Motivation, altruism, personality, and social psychology

Motivation, Altruism, Personality, and Social Psychology Thispageintentionallyleftblank Motivation, Altruism, Personality, and Social Psychology The Coming Age of Altruism Michael Babula University of Greenwich, UK © Michael Babula 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-03128-0 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-44079-5 ISBN 978-1-137-03129-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137031297 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Dedicated to my parents, Raymond S Babula and Ann M Babula, whose guidance put me on the path to help others Thispageintentionallyleftblank Contents List of Figures and Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii Part Intrinsic Drive to Become Exocentric Altruists An Unenlightened Developmental Psychology Proposed Hyperbola Paradigm 14 Expanding the Scope of Biological Evolution 24 ‘The unlikely Samaritans’ 35 Part A Fresh Look at Pathology Pathological Self-interest 59 Needs Frustration and the Mindset of the 9/11 Jihadists 70 The Special Case of Psychopathy 82 Part Sequential Confirmation of the Hyperbola Paradigm Post-materialist Value Change 99 New Challenges for the West 112 10 Political Values in a Threat Environment 118 11 The Rejection of Barabbas 129 Part The Coming Age of Altruism 12 Aligning Governing Systems and Altruistic Values 143 13 Promoting Altruistic Constructivist Education 155 vii viii Contents 14 Helping the Afflicted Transcend Self-Interest 167 Notes 179 References 183 Index 195 List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 The three-station scenario 2.2 The pattern of motivational and altruistic development 8.1 Time series analysis of hate crime statistics in relation to incidents, offences, and victims from 1996 to 2011 8.2 Time series analysis of hate crime statistics in relation to bias motivation from 1996 to 2011 8.3 Time series analysis of hate crime statistics in relation to racial-type bias 9.1 Increasing suicide rates in the USA over a 14-year period 10.1 Factor analysis for the revised Political Values inventory 16 22 106 107 108 114 122 Tables 4.1 Construct validity (factor analysis) for religiosity scales 4.2 Hierarchical logistic regression analysis of situational and dispositional variables with RELI-E included in block four 4.3 Hierarchical logistic regression analysis of situational and dispositional variables with RELI-E excluded in block four 7.1 Self-reported psychopathy items among a sample of law enforcement 8.1 The US shift in post-materialist values over time (in percentages) 9.1 Odds ratio of suicides for professional white males 10.1 Value types by indexed averages of political attitude importance ratings 10.2 Post-materialism regression results 10.3 Exocentric altruistic value-type regression results 13.1 Educational Management Corporation, Career Education Corporation, and Corinthian College mission statements ix 42 49 50 89 103 114 123 125 126 160 References 191 Musick, M.A., Regula Herzog, A., and House, J.S (1999) ‘Volunteering and Mortality Among Older Adults: Findings From a National Sample’, The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54(3), S173–S180 Myers, D.G (2000) ‘The Funds, Friends, and Faith of Happy People’, American Psychologist, 55(1), 56–67 Myers, R.H (1990) Classical and Modern Regression with Applications, 2nd ed (Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press) Nir, S.M (2013) 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stress disorder (PTSD) Adams, Evelyn, xi Ağca, Mehmet Ali, 136 Allport–Ross (religiosity personality measures), 38 Allport–Ross extrinsic (AR-E) scale (religiosity personality measure), 41–2, 47–51 Allport–Ross intrinsic (AR-I) scale (religiosity personality measure), 41–3, 47–51 al-Mihdhar, Khalid, 