Advances in agronomy volume 27

ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY VOLUME 27 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME DALEE BAKER MARVINE BAUER J S BOYER WILLARDH CARMEAN LEON CHESNIN M DRAGAN-BULARDA P ENGELSTAD ROBERTL HEATH RENU KHANNA S KISS H G MCPHERSON D RXDULESCU D A RUSSEL SURESHK SINHA IRWINP TING ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Prepared under the Auspices of the AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY VOLUME Edited by N C BRADY International Rice Research Institute Manila, Philippines ADVISORY BOARD W L COLVILLE, CHAIRMAN G W KUNZE D G BAKER D E WEIBEL G R DUTT H J GORZ M STELLY,EX OFFICIO, ASA Headquarters 1975 ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT 1975, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER ACADEMIC PRESS, INC 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC (LONDON) LTD 24/28 Oval Road, London NWI LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:50-5598 ISBN 0-12-000727-4 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 27 ix xi PHYSIOLOGY OF WATER DEFICITS IN CEREAL CROPS J s BOYER AND H G MCPHERSON I Introduction I1 Sensitivity of Desiccation I11 Improvement of Drought Response through Breeding and Management References 17 22 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENZYMES ACCUMULATED IN SOIL S Kiss M DR~CAN.BULARDA AND D RADULESCU I Introduction I1 Role of Accumulated Soil Enzymes in the Initial Phases of the Decomposition of Organic Residues and of the Transformation of Some Compounds 111 Enzymatic Activities in Soil under Conditions Unfavorable for the Proliferation of Microorganisms IV Summary References 25 27 64 76 76 RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO AIR POLLUTANT OXIDANTS IRWINP TINCAND ROBERTL HEATH I Introduction I1 Biochemical and Physiological Effects 111 Development and Predisposition to Oxidant Injury IV Environmental Factors Influencing Susceptibility and Sensitivity V The Role of Stomata VI Conclusions References 89 93 105 107 111 117 118 PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC BASIS OF HETEROSIS SURESHK SINHAAND RENU KHANNA I Introduction I1 Heterosis in Heterotrophs and Autotrophs V 123 124 vi CONTENTS 111 IV V VI VII VIII IX X Occurrence of Heterosis Evaluation of Heterosis Manifestation of Heterosis Present Theories of Heterosis Physiological and Genetic Analysis of Heterosis Synthesis Programming in Heterotic Hybrids Future Outlook References 125 125 126 127 130 166 168 169 170 FERTILIZERS FOR USE UNDER TROPICAL CONDITIONS P ENGELSTAD AND D A RUSSEL I I1 111 IV V Introduction Brief Description of Tropics History of Fertilizer Use in the Tropics Agronomic Considerations Fertilizer Technology Developments References 175 176 182 186 202 204 FOREST SITE QUALITY EVALUATION I N THE UNITED STATES WILLARDH CARMEAN I Introduction I1 History of Site Quality Estimation in the United States 111 Methods for Estimating Site Quality IV Conclusions Appendix: Common and Scientific Names of Tree Species References 209 211 212 255 257 258 THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING I N DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION AND YIELD OF CROPS MARVINE BAUER I I1 111 IV V Introduction Remote Sensing Development Physical Basis for Remote Sensing Agricultural Applications of Remote Sensing Future Role of Agricultural Remote Sensing References 271 272 274 291 300 301 CONTENTS vii CHEMICAL