The handy psychology answer book

Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page i About the Author Dr Lisa J Cohen is a licensed clinical psychologist who works as a teacher, scientist, and clinician She is Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Beth Israel Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, where she also serves as Director of Research for Psychology and Psychiatry Dr Cohen teaches topics in clinical psychology to graduate and undergraduate students in psychology and to psychiatric residents Her scientific research has covered a number of domains, including obsessive compulsive disorder, child trauma, personality pathology, psychological testing, opiate addiction, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia She has authored or co-authored over 70 articles in professional journal and 14 book chapters In her private practice, she provides psychotherapy to individuals and couples, combining psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral techniques She also works as a supervising psychologist on an inpatient psychiatric unit, where she oversees the provision of group therapy and psychological testing to psychiatric patients with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder i Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page ii Also from Visible Ink Press The Handy Anatomy Answer Book by James Bobick and Naomi Balaban ISBN: 978-1-57859-190-9 The Handy Answer Book for Kids (and Parents) by Judy Galens and Nancy Pear ISBN: 978-1-57859-110-7 The Handy Astronomy Answer Book by Charles Liu ISBN: 978-1-57859-193-0 The Handy Biology Answer Book by James Bobick, Naomi Balaban, Sandra Bobick and Laurel Roberts ISBN: 978-1-57859-150-3 The Handy Dinosaur Answer Book, 2nd Edition by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E Svarney ISBN: 978-1-57859-218-0 The Handy Geography Answer Book, 2nd Edition by Paul A Tucci and Matthew T Rosenberg ISBN: 978-1-57859-215-9 The Handy Geology Answer Book by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E Svarney ISBN: 978-1-57859-156-5 The Handy History Answer Book, 2nd Edition by Rebecca Nelson Ferguson ISBN: 978-1-57859-170-1 The Handy Law Answer Book by David L Hudson Jr ISBN: 978-1-57859-217-3 The Handy Ocean Answer Book by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E Svarney ISBN: 978-1-57859-063-6 The Handy Philosophy Answer Book by Naomi Zack ISBN: 978-1-57859-226-5 The Handy Physics Answer Book, 2nd Edition by Paul W Zitzewitz, Ph.D ISBN: 978-1-57859-305-7 The Handy Politics Answer Book by Gina Misiroglu ISBN: 978-1-57859-139-8 The Handy Religion Answer Book by John Renard ISBN: 978-1-57859-125-1 The Handy Science Answer Book®, Centennial Edition by The Science and Technology Department Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh ISBN: 978-1-57859-140-4 The Handy Sports Answer Book by Kevin Hillstrom, Laurie Hillstrom and Roger Matuz ISBN: 978-1-57859-075-9 The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book by David L Hudson, Jr ISBN: 978-1-57859-196-1 The Handy Weather Answer Book, 2nd Edition by Kevin S Hile ISBN: 978-1-57859-215-9 The Handy Math Answer Book by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E Svarney ISBN: 978-1-57859-171-8 Please visit the Handy series website at handyanswers.com Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page iii THE HANDY PSYCHOLOGY ANSWER BOOK Lisa J Cohen, PhD Detroit Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM THE HANDY PSYCHOLOGY ANSWER BOOK Page iv Copyright â 2011 by Visible Ink Pressđ This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or website All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended Visible Ink Press® 43311 Joy Rd., #414 Canton, MI 48187-2075 Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be produced to meet your needs For more information, contact Special Markets Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleink.com, or 734-667-3211 Managing Editor: Kevin S Hile Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: Marco Di Vita Proofreader: Sharon R Gunton and Sharon R Malinowski ISBN 978-1-57859-223-4 Cover images: iStock.com Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Cohen, Lisa J The handy psychology answer book / Lisa J Cohen p cm — (Handy answer book series) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-57859-223-4 Psychology—Popular works I Title BF145.C59 2011 150—dc22 Printed in the United States of America 10 2010042165 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page v Contents I NTRODUCTION vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix GLOSSARY … 453 B IBLIOGRAPHY … 469 I NDEX … 483 I NTRODUC I NG TH E BASIC S … B RAI N AN D B E HAVIOR … 95 The Basics … Psychology before Psychology … Psychology in Other Cultures … History and Pioneers … Sigmund Freud … John B Watson and B.F Skinner … Jean Piaget Basic Concepts in Neuroscience … The Major Structures of the Brain … Brain Development … From Brain to Mind … The Brain as Mapmaker … Sensation and Perception … Motor Behavior and Intentional Action … Cognition and Behavioral Control … Emotions … Emotion and the Limbic System … Emotions in Mammals … Frontal Control of the Limbic System … Neurotransmitters and Other Brain Chemicals … Impact of the Environment on the Brain MAJOR MOVE M E NTS I N PSYC HOLO GY … 31 Behaviorism … Gestalt Psychology … Psychoanalytic Theory … Jungian Analytical Psychology … Humanistic Theories … Attachment Theory … Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology … Neurobiological Theories … Cognitive Science … Psychology as a Science … Psychological Tests … Intelligence Testing PSYC HOLO GICAL DEVE LOPM E NT AC ROSS TH E LI FE SPAN … 147 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages … Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages … v Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page vi Margaret Mahler … Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development … Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development … The Role of Culture … Infancy … Toddler Years … Preschool Years (3–5) … School Age Children (6–11) … Adolescence (12–18) … Early Adulthood (19–40) … Middle Adulthood (40–60) … Later Adulthood (60 and Older) … The End of Life: Death and Dying TH E PSYC HOLO GY OF EVE RYDAY LI FE: LOVE, MARRIAGE, AN D BABY CARRIAGE … 223 Love … Marriage … Pregnancy … Parenting … Families … Divorce … Sexuality … Sexual Orientation TH E PSYC HOLO GY OF EVE RYDAY LI FE: MOTIVATION AN D TH E SEARC H FOR HAPPI N E SS … 271 The Psychology of Happiness … Positive Psychology … Happiness across Cultures … The Psychology of Money … The Biology of Money GROU P DYNAM IC S AN D TH E PU B LIC SPH E RE … 301 Group Dynamics … Prejudice and Racism … Morality … Psychology in the Workplace … Psychology in the Public Sphere … Voting Behavior AB NORMAL PSYC HOLO GY: M E NTAL H EALTH AN D M E NTAL I LLN E SS … 343 Definitions and Classifications … Major Mental Illnesses … Disorders of Personality … Substance Abuse … Psychotherapy … Psychopharmacology … Popular Psychology TH E PSYC HOLO GY OF TRAUMA … 405 The Psychological Impact of Trauma … Child Abuse … Sexual Abuse … Domestic Violence FORE N SIC PSYC HOLO GY … 429 The Psychology of Criminal Behavior … Causes of Antisocial Traits … Specific Forms of Crimes … Mental Illness and the Law vi Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page vii Introduction I have been fascinated with psychology ever since I was a child I