73 al-Qaeda, 40, 131, 134, 137, 149 altruism altruistic surrender, pathology of, altercentric, 19–22, 30, 33, 38, 122 defined as ‘vivre pour auturi’, 10 egocentric, 8, 18–20, 22, 30, 76, 122 egoistic, 18, 22, 30–1, 67, 76, 122 endocentric, 15–16, 20, 30, 33, 37, 53, 55, 59–61, 63, 65, 171, 173–4 exocentric, 4, 15–16, 20–2, 25, 27, 29–30, 33–4, 37, 39, 52–3, 59–63, 65, 69, 71–2, 78–82, 85, 94, 111, 117, 119–32, 135–9, 143, 145–6, 150–1, 154–6, 165, 168, 170, 173–4, 176–7 genetic/trait, 15, 18, 22, 122 pathological, 10, 59, 61, 69, 175 see also hyperbola paradigm apathy, 11, 24, 113, 168, 170 see also self-actualization anterior paracingulate, 11 see also cognitive empathy Argentina, 144 see also debt artificial aristocracy, 66, 144, 147, 148, 177 Atta, Mohamed, 74 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 163, 169 Autrey, Wesley, 29 Ayumu, 14 see also Kyoto University memory tests Babiak, Paul, 85 Banihammad, Fayez, 73 Barabbas, 130–2, 135–6, 138–9, 154 Barchi, Robert, 158 basic needs, 18, 31–2, 71, 76–7, 100 Batson, Daniel, 15, 36 Batson and Schoenrade quest scale (religiosity personality mesaure), 41 Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis doctrinal orthodoxy (D-O) scale (religiosity personality measure), 41–3, 49–50 Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis external scale of religious life (RELI-E) (religiosity personality measure), 41–3, 48–50 Batson, Schoenrade, and Ventis internal scale of religious life (RELI-I) (relgiosity personality measure), 41–3 195 196 Index Big Five personality dimensions, 87–8, 144 see also Ten Item Personality Inventory (personality measure) Biggs, John, 161 see also constructivism bin Laden, Osama, 72, 131–2, 134, 136–7 Blumberg, Herbert, 78 Boehner, John, 147 borderline personality disorder, 171 see also dialetical behaviour therapy boredom, 11–12, 24, 67, 113, 168, 170 Bowling Alone (Putnam), 110 brain stem, 32 see also evolution and reptilian mindset Brill, Marie, 150 Brooks, David, 31 Brown, Gordon, 149 Buffet, Warren, 36 Burr, Elmer J., 16 Bush, George, W., 77, 131, 144 see also artifical aristocracy Bush, Richard Earl, 17 Caddy, William Robert, 17 Career Education Corporation (CEC), 156–60 see also McCullough, Gary E caritas, definition of, xiv, Carnegie, Andrew, 144 Carroll, Michael, xi Catholic Church, 3, see also Copernicus, Nicolaus; Galilei, Galileo; De Revolutionibus; Ptolemaic system charity, xi, xiii, 18, 165 see also Paradise Lost (Milton) Chauchesku, Nicolai, 65 child abuse, 70 see also episodic violence chimpanzee studies, 14, 28 China, 145, 158 see also meritocracy, testing systems, and debt Cho, Sueng-Hui, 65 Christie, Daniel, 78–80 Clinton, Hilary, 144 see also artifical aristocracy Clinton, William Jefferson, 63, 102, 109 Cobain, Kurt, 11, 112 cognitive empathy, 10–12, 15, 20–1, 26, 28, 30, 32, 62, 128, 174 as ability to estimate mental states, 11–12, 20 imagination and, 5–6, 8, 11–12, 15, 21–2, 28, 29, 30, 32, 62, 128, 161 neuromaging studies, evidence for, 11 perspective taking and, 9, 11, 18, 20, 29, 37, 62 see also Smith, Adam, exocentric altruism cognitive enhancement, 162 adderall as, 162–3 caffeine as, 162 Modafinal as, 162–3 nootropics and, 162 Ritalin as, 162–3 see also Craig, Kyle,neuroenhancement collectives, 18, 52 see also evolution Comrey Personality Scale (personality measure), 93 Comte, Auguste, 10 ‘vivre pour auturi’, defined by, 10 see also altruism, definition of conscience, 83, 93 see also psychopathy, lack of constructivism, 156, 160–5 cooperation, requirement for, 156, 161, 165 see also Biggs, John; Knowles, Malcolm; Vygotsky, Lev cooperate, 6, 14, 18, 66–8, 168 evolutionary need to, 14, 18 intrinsic motivation, 6, 66–8 see also Pierre, Abbé the cooperation as a requirement for constructivism, 156, 161, 165 business need for, 54 evolutionary need for, 14, 25 extrinsic