MONITORING OF SOILS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ANIMAL AND HUMAN HEALTH DALEE BAKERAND LEON CHESNlN I Introduction 11 Soil Pollution Sources 111 Soil and Waste Composition Monitoring IV V VI VII VIII Methods of Chemical Analysis Monitoring of Macroelements Monitoring of Microelements Toxic Trace Elements Organometallic Complexes Recommendations for Continuing Research References SUBJECT INDEX 306 307 316 323 327 343 358 364 366 375 This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin DALEE BAKER(305), Department of Agronomy, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania MARVIN E BAUER(271 ) ,Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana J S BOYER( l ) , Departments o f Botany and Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois WILLARDH CARMEAN (209), USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St Paul, Minnesota LEONCHESNIN ( 305 ) , Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska M DRAGAN-BULARDA (25), BabepBolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania P ENGELSTAD ( 175 ) , Division o f Agricultural Development, National Fertilizer Development Center, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama ROBERT L HEATH(89), Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California RENU KHANNA*( 123), Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India S KISS(25), BabepBolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania H G MCPHERSON ( ) , Plant Physiology Division, Department o f Scientific and Industrial Research]Palmerston North, New Zealand D R~DULESCU (25 ) , BabepBolyai University] Cluj-Napoca, Romania D A RUSSEL( 175), Division of Agricultural Development, National Fertilizer Development Center, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama SURESHK SINHA( 123), Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India IRWINP RNG(89), Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California * Present address: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India ix 366 DALE E BAKER AND LEON CHESNIN reproducible to assure valid comparisons of results among various groups, and they must be standardized to permit use of automatic storage and retrieval mechanisms This is the only way to avoid production of misinformation in multidisciplinary studies d More data are needed to evaluate potentially serious consequences from extensive recycling of human waste products through the land Technological advances, obtained through applications of the scientific method, may be integrated into systems that benefit man and his environment National programs are needed to isolate industrial sources of Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Ni, and other rare trace elements from sewage systems where sludge is applied to cropland Animal and human wastes should be processed and used efficiently as sources of plant nutrient elements in the greatest abundance relative to crop and/or soil requirements Such a program would improve environmental quality, decrease requirements for commercial fertilizer, and improve animal and human health Savings in the high costs of disposing of wastes and in the energy needed to manufacture the nutrient equivalents of these wastes would be considerable Although the exact mechanisms of soil retention, plant uptake, biological mechanisms involving pollutants is not known, nevertheless steps are needed to control excess amounts on cropland