wanted to understand what made people what they do, what the story was behind their behavior I wanted to strip back the outer cover and see the machinery within Many years later, I am still fascinated with psychology Psychology is ultimately the foundation of all human endeavor Why we think, feel, and act the way we do? Why we love, hate, eat, work, or dance the way we do? How does our three-pound brain produce the incredible intricacies of human behavior? How much of our psychology is due to genes and how much to our environment? These questions are addressed every day in thousands of laboratories and consulting rooms across the country and across the world And the answers to such age-old questions are closer at hand than at any point in history While I not believe we will ever fully understand the extraordinary mystery of the human mind, we certainly can learn—and have learned—a tremendous amount about our mental processes Moreover, such discoveries can help reduce the suffering and improve the lives of millions of people Interestingly, the major players in the field of psychology used to be far better known to the general public Fifty years ago, the average person on the street was more likely to be familiar with the likes of Sigmund Freud, B.F Skinner, or Jean Piaget There was a widespread appreciation of the importance of the field of psychology and its relevance to everyday life In contemporary times, there is far less general awareness of the contributions of the field of psychology Perhaps psychology—that is, the scientific discipline of psychology—has been a victim of its own success Certainly talk shows and magazines are filled with psychological topics Dr Phil, Dr Laura, and Dr Joyce Brothers remain household names But I would suggest that the entertainment value of popular psychology has overtaken the appreciation of serious science Meanwhile, psychology is flourishing within the walls of academia Psychology remains an incredibly popular major in college and graduate school But within the university, the seriousness of the field has overtaken its inherent entertainment value Thus psychology has split into two vectors: popular psychology, which is entertaining vii Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page viii but not rigorous, and academic psychology, which is serious but not easily accessible to the non-specialist This book is intended to find a middle ground, to provide a rigorous and scientifically grounded book that is nonetheless accessible and engaging to the general public The first section of this book gives an overview of the fundamentals of psychology We cover the history and pioneers of psychology, the major theoretical movements, the science of psychology, the brain and its relationship to behavior, and psychological development across the lifespan These are the areas traditionally covered in textbooks In the second half of the book we address how the scientific methods of psychology have been applied to questions of everyday life Here we see how the science of psychology has immediate relevance to a broad spectrum of human activities What can psychology tell us about love, marriage, family, and sexuality? What can psychology tell us about happiness or our relationship with money? Chapter explores the psychology of the group and how group dynamics play out in the work place, the public sphere, and in the problems of prejudice and racism Chapters through 10 look at abnormal psychology Chapter addresses clinical psychology, covering such topics as psychopathology, psychiatric diagnosis, psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication Chapter looks at the psychology of trauma, and chapter 10 at forensic psychology, where psychology intersects the law As part of the “Handy Answer Book” series, this book is structured in a questionand-answer format Approximately 1,000 questions are answered with one- or twoparagraph answers The goal is to break down complex topics into bite-size ideas While the questions were carefully selected to create a narrative flow, this is also the kind of book that you can open at any point and browse If you want, you can read the book from cover to cover, but you can also flip through to find questions that particularly jump out at you Although I want the reader to feel free to jump around, the nature of science is that it is cumulative In other words, the most recent developments rest upon the shoulders of earlier work Because of this, the sections in the second half of the book will sometimes refer to topics and people introduced in the first half If readers run across an unfamiliar idea, person, or issue, they can look the topic up in the index, which will then point them to other areas in the book where the issue is discussed viii I have applied the same scientific standards when writing this book that I use when writing scientific articles for professional journals and have worked hard to only include conclusions that are supported by solid if not multiple references In professional papers, you cite your sources in the middle of the text, right where you are referencing them While this practice is necessary for scientific accuracy, it does not make for easy reading Therefore we put the reference list at the back of the book Readers who are interested in learning more about any particular area can look up the relevant references for more information Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page ix INTRODUCTION This book is intended for the general public Anyone who has a passing interest in psychology could pick up this book to learn more about the field Did you study psychology in college and always maintained an interest in it? Have you had personal experience with psychological problems, either in yourself or in your family? Are you thinking you might like to pursue a career in the mental health field? Or you just wonder about why people behave the way they do? Then The Handy Psychology Answer Book is for you Although this book is intended for the general public, it can also be used to supplement traditional textbooks If you want a quick review on Attachment Theory or on Behaviorism, if you want to remind yourself of the basics of brain-behavior relationships, or if you want a quick introduction to key psychological theories, this book can be helpful for you Whatever your reasons for picking up this book, I hope that you can put it down with a better appreciation of just how fascinating psychology can be and how important it is to everyday life Lisa J Cohen, Ph.D AC KNOWLE D G M E NTS Many people contributed to the writing of this book I’d like to acknowledge Drs Igor Galynker, Nancy Maruyama, and the Division of Biological Psychiatry for their continual and extremely helpful feedback on various chapters Thanks to Drs Ramin Mojtabai, Alessandra Strada, and Ed D’Angelo for their comments on the accuracy or lack thereof of sections on neurobiology, humanistic psychology, and classical thought I would also like to acknowledge Vanessa and David Evans, Alex and Josh Cohen, David and Marina Vergara, Julie Cohen Evans, Katia Segre Cohen, and Sylvia Cohen for their insights into adolescent slang past and present and into the mysterious world of children’s thought Thanks as well to Dennis Mack for creative ideas as well as legal advice To Roger Janecke and Kevin Hile, there would be no book if it weren’t for you Finally, to Ed, for tolerating with such good grace my many, many hours absorbed at the computer