motivation as a hinderance to, 4, 6, 36, 159 Index 197 governing systems need for, xii, 23, 68, 81, 138–9, 143, 145, 151 intrinsic motivation importance of, xiii, 36 SERVICE therapy component of, 172–3, 175, 177 see also Pierre, Abbé the; and Deming, W Edwards Copernicus, Nicolaus and, Copernican revolution, 5–6 see also counter-revolutionaries Corinthian Colleges, 156, 158, 160 see also Massimino, Jack; counter-revolutionaries, see also Freud, Anna; Freud, Sigmund; Hobbes, Thomas Craig, Kyle, 163 crime statistics, 106–8 see also hate crime statistics cupiditas, definition of, xiv Dalai Lama, 130 Dalton, Russell, 100, 102–4, 109 Damato, Anthony, 17 Dark Ages, see also Middle Ages; Mommsen, Theodore; Varga, Lucia Darley, John, 36 death drive, see also Freud, Sigmund debt crisis debt ceiling, result of 147–8 derivatives and, 3, 144 home foreclosures and, 39 in America, 3, 109, 144, 151 Iceland’s ability to overcome, 149 student loans and, 78, 105, 156, 157–8 Decety, Jean, 11, 20, 27–9, 31–2 demeritocracy, 144, 145, 177 gamblers and gambling characteristic of, 144 see also governing systems Deming, W Edwards, 54, 102, 143–6, 151–2, 154, 158–9, 164–5, 170, 172, 174 Democratic Party (US), 86, 110, 134, 136 depression as mental illness, xi, xii, 114–15 counteracted in exocentric altruists, 62–3, 65 economic hardship, 76, 100, 176 see also dialetical behaviour therapy as treatment for (DBT) DePrimo, Larry, 29 De revolutionibus, see also Copernicus, Nicolaus developmental psychology, see also Smith, Adam De Waal, Frans, 26 dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 115, 170–1 suicide prevention, 115 see also Zen Buddhism discrimination eposidic violence consequence of, 70 political values and, xv, 120, 122, 123–4, 126, 127 xenophobia and, 105 dispositional attributes, definition of, 10 dispositional variables immunity to threats and, 69 research on, 36, 38, 39, 47–50 scaffolding psychological development, xiv, 10, 14, 67, 69 Domestic Security Alliance Council, 67 doomsday clock, 79 see also Peace Psychology dopamine system, 27, 33, 113 see also self-actualization Dorner, Christopher, 92 Duggan, Mark, 92 education and educational 9/11 hijackers, lack of, 72–3 access promised by Obama administration, 104 cheating via cognitive enhancers, 162–3 constructivism 156, 160–5 demographic variable in the Barabbas study, 133 for-profit, 156–60 198 Index education and educational – continued graduate attributes, 165 “No Child Left Behind” and, 164 situational forcesas an influence of, 132 political values and, 120 reform, xv, 13, 23, 55, 59, 66, 68, 81, 95, 101, 117, 138, 150, 155 suicide rates in relation to level of, 113 unaffordable, 67, 77 see also Biggs, John; Knowles, Malcolm; Vygotsky, Lev Educational Management Corporation (EDMC), 156, 158, 160 see also West, Edward ego, xii, egocentrism, 3–6, 144, 167 Emmaus, 167–8, 175 see also Pierre, Abbé the emotional empathy, defininition of, 11 affective empathy as, 29, 31–2, 39 evolutionary role and, 32 hyperbola paradigm, relation to, 18 psychopathy, absence of, 94 research on, 15 see also Batson, Daniel empathy therapists, need to build upon, 170, 174 adaptations, relation to, 29 cognitive, 10–12, 15, 20–1, 26, 28, 30, 32, 62, 128, 174 emotional, 11 evolution, basis of, 28 immoral judgment, source of, 60 in healthy people, 82 motor, 11, 18–19, 22, 26, 31–2, 39, 52 neurological overlap for the different types of, 15, 32 psychopathy, absence of, 16, 82, 87, 91, 94 research on, 54–5 parent–child relationship and, 11, 26 perspective taking, tied to, 20 see also Batson, Daniel; Karylowski, Jerzy England, Lynndie, 77 enlightenment, 3–6 environmental factors, 10, 36, 51, 82, 93 see also situational forces environmentalism, as a political value, 103 Eros, evil acts of, 72, 75 dictomomy of good and, xiii, 77 emerges regardless of situational