Industrial sources of carcinogenic, teratogenic, and potentially toxic elements and compounds which accumulate in soils must not be disposed of on cropland The required research and extension programs must be developed to help assure adequate control over soil pollution ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Michael Amacher and Donna Mulfinger for assistance in collecting references and typing and editing the manuscript We also want to acknowledge the technical assistance of the reviewers: R L Chaney, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland; D R Kenney, University of Wisconsin, Madison; R M Eshelman, S B Hornick, and R M Leach, The Pennsylvania State University; L F Elliot and R C Sorensen, University of Nebraska REFERENCES Abbott, J L 1968 Univ Arizona Agr Exp Sta Coop Ext Serv Bull A-55 Adams, E M., et al 1972 US.Dept Agr Info Bull 351, 1-5 Adams, F 1965 In “Methods of Soil Analysis” (C A Black, ed.), Part 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143-153 Sopper, W E., and Kardos, L T 1973 “Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge Through Forest and Cropland,” pp 271-294 Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pennsylvania Stanford, G., et a/ 1973.J Amer Ofice Agr Chemists 56, 1365-1368 Stevenson, F J., and Ardakani, M S 1972 I n “Micronutrients in Agriculture,” pp 79-1 14 Soil Sci SOC.Amer., Madison, Wisconsin Stevenson, F J., and Wagner, G H 1970 I n “Agricultural Practices and Water Quality” (T L Willrich and G E Smith, eds.), pp 125-141 Iowa State Univ Press, Arnes, Iowa Stout, W 1975 Unpublished data Struckmeyer, B E., Peterson, L A., and Hsi-Mei Tai, F 1969.Agron 61, 932-936 Stubblefield, A H., and Smith, A H 1964 Univ Ariz Agr Exp Sta and Coop Ext Serv Bull A-36 Swaine, D J 1955 Commonwealth Agr Bur., Farnham Royal, Bucks, Tech Comm 48, 157 pp Swanwick, J D., Bruce, A M., and Vandyke, K G 1968 Water Pollut Control 68 (l), 91-99 Taiganides, E P 1964 Amer Soc Agri Engr Annual Meeting: Paper 64-416 Taiganides, E P 1967 “Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment,” AAAS Publ 85 pp 385-394 Washington, D.C Taiganides, E P., and Hazen, T E 1966 Trans Amer SOC.Agr Eng 9,374-376 Tan, K H., King, L D., and Morris, H D 1971 Soil Sci SOC Amer., Proc 35, 748-752 Tanji, K K 1970.Soil Sci 110, 44-51 Taras, M J 1971 “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” 13th ed., pp 69-72 Amer Pub Health Ass., Washington, D.C Taylor, I S 1970.J Chrornatogr 52(1), 141-144 Ter Haar, G 1970.Environ Sci Technol 4, 226229 74 DALE E BAKER AND LEON CHESNIN Ter Haar, G., et a/ 1969 Environ Res 2, 267-271 Tisdale, S L., and Nelson, W L 1975 “Soil Fertility and Fertilizers.” Macmillan, New York Tomemire, T J., and Van Alstyne, F E 1974 Land Disposal of Wastewater Tech Paper 33, 20 pp Environ Qual., Res and Dev., New York State Dept of Environ Conserv., Albany, New York Underwood, E J 1971 “Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition,” 3rd ed., 543 pp Academic Press, New York Vandecaveye, S C 1948 In “Diagnostic Techniques for Soil and Crops” (H B Kitchen, ed.), 199 pp Amer Potash Inst., Washington, D.C Vandecaveye, S C., Keaton, C M., and Kardos, L T 1938 Wash State Hort Ass Proc 34, 151-159 Van Wazer, J R 1973 In “Environmental Phosphorus Handbook,” (E J Griffith et al., eds.), p 169-177 Wiley, New York Viets, F G., Jr., and Lindsay, W L 1973 “Soil Testing and Plant Analysis,” 2nd ed., pp 153-172 Soil Sci SOC.Amer., Madison, Wisconsin