ix Handy Psychology 488 10/20/10 12:03 PM disaster, natural, 408, 408 (ill.) discipline, 242, 242 (ill.) dismissing adults, 63–65 disorders, personality, 359–67, 452 displacement, 384 dissociation, 409 dissociative identity disorder (DID), 350 distortions, cognitive, 388 divisions of psychology study, 2–4 divorce, psychological study of, 253–58 D-love, 55–56 Dollard, John, 312 domestic violence, 419–28, 421 (ill.) dopamine, 137 (ill.), 137–39, 297–98, 356, 361, 371, 442 dopaminergic reward system, 297–99 Doros, Gheorghe, 292 dorsolateral frontal cortex, 441 double deprivation, 313 Dr Brothers’ Guide to Your Emotions (Brothers), 402 Dr Joyce Brothers, 402 Dr Laura, 403 Dr Phil, 403 Drenth, Pieter, 324 dress of adolescents, 197, 197 (ill.) drugs, psychiatric see psychopharmacology drugs of abuse see substance abuse DSM (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) criminal behavior, 430–31, 434 forensics, 452 mental illness, 343, 345–49, 354–55 personality disorders, 360, 362–67 public sphere, 333–34 substance abuse, 368–70, 373, 375 trauma, 407, 413 Page 488 dynamics, family, 251–52 dynamics, group, 301–8, 322 E early adulthood, development in, 201–7 Easterlin, Richard, 284 Eastern religions, psychology in, 13, 50, 53 ecological validity, 169 economics, behavioral, 287–88 ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 400–401 education, role in formal operational stage, 164 educational practices, Skinner’s contributions to, 25 Edwards, John, 335 effectiveness of psychotherapy, 380–81 egg metaphor, 157 ego, 6–7, 13–14, 46, 48, 135 The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (Freud), 383 egoistic deprivation, 313 Electra complex, 150–51 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 400–401 Ellis, Albert, 10, 387 Ellis, Havelock, 258 Emmons, Robert, 334, 365 emotion see also happiness, psychological study of of babies, 173–74 changes in adolescence, 194 changes in middle adulthood, 208 cognition and behavioral control, 129–35 development in the school age years, 186 health of children during divorce, 256–57 impact of trauma on, 408, 408 (ill.) intelligence, 91 object constancy, 159 relationship to learning theory, 33 role in financial decisions, 289–90 teaching children to manage, 246 of toddlers, 177 empathy, relationship to morality, 318 Empedocles, employee motivation, 328–29 employee productivity, 324, 327–28 employees, do’s and don’ts for, 331–32 empty chair technique, 389 end of life, 219–21 engaged life, 279–81 Enron scandal, 435, 435 (ill.) environment impact of on the brain, 143–46 interaction between neurobiology and, 436–37 role of in behavior, 367 role of in development of antisocial traits, 436 role of in formal operational stage, 164 role of in mental health, 357 role of in personality, 362 role of in temperament, 174–75 epigenetic markers, 245 EPS (extra-pyramidal side effects), 393 Erikson, Erik and adolescence, 193 comparison to Piaget, 160, 162 developmental stage theories of, 147–48, 152–54 and early adulthood, 204, 206 Freud’s influence on, 148 influence on Seligman, 279 and later adulthood, 214 and middle adulthood, 210 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM F factor analysis, 223–24, 362–63 factors, Hare’s two psychopathy, 433–36 factors contributing to delinquency, 438–39 factors in successful therapy, 391–92 factors in therapy success, 391–92 factors increasing damage of child abuse, 413 factors leading to antisocial behavior, social, 437 factors of hostility in a divorce, 255–57 factors of mental illness, risk, 356 factors protecting against child abuse aftereffects, 415 factors that lead to happiness, 274, 274 (ill.), 276–77, 283–84 failure of marriages, 231 Fairbarn, W.R.D., 361 false belief task, 182 false memories, 410 families, psychological study of, 246–53 family, love for, 225 family factors contributing to juvenile delinquency, 438 family therapy, 389–90, 390 (ill.) fantasy, distinguishing from reality, 181 Fastow, Andrew, 435 fathers, challenges to during pregnancy, 239–41 favoritism, 311–12 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 397, 399 fear’s role in money psychology, 289 Fechner, Gustav, 14 Fedorikhin, Alexander, 293 feeling, difference between emotion and, 131 Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy (Burns), 388 feeling vs thinking, 52 female sexuality, cultures’ variance regarding, 263–64 feminism, 420–21 Fennell, Tiffany, 426 Ferber method, 387 Festinger, Leon, 304, 308 fights, good and bad marital, 232–33 Finkel, Norman, 430 firm family boundaries, 250 first year, development in the, 169–70 first year, parental stress in the, 241 first-time parents, identity changes of, 237 Fisher, Helen, 229 Five Factor Model of personality, 52, 360, 364 fixed action patterns, 128 Fleming, Nicole, 273 flight of ideas, 351 fluid intelligence, 115, 208, 217 Foley, Mark, 336 folk psychology, 11 Fonagy, Peter, 49, 65 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 397, 399 Foot, Philippa, 319 forebrain, 109 forensic psychology, 429–x formal operational stage, 163–64 Forman, Mats, 442 Fowler, James, 338–39 framing effect, 291 Frankl, Victor, 55, 389 Franz, Robert, 171 free association, 382 frequency of divorce over history, 253 Freud, Amalia, 48 Freud, Anna, 383 Freud, Jacob, 48 Freud, Sigmund biological aspect of theories of, 137 comparison to Jung, 50 comparison to Piaget, 26–27, 159–60, 162 IN D EX and the school age years, 185 Erikson, Joan, 214 erogenous zones, 148 establishment of psychology field, eugenics, 15, 17–18, 66, 70, 92 euphemisms, sexual, 265 evaluation of risk and reward, 288–89, 291 evolution brain, 95–96, 104–8, 127 fitness, 69 function to controlling women’s sexuality, 264 of morality, 315–16 psychology of, 66–76 relationship with love, 225–28 of risk and reward evaluation, 289, 289 (ill.) executive functions, 129 exercises to improve happiness, 281–82 existential psychoanalysis, 55 existentialism, 54 Exner, John, 87–88 expectations, setting of, 298 experience, brain development’s dependence on, 111, 112 experimental studies, 79–80 extended family, 251 (ill.), 251–52 external locus of control, 331, 408 extinction, 36–38, 61 extra-pyramidal neurons, 125 extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS), 393 extroversion vs introversion, 52 Eysenck, Hans, 337 Page 489 489 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM Page 490 contributions to psychoanalytic theory, 45–49 defense mechanisms, 383–84 differences between Mahler and, 155 Erikson’s study of, 152–53 influences of, 6–8, 10 latency stage, 185 photo of, 19 (ill.) psychological development across the lifespan, 147–48 and psychological trauma, 145 psychosexual stages of, 148–52 seduction theory, 406 as sexologist, 258 theories of, 19–22 use of psychoanalysis, 382 use of psychotherapy, 380 friends, love for, 225 friendships, cross-group, 314 friendships, role of, 183 frontal lobe, 98, 105–6, 113–14, 134–36, 451 frontal release signs, 128, 136 frustration tolerance, 243 function of happiness, 271–72 function of love, evolutionary, 228 functional behavioral analysis, 387 functionalism, 16, 42, 54 functions of the brain, 101, 105 G 490 GABA, 140, 396–97 Gacy, John Wayne, 448 Gage, Phineas, 130, 135 Galen, 6, Gall, Franz Joseph, 15, 18 Galton, Francis, 16–18, 17 (ill.), 70 Galton, John, 92–93 gambling as a reward system, 299 Gangestad, Steven, 266 gangs, teen, 438 (ill.) Gao, Ge, 236 Gardner, Howard, 91 Garofolo, Janeane, 205 Geier, Andrew, 292 gender differences, study of, 236 differences in