forces, 77–8, 85, 93 psychopathy, manifestation of, xiv, 82, 93 resistance to, 10, 33, 68–9, 77, 176 susceptability to, 55 evolution and evolutionary adaptations, role in, 8, 14, 29, 25, 26, 28, 32, 52, 60, 62, 67–8 altruism, 28 attachment theory and, 31 collectives and, 18, 52 Darwinian survival mechanisms and, 12, 25, 27, 30, 54, 60 free rider problem and, 33 gene pool and, 18 homeostasis and, 18, 31 illusionary pleasure principle and, 31, 33, 67 inclusive fitness and reproduction, 11, 26, 28, 31–2, 25, 29 intentionality, rewriting the purpose of, 26–8, 34–6, 59, 68, 146–7, 170 maladaptation and, 68 meaning and, 10, 14, 18, 24–9, 31–3, 36, 52 natural selection and, 26 negation of meaning and, 14, 24–6, 28–31, 33, 36, 52 pathological altruism and, 59 reproduction and, 11, 32 tragedy of the commons and, 68 see also De Waal, Frans; Wilson, David Sloan exocentric altruism acts of, 12, 17 as more than maximized potential, 12 constructivism and, 156, 164–5 counteracts pathology, 59–60, 69 development to, 20, 168, 173–4 Index 199 ethics and, 60 exo, definition of, 15 hyperbola paradigm, depiction of, 22 in relation to evolution, 25, 29–30, 33–4, 52–3, 170 in relation to dispostional variables, 136 in relation to situational forces, 132 inhibition to, 27, 71–2, 78–9, 117, 145, 154–6 materialism as a threat to, 132–9 propensity for gratification and, 21 psychology of, 150 psychopathic attack on development to, 82, 85 religiosity and, 37 stress and, 60–1 therapists need to exemplify, 174 three station model, depiction of, 15–16 witnessed in wealth driven college students, 49, 52 see also Karylowski, Jerzy exocentric altruists ability to affect the political system, 16, 80–1, 132 guide for, 145–6 political shift and, 124, 129, 176–7 political values and, 4, 111, 117, 119–28, 137–8, 154 population of, 124, 143 violence against, 130 see also Kravinsky, Zell; Kolbe, Maksymilian; Librescu Liviu; Pierre, the Abbé; Schindler, Oskar extrinsic motivation, 36, 39, 53–4, 72, 159, 171–2 see also intrinsic motivation extrinsic rewards, xv, 4, 6, 7, 36, 80, 143, 152, 163, 175 F Scale (personality measure), 93 Fardy, John, 17 Faust, Drew, 158 Federal Bureau of Investigation crackdown on Occupy Wall Street protestors, 67 hate crime statistics, 106–108 see also Domestic Security Alliance Council Federal Emergency Management, 20 Fingleton, Eamonn, 154 fourteen points, 154 see also Deming, W Edwards Frankl, Viktor, 24 Freud, Anna, see also altruistic surrender Freud, Sigmund, 6–8 see also caritas, death drive, Eros, illusions and unconscious, Oedipus functional autonomy, 21, 41, 60, 101, 105, 108, 109, 127 Gajowniczek, Franciszek, 29 Galilei, Galileo, game theory, 18, 32 Gandhi, Mohandas, 12, 60, 80, 129, 136 generational cohort baby boomer, 103, 104, 114 baby boomlet, 104, 105, 112, 119 Generation X’er, 103, 105 Gettler, Christopher, 92 Ghamdi, Ahmed al, 73 Ghamdi, Hamza al, 73 Ghamdi, Saeed al, 73 Giving (Clinton, William Jefferson), 63 Glasser, William, 170 gnōthi seauton, 22 God, and the image of divinity, xii–xiii Goebbels, Joseph, 84 golden rule, xiv, 30 see also caritas Good Samaritan experiment dispositoinal variables and, 36–9, 47, 49–50, 55 parable of, 36–7 situational variables and, 36–8, 39–40, 46–7, 49–50, 52–3 see also Batson, Daniel; Darley, John Graner, Charles, 77 Guantanamo Bay, 70, 77, 104, 137 Guilt, 12, 53, 115 Gulf Wars, 101, 105 Haarde, Geir, 149 Hagerty, Michael, 102 Hallowell, Ned, 169 200 Index Hamzi, Nawaf, 73 Hamzi, Salem al, 73 Hanjour, Hani, 73 Hare, Robert, 85–6, 88 Harman, Sabrina, 77 Harrell, Billie Bob, xi hate crime statistics, 106–8 Haznawi, Ahmed al, 73 Hedonism, and hedonistic, 5, 26, Hemingway, Ernest, 112 Hitler, Adolph, 79–80 Hobbes, Thomas, 5, Holder, Eric, 153 holocaust, 24, 29, 35, 65, “Arbeit Macht Frei,” as psychological manipulation for, 84 Auschwitz, concentration