Wadleigh, C H., and Summers, F 1971 Soil Water Conserv 26, 44-65 Walsh, L M., ed 1971 “Instrumental Methods for Analysis of Soils and Plant Tissue,” 222 pp Soil Sci SOC.Amer., Madison, Wisconsin Walsh, L M., and Beaton, J D., eds 1973 “Soil Testing and Plant Analysis,” 2nd ed., pp 488 Soil Sci SOC Amer., Madison, Wisconsin Ward, F N 1951 Anal Chem 23, 788 Watanabe, F S., and S R Olsen 1965 Soil Sci Soc Amer., Proc 29, 677-678 Wedepohl, K H., ed 1970 “Handbook of Geochemistry,” Vol 11-2, 92 Parts Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York Weeks, M E., et a / 1972 Proc Cornell Agr Waste Conf.,1972 pp 441-448 Wells, N., and Saunders, W M H 1960 New Zealand J Agr Res 3,219-299 Westing, A H 1969 Phytopafhology 59(5), 1174-1181 Whitney, R G., and Risby, T H 1975 “Selected Methods in the Determination of First Row Transition Metals in Natural Fresh Water.” Pennsylvania State Univ Press, University Park, Pennsylvania Wiersma, G B., Sand, P F., and Cox, E L 1971 Pcstic Monit , 63-66 Willrich, T L., and G.E Smith, eds 1970 “Agricultural Practices and Water Quality,” 415 pp Iowa State Univ Press, Ames, Iowa Wood, J M 1971 Science 183, 1049-1052 Yobs, A R 1971 Pesric Monit 5, 44-46 SUBJECT INDEX Beryllium, 314, 319, 320 Betula alleghaniensis, 257 Befula papyrifera, 257 Birch, paper, 238, 257 yellow, 238, 257 Bismuth, 319 Blackstem rust, 281 Boron, 314, 315, 319, 320 soil monitoring, 344-346 Brassica campestris, 153 Brinjals, 153 A Abies grandis, 257 Abies procera, 257 Abscisic acid, 116 Acer rubrum, 257 Acer saccharurn, 257 Air pollutant oxidants, 89-121 Alfalfa, 288, 291, 308 Alfisol, 178 Aluminum, 318, 319, 346 Amino acids, soil, 51-53 Ammonia, 310 Ammonia cyanate, soil, 41, 49 Ammonia nitrate, 192 Ammonia volatilization, 44 Amylase, 66, 67, 74, 75, 157 soil, 30-31 o-Anisidine, 54 Antibiotics, soil enzymes, 69-71 Antimony, 19 Arecanut, 132 Aridisol, 178 Arsenic, 314, 315, 319, 320, 346, 359 Arylsulfatase, 64, 66, 67, 73 Ash, green, 221, 237, 251 white, 237, 257 Asparaginase, soil, 51 Aspen, bigtooth, 226, 238, 250, 258 quaking, 216, 219, 221, 225, 226, 238, 250, 258 Atomic absorption spectrometry, 324, 325 Atrazine, 308 Azobenzene, 55-57 Azofobacter chroococcurn, 33 B Barium, 315, 319, 321,346 Barley, 143, 148, 291, 323 Bean, 98, 108, 110, 112, 130, 134, 323 pinto, 91, 106, 109, 113, 114 Beech, 37 Beech forest soil, 67 C Cadmium, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 324, 325, 327, 346 soil monitoring, 359-363 Calcium, 279, 318, 320, 321, 341-342 Calcium cyanamide, soil decomposition, 48-49 Carbon cycle, soil enzymes, 27-38 Catalpa speciosa, 257 Catalpa, western, 237, 257 Cattle manure, analysis, 335, 336, 344 Cell membrane, ozone effect, 100-105 Cell wall, ozone effect, 99-100 Cellobiase, soil, 30 Cellulase, 68, 71, 74 soil, 31-32 Cercospora leaf spot disease, 294 Cereal crops, water deficit physiology, 1-23 Cesium, 319 Chard, 350 Chernozemic soil, 30, 68, 178 Chloroanilines, soil peroxidase, 55 p-Chloromercuribenzoate, 43 Chloroplast, desiccation, 4-5 ozone effect, 101, 102 Chlorotriazine, 308 Chromium, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 324, 325, 354-355 Chrysanthemum, 351 Citrus, 340 Cobalt, 315, 319, 320, 325, 355-356, 357 375 76 SUBJECT INDEX Coconut, 132 Copper, 313, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 341, 346, 347 soil monitoring, 349-354 Corn, 280, 288, 292, 293, 297, 308, 333, 334, 339, 347, 351 see also maize Cotton, 6, 19, 96, 