NR4 7UH, England W M JARRELL (197), Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521 PREM P JAUHAR* (407), Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521 THOMAS A LaRUE (15), Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 JOHN LIPSETT (73), Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, P Box 1600, Canberra City, A C S 2601, Australia THOMAS G PATTERSON (15 ) , Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 SHAO QIQUAN ( I ) , Institute of Genetics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People’s Republic of China JOSE G SALINAS (279), Tropical Pastures Program, Centro lnternacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia PEDRO A SANCHEZ (279), Soil Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650 H K SRIVASTAVAT (1 I7), Department of Biology, University of Valle, Cali, Colombia J C WYNNE (39), Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Box 5155, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650 *Present address: Division of Cytogenetics and Cytology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010 thesent address: National Agricultural Research Project, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand 388 10 (Gujarat), India ix 472 PREM P JAUHAR produced one F, hybrid Morphologically, the hybrid resembled the polyploid male parent, C ciliaris This hybrid, in a way, is an intergeneric hybrid, although until recently C ciliaris has been considered as a species of Pennisetum In the somatic cells of the hybrid, Read and Bashaw (1974) observed n = 25 chromosomes (7 large ones from pearl millet and 18 small ones from buffelgrass) However, chromosome pairing relationships could not be studied The hybrid was completely sterile and did not produce any seed after pollinations with pollen of either parent It appeared to have inherited the aposporous mechanism from the apomictic parent ( P ciliaris), but did not produce any seed even by apomixis It is nevertheless interesting from the breeder’s standpoint that apomixis can be transferred from the apomictic parent to its hybrid X I I CONCLUSION Meeting the ever-expanding demand for food for the ever-increasing world population is the biggest challenge confronting agricultural scientists One way to meet this demand is to bring additional areas-for example, the dry and relatively infertile lands in the tropical and subtropical regions of the worldunder cultivation Pearl millet has a remarkable ability to grow in some of the driest agricultural conditions It already provides food for millions of poor people in Africa and Asia In terms of annual production, it is the sixth most important cereal crop in the world Because of its ability to provide feed for cattle, pearl millet acquires added importance Therefore the need for the genetic improvement of this crop cannot be overstated Fortunately, pearl millet is favorable for both basic studies as well as applied work Pearl millet is a favorable organism for basic research in cytogenetics Because of its small number but large size of chromosomes, it provides a suitable tool for studying chromosome pairing and chiasma frequencies and for understanding the factors controlling these intriguing phenomena Some of the pairing variantsdesynaptics and partial desynaptics-can facilitate these studies Pearl millet also lends itself for aneuploid analyses that should elucidate its cytogenetic architecture Although considerable progress has been made in producing a set of trisomics, the establishment of linkage groups awaits completion Basic studies on chromosomal rearrangements and induced mutagenesis can also be done in this crop Pearl millet has an efficient photosynthetic ( C , ) pathway and responds very well to fertilizers It also responds very well to heterosis breeding Dwarf hybrids should therefore be evolved for maximum grain yields The development of cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) lines by Burton (1958, 1965) in the United States and later by Athwal(l965, 1966) in