camp during, 84 see also Frankl, Viktor; Kolbe, Maksymilian; Librescu, Liviu Homeostasis, 18, 31 see also evolution Houston, Whitney, 11 human nature, 7, 13, 40 Hunter, Richard, 29 Hyperbola, definition of, 18 Hyperbola model altercentric altruism and, 19–20, 22, 122 as peace psychology tool, 71, 81 belongingness and, 18–19, 22, 122 dispositional attributes and, 36 egocentric altruism and, 19–20, 22, 122 egoistic altruism and, 18–19, 22, 122 esteem needs and, 18–19, 21–2, 122 evolution and, 25, 33 exocentric altruism and, 20–2, 122 genetic/trait altruism and, 18–19, 22, 122 political values inventory and, 122 physiological needs and, 18–19, 22, 122 security needs and, 18–19, 22, 122 sequence of development along, 22, 59, 122, 127 self-actualization and, 19–22 systems reform and, 94, 145 value shifts and, 95, 119, 122, 127 Iceland, 145–6, 148–9 debt crisis and, 148–9 pots and pans revolution in, 148, 153–4 see also Harrde, Geir illusionary pleasure principle, xii, 8, 21 addiction to, xiv, 27, 112 as a cause of pathology, 55, 112 evolution and, 31, 33, 67 overcoming, 25, 60, 65–6, 144, 170 needs gratification and, 11, 33, 59, 138, 163, 170, 173 self-interest and, 14, 59, 151, 155, 161, 165, 175 substance abuse and, 162 will for power and, 10, 170 see also Freud, Sigmund; Kohut, Heinz imagination, xii, xiv, 5–6, 8, 11–12, 15, 21–2, 28, 29, 30, 32, 62, 128, 161 cognitive empathy and, 10–12, 15, 20–1, 26, 28, 30, 32, 62, 128, 174 perspective taking and, 9, 11, 18, 20, 29, 37, 62 see also Smith, Adam impartial spectator position, 5, 15 individualism, philosophy of, xv, 6, 36, 54, 102, 143 industrialism, inflation, 50, 93, 101, 109 Inglehart, Ronald, 4, 99–103, 105, 108–10, 118–22 see also political values paradigm insanity, definition of, 150 in education, 159 in governing systems, 176 insider trading, 39, 46–7, 52 see also The Unlikely Samaritans intrinsic motivation, 4, 6–7, 22, 36–9, 41, 49, 51, 53, 55, 66–8, 72, 80–1, 83, 117, 143, 146, 150, 153, 156, 159, 161, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174 see also extrinsic motivation Iraq War, 101, 105 Jackson, Liz, 74 James, William, xii see also “The More” Index 201 Japan, automation of, 143, 154, 159, 176 Jarrah, Ziad, 73 Jesus as a radical revolutionary, 130–1 Barabbas experiment, and 130–2, 135–6 Parable of the Good Samaritan and, 37 John Paul II, 130, 136 see also Wojtyla, Karol Judge, Mychal, 17 Karpman, Ben, 82 Karylowski, Jerzy, 15 see also exocentric altruism Katrina hurricane disaster as example of doctrinal helping, 20 Kennedy, Joe, 144 see also demeritocracy Kennedy, John F., 79 Kennedy, Robert, 129 Khalil, Elias, 15–16, 18 see also three-station scenario Khruschev, Nikita, 79 King, Martin Luther, 60, 80, 129 King, Rodney, 92 Knowles, Malcolm, 161–2 Kohut, Heinz, 7–8 Kolbe, Maksymilian Maria, 29–30, 33, 68 Koon, Stacy, 82 Kravinsky, Adria, 64 Kravinsky, Zell, 8, 12, 36, 63–6 Kyi, Aung San Suu, 130 Kyoto University memory tests, 14 see Ayumu Lazarus, Richard, 61 see also transactional paradigm Ledger, Heath, 11 Lee, Barbara, 81 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Von, 18 see hyperbola, definition of Lemann, Nicholas, 110 Levenson, Michael, 82, 86–8 Levenson self-report psychopathy scale (personality measure), 86–7 Leviathan (Hobbes), Levin, Wayne, 145, 153 Levite, 37–8, 51 see also Good Samaritan experiment Librescu, Liviu, 65–6 Lock, Matt, 115 London riots, 92 Lottery, source of unhappiness and pathology, xi–xii Love as an example of functional autonomy and immunity to threat, 21 as an intermediate need, 9, 18 altruistic, xii, xiv golden rule and, xiv, 7, 165 human potential for, xiii trust and, 85 Loyola University, 39–40, 51, 53, 133 see Good Samaritan experiment Lucifer, xiii–xiv Lucifer Effect, The (Zimbardo), 136 McCullough, Gary E., 156 Machiavellian Scale (personality measure), 93 