148, 197, 296, 297 Cottonwood, 221, 237, 250, 257 Crop identification, 291-294 Crop yield, remote sensing, 27 1-304 Cucumber, 323 D DDT, 308 Denitrification, 58 Dextran, soil, 34-35 o-Dianisidine, 55, 72 Diethylstilbestrol decomposition, soil, 37-38 Disease, air pollutant interaction, 110-1 11 Douglas-fir, 213, 214, 216, 217, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 239, 240, 251, 258 Drought tolerance, 17-22 Dry matter production, heterosis and, 136-140 E Elm, Siberian, 219, 237, 258 Endosulfan, 308 Endrin, 308 Entisol, 178 Enzymes, soil, 25-87 Eptam, 76 Erosion, nutrient loss, 308-309 Evaluation, forest site, 209-269 F Fertilizer, coated, 188-189, 194 controlled-release, 334 tropical conditions, 175, 208 Fir, grand, 221, 241, 257 noble, 219, 257 Flourine, 315, 319, 320, 356 Flowering, heterosis in, 147-148 Forest site quality, 209-269 Fraxinus atnericana, 257 Fraxinus nigra, 257 Fraxinus pent~sylvanica,257 G Genetics, heterosis, 123-174 oxidant resistance, 116 Glucanase, soil, 32-33 Glucosidase, 74, 75 Glutaminase, soil, 51-52 Grassland soil, 66 Growth, seedling heterosis, 156-159 Grumusol, 178 H H niaydis, 280 Hemlock, western, 221, 222 Herbicides, soil enzyme studies, 74-75 Heterosis, 123-174 physiological and genetic analysis, 130-166 theories of, 127-130 Humidity, soil enzymes, 64-66 I Inceptisol, 178 Indole-3-acetic acid, soil, 53-54 Indole-3-acetonitrile, 53 Industrial wastes, pollution source, 313-3 16 Inulin hydrolysis, soil, 33 Invertase, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75 soil, 27-29, 31 Iodine, 315, 354 Iron, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 353 soil monitoring, 346-349 J Juglans nigra, 257 Juniperus virginiana, 251 Jute, 132 K Kaolinite, 187 377 SUBJECT INDEX LANDSAT, 285, 292-293, 296-301 Larch, European, 219, 232, 257 Japanese, 232, 257 western, 221, 226, 257 Larix decidua, 257 Larix leptolepis, 257 Larix occidmtalis, 257 Late blight fungus, 294 Latosol, 178 Leaching loss, nutrients, 186-189 Lead, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 324, 346, 359 Leaf area, heterosis, 132-136 Leaf reflectance, 277-279 crop canopy, 279-282 Leaf water potential, 2-3, 14 Leaves, ozone susceptible, 105-107 Lens culinaris, 53 Levan, soil, 28, 33-34 Levanase, 71 Levansucrase, 71 Lichenase, soil, 32 Light, air pollutant effects, 108-109 Lime, 196 Lipase, soil, 35, 71 Liquidanrbar styracifiua, 257 Liriodendron tulipifera, 257 Lithium, 315, 319, 320, 358 Lithosol, 178 Locust, black, 237, 258 M Magnesium, 279, 318, 320, 321, 324, 341-342, 351 Maize, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 17, 130, 134, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 154, 188, 279 see also corn Malathion, 35-36 Maltase, soil, 29 Manganese, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325 soil monitoring, 346-349 Manure, pollution source, 309-3 13, 329-3 Maple, red, 221, 257 sugar, 219, 228, 238, 250, 257 Mercury, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 3633 64 Metaphosphate, hydrolysis, 62-63 Methoxytriazine, 308 Microwave irradiation, soil enzymes, 69 Mollisol, 178 Molybdenum, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 327, 346 soil monitoring, 349-354 Multispectral scanner, 282-284 Mustard, 147, 153 N Neutron activation analysis, 326 Nickel, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 325, 346, 356-358 Nitrogen, 110, 146, 182, 183, 186, 279, 308 gaseous loss, 189-192, 310 leaching loss, 186-189 soil monitoring, 