Abnormal psychology 8th edition by thomas f oltmanns

Abnormal Psychology For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version eighth edition Oltmanns • Emery This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author Pearson Global Edition Global edition Global edition Global edition ISBN-13: 978-1-292-01963-5 ISBN-10: 1-292-01963-8 0 0 781292 019635 Abnormal Psychology eighth edition Thomas F Oltmanns Robert E Emery psychology eighth edition Global Edition Thomas F Oltmanns Washington University in St Louis Robert E Emery University of Virginia Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM To Gail, Josh, Sara, Billy, Presley, Riley, and Kinley—T.F.O To Kimberly, Maggie, Julia, Bobby, Lucy, and John—R.E.E Editor-in-Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Edition:   Laura Dent Senior Acquisitions Editor: Amber Chow Editorial Assistant: Alex Stavrakas VP, Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Jeremy Intal Marketing Assistant: Frank Alarcon Director, Project Management Services: Lisa Iarkowski Senior Managing Editor: Linda Behrens Project Manager: Shelly Kupperman Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition:   Trudy Kimber Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Vrinda Malik Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Associate Project Editor, Global Edition: Uttaran Das Gupta Program Manager: Annemarie Franklin Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Procurement Specialist: Diane Peirano Digital Media Editor: Tom Scalzo Digital Media Project Manager: Pamela Weldin Full-Service Project Management: PreMediaGlobal Printer/Binder: Courier Kendallville Cover Designer: Karen Noferi Cover Printer: Courier Kendallville Cover Image: © koya979/Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page of appearance and on pages 581–583 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM 20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Thomas F Oltmanns and Robert E Emery to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, ISBN 978-0-205-97074-2, by Thomas F Oltmanns and Robert E Emery, published by Pearson Education © 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 1-292-01963-8 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-01963-5 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-07531-0 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 14 13 12 11 Typeset by PreMediaGlobal in Adobe Garamond Pro 10.5/13 Printed and bound by Courier Kendallville in The United States of America A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM brief 1 Introduction to Abnormal Behavior 21 2 Paradigms and Etiology of Abnormal Behavior  44 3 Therapeutic Techniques for Psychological Disorders  72 4  Classification, Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment of Abnormal Behavior  97 5 Causes of Mood Disorders and Suicide  125 6 anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder  163 7  Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders  194 8 Stress, Health and Coping  226 9 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes and Treatment  251 10 Diagnosis, Symptoms and Treatment of Eating Disorders  282 11 Substance-Related Disorders  304 12  Sexual Dysfunctions and Gender Identity Disorders  338 13  Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: Causes and Treatment  368 14 Delirium and Dementia  399 15 Intellectual Disabilities and Autism: Causes and Treatment  16 Disorders of Childhood  455 17 Adjustment Disorders  485 18 Mental Health: Legal Perspectives  509 424   A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM rief Preface 12     About the Authors 19    Introduction to Abnormal Behavior  21 Systems Theory 51 Holism 51 Causality 51 Overview 22 Research methods: Recognizing the Presence of a Disorder 24 Correlations: Does a Psychology Major Make You Smarter? 53 Defining Abnormal Behavior 25 Developmental Psychopathology 53 Harmful Dysfunction 26 Biological Factors 54 Mental Health Versus Absence of Disorder 27 The Neuron and Neurotransmitters 54 Culture and Diagnostic Practice 27 Neurotransmitters and Psychopathology 55 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Revising an Imperfect Manual 27 Critical Thinking matters: Mind–Body Dualism 55 Major Brain Structures 56 Cerebral Hemispheres 58 Is Sexual Addiction a Meaningful Concept? 