preschoolers, 184–85, 184 (ill.) differences in sexual orientation, 269 differences in sexuality, 260 role of in antisocial traits, 438–39 roles in parenting, 241–42 toddlers’ understanding of, 180 gender-typical behavior, 269 generalizeability, 81, 84, 93 generational boundaries, 250, 252–53 generational cycle of abuse, 414–15, 415 (ill.), 417 generativity vs stagnation, 154, 210 genetics basis of temperament, 174 role of in addiction, 373–74 role of in antisocial traits, 442 role of in behavior, 67–68, 74–75, 75 (ill.) role of in happiness, 276–77 role of in mental health, 357–59 role of in personality, 362–63 role of in voting behavior, 338 genital stage, 151 George III, King, 358 Gerner, Lindsey, 239 gerotranscendance, 214 Gestalt psychology, 39–45, 54, 78 Gestalt psychotherapy, 45, 55, 389 Gilligan, Carol, 167, 315, 321–22 glutamate, 140 goal-correction, 129 goals, group, 312 Golden Rule, 318 Goldman, Ronald, 426 Goleman, Daniel, 91 good death, contributions to a, 219 Gottman, John, 231, 246, 254, 441 Gould, Roger, 148, 206, 212 Gracek, Susan, 225, 227 gray matter, 104 Grays, the, 344 Greek root of word “psychology”, Greeks, ancient, view of psychology, 4–6, Green, Donald, 338 Greene, Joshua, 319 grief, 219–20 group dynamics, 301–8, 322 group psychotherapy, 379 (ill.) guilty but insane, 449 Gurr, Ted Robert, 312 H habitual voting, 338 Haeckel, Ernst, 108 Haidt, Jonathan, 316–17 Haley, Jay, 390 Hall, Calvin, 334 hallucinations, 349 happiness, psychological study of, 271–78 happiness across cultures, 283–87 happiness set point, 274–76, 275 (ill.) hard science, methods, 80–81 Hare, Robert, 432–36 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM Hobbes, Thomas, 10–12, 32 holistic theories, 16, 40–42, 44, 54, 78 Holocaust, 53, 302, 313 Homer, homosexuality, 264–69, 310, 346, 444 homunculus, 124 honor killings, 264 Hooven, Carole, 246 hope, role of in the dying process, 219 hormones, impact of in pregnancy, 239 hormones, role of in sexual response, 262 hostility in a divorce, factors of, 255–57 Houran, James, 337 household arrangements, 249 Hovland, Carl, 313 HPA axis, 132, 145–46, 409 Hughes, Howard, 358 Hugo, Victor, 192 human relations approach to organizations, 323 humanistic psychology, 53–56, 78 humanistic therapies, 389 humans, evolvement of, 106–8 humors, four bodily, 6, husband battering, 426–27 Hyde, Janet Shibley, 236 hydraulic model, 20, 47 hypomania, 354 hypothalamus, 100, 109, 110, 124, 131, 268 hypothetical-deductive reasoning, 163 hysteria, 406 I ICD (International Classification of Diseases), 345, 369 Icke, David, 344 id, 6–7, 46, 48, 135 ideas, Hobbes on relationships between, 11–12 ideas, reaction to groups’ new, 306–7 identity, changes of in firsttime parents, 237 identity, group, 302–3, 303 (ill.) identity development during adolescence, 193–94 identity vs role confusion, 153, 206 Iliad (Homer), illness, mental see mental illness Illuminati, 344, 344 (ill.) illusion of absolute safety, 206, 212 imagined movement, 126 immediate vs long-term consequences, 290 immoral behavior, rationalization of, 321 improving happiness, 281–82 impulse control, 129, 293 “In a Different Voice” (Gilligan), 167 incest, 417 industry vs inferiority, 153, 162, 185 inequality in happiness, 284 infancy, development in, 169–75 infants, Mahler’s work with, 156–59 influence, development of nonconformists’, 307 information overload, 293 inheritance of acquired characteristics, 70 initiation rituals, 304–5, 305 (ill.) initiative vs guilt, 153 injury, brain, 110–111 input sections of cells, 103–4 insane, guilty but, 449 insanity, not guilty by reason of, 449, 449 (ill.) insanity defense, 449–50 insecure attachment, 58–60, 60 (ill.), 169 insight learning, 43–45 IN D EX Hare Psychopathy Checklist, revised (PCL-R), 432, 435 harm avoidance, 361 Hart, Gary, 336 hatching, 157 Hawke, Ethan, 205 Hawthorne studies, 323–24 Hazan, Cindy, 227–28 Headey, Bruce, 273 health, maintaining brain, 114 health benefits to happiness, 272–73 health benefits to marriage, 230 Hearst, Patty, 423, 423 (ill.) Hearst, William Randolph, 423 heart rate during arguments, 440 (ill.), 441 hebephilia, 417 hedonic treadmill, 276, 281 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 81 Helmholtz, Hermann, 14 Hemingway, Ernest, 354 Herman, Judith, 423 Hertzberg, Frederick, 328–29 heterocyclics, 396 hierarchical organizations, 322, 325 Hill, Robert, 334 hindbrain, 109 Hinduism, relevance to psychology, 13 hippocampus, 100–1, 116, 132 Hippocrates, 5–6, history, role of older adults variance across, 216–17 history of attitudes towards domestic violence, 420 history of divorce, 253 history of family structures, 247 history of happiness, 284 history of morality, 317 history of sexual values, 265 Hitchcock, Alfred, 21–22 Hitler, Adolf, 40 Page 491 491 Handy Psychology 492 10/20/10 12:03 PM Page 492 instincts, five categories of moral, 316 instincts, theory of the, 20 Institutional Review Board (IRB), 80 insula, 120, 124, 132, 295, 300 integrity vs despair, 154, 214 intellectual ability, role of in criminal behavior, 434 intellectual development and cultural differences, 169 intelligence, definition of, 90 intelligence tests, 26, 88–94 intensity of happiness, importance of, 272 interests, importance of common, 231 intergroup relations, 310, 312 intermittent reinforcement, 37–38, 61, 244, 299 internal locus of control, 331, 408 internal working model, Bowlby’s, 58 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 345, 369 International Psychoanalytic Association, 50 interpersonal experience, 146 interpersonal relationships’ role in happiness, 277 interpersonal skills, 331 The Interpersonal World of the Infant (Stern), 172–73 interpreting study results, 83 interviews, 84–85 intimacy, 225 intimacy vs isolation, 153–54, 206 intimate partner violence, 427 introjection, 384 introversion vs extroversion, 52 intuition vs sensation, 52 involuntary movements, 125 IQ tests, 88–91, 91 (ill.), 93–94 IRB (Institutional Review Board), 80 isolation, 384 J James, Henry, 32 James, Jacqueline, 416 James, William, 16, 22, 42, 54–55, 78 Jankowski, Richard, 339 Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie, 275 Jastrzembski, Tiffany, 341 Jesus, Jewish view of psychology, 14 jobs, personality traits suiting different, 330–31 Johnson, Virginia, 258, 260 Johnson, Wendy, 277–78 judgment vs perception, 52 Jung, Carl, 22, 49 (ill.), 49–53, 55, 330 Jungian analytical psychology, 49–53 juvenile delinquency, 438–39 K Kaczynski, David, 451 Kaczynski, Ted, 450–51 Kahneman, Daniel, 288, 291 Kam, Cindy, 339 Kandel, Eric, 145 Kant, Immanuel, 318 Katz, Lynn, 246 Kelly, Robert, 399 Kendler, Howard, 39 Kendler, Kenneth, 362, 373 killers, serial, 433, 446–48 King, Laura, 272 King George III, 358 Kinsey, 259 Kinsey, Alfred, 258–59, 259 (ill.), 263, 266 Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, 259 Kinsey scale, 266, 269 Klein, Melanie, 307, 361 Knight, Raymond, 444 Knutson, Brian, 296, 298 Koffka, Kurt, 40 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 164–67, 315, 317, 320–22 Kohler, Wolfgang, 40, 43–44 Kohut, Heinz, 214 Kraepelin, Emil, 17–19, 348 Krosnick, John, 341 Krueger, Robert, 277–78 Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth, 219–20 L LaMarck, Jean-Baptiste, 69–70 LaMarckian evolution, 69–70 Landers, Ann, 402 language development of, 176 evidence of in hominids, 107 exposure, effect of on brain, 144–45 precursors to, 175 preschooler, 183 role of in pre-operational stage, 160 role of in the toddler years, 175–76, 179–80 use