States of consciousness models for psychology and psychotherapy (emotions, personality, and psychotherapy) true PDF {PRG}

States of Consciousness EMOTIONS, PERSONALITY, AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Series Editors: Carroll E Izard, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware and Jerome L Singer, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Current volumes in the series FINDING MEANING IN DREAMS: A Quantitative Approach Written by G William Domhoff FROM MEMORIES TO MENTAL ILLNESS: A Conceptual Journey Written by William M Hall LANGUAGE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: Strategies of Discovery Edited by Robert L Russell SAMPLING INNER EXPERIENCE IN DISTURBED AFFECT Written by Russell T Hurlburt SHYNESS: Perspectives on Research and Treatment Edited by Warren H Jones, Jonathan M Cheek and Stephen R Briggs THE COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS Written by Shulamith Kreitler and Hans Kreitler THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN: Physiology, Neuroanatomy, Psychology and Emotion Written by P.V Simonov THE PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS Written by Jack George Thompson THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS Written by Carroll E Izard THE ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: History, Theory and Research Written by Carol Magai and Susan H McFadden THE TRANSFORMED SELF: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS CONVERSION Written by Chana Ullman WHAT DEVELOPS IN EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT? Edited by Michael F Mascolo and Sharon Griffin STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Models for Psychology and Psychotherapy Written by Andrzej Kokoszka A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment For further information please contact the publisher States of Consciousness: Models for Psychology and Psychotherapy By Andrzej Kokoszka Medical University of Warsaw Warszawa, Poland With chapter by Andrzej Bielecki Institute of Computer Science Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland ABC Andrzej Kokoszka II Department of Psychiatry Medical University of Warsaw Ul Kondratowicza 03-242 Warszawa Poland kokoszka@amwaw.edu.pl Library of Congress Control Number: 2006926440 ISBN-10: 0-387-32757-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-32757-0 e-ISBN-10: 0-387-32758-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-32758-7 Printed on acid-free paper © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science +Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights springer.com For my wife, Bogna Preface The state of consciousness is our common experience in everyday life It is a natural and obvious phenomenon We not trouble ourselves with subtle or transient changes of states of consciousness However, the pathological states, i.e, dysfunctional and painful ones, cause us to seek therapy Psychiatric and psychotherapeutic diagnoses begin from the assessment of the patient’s state of consciousness The main goal of this book is to present a general model of states of consciousness that will describe the variety of modalities of experiencing, as well as to propose a comprehensive model for the assessment of the main psychological structures and functions of information processing, i.e., of information metabolism The assessment of the qualities of states of consciousness is a common part of psychological, psychotherapeutic and psychiatric diagnosis, but only when there are apparent abnormalities, e.g., persistent insomnia Therapists not pay attention to the subtle fluctuations in the form of natural states of consciousness However, there is data supporting Kleitman’s (1963) hypothesis of a biological rhythm of a 90-minute cycle i.e “basic rest-activity cycle” (BRAC) of changes in the brain activity It is manifested by well documented REM-NonREM cycles during sleep It is more difficult to find the daily manifestations of the BRAC, due to other activities performed in waking The suppression of this rhythm and its indirect manifestations are described by concepts of “ultradian stress syndrome and ultradian healing response” (Rossi, 1991) and of protective mechanisms of the BRAC (Kokoszka, 1990) named also “protective mechanisms of information” (Kokoszka, 1993b) They received meaningful confirmation in the research of Duchniewska and Kokoszka, (2003), that will be presented in detail in chapter V Until now neither Rossi’s nor my ideas received clinicians’ attention Fortunately, the similar idea of mindfulness, i.e nonjudgmental present-moment experience (Miller, Fletcher, Kabat-Zinn, 