29 Psychophysiology 58 Who Experiences Abnormal Behavior? 30 Behavior Genetics 59 Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations 31 Psychological Factors 62 Cross-Cultural Comparisons 33 Human Nature 62 The Mental Health Professions 34 Critical Thinking matters: Psychopathology in Historical Context 35 The Greek Tradition in Medicine 35 The Creation of the Asylum 36 Worcester Lunatic Hospital: A Model Institution 36 Lessons from the History of Psychopathology 37 Methods for the Scientific Study of Mental Disorders 38 The Uses and Limitations of Case Studies 38 Research methods: Who Must Provide Scientific Evidence? 39 Clinical Research Methods 40 getting Help 41 summary 41  the big picture 42  key terms 43 Paradigms and Etiology of Abnormal Behavior  44 Overview 45 Do Vaccinations Cause Autism? 63 Temperament 64 Emotions 65 Learning and Cognition 65 The Sense of Self 66 Stages of Development 66 Social Factors 68 Close Relationships 68 Gender and Gender Roles 68 Prejudice, Poverty, and Society 69 getting Help 70 summary 70  the big picture 71  key terms 71 Therapeutic Techniques for Psychological Disorders  72 Overview 73 Four Views of Frances 74 Brief Historical Perspective 46 Biological Treatments 75 The Biological Paradigm 46 Psychopharmacology 75 The Psychodynamic Paradigm 47 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Diagnosis and Causes of Mental Disorders 48 The Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm 49 The Humanistic Paradigm 50 The Problem with Paradigms 50 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Diagnosis and Treatment 76 Electroconvulsive Therapy 77 Psychosurgery 78 Psychodynamic Psychotherapies 78 Freudian Psychoanalysis 78 4   A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM Ego Analysis 80 Validity 106 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy 80 Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 80 Systematic Desensitization 81 Scientific Progress or Diagnostic Fads? 107 Problems and Limitations of the DSM-5 System 108 Other Exposure Therapies 81 Basic Issues in Assessment 110 Aversion Therapy 81 Purposes of Clinical Assessment 110 Contingency Management 81 Assumptions About Consistency of Behavior 111 Research methods: Evaluating the Usefulness of Assessment Procedures 111 The Experiment: Does Treatment Cause Improvement? 82 Social Skills Training 83 Cognitive Techniques 83 Critical Thinking matters: The Barnum Effect and Assessment Feedback 112 Psychological Assessment Procedures 112 Beck’s Cognitive Therapy 83 Interviews 112 Rational–Emotive Therapy 83 Observational Procedures 114 “Third-Wave” CBT 84 Personality Tests and Self-Report Inventories 116 Humanistic Therapies 84 Projective Personality Tests 119 Client-Centered Therapy 84 Biological Assessment Procedures 120 A Means, Not an End? 84 Brain Imaging Techniques 120 Research on Psychotherapy 85 getting Help 122 Does Psychotherapy Work? 85 summary 123  the big picture 123  key terms 124 Critical Thinking matters: Are All Therapies Created Equal? 86 The Allegiance Effect 88 Psychotherapy Process Research 89 Ethnic Minorities in Psychotherapy 90 Couple, Family, and Group Therapy 92 Couple Therapy 92 Family Therapy 93 Group Therapy 93 Prevention 94 Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders  94 getting Help 95 summary 95  the big picture 96  key terms 96  lassification, Diagnosis and C Clinical Assessment of Abnormal Behavior  97 Causes of Mood Disorders and Suicide  125 Overview 126 Symptoms 129 Emotional Symptoms 129 Cognitive Symptoms 130 Somatic Symptoms 130 Behavioral Symptoms 131 Other Problems Commonly Associated with Depression 131 Diagnosis 131 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Depression or Grief Following a Major Loss? 132 criteria for Major Depressive Episode  133 criteria for Diagnosis of Manic Episode  134 Overview 98 Course and Outcome 136 Basic Issues in Classification 100 Depressive Disorders 136 Categories Versus Dimensions 100 Bipolar Disorders 136 From Description to Theory 100 Frequency 137 Classifying Abnormal Behavior 101 Incidence and Prevalence 137 The DSM-5 System 101 Risk for Mood