India has greatly facilitated the production of commercial CYTOGENETICS OF PEARL MILLET 413 hybrids The speed with which the Indian breeders accomplished the development of high-yielding grain hybrids using cms lines, particularly Burton's Tift 23A, is considered to be one of the most remarkable plant breeding success stories of all time This should serve as a model for emulation by other Asian and African plant breeders Although several commercial hybrids in India yield nearly twice as much as the best standard varieties, undoubtedly there is scope for further improvement Genetic enrichment of their nutritional status-particularly the protein content and amino acid balance-also deserves greater attention, so that pearl millet can better feed the underprivileged man Superior, high-yielding forage hybrids of pearl millet, pearl millet x napier grass, and pearl millet X other species should also be evolved to better feed our cattle Cytogenetic studies could help stabilize the interspecific hybrids Because of its distinctly protogynous nature, pearl millet is well suited for hybridization work Distinct size differences between the chromosomes of pearl millet and other species permit a study of inter- and intragenomal pairing relationships and should help in elucidating phylogenetic trends in the polybasic, fascinating genus Pennisetum Several heterotic hybrids combining the desirable characters of pearl millet and other forage species should be produced Another area that merits special attention is the development of a perennial pearl millet that can yield some grain as well as forage for several years (see Section XI,B,2,f) A perennial strain of pearl millet should be very useful in arid and semiarid regions of Africa and Asia A knowledge of different aspects of cytogenetics of pearl millet and related species should also help formulate further rational breeding programs Evidently, pearl millet provides excellent opportunities for both fundamental and applied research Such studies have already produced enough dividends to encourage further work With more 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Scientific Monograph No 22, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi Zeller, F J., Kimber, G., and Gill, 9.S (1977) Chromosoma 62, 279-289 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Index A Betulu 205 Blight, sclerotina, 48 Blotch, Webb, 48 Bluegrass, Kentucky, 27 Borer, lesser cornstalk, 49 Bruchiuria decumbens, 302-307.3 18.322-325, 341, 350, 360, 365-366, 377, 378, 385, 387, 395 Bruchiarim humidicola, 305, 307, 333, 350, 385 Brassicu chinesis, Brassica juncea, 97 Bmssica nupobrussica 98 Brassicu oleracea var Botrytis, 98, 102 var cupitatu, 102 var gemmiferu, 77, 98, 102 var itulicu 98, 102 Brassicu pekinesis, Brazil nut, 301 Broccoli, 98, 102 Brussels sprout, 77, 97, 98, 102 Buffelgrass, 47 I Acidity management, 334-354 Aegilops squurrosu 146 Aflatoxin, 47 Agropyron gluucum Alfalfa, 3, 27, 28 97 98, 102, 205, 208 Aluminum management, 334-35 I tolerance, 7-96-304 Anunus comosus, 300 Andropogon gayunus, 303-307,323, 341, 350, 358, 377 378, 385 395 Anther culture, 2-7 Aphis craccivoru, 47 Arachis cardenusii, 46, 47 Arachis chacoense 46-47 Arachis correntina, 46 Arachis duranensis 46 Arachis hypogea, I , 33-34, 46 47, 297 Armyworm, fall, 49 Artocarpus heteroplyllus, 300 Ash, nutrient, 308-310 Asparagus, 132 Aspergillus glavus 47 Aspergillus niger, 85 Avena sativa, 86, 205 Averrhou carumbolu 300 C Cabbage, 102 Chinese, Cujanus cajan, 298, 33 I Calcium, 338-346 B Calopogonium mucunoides, 305 Canary grass, reed, 30 Banana, 300 Barley, 95, 102, 104, 134 136, 140, 205 Bean, 76, 102, 324, 375 fava, 33 field, 226 h a , 298 mung, 298 navy, 263 winged, 298 Beet, 102 sugar, 3, 103, 134, 205 Berseem, 97 Bertholletiu excelsu 30 I Beta vulguris 3, 102 103, 134, 205 Capiscum unnun Carambola, 300 Curicu 101 Cashew, 300, 341 Cassava, 296, 310, 318, 324, 330-332, 336, 341, 378, 389 Cauliflower, 96, 98 Cenchrus ciliaris 302, 47 Centrosemu hybrid, 350 Centrosema