1995), has been given the increasing attention of psychologists and cognitive therapists According to the approach proposed in this book, mindfulness is understood as a specific attitude that not only facilitates occurrence of the natural state of consciousness characterized by a passive attitude of mind (contemplation) and domination of reception of information coming from internal sources of stimulation (an individual brain and body), but also enhances its duration in a day, at the expense of the state of consciousness vii viii Preface characterized by a goal-oriented activity and domination of the reception of information from external sources of stimulation Taking into account the contemporary cultural pressure for task-oriented activity, the routine of practicing mindfulness in everyday life may be understood as a means of protection against pressure for unlimited activity Fortunately, the concept of mindfulness has more empirical confirmation than the ultradian healing response and the protective mechanism of the information metabolism (the BRAC) However, it will be argued that all those concepts are related to the same natural state of consciousness and ways of achieving it It should be stressed that the models presented describe general qualities of states of consciousness and general structures of information processing that constitute a comprehensive meta-rationale for the existing psychotherapeutic models that are focused on those aspects of information processing that, according to those approaches, have the important roles in symptom formation and therapy For example, the psychodynamic approach considers information processing in mental processes in terms of defense mechanisms and object relations; behavioral therapy in terms of learning process; the cognitive approach in terms of the meaning assignment; etc The proposed model can be followed by some of those concepts in the description of the specific pathological conditions The creation of consciousness models requires considering most of the aspects of psychical activity Therefore, in the book, many psychological topics are discussed Although the book is not a fully updated review of the literature; that is not the goal of this work The book aims to present more general conclusions about the structure of the internal human world based on contemporary science I would like to propose that readers consider this volume as a guidebook for the investigation of the structure of our internal world For clarity, the ideas presented are illustrated in models, and the theoretical discussions are limited to the most necessary topics The current state of knowledge on the construction of the internal world is concerned with accumulating detailed findings and organizing them into more or less comprehensive models, which are subsequently, testified and verified The other important goal of the models is to facilitate the formulation of new important questions The book is devoted to a variety of aspects of consciousness, which is a fundamental psychical phenomenon However, it still remains a challenge for science We know it better from our direct personal experience then from results of research Consciousness is an obvious aspect of our life and its existence is unquestionable, but it is in some ways ineffable Eventually, any information that can change our intuitive, “direct” understanding of consciousness can cause many other changes in our outlook on life Therefore, studies of consciousness may be fascinating, or threatening, for an investigator However, until now there haven’t been any crucial, unequivocal discoveries Instead, we are left with an enormous amount of publications on different aspects of consciousness There is also a growing number of books on this topic, but there are no good theoretical frameworks, nor is there a rationale for the integration of existing partial knowledge about consciousness On one hand, neurobiological models are not very helpful in understanding common Preface ix everyday subjective experiences On the other hand, current psychotherapeutic models are very simplified in comparison with the variety of descriptions of subtle differences in individual experiences These reflections compelled me to study medicine, psychology and philosophy nearly 30 years ago and, later, to work on models of consciousness I continue this interest in order to better understand the different and specific modes of experiencing not only of the patients whom I meet in psychotherapy, but also of people who reported experiencing so-called higher states of consciousness, and last but not least, the variety of my own experiences In my studies