Disorders Across the Life Span 137 Labels and Stigma  102 Gender Differences 138 criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  103 Cross-Cultural Differences 138 Culture and Classification 103 Causes 139 Evaluating Classification Systems 105 Social Factors 139 Reliability 105 Psychological Factors 141 Research methods: Biological Factors 142 Reliability: Agreement Regarding Diagnostic Decisions 105 Integration of Social, Psychological, and Biological Factors 147 CONTENTS  5 A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM Research methods: Analogue Studies: Do Rats Get Depressed, and Why? 147 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 182 Symptoms of OCD 183 Treatment 148 Diagnosis of OCD and Related Disorders 185 Depressive Disorders 148 Course and Outcome of OCD 187 Cognitive Therapy 148 Frequency of OCD and Related Disorders 188 Bipolar Disorders 150 Causes of OCD 188 Critical Thinking matters: Treatment of OCD 189 Do Antidepressant Drugs Cause Violent Behavior? 151 Electroconvulsive Therapy 152 Critical Thinking matters: Can a Strep Infection Trigger OCD in Children? 189 Seasonal Mood Disorders 152 getting Help 191 Suicide 152 summary 191  the big picture 192  key terms 192 Classification of Suicide 153 Frequency of Suicide 155 Causes of Suicide 156 Common Elements of Suicide  157 Treatment of Suicidal People 158 getting Help 159 summary 160  the big picture 161  key terms 161 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  163 Overview 164 Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders 165 Anxiety 165 Excessive Worry 166 Panic Attacks 167 Phobias 167 Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders 167 criteria for Panic Disorder   168 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Splitting Up the Anxiety Disorders  169 Course and Outcome 170  iagnosis and Treatment of D Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders  194 Overview 195 Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders 195 Symptoms of ASD and PTSD 196 Diagnosis of ASD and PTSD 197 criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  198 criteria for Acute Stress Disorder  199 The Trauma of Sexual Assault  200 Frequency of Trauma, PTSD, and ASD 201 Causes of PTSD and ASD 202 Prevention and Treatment of ASD and PTSD 204 Dissociative Disorders 206 Hysteria and the Unconscious 207 Critical Thinking matters: Recovered Memories? 208 Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders 209 Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders 210 Frequency of Anxiety Disorders 171 Frequency of Dissociative Disorders 212 Prevalence 171 Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Comorbidity 171 More on Diagnostic Fads 212 Gender Differences 171 Causes of Dissociative Disorders 214 Anxiety Disorders Across the Life Span 171 Research methods: Cross-Cultural Comparisons 172 Retrospective Reports: Remembering the Past 215 Causes of Anxiety Disorders 172 Treatment of Dissociative Disorders 216 Adaptive and Maladaptive Fears 172 Somatic Symptom Disorders 216 Social Factors 173 Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorders 216 Psychological Factors 174 Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorders 217 Biological Factors 176 Treatment of Anxiety Disorders 178 Psychological Interventions 178 Biological Interventions 180 Research methods: Statistical Significance: When Differences Matter 181 Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder 218 Frequency of Somatic Symptom Disorders 219 Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders 220 Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders 222 getting Help 223 summary 224  the big picture 224  key terms 225 6  CONTENTS A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM Stress, Health and Coping  226 Overview 227 Defining Stress 228 Stress as a Life Event 229 Stress as Appraisal of Life Events 230 Symptoms of Stress 230 Tend and Befriend: The Female Stress Response?  231 Psychophysiological Responses to Stress 231 Coping 233 Health Behavior 234 Critical Thinking matters: Resilience 234 Illness as a Cause of Stress 237 Critical Thinking matters: Can Personality Disorders Be Adaptive? 