plumier;, 303 Centrosemapubescens, 305 352-353,358,378 Cercosporu aruchidicola, 46-47 Cercosporidium personatum, 46-47 Chick-pea, 31 48 I 482 INDEX Chicorium intybus 29 Chicory, 29 Chloris gayunu 378 Citrus uuruntiifoliu 300 Citrus microcurpa, Cirrus purudisi 300 Citrus sinensis I , 300 Clover, 22 alsike, 28, 29 crimson, 28, 29 Egyptian, 28, 29 ladino, 28, 29 red, 27, 28, 29, 98, 102 subterranean, 16, 28, 29, 85, 86 white, 27, 28, 208 Cocoa 301, 389 Coconut, 300 Cocos nuciferu 300 Coffea urubica 301 Coffee, 300-301 Collectotrichum gloesporoides 306 Colocusiu esculentu 33 Copper, 105-107, 205-206 Cordiu uleodora, 333 Corn.4, 1 , 102,299,310,311,327-332,341, 356-358, 365, 370, 374-375 see also Maize Cotton, 136, 140 Cowpea, 17, 34, 297, 328, 331, 332, 341 382 Cucurbita maxima, 136 Cylindrocludium crotulariue, 47 Cytology, regenerated plants, 6-7 E Elueis quineensis 132, 136, 301 Elusmopalpus lignosellus 49 Empouscu fubae, 48 Eucalyptus grandiflora, 30 I F Flax, 3, 81, 214 Forest, clearing, 308-3 19 G Galuctiu striatu, 305 Genetics, chloroplast, 119-130, 139-142, 149-15 I intergenomic interaction, 17- 195 mitochondria, 119-1 39 peanut breeding, 39-72 pearl millet cytogenetics, 407-479 Glycine mux 3, 30, 136, 140, 299 Glycine wightii, 352, 378 Gmelina arboreu, 301, 333 Gossypium hirsutum, 136, 140 Granadilla, 300 Grapefruit, 300 Grass pasture, 103 Griselinia littoralis, I Guarani, 301, 332 Guava, 300 Guilielma gusipaes 301 D Dalbergia nigru, 301, 333 Deois incompleta 307 Desmodium gyroides, 305, 377 Desmodium heterophyllum, 305, 350 Desmodium ovulifolium, 303, 305, 322-326, 333, 341, 350, 377, 385 Desmodium scorpiurus 377 Desmodium uncinutum, 352 Diabrotica undecimpunctutu howurdi, 48 Digitariu decumbens, 303 Dioscorea, 33 Diplodia gossypina, 48 H Heterosis, 131-142, 164-174 Heveu brusiliensis, 3, 4, 301 Hordeurn vulgure, 95, 102, 136, 205 Hypurrheniu rufu, 302-305 I Intercropping, 330-333 lpomoeu bututus 299 INDEX J Jacaranda, 301 Jackfruit, 300 K Kudzu, 329 L Lac.tucu sutivu I03 Laurel, 333 Lead, 215 Leafhopper, potato 42, 48 Leafspot, cercospora, resistance, 42, 46-47 Legume, nitrogen fixation, 15-38 pasture, 103 Lentil, 31 Lespedeza, Korean, 27, 28 Lespedeza stipulaceu 21, 28 Lettuce, 103 Leuruenu Ieucocephulu 30 I, 350, 352, 378 Lime, 287-289 300 Liming, 95-96, 303, 334-346, 368, 372 Linum usitutissimum, 3, Lolium multiflorum, 205 Lolium perenne 85 Lotononis buinesii 352 Lupine, I , 34, 265 Lupinus ulbus 265 Lycopersicon c’scutentum 103, 140, 205 M Mucroptilium 350, 377 Macropriliurn utropurpureum 352-353 Macroptilium lurhvroides 352 Magnesium, 208-209, 338-346 Maize, 3, 76 80, 86, 132, 133, 136, 140 see also Corn Malanga, 331 Manganese tolerance, 351 -553 Mango, 300, 341 Manguiferu indita 300 Munihot esculentu 296 483 Manure, green, 329 Medicugo, 205 Medicugo donriculutcr Medicago sutivu, 27, 28, 98, 102, 352, 378 Melilotus ulbu 27, 28 Me/inis minutiflora 305, 327, 350, 378 Meloidogyne urenuriu, 48 Meloidogyne hapla 48 Millet, pearl, cytogenetics, 407-479 Mite, two-spotted, 49 Molybdeqosis, 105 Molybdenum, 206, 210 determination of, 1-85 soil, plant, and animal, 73-115 Mulch, 326-329 Muso purudisiacu 297 Musu supiensis, 300 Mutant selection, 9-1 Mycorrhizae, 10-2 13 376-379 N Napier grass 414, 417 Nematode, lesion, 48 root-knot, 48 Nicotiunu ulutu Nicotiunu rusricu Nicotiunu tubacum, 8, 9, 103 Nitrate reductase, 78-80 Nitrogen fertilizer, 382-383 fixation, 15-38, 380-382 Nutrient recycling, 386 Nutrition studies, dilution effect, 197-224 Oat, 86, 205 Orange, 300 sweet, Oryzu sutivcr 2, 80, 87, 298 Oxisol, management, 279-406 P Palm, oil, 132, 136, 300, 301, 332, 389 peach, 301 484 INDEX Panax notoginseng, I0 Poplar, Pangola grass, 304 Populus nigra Panicum maximum, 103, 302-304, 310, 318 Potassium, 208, 383-384 323-329, 341, 350, 358-359, 377, 378, Potato, I I , 136, 292, 297, 298 385-388 sweet, 299, 332 Papaya, 101 Pratylenrhus braehyurus, 48 Paspalum dilatutum 378 Protoplast fusion, 154- 157 Paspalum notatum, 305 isolation, 7-9 Passijora edulis 300 