I took different approaches At the beginning of my investigations, when Poland was still in isolation behind the “iron curtain,” I was fascinated by humanistic psychology and Eastern tradition I completed the training for the professional certificate of “authorized instructor within the scope of relaxation-concentration training” (i.e., yoga), issued by the Polish Ministry of Physical Education The training was led by Tadeusz Pasek, trained by Swami Kuvalayananda and S.L Vinekar in Lonavla, India Eventually, I conducted the training for healthy people and for depressed, neurotic, and schizophrenic patients for a couple of years This was also the topic of my research and the thesis for my M.A in psychology at Jagiellonian University “On Possibilities of Applying Relaxation Techniques Leading to the Altered States of Consciousness for Psychotherapeutic and Psychohygienic Purposes.” However, soon afterward I switched to a psychodynamic approach, and after approximately ten years to a cognitive one Recently the cognitive approach has come into alignment with the Eastern tradition as seen in the program of the International Congress of Cognitive Therapy in confluence with the IX World Congress on Constructivism Therapy in Goteborg in 2005 There were many lectures on Buddhist psychology and mindfulness, including a spectacular dialogue of His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Aaron Beck, the founder of cognitive therapy Twenty years ago, after a careful study of the literature on altered states of consciousness, I noticed that the theories of two, now deceased, prominent Polish psychiatrists, Jan Mazurkiewicz (1871–1947) and Antoni Kepi´nski (1918–1972) might significantly contribute to the creation of a general meta-rationale for the study of consciousness These psychiatrists published mainly in Polish, because they had very limited possibilities for international contacts due to political conditions Later, I successfully applied their ideas in the creation of models of states of consciousness This book reformulates and more precisely presents the results of my studies that were gradually published in a series of papers in international journals during the last two decades My interest in models of consciousness was reinforced by my environment My professional duties were divided between research in cognitive psychology and clinical psychiatry at the psychodynamically oriented Ward of Neuroses Treatment I felt a strong need to integrate these two paradigms My internationally recognized psychotherapeutic training also included the psychodynamic and cognitive approach I completed training in group analysis (psychoanalytic group psychotherapy) organized in Warsaw by the Institute of Group Analysis from Heidelberg, Germany, in 1995, with Werner Knauss as our group analyst, and the x Preface training in cognitive and behavioral therapy organized in Warsaw by an Italian Association of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy in 2002 It was led by Tullio Scrimali with a meaningful contribution by Arthur Freeman Tullio Scrimali integrates a cognitive-behavioral approach with the constructivistic ideas of Vittorio Guidano and Michael Mahoney, which are quite compatible with the information metabolism theory My friend, mathematician Andrzej Bielecki and I discovered that my models can be described in terms of dynamic systems theory, which is one of the inspirations for modern constructivism The mathematical description of information metabolism is presented in Chapter (written by him) Our personal experiences tend to be ego-syntonic and without cognitive dissonance The internal events which are within our usual range of experiences are obvious and considered rather as natural, and not as altered, even if some of them vary from the mainstream of our states Therefore, we not recognize superficial ASC in our everyday life Additionally, because of a tendency for a reduction of cognitive dissonance, profound ASC becomes gradually transformed into a more and more natural shape; and as time goes by, the experiences originally experienced as very unusual acquire a more usual meaning Therefore, the reader is kindly requested to take into consideration these tendencies and to reflect upon the fluctuation of his or her own states of consciousness as well as to try to recall unusual experiences that happened sometime in his or her life I hope that the presented model will be helpful in allowing readers to reflect upon the theoretical and personal aspects of states of consciousness, just as it has helped me It is recommended, but not necessary, to read all chapters of the book consecutively In