258 Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders 259 Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders 261 A Dimensional Perspective on Personality Disorders 261 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Is a Dimensional Model Too Complicated? 263 Frequency 265 Prevalence in Community and Clinical Samples 265 Gender Differences 266 Stability of Personality Disorders over Time 266 Culture and Personality 267 Research methods: Cross-Cultural Comparisons: The Importance of Context 268 Diagnosis of Stress and Physical Illness 237 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) 269 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Symptoms 269 Is the Descriptive Approach Too Literal Sometimes? 237 Psychological Factors and Some Familiar Illnesses 238 Cancer 238 criteria for Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions  238 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 239 Pain Disorder 240 Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder  270 Causes 270 Treatment 270 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 271 Impulse Control Disorders  272 Symptoms 272 criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder  273 Sleep-Wake Disorders 240 Causes 273 Cardiovascular Disease 241 Treatment 274 Symptoms of CVD 242 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)  275 Diagnosis of CVD 242 Symptoms 276 Frequency of CVD 242 criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder 276 Causes of CVD 242 Causes 277 Research methods: Treatment 279 Longitudinal Studies: Lives over Time 243 Prevention and Treatment of CVD 246 getting Help 279 summary 280  the big picture 281  key terms 281 getting Help 248 summary 249  the big picture 249  key terms 250 Personality Disorders: Types, Causes and Treatment  251 Overview 252 Symptoms 254 Social Motivation 254 Cognitive Perspectives Regarding Self and Others 255 Temperament and Personality Traits 255 Context and Personality 257 10 Diagnosis, Symptoms and Treatment of Eating Disorders  282 Overview 283 Eating Disorders in Males 284 Symptoms of Anorexia 285 Significantly Low Weight 285 Fear of Gaining Weight 286 Disturbance in Experiencing Weight or Shape 286 Amenorrhea 286 Medical Complications 286 Diagnosis 257 Struggle for Control 286 Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders  258 Comorbid Psychological Disorders 286   CONTENTS  7 A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM Symptoms of Bulimia 287 DSM-5 316 Binge Eating 288 Course and Outcome 317 Inappropriate Compensatory Behavior 288 criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder  317 Excessive Emphasis on Weight and Shape 288 Other Disorders Commonly Associated with Addictions 318 Comorbid Psychological Disorders 289 Frequency 318 Medical Complications 289 Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder 319 Diagnosis of Feeding and Eating Disorders 289 Prevalence of Drug and Nicotine Use Disorders 320 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Risk for Addiction Across the Life Span 321 Is Binge Eating a Mental Disorder? Is Obesity? 289 criteria for Anorexia Nervosa  290 criteria for Bulimia Nervosa  291 Frequency of Anorexia and Bulimia 291 Critical Thinking matters: Should Tobacco Products Be Illegal? 321 Causes 322 Social Factors 322 Standards of Beauty 292 Biological Factors 323 Critical Thinking matters: Psychological Factors 326 The Pressure to Be Thin 293 Age of Onset 293 Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia 294 Integrated Systems 327 Research methods: Studies of People at Risk for Disorders 327 Social Factors 294 Treatment 328 Psychological Factors 295 Detoxification 328 Biological Factors 297 Medications During Remission 328 Integration and Alternative Pathways 297 Self-Help Groups: Alcoholics Anonymous 329 Treatment of Anorexia 298 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 330 Course and Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa 298 Outcome Results and General Conclusions 331 Treatment of Bulimia 299 Gambling Disorder 332 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 299 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Interpersonal Psychotherapy 299 Antidepressant Medications 299 Research methods: Psychotherapy Placebos 300 Is Pathological Gambling an Addiction? 