Psidium guajava 300 Pasture, grass, 103 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, 298 legume, 103 Puccinia arachidis 45 46 savanna, 32 1-325 Pueraria phaseoloides, 303, 305, 322-323 tropical, 301-307 329, 333, 341, 377-379, 389 Paullinia cupana 301 Punica granutum 300 Pea, 17, 77, 136, 140 Pythium, 48 leafless plant, 225-277 pigeon, 298, 331 Peanut, 33-34, 297, 328, 332 341 R breeding, 39-72 Peat scours, 99, 105 Raya, 97 Pennisetum clandestinum 378 Rehmannia glutinosa, Pennisetum orientale, 426, 468-470 Rhizobium 85, 86 Pennisetum purpureum, 285, 305, 341, 350, Rice, 2-3, 9, 80, 87, 298, 310, 319, 328-332, 41 I , 414-417, 426, 459-467 341, 347, 348, 369, 373-374 Pennisetum ramosum, 10 Rootworm, southern corn, 48 Pennisetum setaceum, 47 I Rot, collar, 48 Pennisetum syuamulatum, 467 cylindrocladium black, 47-48 Pennisetum typhoides, 408-411, 426, 459 southern stem, 48 Pepper, Rubber, 300, 301 332-333 black, 301 Rubber tree, 3, 4-5 Phalaris aquatica, 87 Rust, peanut, 45 Phularis arundinacea, 30 Rutabaga, 98 Phalaris tuberosa 85, 87 Rye, 136, 140 Phaseolus, 17, 76 Ryegrass, 205 Phaseolus lunatus, 298 perennial, 29, 85 Phaseolus vulgaris 31, 34, 91, 102, 263, 265, 286, 297, 299, 325 Phleum pratense, I03 S Phoma arachidicola 48 Phosphorus 96, 208-210, 215, 304-305 Saccharum officinarum, 301 management, 354-380 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 48 Photosynthesis, efficiency, 140-142, 179-1 82 Sclerotium rovsii, 47 Pineapple, 300, 341 Secale cercale 136, 140 Pinus caribea, 301 Seopolia ocutagula, I0 Piper nigrum, 301 Slash-and-burn, 308-3 I7 Pisum sativum I , 34, 77 136, 140, 225, 265 Soil acidity, 209-210 Plantain, 297, 330-331, 341 tropical management, 279-406 P o a pratensis, 27 Solanum tuberosum 136, 298 Pod breakdown, 48 Sorghum, 207 Pomegranate, 300 grain, 299, 303 485 INDEX Sorghum hicolor, 299 Sorghum vulgurr Soybean, 3.9, 17,21,30-33,77,97, 132, 136 140, 263, 299, 310, 328-332, 338, 348-349, 382 Spodopteru frugiperdu 49 Sterility, cytoplasmic male, 142-145 Streptomyces scorhies, 298 Stylosunthes cupitutu 303-305, 341, 350 377 385 Stylosunthes guiunensis 305, 307, 324, 350, 353, 377 Stylosunthes humutu, 378 Stylosanthes humilis 352 378 Stylosunthes scuhru 305 Stylosunthes r~iscosu.305 Sugar cane, I I , 300, 301 Sulfur, 97, 208, 384-385 Sweetclover 27-29 U Ultisol, management, 279-406 V Verticillium wilt, 48 Vetch, 27, 28, 29 Vicia fubu 8, 31, 33, 226 Vicia villosa, 27, 28, 29 Vignu rudiuru, 298 Vignu unguiculutu Virus, rosette, 47 w Water use, 213-214 Wheat, 2, 3, 29, 86-87, 103, 104, 134, 136, 140, 145-147, 213, 299-300, 347, 375 Wheatgrass crested, 263 T Temperature, nutrient uptake, 214-215 Tetrunychus urticue 49 Theohromu cacao, 30 I Thrip, tobacco, 49 Timothy, 103 Tissue culture advances, - 13 Tobacco, 97, 103, 341 Tomato, 103, 140, 205, 263 Trifolium ulexundrinum, 28, 29, 97 Trifolium hyhridum 28, 29 Trifolium incurnarum, 29 Trifolium indicu 28 Trifolium prutense, 27, 28, 98, 102 Trifolium repens 27 28 Triticule 3, 146 Triticum uestivurn 3, 29, 86, 103 136, 140, 299 Triticum dicoccoides 146 Triticum machu, 146 X Xunthosomu, 331 Y Yam, 331 Yautia, 331 Yield, economic, 252-264 improvement, 74- I82 maximum biological, 239-251, 262 Zeu mays, 3, 76, 102 136, 238, 299 Zinc, 208 Zorniu lutifoliu 303-306, 341, 377, 385 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ... N C BRADY ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY VOLUME 34 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 34 ADVANCES IN PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE IN CHINA Hu Han and Shao Qiquan Institute of... Much investment of effort has gone into anther culture investigations of corn inbred lines in China Different starting materials have been used, resulting in 25 inbred lines obtained by 14 institutes... Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Rehmannia glurinoso "Indicates the year the plants were obtained ing culture method-subjected pollen grains liberating continuously from dehiscing anthers-and obtained