of in politics, 340–41 latency stage, 151, 153, 162, 185 later adulthood, development in, 212–18 lateralization, 100 Law of Effect, 24, 32–33, 35 Law of Exercise, 32 Lay, Ken, 435, 435 (ill.) leadership, 325–28 learned helplessness, 279 learning, impact on brain, 143, 144 (ill.), 145 learning after critical periods, 112–13 learning disabilities, 189–90 learning theory, 32–33, 67 Lederer, Esther Friedman, 402 Lederer, Jules, 402 Lee, Austen, 444 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM loss aversion, 291–92 love, kinds of, 55 love, psychological study of, 223–29 love affair with the world, children’s, 158 love chemicals, 142 love leading to marriage, 230 lovers, love for, 225 Lowestein, George, 296 Luca, Marcela Rodika, 331 Lucas, Richard, 276 Luntz, Frank, 340 Luria, Alexander, 76 Lyubomirsky, Sonja, 272, 276–77 M Maciejewski, Paul, 220–21 MacLean, Paul, 102, 108 Madoff, Bernie, 321, 321 (ill.) magical thinking, 181 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 77, 77 (ill.), 294, 295 (ill.) Mahler, Margaret, 147, 154–59 Main, Mary, 62 Maltby, John, 337 mammals, emotions in, 133 (ill.), 133–34 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (Sacks), 122 management, scientific, 323–24 managers, do’s and don’ts for, 329–30 mandalas, 50, 51 (ill.) Mandler, George, 39 Mandler, Jean, 39 manic depression, 18, 352 man’s attractiveness to women, 226, 226 (ill.) MAOA (monoamine oxydase A), 442 MAOIs (monoamine oxydase inhibitors), 396 mapmaker, brain as, 117–18 marital problems’ contribution to divorce, 254 marital problems’ effect on family, 251 Marks, Gary, 273 marriage, impact of new baby on, 242 marriage, psychological study of, 230–36 Mars, men are from, 236 Marshall, William, 444 Martin, Nicholas, 266 Maslow, Abraham, 7, 54–56, 279, 328 Masters, William, 258, 260 mate-guarding, 264 material success, contentness of, 276 mathematical equations, mind as set of, 78 mating behavior, evolutionary theories of, 226–27 Maxfield, Michael, 435, 438–39 May, Rollo, 55, 389 mazes, rats running, 38–39 McCrae, Robert, 360, 364 McCutcheon, Lynn, 337 McGraw, Dr Philip, 403 mean, 82–83, 89 Meaney, Michael, 245 meaningful life, 280 (ill.), 280–81 measuring happiness, 272 median, 82–83 medications, psychiatric see psychopharmacology meditation, 278, 278 (ill.) memories, false, 410 memories, repression of traumatic, 409–10 memory, associative, 12 memory, infants’ capacity of, 172 men, sexual orientation in, 269 Mendel, Gregor, 68 mental actions, 161 mental age, 93 mental function, brain aging and, 115 mental illness, 9, 17–18, 343–59, 447–52 see also personality disorders IN D EX Lee, John, 224 legalization of drugs, 442 (ill.) Lehrer, Jonah, 288, 291, 299 Lehrer, Jonathon, 293 Leigh, Janet, 21 Leigh, Vivian, 358 length of therapy, 392–93 Lenin, Vladimir, 368 LeVay, Simon, 268 level of happiness, factors leading to, 274, 274 (ill.), 276–77, 283–84 Levinson, Daniel, 148, 204–6, 214 Lewin, Kurt, 302 libido, 8, 19–20, 22, 46, 47 (ill.), 48, 148 Liem, Joan, 416 life, purpose of, 7, 53 life, relating psychology to everyday, life circumstances’ role in happiness, 277 life options in middle adulthood, changes in view of, 209–10 life structure, 205 lifespan, psychological development across the, 147–221 limbic system, 100–102, 131–36 limits, setting in parenting, 242–43 limits of analytic ability, 292 Lincoln, Abraham, 358, 358 (ill.) Lippman, Walter, 309 Little Albert, 35, 80 lizard people, 344 lobes of the brain cortex, 98, 104–6 see also frontal lobe localization of function, 15 Locke, John, 10, 12 Loftus, Elizabeth, 410 logotherapy, 55 longevity of marriages, 230–31 longitudinal studies, 79 long-term vs immediate consequences, 290 looseness of association, 351 Page 493 493 Handy Psychology 494 10/20/10 12:03 PM Page 494 mentalization, 65 meta-analysis, 273 metabolic syndrome, 394 metacognition, 192 metapsychology, 148 methadone, 378 methamphetamine, 372 Meyers-Briggs personality test, 52 MI (Motivational Interviewing), 379 Michaels, Kelly, 445–46 midbrain, 109 middle adulthood, development in, 207–12 Middle Ages, milestones, first year, 170 Milgram, Stanley, 80 Miller, George, 292 Miller, Joanne, 341 Miller, William, 379 Millman, Robert, 335 mind, brain’s creation of the, 117 mind, Cicero’s view of the, Mind, Concept of the, mind, criminal, 430 mind as set of mathematical equations, 78 M.I.N.D Institute, 356 Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI), 88 Minuchin, Salvador, 249, 251, 390 mirror neurons, 126–27 mirror test, 177–78, 178 (ill.) mitigating factor, 451–52 mixed feelings, 186 MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory), 88 models of psychoanalysis, 383 modern approaches to psychology, 9–10 Mohammed, 9, 316 molestation, child, 444–46 money, biology of, 294–300 money, psychological study of, 287–94 money’s role in happiness, 277, 284–86, 286 (ill.) monoamine oxydase A (MAOA), 442 monoamine oxydase inhibitors (MAOIs), 396 monogamy, 73 monotheism, 14 monsters in the closet, 181 Montague, Read, 288 Montgomery, Jacob, 338 mood, serotonin’s role in, 139 mood stabilizers, 396–97 moral development, Kohlberg’s stages of, 164–67 morality, psychological study of, 314–22 morality, understanding of by preschoolers, 184 morphology, 413 mortality, changes in relationship with in later adulthood, 215 mortality, impact of in middle adulthood, 209 motivation, 298, 328–29 Motivational Interviewing (MI), 379 motivation-hygiene theory of worker motivation, 328 motor behavior and intentional action, 125–29 motor development of school age children, 185 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), 77, 77 (ill.), 294, 295 (ill.) multiple intelligences, 91 multiple parties approach to organizations, 324 Murray, Henry, 88 Muslim view of psychology, 14 Muslim world in the Middle Ages, myelin, 104 myelination, 113, 191, 199, 413 Myers, Isabel Briggs, 330 Myers-Briggs Personality Test, 330–31 mysticism, 53 N NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness), 358 narcissism, 14, 333 (ill.), 333–37, 364–66, 434–35 Narcissistic Personality Disorder, 333–34, 364–65 Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), 334, 336–37, 366 Nash, John, 358 National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 358 National Commission on Mental Hygiene, 345 National Institute of Mental Health, 395, 399 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 369, 373, 375 natural selection, 7, 18, 66–68, 73 nature vs nurture, 27, 143, 357 Nazism, 15, 17, 80, 313 needs, hierarchy of, 54, 54 (ill.) Neimeyer, Robert, 220 Neisser, Ulric, 39 NEO personality inventory, 52 neo-human relations approach to organizations, 323 neonates, 170 nervous system, 10 Neugarten, Bernice, 204, 214 neural networks, 78 neural tube, 108–9 neurobiology of antisocial traits, 436, 440–41 effects of on childhood trauma, 413 interaction between environment and, 436–37 of love, 229 of psychopathic criminals, 440 research’s effect on law, 451–52 theories of psychology, 76–77 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM O object permanence, 28, 160 object relations, 361 objective perception, 277 objective tests, 85 observable behavior, 22–23, 31 observational studies, 79 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 129, 354–55 occupation, embarking on an, 202 OCEAN personality labels, 364 Odyssey (Homer), Oedipal complex, 150–51, 153, 156 Oedipus, 150 Oedpial period, 48 offenders, sex, 445 office politics, 324 O’Halloran, Brian, 205 O’Leary, Susan, 426 olfactory bulb, 106, 110, 123 