order to make it possible to read individual chapters there is some repetition in the book Andrzej Kokoszka Lomianki, Poland August 2005 References 247 Mazurkiewicz, J (1980) Zarys psychiatrii psychofizjologicznej [An outline of psychophysiological psychiatry] Warszawa: Panstwowy Zaklad Wydawnictw Lekarskich Mazurkiewicz, J (1930) Zarys fizjologicznej teorii uczuc (An outline of physiological theory of feelings), Rocznik Psychiatryczny, part I in vol XII, pp 31–75; part II in vol XIII, pp 1–66 Mazurkiewicz, J (1950) Wstep psychofizjologii normalnej [An introduction to normal psychophysiology] Warszawa: Panstwowy Zaklad Wydawnictw Lekarskich Mazurkiewicz, J (1958) Wstep psychofizjologii patologicznej [An introduction to abnormal psychophysiology] Warszawa: Panstwowy Zaklad Wydawnictw Lekarskich McKellar, P (1968) Experience and Behaviour London: Penguin Mealey, L., Carman, G J (1978) REM sleep across 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(1977) Alternate States of Consciousness New York: The Free Press ˙ nski, J (1983) Jezyk i metoda (Language and method) Krak´ow: Spoleczny Instytut Zyci´ Wydawniczy Znak Index A acute mental disorders acute symptoms, 132–133 affective disorder symptoms, 138–140 neurotic symptoms, 133–134 psychotic symptoms, 134–138 affective disorders, 138–140 alertness, 6, 73, 92 altered states of consciousness See also consciousness according to Dietrich, 79 among persons with schizophrenia and healthy people, 57–61 first period of philosophical investigations of, 62 hallucination occurence, 39–40 hypnotic-like experiences, 41–42 implication of research, 45 interdisciplinary investigations of, 63 mystical-like states and peak experiences, 40–41 near-death experiences, 42 non-psychological investigations of, 62–63 occurence among students Canadian studies, 43–44 Polish studies, 44 occurence of experiences accompanying, 53 out-of-body experiences, 42 as profound, 44, 46–49 profound vs superficial, 54–57 psychological investigations of, 62 researcher conclusions on biofeed back, 66–67 brain hemispheres, 67 hypnosis, 66 meditation, 64–65 neurological findings, 67–78 sensory deprivation, 65–68 state of consciousness in sleep, 67 second period of psychological investigations of, 63 states considered unusual, 43 studies on aspects of, 63–64 as superficial, 44, 46–47, 50–54 amnesic aphasia, 183 amygdala, 219 apraxia, 183–184 arithmetical logic, artificial neural networks, 196, 210 attention, 15 autogenic training, 96, 189 awareness, 84 axiological experience, see value experience axiological motivation, 18 axiomatic system, 174 B baseline states of consciousness (b-SoC), 74 basic rest activity cycle (BRAC), 68, 92–93, 205 case against, 93 concept of protective mechanism of, 94–97 empirical data supporting protective mechanism of, 97–99 and hypothesis about cyclical activity of imagination, 94 and relaxation, 144–145 behavioral syndromes, 128 behaviorism, 62, 84 bicameral mind, concept of, 75 biochemical metabolism, 14 biofeedback, 66–67 biological programming, concept of, 28 blindsight syndrome, 68 brain hemispheres, 67–68 brainwashing, 255 256 Index C Canamero’s multi-agent system, for emotion modeling, 204 Carnot’s principle, 21 category theory, 202 central center, of mental activities, 87 central nervous system (CNS) activity, 3, 18 double function of, 13–14 cerebral blood flow, 37 chronogenic regression, 18 classification of emotions of Mazurkiewicz, 105 clinical psychopathology, 127 cognitive engram, 14 cognitive psychology theory, of development, 13 cognitive triad, 142 collective unconscious, 72 computer science, 174–175 conditional reflexes, 15, 18 conflict, model of, consciousness See also altered states of consciousness according to Caycedo, 78 according to Crick and Koch, 79 according to Csikszentmihalyi, 77 according to Farthing, 77 according to Fischer, 76 according to Freud, 119–120 according to Mazurkeiwicz, 11 according to Shallice, 77 according to Wallace, 76 altered states of, 5–6 alternate states of, classical theories of by Carl Gustav Jung, 72–73 by Karl Jaspers, 69–71 by Sigmund Freud, 71–72 by William James, 68–69 cognitive extensions models of states of diagnosis of clinical disorders, 141–142 diagnosis of personality and personality disorders, 142 conceptual approach to awareness, 84 consciousness, 83–84 consciousness vs altered states, 85 mind, 83 object, 86 psyche, 83 self, 85 self-consciousness, 84–85 self-unconsciousness, 84–85 contemporary theories of cognitive approach, 76–78 Fisher’s cantography, 73–74 by Gruehn, 73 Jaynes’s concept of bicameral mind, 75 other theories, 78–80 psychodynamic approach, 76 Tart’s system approach, 74–75 transpersonal