Madagascar, 84 Mandela, Nelson, 80, 130 Mansfield, Harvey, 155 Manson, Charlie, 76 Maslow, Abraham, 7, 9, 11, 14–16, 18–22, 28, 33, 35, 53, 62, 70–2, 76, 78, 83, 99–102, 107, 113, 127, 162 see also needs Massimino, Jack, 158 Materialism as agenda of the Middle Ages, as modern agenda, englightened form of, 100 in relation to Maslow’s needs hierarchy, 100–1 in relation to needs deprivation, 76 see also post-materialism Materialist values, 4, 100–9 see also post-materialist values medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), 11, 27 meritocracy, 144–5, 148–9, 159 Michael, the angel, xiii Middle Ages, 3–5 202 Index Milgram, Stanley, obedience studies by, 83, 132 Miller, James, 146 Milton, John, xiii–xiv mirror neurons, 11, 18, 26 see also motor empathy Mommsen, Theodore, Monaghan, Thomas, 36 Monroe, Marilyn, 11 Mood Adjective Self-Reports (personality measure), 93 Moqed, Majed, 73 Moral Sentiments (Smith), motor empathy, 11, 19, 22, 26, 39, 52, see also mirror neurons Myers, David, xii Nami, Ahmed al, 73 narrative collective assimilation, 32 National Election Studies (NES) survey, 103 natural selection, 26 Nazis atrocities, 70 Kolbe, Maksymilian, death at the hands of, 62 materialism and, 76–7 propaganda and, 84 rescuers and, 12, 78 Schindler, Oskar, affiliation with, 35 see also “Arbeit Macht Frei”; Hitler, Adolph; Goebbels, Joseph; Holocaust needs aesthetic, 100–1 altuistic compliments to, 15, 22, 28, 33, 59, belongingness and love and social, 9, 18, 22, 170 esteem, 9, 18–19, 21–2, 27, 32–3, 52, 63, 67, 73, 75–8, 100–1, 113, 118, 122, 139–40, 147, 168, 174 materialist versus post-materialist continuum relation to, 100–1 physical and physiological, 9, 18–19, 22, 31, 33, 61–3, 67, 75–6, 100–1, 118, 120, 122, 152 safety and security, 9, 17–18, 22, 31–2, 62–3, 67, 76–7, 100–2, 118, 120, 122, 127, 129–30, 139–40, 143, 154 self-actualization, 9–10, 12–13, 19–22, 24, 27–8, 30, 32–3, 52, 63–5, 67, 71–2, 100, 112–13, 115, 118, 120, 122, 147, 162, 168, 173–5 needs hierarchy, 9, 11, 15–16, 18–19, 21, 27–8, 33, 54, 72, 78, 99–102, 124, 162, 165 see also hyperbola model needs gratification, 6, 11, 18, 20–1, 28, 30–3, 39, 53, 60–1, 63, 71, 74, 77–8, 81, 93, 100, 110, 113, 115, 119, 137–9, 144, 155, 157, 170, 173, 174 neural–motor skills, 31 neuroenhancement, 162 Nixon, Richard, 110, 152 No Child Left Behind, 164 see also Bush, George W., education nootropics, 162 see also cognitive enhancers Norton, Michael, xi see also lottery Obama, Barack, 104, 107, 147 Occupy Wall Street (OWS), 67, 104–5, 129, 153–4, 176 Oedipus, Omari, Abdul Aziz al, 73 Overindulgence at self-actualization, 33, 112 Paradise Lost (Milton), xiii–xiv Parental care, 21, 28 parent–child relationship, 11, 26 see also evolution Pathogenic, 63, 113 Pathology and pathological 9/11 hijackers and, 72, 76–8 altruism, defined, 10, 59 altruism, lack of associatation with, 8, 68, 175 dispostional scaffolds and, 67 esteem and, 139 Index 203 exocentric altruism counteracts, 8, 59–64, 66 overcoming, 168–75 peace psychology efforts to reduce, 80–1 psychopathy as a special case of, 82–3, 173 self-interest association with, 55, 59, 66, 69, 113, 170, 173, 175 threats and inhibition to needs gratification and, 71, 78–9, 113, 170, 173, 175 Peace Psychology, 71, 78–81 see Blumberg, Herbert; Christie, Daniel Personality determinants, 35–7, 39, 51 development, 7, 9, 14, 20, 65, 71, 83 disorder of, 171 measures, 40–1, 86–87, 93, 134, 140 substance abuse, and changes in, 163 types, 20, 51, 61, 80, 91 Perspective taking, 9, 11, 18, 20, 29, 37, 62 see also cognitive empathy and exocentric altruism Peterson, Drew, 92 Pharisees, 131 Pierre, Abbé the, 151, 167–8, 170 Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA), 151, 174 see also Shewhart, Walter pleasure principle, xii, 8, 21, 31, 33, 67 see also Freud, Sigmund; Kohut, Heinz police