332-337 Nitrogen cycle, soil enzymes, 38-58 Nothofagus truncata, 37 Nutrition, air pollutant interaction, 109-1 10 Oak, black, 234, 235, 244, 250, 252, 258 bottomland, 221 bur, 235, 258 cherrybark, 235, 250, 258 mixed, 234, 235 Nuttall, 235, 250, 258 red, 235, 250, 258 scarlet, 234, 235, 258 upland, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 221, 246, 250 water, 235, 250, 258 white, 234, 235, 250, 258 willow, 235, 250, 258 Oats, 323 Onion, 153 Optical-mechanical scanners, multispectral, 282-284 Oxisol, 178, 186, 187, 188 Ozone, 90, 92 biochemical reactions, 94-99 chemical reactions, 93-94 membranes and permeability, 99-105 378 SUBJECT INDEX P shortleaf, 221, 222, 226, 230, 231, 246, 251, 257 Peas, 308 Peat, soil enzymes, 33, 35, 44, 67 Pectinolysis, soil, 33 Peroxidase, 72, 74 Peroxyacetyl nitrate, 90, 92, 115 biochemical events, 94-99 chemical reaction, 94 Pesticide, soil enzyme studies, 73-76 Petunia, 92 slash, 42, 213, 222, 231, 251, 257 southern, 216, 257 sugar, 221, 257 Virginia, 105, 217, 221, 226, 230, 257 white, 214, 219, 221, 222, 226, 232, 233, 241, 250, 257 Pinus banksiana, 257 Pinus contorta, 257 Pinus echinuta, 257 Pinus elliotti, 42, 257 Pinus lambertiana, 257 Pinus minticola, 257 Pinus palusiris, 257 Pinus ponderosa, 257 Pinus resinosa, 257 Pinus rigida 257 Pinus serotina, 257 Pinus strobus, 257 Pinus sylvestris 257 Pinus taeda, 257 Pinus virginiana, 105, 257 Platanus occidentalis, 257 Pou annua, 105, 108 Podzol, red-yellow, 178 Podzolic soil, 41 Pollutant, response to air, 89-121 Poplar, hybrid, 237 Populus deltoides, 257 Populus grandidentata, 258 PQPU~US tremuloides, 258 Populus trichocarpa x P deltotdes, 258 Potash, 146, 308 Potassium, 110, 114, 183, 184, 186, 279, 318, 320, 321, 330, 341-342, 351 Potato, 294, 308 Poultry excreta, composition, 330 Propanil, soil hydrolysis, 54, 55 Protease, soil, 49-51, 74, 75, 157 Protein synthesis, 12-13 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 258 Puccinia helcantki, 111 Pyrophosphate, hydrolysis, 63 Phaseolus vulgaris, 130, 131, 133, 134 Phenol oxidations, soil, 36-37 Phosphatase, soil, 58-62, 66, 67, 73, 74, 75 Phosphate, 308 Phosphites, soil oxidation, 63 Phosphon D, 116 Phosphorus, 110, 146, 182,184, 187-188, 199-200, 279, 18, 19, 320, 346, 352 soil fixation, 192-196 soil monitoring, 337-341 Phosphorus cycle, soil enzymes, 58-63 Photophosphorylation, 142-143 Photosynthesis, heterosis and, 140-145 Physiology, water deficit, 1-23 water deficit and, 2-1 1, 14 Picea abies, 257 Picea engelmannii, 257 Picea glauca, 257 Picea mariana, 40, 257 Picea rubens, 257 Picea sitchensis, 257 Pine, jack, 213, 219, 225, 226, 228, 233, 250, 257 loblolly, 217, 221, 222, 226, 230, 231, 243,251, 257 lodgepole, 213, 218, 221, 225, 226, 241, 257 longleaf, 213, 214, 217, 222, 226, 231, 251, 257 pitch, 221, 257 ponderosa, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, Q 226, 240, 251, 257 red, 213, 214, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, Quercus alba, 258 232, 233, 250, 257 Quercus coccinea, 258 Scotch, 219, 232, 257 Quercus falcuta var pagodaefolia, 258 379 SUBJECT INDEX Quercus Quercus Qucrcus Quercus Quercus Quercus mocrocarpa 258 nigra, 258 nuttalfii, 258 phellos, 258 rubra, 258 velutina, 258 R Radar, 284 Radiation, soil enzymes, 68-69 Radiometers, passive microwave, 284-285 Rangeland survey, 297-298 Redcedar, eastern, 233, 257 Reed canary grass, 345 Regosol, 178 Rendzina, 67-68, 178 Respiration, heterosis in, 159-163 