approach, 75–76 Weil’s views, 74 disturbed states of, evolutionary leveled model of main states of conception of permanent evolution and dissolution, 107–109 main levels of psychical organization, 103–107 evolutionary psychodynamic model of Freud’s model of psychical apparatus, 118–120 hypothesis of mindfulness/hypofrontality, 125–126 integrated evolutionary-psychodynamic model, 120–124 integrative capacities of neo-Jacksonian model, 126 psychology of ego, 111 psychology of self, 112–115 regressive phenomena, 115–118 relation with objects, 111–112 model of states in consciousness in main psychopathological conditions acute mental disorders, see acute mental disorders approaches in clinical psychopathology, 126–129 personality features and disorders, 129–132 models of main everyday states of basic rest-activity cycle concept, 92–97 integrated model, 100–102 mystical-like state of, 6–7 neuroimaging of, 35–38 personal, 69, 72 philosophical presumptions in, 2–4 profoundly altered states of, in sleep, 67 states of awareness, 4–5 superficially altered states of, 8–9 constructivism Italian approach to, 33 in psychotherapeutic practice, 33 and psychotherapy, 33–34 themes of, 33 control center (CC), 122, 169, 217 corrective axial experience, 161–163 corrective axiological experience, 163–165 Index corrective emotional experience, 163–164 corrective experience of value, 165–166 Corrective Experience of Values Scale (CEVS), 166 cortical engram, 15 cosmic consciousness, 63 cybernetics, 175 analog approach in, 191–195 D daydreaming, 6, 43–44, 65 defense mechanism, 84, 109, 117, 126, 129, 133–134, 137, 139, 166, 217–218, 222, 224, 226 Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), 166 deja vecu phenomena, 43 deja vu phenomena, 43 delirium, 18 delusions, 135–137 dementia, 18 depersonalization states, 63 “depressive” position, 111 descriptive psychiatry, of Kepinski, Antoni according to Jakubik, 28–29 analysis of views of, 30–32 axiological approach to psychiatry concept of heroic proportions, 29–30 hierarchy of values, 28–29 on experiences of prisoners in Nazi concentration camps, 30 metabolism of information basic notions, 21 functions and structures of, 22–24 model of, 24–28 development concept of, 4, 82–83 and morality, 160–161 Neo-Jacksonian concept of the stages of, 161 periods of, 17 psychodynamic stages of anal stage, 113 genital stage, 115 latency stage, 114–115 oral stage, 113 phallic stage, 114 urethral stage, 114 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM IV), 39, 126, 137 dialogical mind, 155 differentiated waking states of consciousness (DWSC), 95, 100, 125, 146, 205 257 discrete states of consciousness (d-SoC), 74 dispositions of species, 16 doctrinal reductionism, 75 doctrine of concomitance, 13 dreams, classification of, 149 dual-instincts theory, 112 dynamical systems theory, 202, 214 E eastern meditation, 146 ecphoria, 15 ego, psychology of, 111, 118, 122 Electra complex, 110 elimination centers, 89 emotionally blind persons, 46 emotional stereotypes, 199 emotions, 15–16 energetic-informational metabolism, 21, 86 energy centers, 89, 190 engram, concept of, 13 enlightenment, 104 entropy, 179, 181–182 production, 183 epigenetic development, 112 esthetical illumination, see intellectual illumination Euclidean space, 186–187, 190 Euler method, 194–195 evolution of nervous system, theory of, 12 exteroceptive stimulation, extraordinariness, 42 F fast-frequency, low-amplitude sleep (FFLAsleep), 93 fear of death, 29 feelings, 15 complex, 16 isolated, 16 FitzHugh-Nagumo’s equations, 209 frontally linked mechanisms, 17 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 36 fuzzy logics, 202 fuzzy sets theories, 202 G genetic objectivism, 154 Găodel theorem, 1, 208 group-analytic group, operative levels in, 116–117 258 Index H hallucination episodes, 39, 75, 137 heroic proportions, concept of, 29–30 hierarchy of values, 28–29 Hodgkin-Huxley’s equations, 209 human infants, 14 humanistic psychology, 45, 56 human physical activity, 18 schema of, 18–19 human psyche, 171 dynamics of, 184–191 hyperglycemia, hyperventilation, hypnosis, 66, 151 hypnotic-like experiences, 41–42 hypofrontality hypothesis, 125 hypoglycemia, hypometabolic state, 65 hypothetical functional structures, 87 hypothetical supralogical period, 103–104 hysteric and psychasthenic reactions, 17 I id, 118 individual dispositions, 16 infantile psychic processes, 111 information in humans, structures of, 86–87 information metabolism model according to Kepinski, Antoni, 21–27 application on the analysis of posttraumatic disorder, 220–222 basic notions of information metabolism, 21 in Bielecki, Andrzej framework dynamics of psyche, 