alleged misconduct, 67, 91–2 materialist types preference for, 137 officer’s act of kindness, 29 opposition to, 105 psychopathy possible connection with, 85–91, 93–4 security needs and, 18 political values classification of, 101 exocentric, 119–20, 123–4, 138, 176 hyperbola pattern of, 122 indexing, 124 materialist, 4, 100–9, 123 measure, 120 Occupy Wall Street and, 129 post-materialist, 4, 100–1, 103, 118–25, 127, 129 shifting over time, xv, 95, 103, 110–11, 118–20, 127–9 statistical confidence in representing, 133 Positive psychology, Post, Jerrold, 74–8 posterior cingulate cortex, 29 see cognitive empathy post-materialists and types, 101, 103, 112–13, 115–17, 122, 124, 127, 128–9, 138, 176 post-materialist values, 4, 100–1, 103, 118–25, 127, 129 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 127 prefrontal cortex, 11, 20, 27 see also cognitive empathy Presley, Elvis, 11, 113 Priest role in the story of Jesus and Barrabas, 130 role in the parabale of the Good Samaritan, 37–8, 51 sale of indulgences, see also Kolbe, Maksymilian; Pierre, Abbé the Prison, psychopathy prevalence in, 85, 88, 93 see also Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, rendition camps, Stanford Prison Experiment pSTS/TPJ, 27 see also cognitive empathy Psychodyanic therapies, 168–9 treatment systems, 138 psychological altruism, 28 psychopathy among law enforcement, 86–94 as a special case of pathology, 82–3, 173 cupiditas association with, xiv measures, 86–8 primary, 82 secondary, 82, 87 204 Index Ptolemaic system, 3–4 Putnam, Robert, 110 quality circles, 102 Rainey, Dorli, 66–7 rat experiments and mirror neurons, 26, 28 Rawls, John, real wages, 78, 101 rendition camps, 70, 137 reptilan mindset, 32 Republican Party (US), 84, 104, 109, 119, 129, 133, 136–7 Rezaq, Mohammed, 74 Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 26 Rockefeller, J.D., 144 Rodriguez, Juan, xi ruling systems artificial aristocracy, 144, 147–8, 177 demeritocracy, 144–5, 177 intentional system and, 68, 83, 149, 150 meritocracy, 144–5, 148–9, 159 see also Young, Michael Rwanda, 70, 78 Sadducees, 131 see also Barrabas experiment Samaritan, 36–9, 51, 55 see also Good Samaritan experiment Sanchez, Ricardo, 84 Saudi Arabia, 72, 131 see also 9/11 Commission Report Saylor, Robert, 92 Schindler, Oskar, 9, 35–6 Schindler’s List (Spielberg), 35–6 scientific management theory, 102, 143, 151 Seattle Independent Media, 104 self-actualization addiction to, 27, 33 altercentric altruism as a compliment to, 19–22, 30, 33, 38, 122 apathy and boredom at, 11–12, 24, 113, 168, 170 as observed in people, 63–5 as post-materialist values, 100, 120, 122 cognitive empathetic involvment and use of imagination at, 20–1 connection to existential meaning, 24, 28, 32–3, 118 definition of, doctrinal helping and, 67 egocentric altruism as a compliment to, 19 hyperbola model and, 21–2 in relation to needs gratification, 21 in relation to the pleasure principle, inhibition and threats and, 71–2, 112–13, 115, 118, 147 meta needs, 71 overindulgence and, 33, 112, 117, 162, 167 psychological state beyond, xiv, 9–10, 13, 21, 30, 162 self-destruction and, 11, 113, 116, 163 SERVICE therapy and, 173–5 self-interest as a flawed basis for education, 155–61, 164–6 as a flawed basis for governance, 143–4, 147, 154, 168, 176 as a flawed basis for therapeutic systems, 175 corporate greed and, 105, 156, 158, 168, 173 frustration and, 11 human nature and, 5–9 maximization of, 4, 9, 15–16, 21, 23, 112–13 negation of, xiv, 6, 8–10, 12, 22, 25, 28, 30, 33–4, 36, 41, 60, 62–4, 128, 170 pathology and, 59–60, 66–9, 71, 175 political values and, 100, 120 underlying modern ruling systems, 72, 105, 138–9 self-sacrifice, 16–17, 51, 176 seminarians, 35, 38, 51–2 SERVICE therapy, 169, 170–5 continual element of, 173–4 Index 205 exemplify element of, 174–5 external element of, 