olfactory system, 124 “On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection” (Darwin), 68 ontogeny, 108, 113 operant conditioning, 24–25, 31–36, 386 operations, 161 opiates, 141–42 opinions, influence on by conformity, 305–6 opioids, 141–42 optic nerve, 121 optical illusions, 41, 41 (ill.) options in middle adulthood, changes in view of life, 209–10 oral stage, Freud’s, 148–49, 149 (ill.), 152, 160 orbital frontal cortex, 129, 135, 440–41 organizational psychology, 323–25 organizations, 322 orientation, sexual, 265–69 see also homosexuality output sections of cells, 103 oxytocin, 142, 239 P Papenheimer, Bertha, 380 Papez, James, 100 paranoia, 363 (ill.) paraphilias, 258 parasympathetic nervous system, 409 parents adolescents’ relationship with their, 194 challenges of being during middle adulthood, 210–11 challenges of being early adult, 203 change in relationship with in middle adulthood, 211–12 change in relationship with in pregnancy, 238, 238 (ill.) and child attachment, importance of, 241 identity changes of firsttime, 237 impact on relationship with in pregnancy, 237–38 love of, 227 psychological study of being, 241–46 separation from, 201–2 Park, Nansook, 281 Parkes, Colin Murray, 220 Parkinson’s disease, 138–39, 299 Parks, Acacia, 282 partnerships, beginning committed romantic, 202–3 Passages (Sheehy), 206 passion, 8, 10, 20, 225 pathology, personality, 359–60, 363–64 Patterns of Attachment (Ainsworth), 58 Pavlov, Ivan, 22, 33, 37 Pavlovian conditioning see associative conditioning PCL-R (Hare Psychopathy Checklist, revised), 432, 435 peak experiences, 55 pedophilia, 417–19 pedopmorphy, 107 peer relations, change in during adolescence, 196–97 IN D EX neuroeconomics, 294–300, 295 (ill.) neurogenesis, 113–14 neurohormonal theory of homosexuality, 267–68 neurological damage, pedophilia’s link to, 418 neuromodulators, 140 neurons, 102–5, 104 (ill.), 124–25 neuropeptides, 229 neurophilosophy, 78 neuropsychology, 76 neuroscience, 95–104, 135 neurosis, 20, 50, 149 neurotoxicity, 372 neurotransmitters, 102, 104 (ill.), 137–43, 356, 372 newborns, development in, 169–70 nigro-striatal tracts, 138 Norcross, John, 376 norepinephrine, 140, 361, 442 norms, group, 303–4 norms, social, 437 norms, test, 89, 91, 94 not guilty by reason of insanity, 449, 449 (ill.) novelty seeking, 361 NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory), 334, 336–37, 366 nucleus accumbens, 295 numbers, use of in psychological studies, 80 nun study, 218 Nuremburg code, 80 Nussbaum, Hedda, 425 nutrition’s effect on the brain, 144–45 Page 495 495 Handy Psychology 496 10/20/10 12:03 PM peer relations, change in during school age years, 187 peers, cultures’ emphasis on, 200–201 penis envy, 151 percentile rank, 89, 93 perception and brain as mapmaker, 117 difference between cognition and, 12 example of, 121 (ill.) Gestalt psychology and, 40–43, 43 (ill.), 45 judgment vs., 52 sensation and, 117–23 Perkins, Tony, 21 Perls, Fritz, 45, 55, 389 permeable family boundaries, 250 permissive parenting, 244 persistence, 361 personal pronouns, use of, 177 personality disorders, 359–67, 452 as guide of awareness, 52 tests, 52, 330–31 traits affecting leadership, 325, 326 (ill.) traits of celebrities, 335–37 traits of politicians, 332–36, 333 (ill.) traits suiting different jobs, 330–31 personality disorders see also mental illness PET (positron emission tomography) scans, 77 Peterson, Christopher, 281 Pettigrew, Thomas, 313 phallic stage, Freud’s, 149–50, 153 phantom limb pain, 127 phenomenology, 54 phi effect, 40 Philips, Pauline Friedman, 402 Page 496 philosophy as precursor to psychology, 9–10 phrenology, 15, 15 (ill.), 18 phylogeny, 97, 108, 113 physical changes in adolescence, 190–91, 191 (ill.) physical changes in middle adulthood, 207 physiological changes in later adulthood, 212–13 physiological changes in pregnancy, 238–39 Piaget, Jean and adolescence, 192 and behaviorism, 39 and culture, 169 developmental stage theories of, 147–48, 159–64 influence on Kohlberg, 164–65, 320 influences of, 12 and morality, 315, 317 photo of, 26 (ill.) and the preschool years, 181 and preschooler language, 183 and the school age years, 186 theories of, 26–29 and toddler language, 179 Pine, Fred, 154 Pinker, Steven, 315 Pinnozotto, Anthony, 430 Pinsky, Drew, 336, 366 placebo condition, 282 placebo effect, 398 Plassman, Hilke, 297 plasticity of the brain, 143 Plath, Sylvia, 354 Plato, 6, 8, 143, 224 pleasant life, 279–81 polarization, group, 308 political beliefs, relationship to morality, 316–17 politicians, personality traits of, 332–36, 333 (ill.) politicians’ use of psychology in campaigns, 339–40 see also behavior, voting politics, office, 324 Polo, Marco, 240 polygamy, 72 polymorphism, 442 Ponzi schemes, 321 popular psychology, 401–3 popularity, importance of, 197–98 Porter, Stephen, 432 positive psychology, 277–83 positive psychotherapy, 282–83 positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 77 possessive behavior, 177 post-conventional morality, 166, 320 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 406–8, 410, 413, 416 power, organizational, 325, 327 practicing subphase, 157–58 pragmatism, 16 praising-scaffolding, 246 pre-conscious, Freud’s view of the, 46 pre-conventional morality, 165–66, 320 precursors to language, 175 precursors to psychology, prefrontal cortex, 295–97 pregnancy, psychological study of, 237–41 prejudice, 18, 308–14 see also group dynamics Prelec, Drazen, 290 Prentky, Robert, 444 preoccupied adults, 63–65 pre-operational stage, 160–62, 179, 181 presbyopia, 207–8 preschool years, development in the, 180–85 pressure to vote, social, 338 pretend play, 181, 182 (ill.) prevalence of violence against women, 427 primary motor cortex, 125 primary sensory cortices, 117–19 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM psychosexual stages of Freud, 148–52 psychosis, 352 psychosocial stages of Erikson, 152–54 psychotherapy, 19, 21–22, 55–56, 282–83, 380–93, 397 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 406–8, 410, 413, 416 puberty, 190–91, 191 (ill.) public sphere, psychological study of the, 332–37 punishment, reward and see reinforcement contingencies purpose of emotion, 130 purpose of life, 7, 53 Q qualia, 78, 117 qualitative studies, 79–80 quantitative studies, 79–80 questions of psychology, Christian, 8–9, 14 questions of psychology, Greek, questions of psychology, Islam, 14 questions of psychology, Jewish, 14 R racism, 308–14, 314 (ill.) see also group dynamics randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 398 randomness, reward systems’ response to, 299 Rank, Otto, 361 rapproachement subphase, 158–59 Rashid, Taayab, 282 Raskin, Robert, 334 rates, changes in marriage, 235, 235 (ill.) rational economic man, theory of, 287 rationalization of immoral behavior, 321 rats running mazes, 38–39 RCTs (randomized controlled trials), 398 reaction formation, 384 reality, distinguishing from fantasy, 181 “Reality Bites”, 204–5 reality testing, 349 reason, reasoning, relationship to morality, 317–18 reasoning, stereotyping’s impact on, 309–10 recklessness of adolescents, 199 recovery time from divorce, 254–55, 255 (ill.) recreational drug use, 369–70 reflection, 12 reflexes of newborns, 172 regeneration of the brain, 116 regions of the brain, 100–101, 105, 107, 109, 120 regression, 384, 444 reinforcement contingencies, 24–25, 35–39, 36 (ill.), 386 relationships between ideas, Hobbes on, 11–12 importance of sex in, 259–60 parent-adolescent, 194 with parents, change in middle