184–191 information metabolism structures, 195–205 integrated model of mental organization, 205–206 mathematical, computer science and cybernetic models, 173–177 neuronal system for consciousness dynamics, 191–195 physical and topological aspects of information metabolism theory, 178–184 concept of permanent evolution and dissolution, 107–109 cybernetic model of human, 201 evolutionary-psychodynamic model, 124–125 functions and structures of information metabolism autonomic psychological activity, 23–24 control center, 22 exchange of signals between organism and environment, 24 maintaining order, 23 values system, 22–23 in interpersonal contacts psychodynamic-cognitive model, 167–169 strategies for understanding experiences of other persons, 169–170 justification of, 90–91 meaning of, 91 for multiaxial psychotherapeutic diagnosis assessment of information metabolism, 217–218 information metabolism as dynamical systems, 215 schema of, 215–217 self-organizing and dynamically changing structure of mental processes, 213–215 and neo-Jacksonian theory, 107–108 presumptions, 86–90 in psychopathology, 25–26 in psychotherapy, 26–27 stages of metabolism in human brain, 181–182 and therapeutic contact model, 26–27 information processing, theory of, 18 instinctive—subcortically instinctive mechanisms, 103 instincts, 14, 16, 18, 105, 112, 131, 158, 185, 189, 195, 204–205 integration, model of, intellectual illumination, 54 International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), 126, 128, 137 intoxication, intuition, 2, 84 isolated conditioned mechanisms, of extrafrontal organs, 17 isolated prelogical mechanisms, 17 isolation, K Kundalini meditation, 36 L law of preserving life, 180 laws of life and species conservation, 21 logical—frontally linked mechanisms, 103 logical mechanisms, 16 logical motivations, 18 lucid dreams, phenomenon of, 67 Index M magical influences, 58 Maslow’s conception of needs, 156, 158 pragmatic framework of, 157–160 materialism, mathematics, 173–174 Mazur’s autonomous system, 203–204 McCulloch-Pitts’s model, of neuron, 208–210 meditation, 64–65, 96, 149–151 mental disorders, mental energy, concept of, 20, 81 mental involvement, see alertness mental phenomena, mental processes, 177 mental retardation, 18 metaphor, 173 methodological reductionism, mild depersonalization states, 39 mind–body identity theory, mind–body problem, 2, 62 mind–body unity theory, mind–brain parallelism, 12 mindfulness and Buddhism, 35 and meditation, 34 mindfulness/acceptance therapy, 35 mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), 35 mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program, 34–35 mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions, 35 social recognition of, 34 mnemonic engrams, 14 motor activity, mystical engrossment, levels of, 73 mystical experience, 41 mystical states, 6, 8, 58, 63, 76 according to Stace, 6–7 N nasal cycle, 93 near-death experiences, 42 negative symptoms, 17 negentropy, 181 neo-Jacksonian psychophysiological psychiatry, of Mazurkiewicz, 165 double function of CNS, 13–14 dynamic functions of emotions, 15–16 instinctual sources of psychic activity, 14–15 misperceptions of Jacksonian theory, 12–13 psychopathology theory, 17–18, 128 259 psychophysiology theory, 16–17 schema of human physical activity, 18 neo-Jacksonian theory, 11, 20, 107, 113, 118, 133–134, 161 neuroses, 26, 28 non-REM sleep, 67, 91, 93, 100–101, 120, 125, 145, 183, 205 non-total equilibrium state, 178–179 O oceanic feeling, 71 Oedipal complex, 110 ontogenesis, 15, 18 maturation, of brain tissue, 13 ordinary waking states of consciousness (OWSC), 95, 100, 125, 145–146, 205 out-of-body experiences, 42 P parallelism, model of, “paranoid-schizoid” position, 111 passive states of mind, Pavlovism, 62, 80 perception–hallucination continuum, 73 peripheral structural structures, 89 personality, 108, 129 diagnosis of, 142 disorders, 129–131 neurotic, 131–132 personal unconscious, 72 pharmacological agents, phylogenesis, 14 physiological manifestations, 95 Piagetian states, of development, 109 Platonic philosophical system, 173 positive-disintegration, theory of, 12 positive symptoms, 17 positron emission tomography (PET), 35 posttraumatic stress disorder application information metabolism model, 220–222 case study of, 222–226 cognitive behavioral studies of, 219–220 definitions of trauma, 218–219 formation of symptoms of, 221–222 pathological responses to traumatic events, 219–220 psychodynamic findings related to, 220 pragmatic information, 91 prefrontal cortex, 37 prelogical—isolated prelogical mechanisms, 103 Prigogin’s theory, 180 260 Index profoundly altered states of consciousness, see