Rice, 21, 180, 188, 189, 195, 296 Robina pseudoacacia, 258 Root growth, heterosis in, 145-147 Rubidium, 321 S Salinity, 110 Salt, 331-332 Salt transport, 104-105 Sclerotium rolfsii, 73 Selenium, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 346, 353, 354 Sequoia sempervirens, 258 Sheep, 351 Silica, effects of applied, 200-201 Silver, 315, 324 Site index, estimating methods, 212-254 mensurational methods, 223-224 plant indicators, 224-228 soil-site evaluation, 229-249 soil survey, 249-254 synecological coordinates, 228-229 Site index curves, 212-219 Smog, 90 Sodium, 320, 321, 328, 329 Soil, bioassay techniques, 322-323 composition monitoring, 16-323 enzymes, 25-87 ionic activity, 320-322 macroelement monitoring, 327-343 mapping, 298-299 microelement monitoring, 343-358 monitoring for environmental quality, 305-374 pollution sources, 307-3 15 Soil analysis, instrumental methods, 324327 Soil-site evaluation, 229-249 Sorghum, 130, 131, 134-136, 141, 143, 146, 147, 148-150, 154, 155, 188, 297 Sorghum vufgare, 130, 133 Southern corn leaf blight, 280, 294 Soybean, 5, 13, 91, 95, 97, 107, 292, 293, 363 Spectrographic analysis, 326 Spruce, 225, 257 black, 226, 233, 257 Engelmann, 241, 257 Norway, 219, 233, 257 red, 224, 257 Sitka, 222, 257 white, 216, 224, 233, 257 Spruce-fir, 226 Stomata1 resistance, 112 ozone effect correlation, 113-115 Stomate, air pollutant interaction, 111116 Strontium, 321 Sudan soil, 44 Sugarbeet, 162, 291, 294, 308 Sugarcane, 132, 188, 296 Sulfur, 201, 279, 319, 320, 342-343, 353 Sulfur cycle, soil enzymes, 64 Sunflower, 4, 5, 13 Sweetgum, 221, 236, 250, 257 Swep, 55 Swine, 351 Synecological Coordinates, 228-229 T Temperature, soil enzymes, 66-68 Tetrachloroazobenzene, 55 Thermal infrared scanners, 284 Tin, 315 Tobacco, 91, 95, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 350 Tobacco mosaic virus, 111 Tomato, 5, 110, 147, 153 380 SUBJECT INDEX Translocation, water deficit and, 9-12 Transpiration, 4, 9, 104 Tropics, fertilizers for, 175-208 Tsuga heterophylla, 258 U Ulmus putnila, 258 Ultisol, 178, 186, 187, 188 Urea, 188, 190, 192, 196, 198, 199, 202 Urea derivatives, 46-48 Urease, soil, 38-48, 65, 68, 72, 74, 75 Uric acid, soil decomposition, 57-58 Uricase, 66, 72 Uromyces phaseoli, 110 UV irradiation, soil enzymes, 69 W Walnut, black, 219, 222, 237, 257 Water, cereal crop deficit, 1-23 leaf reflectance, 279 Wheat, 13, 19, 111, 147, 151-153, 154, 155, 162, 291, 296, 323 X Xylanase, soil, 33 Y Yellow-poplar, 221, 236, 250, 257 Yield, heterosis in, 148-156 remote sensing of, 271-304 V Vanadium, 314, 315, 319, 320, 356-358 Vegetation, spectral properties, 277-282 Vertisol, 178 Zea mays, 130, 133 Zinc, 313, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 340, 341, 346, 347, 360 soil monitoring, 349-354 A c O C X Y r o G I H ... SURESHK SINHA IRWINP TING ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Prepared under the Auspices of the AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY VOLUME Edited by N C BRADY International Rice Research Institute Manila, Philippines... the rate of the controls, beginning in early grain-fill and continuing for the rest of the growing season For the grain-filling period as a whole, photosynthesis in the desiccated plants was... environmental contamination These two topics receive prominent attention in Volume 27 as has been the case in the two preceding volumes Two papers deal with the effects of environmental contamination on