adulthood, 211–12 with parents, change in pregnancy, 238, 238 (ill.) with parents, impact on in pregnancy, 237–38 peer, 187, 196–97 problems with, 251, 254 role of in happiness, 277 social networking sites’ effect on, 200 IN D EX Princess Diana, 344 Principles of Psychology (James), 16 probability, lack of sensitivity to, 298 probability of risk and reward, evaluation of, 291–92 problems, marital, 251, 254 problems, solving through therapy, 391 Prochaska, James, 376 productivity, employee, 324, 327–28 Profiler, 429 programmed learning, 25 projection, 384 projective tests, 84, 87–88 pronouns, use of personal, 177 prosopagnosia, 122 Protagoras, proverbs, 11 proximate causation, 74 pruning, 112 psychiatrists, difference between psychologists and, 2, 17–19, 395 (ill.) psychiatry, pharmaceutical industry’s impact on, 399–400 Psycho, 21 psychoanalysis, 19–22, 50, 87, 302, 382–83 psychoanalytic theory, 45–49, 135 psychodynamic therapy, 382 Psychological Birth of the Human Infant (Mahler et al), 154 psychologists, function of, 1–2 “Psychology as the Behaviorist Sees It” (Watson), 22 psychopathology, 20, 368 psychopathy, 431–33, 440–42 psychopharmacology, 137–38, 142, 393–401 psychosexual stages of Erikson, 206 Page 497 497 Handy Psychology 498 10/20/10 12:03 PM Page 498 reliability of study results, 86–88 Renaissance, European, representation, 118 repression, 384, 409–10 reproductive success, 68–69 research, psychological, 78–79 research on the grief process, 220–21 resilience of children, 415 resistant attachment, 59, 61–62, 65 responses, conditioned vs unconditioned, 34 responses, use of brain in moral, 319–20 responsibility, middle adulthood as time of peak, 210 retirement, psychological impact of, 215 reversal, 384 Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 337 revolutionary aspects of Freud, 20–21 reward and punishment see reinforcement contingencies reward dependence, 361 reward systems, 138–39, 297–99 rights, women’s, 427–28 rigid family boundaries, 250 risk and reward, evaluation of, 288–89, 291 risk factors of juvenile delinquency, 439 risk factors of mental illness, 356 rituals, initiation, 304–5, 305 (ill.) rods, 121 Rogers, Carl, 55–56, 279, 389 roles, gender in parenting, 241–42 roles, group, 307 roles, sex in marriage, 234–35 Rollnick, Stephen, 379 Roman Empire, fall of the, 8–9 Romans’ view of psychology, romantic love, 227–28 root of word “psychology”, Greek, Rorschach, Herman, 87 Rorschach inkblot test, 87 (ill.), 87–88 Rothbart, Mary, 174 Rozin, Paul, 292 rules, importance of, 187 (ill.), 187–88 Russ, Eric, 365 Ryder, Winona, 205 S Sacks, Oliver, 122 sample selection, 81, 94 Satan, (ill.), Satir, Virginia, 390 scandals of politicians, 335–36 scapegoating, 313 schemas, 27–28, 39, 360–61 schizophrenia, 18, 49, 123, 348 (ill.), 348–52 schizotypal personality disorder, 366–67 Schkade, David, 276–77 Schlessinger, Dr Laura, 403 school age children, development in, 185–90 school performance, importance of, 189 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 21 science, modern vs ideas of ancient Greeks, science, psychology as a, 78–84 science vs holism, 41 scientific management, 323–24 scientific revolution, 14 Scollon, Christie Napa, 276 scoring system, Exner’s Rorschach, 87–88 Sears, Robert, 313 Seasons of a Man’s Life (Levinson), 204 Seasons of a Woman’s Life (Levinson), 204 secure attachment, 58–62, 60 (ill.), 64, 169 seduction theory, 45–46, 406 self, changes in view of in middle adulthood, 210 self, concept of the, 176–77 self-actualization, 7, 54–55 self-concept, 311, 311 (ill.) self-consciousness, 177, 193, 198 self-control, improvement of, 182–83 self-reflective functioning, 65 self-report questionnaires, 84–85, 88 Seligman, Martin, 277–82, 387 Sell, Randall, 267 semiotic function, 160 sensate focus, 263 sensation, 12, 15, 28, 52, 117–23 sense of control, 278 sensitivity to context, 293 sensory changes in middle adulthood, 207–8 sensory skills of newborns, 171–72 sensory-motor schemas, 27–28 sensory-motor stage, 160 separation from parents, 201–2 separation-individuation, theory of, 155 (ill.), 155–58, 158 (ill.) sequence of firing patterns, 117–18 serial killers, 433, 446–48 serotonin, 139, 356, 361, 442 serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 139, 142, 262, 395–97 SES (socioeconomic status), 433–34, 437, 443, 446 Seto, Michael, 269 sex, importance of in marriage, 234 sex offenders, 445 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM slang, changes in adolescent, 195–96 Slep, Amy, 426 smell, brain’s processing of, 123 (ill.), 124 Smith, Robert, 379 Snowdon, David, 218 social barriers to identity formation, 193–94 social categorization, 309 social clock, 204 social comparison, 276 social context of decisionmaking, 293–94, 294 (ill.), 300 Social Darwinism, 18, 70 social development in the school age years, 186–87 social factors leading to antisocial behavior, 437 social group, morality’s relation to the, 315 social identity, 303 social life, development of in first year, 173, 173 (ill.) social life, happiness’ effect on, 273 social networking sites, 200 social prejudice, 18, 309–10, 314 social pressure to vote, 338 social psychology, 302 social science, methods, 80–81 sociobiology, 66–75 Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Wilson), 66 socioeconomic status (SES), 433–34, 437, 443, 446 socio-emotional leadership, 326 sociology, interaction between psychology and, Socrates, 5, 224, 224 (ill.) somatosensory strip, 117–19, 124, 126 Sophocles, 150 (ill.) sound, brain’s processing of, 122–3 spats, marital, 232–33 SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) scans, 77 speed of time changes with age, 209 Spencer, Herbert, 18 Spinoza, Benedict de, 10 Spitz, Rene, 245 Spitzer, Elliott, 336 split personality, 350 splitting, group, 308 spousal abuse, 420, 424–27 Srinivasan, T.N., 328 Sroufe, Alan, 61 SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 140, 142, 262, 395–97 St Augustine, 9, 263 stability of temperament, 174 stage theories, developmental, 147 stages of change, addiction, 376–77 Stalin, Joseph, 368, 368 (ill.) standard deviation, 89, 93 Stanford-Binet test, 93 Stark, Evan, 422 statistics, 81–82, 82 (ill.) Steen, Tracy, 281 Steinberg, Joel, 425 Steinberg, Lisa, 425 stem, brain, 102, 117–18, 124, 125 stereotyping, 309–10 Stern, Daniel, 172–73 Sternberg, Robert, 225, 227–29, 236 Stiller, Ben, 205 stimuli, conditioned vs unconditioned, 34, 37 stimulus bound, 290 Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda, 437 strange situation, the, 58 strengths, character, 281–82 strengths, signature, 279, 282 stresses in first year of parenting, 241 strictness, dangers of, 243 IN D EX sex roles, variance of across marriages, 234–35 sex scandals of politicians, 335–36, 336 (ill.) sexology, 258 Sextonn, Anne, 354 sexual abuse, 406, 416–19, 445 sexual behavior from an evolutionary view, 71 sexual orientation, psychological study of, 265–69 see also homosexuality sexual selection, 72 (ill.), 72–73, 226–27 sexuality, Freud’s focus on, 47–48, 50, 148–52 sexuality, psychological study of, 258–65 sexuality, role of in adolescence, 198–99 shamanism, relevance to psychology, 12, 13 (ill.) Shapiro, Robert, 426 (ill.) sharing power, 327 Sheehy, Gail, 206 Sheldon, Kennon, 276 shell shock, 406 Sherif, Carolyn, 311 Sherif, Muzafer, 306, 311 Shiv, Baba, 293 shock therapy, 400–401 signature strengths, 279, 282 signs of sexual abuse, 419 Silberman, Steve, 356 Silicon Valley, autism in, 356, 357 (ill.) Simester, Duncan, 290 Simon, Theodore, 26, 93 Simpson, Nicole, 426 Simpson, O J., 426, 426 (ill.) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans, 77 single-parent families, 247–48, 252–53 Skilling, Jeffrey, 435 Skinner, B F., 23–26, 24 (ill.), 31, 34, 36, 38, 386 Skinner box, 25 Page 499 499 Handy Psychology 500 10/20/10 12:03 PM Page 500 Strong Interest Inventory, 330 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, 330 structural family therapy, 249 structural model, Freud’s, 46 structuralism, 15–16, 39, 41 structure in the workplace, 327 structures, brain, 97 structures, family, 247–48 Studies on Hysteria (Freud), 380 study confound, 83–84 styles, classification of parenting, 243–44 styles, parenting, 246 Styron, William, 358 subcortical regions, brain, 97, 105, 109, 124 subjective experiences of infants, 172–73 subjective perception, 277 subjective sense of time, changes in the, 209 subjectivity, 117 sublimation, 384 substance abuse, 142, 367–80, 370 (ill.), 398, 442 (ill.) substrates, 117 subway, neurotransmitters compared to a, 139 success orientation, 331 successful therapy, factors in, 391–92 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 361 superego, 6–7, 46, 48, 151 superior medial frontal cortex, 135–36 superordinate group, 314 survival of the fittest, 69 Symbionese Liberation Army, 423 symbolic thought, 180–81 sympathetic nervous system, 409 synapses, 103–4, 111–12, 114, 137, 139, 143 synaptogenesis, 111–12, 144, 191, 413 systematic desensitization, 385–86 systems, family, 248–49 systems approach to organizations, 324 T tactile stimulation, 245, 245 (ill.) Tall Blonds, the, 344 Tall Robots, the, 344 tantrums see temper tantrums Target, Mary, 49, 65 task-oriented leadership, 326 taste, brain’s processing of, 124 TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 88 Taylor, Donald, 314 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 323–24, 328 Taylor, Shelley, 236 TCI (Temperament and Character Inventory), 362 telegraphic speech, 176 telencephalon, 109 telos, temper, temper tantrums, 159, 159 (ill.), 178–79 temperament, 174, 361 Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), 362 Terman, Lewis, 93 testimony, child, 445 testing efficacy of new drugs, 398–99 tests, aptitude, 330 tests, intelligence, 26, 88–94 tests, personality, 52, 330–31 tests, psychological, 84–88 Thaler, Richard, 288, 293 thanatology, 219 Thanatos, 19–20, 46–47 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 88 theories, conspiracy, 344 theories, major in psychology, 31 theories of organization, 323 theory of mind, 182, 355 theory of rational economic man, 287 theory of sexual selection, 336 therapeutic empathy, 56 therapist, choosing a, 392 therapy see psychotherapy thinking vs feeling, 52 third force psychology, 54 Thomas, Alexander, 174 Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 319 Thorndike, Edward, 24–25, 31–32, 35 thought disorder, 349–51 time speed changes with age, 209 toddler years, development in the, 175–80 tolerance, frustration, 243 tolerance, substance, 370–71 Tolman, Edward Chase, 38–39 Tolstoy, Leo, 169 topological model, Freud’s, 46 touch, brain’s processing of, 123–4 Tower, John, 336 training in psychotherapy, 391 transference, 382–83 transformational leadership, 326 trauma, childhood’s link to addiction, 374 trauma, effect of on brain, 145 trauma, psychological study of, 405–28 Trauma and Recovery (Herman), 423 trauma of college graduation, 205 traumatic bonding, 424 treatments for addiction, 377–80, 379 (ill.) treatments for sexual problems, 262–63 treatments for trauma, 410 trends in psychology, 279 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM U ultimate causation, 74 umami, 124 Unabomber, the, 450–51 unconditional positive regard, 56 unconscious, Freud’s view of the, 19–20, 22, 46 unconscious, Jung’s view of the, 49–50, 52–53 undoing, 384 uninvolved parenting, 244 utero, brain development in, 108–10, 110 (ill.) utilitarian judgments, 320 V validity of study results, 83–84, 86–88, 92–93 values, sexual, 263–65 Van Buren, Abigail, 402 van Gogh, Vincent, 353, 353 (ill.), 358 Vanneman, Reeve, 313 variables, 79–80, 82–83, 92 vasopressin, 140–42 Veenhoven, Ruut, 273, 283–84 Venus, women are from, 236 Viagra, 262 victims of child sexual abuse, 416 view of self, changes of in middle adulthood, 210 Vinokur, Amiram, 308 violence, domestic, 420–28, 421 (ill.) virtues, 281 vision, brain’s processing of, 121 visual abilities of infants, 171, 171 (ill.) visual agnosia, 119 voices, hearing imaginary, 123 voles, 141, 141 (ill.) voluntary movements, 124 von Bertolanffy, Ludwig, 248, 324 von Krafft-Ebbing, Richard, 258 voting behavior, psychological study of, 337–41, 339 (ill.) Vroom, Victor, 327 W WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence) test, 89–91, 93 Walden Two (Skinner), 23 Walker, Lenore, 421–22 war, role in development of trauma studies, 406–7 Watson, John B., 22–24, 31, 35, 39, 80 Weber, Ernst, 14 Weber, Max, 323, 326 Wechsler, David, 93 Wechsler Adult Intelligence (WAIS) test, 89–91, 93 Wells, James, 267 Wertheimer, Max, 39–40, 42–43, 45 Westen, Drew, 339 Western psychology, relation to Eastern religions, 13–14 What Every Woman Ought to Know about Love and Marriage (Brothers), 402 Whitaker, Carl, 390 white matter, 104 Whiteside, Mary, 257 WHO (World Health Organization), 345, 369, 427 whole vs sum of parts, 42, 78, 301 Widom, Cathy, 435, 438–39 wife battering, 420, 424–25, 441 will, discovery of one’s, 178 Wilson, Bill, 379 Wilson, Edward O., 66 Wilson, Timothy, 296 wine experiment regarding decision-making, 297, 297 (ill.) Winfrey, Oprah, 403 Winnicott, D.W., 361 withdrawal, substance, 370–71 Wofford, J.C., 328 Wolfelt, Alan, 220 woman’s attractiveness to men, 228 (ill.), 228–29 women, sexual orientation in, 269 women’s rights, 427–28 Wood, Wendy, 338 Woodworth, Michael, 432 Woolf, Virginia, 22, 354 word association, 49 Worden, J William, 220 work life, happiness’ effect on, 273–74 workplace, psychological study of the, 322–32 World Database of Happiness, 283, 285 World Health Organization (WHO), 345, 369, 427 worship, celebrity, 337 Wright, Stephen, 314 Wundt, Wilhelm, 4, 14–16, 22, 39, 41, 92, 332 Wypij, David, 267 IN D EX triangular theory of love, 225 triangulation, 250 triune model, 102, 102 (ill.) trolley problem, 318 (ill.), 319 trust vs mistrust, 152, 160 turning against the self, 384 Tuskegee experiments, 80 twelve-step programs, 379–80 Twenge, Jean, 366 Twersky, Amos, 288, 291 twins, studies on, 75, 75 (ill.), 362, 442 two-factor theory of worker motivation, 328 types of love, 224–25 Page 501 Y–Z Yalom, Irvin, 302 Yates, Andrea, 450 Yerkes, Robert, 92 Yetton, Philip, 327 501 Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:03 PM Young, Mark, 336, 366 Yousey, Gregory, 334 Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, 442 Zinn, John Cabott, 278 Zweig, Jason, 288, 300 502 Page 502 ... visit the Handy series website at handyanswers.com Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM Page iii THE HANDY PSYCHOLOGY ANSWER BOOK Lisa J Cohen, PhD Detroit Handy Psychology 10/20/10 12:02 PM THE HANDY. .. Philosophy Answer Book by Naomi Zack ISBN: 978-1-57859-226-5 The Handy Physics Answer Book, 2nd Edition by Paul W Zitzewitz, Ph.D ISBN: 978-1-57859-305-7 The Handy Politics Answer Book by Gina... 978-1-57859-170-1 The Handy Law Answer Book by David L Hudson Jr ISBN: 978-1-57859-217-3 The Handy Ocean Answer Book by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E Svarney ISBN: 978-1-57859-063-6 The Handy Philosophy