altered states of consciousness prophetic trance states, protective mechanisms, concept of, 96–98 psychical energy notion of, 18 sources of, 14 psychical phenomena, 1, 13 instinctual sources of, 14 psychical reality, psychoanalysis, 12–13 psychoanalytic therapy, psychoanalytic therapy, non-interpretative mechanisms in, 214 psychological determinism, 112 psychology and religion, relations between, 2–3 psychopathology, theory, 17–18 psychophysical dualism, psychophysical parallelism, psychophysiology theory, 15–17 psychosexual tendencies, in childhood, 111 psychosis, state of, 134 according to neo-Jacksonian model, 137 psychotherapy, 30–32, 215 psychodynamic form of, 110 therapist role in, 31 Purpose in LifeTest-Polish Version, 166 R rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 67, 91, 95, 100, 120, 147, 152, 183, 205 reflexes, 204 reflexively conditioned—isolated reflexively conditioned mechanisms, 103 reflexively conditioned mechanisms, of extrafrontal organs, 17 regressive phenomena, 115–118 relation with the object, theory of, 111–112, 167 relaxation response only technique, 146 relaxation theory classification of relaxation phenomena, 145–148 as a cultural protective mechanism, 144–145 evolutionary model in relaxation hypnosis, 151 meditation, 149–151 multileveled model of relaxation states, 148–149 relaxation techniques, 147–148 repressed memories, 72 restricted environmental stimulation technique (REST), 66 Riemannian manifold, 187 S samadhi state, 73 scale of dissolution, 17 hierarchy of values, 157–158 schizophrenia, 18, 28, 58, 60, 75 Schneider’s symptoms, 58 scientific paradigms, secondary direct consciousness, 106 self, psychology of, 112–115, 200 self-awareness, 42 self-consciousness, 2, 84–85, 101, 105 act of, Self-Consciousness Scale, 58 self-unconsciousness, 84–85 sensory deprivation states, 5, 65–66 shamanistic trance states, Shannon’s communication theory, 182 shape theory, 186 S-II Symptoms Questionnaire, 166 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 36 sleep deprivation, sleep–waking rhythm, 95, 104, 124, 205 slow-frequency, high-amplitude sleep (SFHA-sleep), 93 social theories, 66, 151 Society for Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 33 solitary confinement, somatopsychological factors, spiritual reality, split brain, 93 Stace, W T., 6–7 States of Mind and Consciousness Questionnaire, 46 second version, 58 survey among Polish university students using, 43 stochastic neurons, 210 subcortically instinctive mechanisms, 17 subjective experiences, see altered states of consciousness subject–object dichotomy, 70 subordination, model of, superego, 81, 89, 112, 118, 120, 206, 213, 217 superficially altered states of consciousness, see altered states of consciousness supraconsciousness, see ultraconsciousness symbolic thinking, 157 Index T “take-a-break” periodicity, 96, 144 Tellegen Differential Personality Questionnaire, 41 thalamic instinctive activity, 14 theory of psychophysiology of Mazurkiewicz, 15 thermodynamic laws, 179 thought, 69 Tibetan Buddhist meditation, 36 Tischner’s philosophy of values, 153–154 Toronto Alexithymia Scale, 58 trance theories, 66, 151 transcendental psychology, 76 transpersonal psychology, 107 trauma, 218–219 traumatic brain changes, tribal ceremonies, U ultraconsciousness, 7–8, 50, 58, 63, 146–147 Dean’s characteristics of, 57 unconscious, 71, 109, 112 unusual reality, 58 261 V value experience characteristics of values according to evolutionary-level model of mental processes, 156–160 concept of corrective experience of values corrective axial experience, 161–163 corrective axiological experience, 163–165 corrective emotional experience, 163–164 developments in corrective experience of values, 165–166 evolutionary level concentration, 161 morality and development, 160–161 and neo-Jacksonian model, 161 philosophical description of, 153–155 psychological description of, 155–156 W Watson’s experiments, with a child and candlelight, 15 Western Culture natural rhythmicity, 94 Whitney’s theorem, 186–187 Y yoga meditation group, study of, 35–36 yoga nidra meditation, 36 ... Conclusions from the Review of Existing Data and Theories of States of Consciousness and Altered States 3.1 The Common Views Models of the States of Consciousness and Information Metabolism... the Psychology of Consciousness Phenomenology of Altered States of Consciousness 2.1 Profoundly Altered States of Consciousness 2.2 Superficially Altered States of Consciousness ... in consciousness (1990–93), “Altered states of consciousness among healthy and mentally ill people” (1990–93), and Psychology and psychopathology of states of consciousness (1994–95); and