171–2 innovate element of, 173 removal element of, 172 system element of, 170–1 variation element of, 172–3 Sexual drive, Shehhi, Marwan al, 74 Shehri, Mohand al, 73 Shehri, Wail al, 73 Shehri, Waleed al, 73 Shewhart, Walter , 151–2, 174 Siriono Indians, 31 situational variables versus dispositional variables, xiii–xiv, 10, 14, 35–7, 39–40, 46–7, 49–50, 52–3, 70, 72, 77–8, 80, 82, 85, 93, 131–2, 137–9 resistance to, 60–2, 69 see also dispositional variables Skinner, B.F., 160 Smith, Adam, xiv, 5–6 Snakes in Suits (Babiak and Hare), 85 Sober, Elliot, 28, 30 Socrates, 60, 129 Soto, Victoria, 29 Spencer, Herbert, 25 Spielberg, Steven, 35 spousal abuse, 70 Stanford Prison Experiment, 83–4, 93 see also Zimbardo, Philip Staub, Ervin, 38, 78 stress absence of, 65 acute stress disorder and, 127 coping and, 61 resistance to, 60–3 transactional model and, 61 suicide Adderall association with, 163 at crisis level in USA, 112–16, 169 bombers, 74–6 in self-actualizing people, 112 Suqami, Satam al, 73 survival of the fittest, 25 see also Spencer, Herbert Svetlova, Margarita, 11, 20, 27–9, 31–2 Swartz, Aaron, 115–17 sympathy, see empathy system of profound knowledge, 145–6, 154, 164, 170 see also Deming, W Edwards Taylor, Frederick, 102 temporal poles, 11 see also cognitive empathy temporal–parietal, 11 see also cognitive empathy Ten Item Personality Inventory (personality measure), 87–8, 91 see also Big Five personality dimensions “The More”, xi see also James, William Tibetan monks, 60, 62 Transactional model, 61 tribal customs, 31 trust dispositional, 75, 83–5, 93–4, 132 in public opinion polls, 102 unconscious drives, 7–8 unemployment inhibiting needs gratification, 27, 74 hate crimes and xenophbia in relation to, 106–9 USA levels, 101, 105, 144, 146, 148, 150, 154, 158 United Kingdom financial conflict with Iceland, 149 student tuition fees introduction in, 159 support for Shah of Iran, 76 United States alientated youth and, 78 altruism data from World War II and, 16 as an unhealthy “living system”, 147 as most underdeveloped country, 143–4 attack on liberty, 148–9 debt, economic climate, 67, 175 failing higher education system, 156–62 foreclosures, 39 206 Index United States – continued hate crime reductions, 105–9 international conflicts and, 79, 101 lack of purpose, 149–54 political values, 99, 102–3, 119, 124, 176 public opinion polls, 103, 119, 133 ruling systems, 144–5, 147 suicide crisis, 113–14 support for Shah of Iran, 76 unhealthy preoccupation with self-esteem, 139 see also Deming, W Edwards utilitarian, 5–6 Varga, Lucia, Vietnam War, 93, 101, 110 ‘Vivre pour auturi’, 10 see also Comte, Auguste and altruism, definition of Vygotsky, Lev, 161 Wells, H.G., 164 West, Edward, 158 West, Jeffrey, 157 will to power, 7, 25, 30, 33, 113–16 Wilson, David Sloan, 28, 30, 60, 68 Wojtyla, Karol, 12 see also John Paul II World Trade Organization, 104 World Values Survey, 102–5 World War I, and creation of the Nazis, 76, 80 World War II economic miracle after, 4, 109, 138, 175–6 evidence of altruism during, 16–17, 29, 78 helping the poor after, 167 Japanese reconstruction and, 143 Xenophobia, 78, 85, 105, 109 Young, Michael, 145 war on drugs, 152–3 Watson, Tex, 76 Wealth of Nations (Smith), Zimbardo, Philip, xiii–xiv, 70, 77, 83–6, 93, 132, 136–7, 176 .. .Motivation, Altruism, Personality, and Social Psychology Thispageintentionallyleftblank Motivation, Altruism, Personality, and Social Psychology The Coming Age of... man was the master of his planet) Egocentrism ruled the day, and Motivation, Altruism, Personality, and Social Psychology vanity and pride had cast a figurative dark cloud over human development... others as the same as the self and all others Thus, Schopenhauer did not believe that imagination plays a role 6 Motivation, Altruism, 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