332 Symptoms 333 Diagnosis 334 Frequency 334 Course and Outcome of Bulimia Nervosa 300 getting Help 335 Prevention of Eating Disorders 300 summary 335  the big picture 336  key terms 337 getting Help 302 summary 302  the big picture 303  key terms 303 11 Substance-Related Disorders  304 Overview 305 12  exual Dysfunctions S and Gender Identity Disorders  338 Overview 339 Brief Historical Perspective 341 Sexual Dysfunctions 341 Symptoms 341 Symptoms 307 Diagnosis 343 Alcohol 309 Research methods: Tobacco 310 Amphetamine and Cocaine 311 Hypothetical Constructs: What Is Sexual Arousal? 345 Frequency 347 Opiates 312 Causes 348 Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics 313 Treatment 350 Cannabis 314 Critical Thinking matters: Hallucinogens and Related Drugs 314 Does Medication Cure Sexual Dysfunction? 352 Diagnosis 315 Paraphilic Disorders 352 Brief History of Legal and Illegal Substances 315 Symptoms 353 8  CONTENTS A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM Diagnosis 353 getting Help 396 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: summary 397  the big picture 398  key terms 398 Two Sexual Problems That Did Not Become New Mental Disorders 359 Frequency 360 Causes 360 Treatment 361 Gender Dysphoria 363 Symptoms 363 14 Delirium and Dementia  399 Overview 400 Symptoms 403 Delirium 403 Frequency 364 criteria for Delirium 403 Causes 364 Major Neurocognitive Disorder 404 Treatment 365 getting Help 365 summary 366  the big picture 366  key terms 367 Memory Changes in Normal Aging 405 Diagnosis 408 Brief Historical Perspective 408 Specific Types of Neurocognitive Disorder 409 13  chizophrenia and Other S Psychotic Disorders: Causes and Treatment  368 Overview 369 criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder  409 Critical Thinking matters: How Can Clinicians Establish an Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease? 410 Symptoms 371 Frequency of Delirium and Major Neurocognitive Disorders 414 Positive Symptoms 372 Prevalence of Dementia 414 Negative Symptoms 373 Research methods: First-Person Account of Delusional Beliefs 373 Finding Genes that Cause Behavioral Problems 415 Disorganization 374 Prevalence by Subtypes of Neurocognitive Disorder 416 Diagnosis 375 Cross-Cultural Comparisons 416 DSM-5 375 Causes 416 Criteria for Schizophrenia  376 Delirium 416 Subtypes 376 Neurocognitive Disorder 416 Critical Thinking matters: Treatment and Management 419 Why Were the Symptom-Based Subtypes of Schizophrenia Dropped from DSM-5? 377 Related Psychotic Disorders 377 Course and Outcome 378 Medication 419 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Will patients and their families understand “mild” neurocognitive disorder? 420 Frequency 379 Environmental and Behavioral Management 421 Gender Differences 379 Support for Caregivers  421 Cross-Cultural Comparisons 380 getting Help 422 Causes 380 summary 422  the big picture 423  key terms 423 Biological Factors 380 Social Factors 386 Psychological Factors 387 Research methods: Comparison Groups: What Is Normal? 389 15 Intellectual Disabilities and Autism: Causes and Treatment  424 Interaction of Biological and Environmental Factors 389 Overview 425 The Search for Markers of Vulnerability 390 Intellectual Disabilities 425 THINKING CRITICALLY about DSM-5: Symptoms of Intellectual Disabilities 427 Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Reflects Wishful Rather Than Critical Thinking 390 Treatment 392 Antipsychotic Medication 392 Psychosocial Treatment 394 criteria for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)  427 Research methods: Central Tendency and Variability: What Do IQ Scores Mean? 428 Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities 430 CONTENTS  9 A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 3/19/14 1:05 PM S Saad, C S., 90 Sabbagh, Richardson, & Relkin, 2008, 420 Sackheim, Prudic, & Devanand, 2000, 78 Sacks, 1985, 440 Sadeh, N., 466 Saha, S., 379, 380 Salkovskis & Harrison, 1984, 184 Sallee, F R., 471 Salthouse, 1999, 405 Salthouse, T A., 501 Sandeen, E E., 92–93, 494, 500 Sanders, A R., 382 Sanders, M R., 472 Sanders, S A., 342, 353 Sanders, S J., 448 Sandler, A D., 450 San Miguel et al., 2006, 104 Sapolsky, R., 233, 234 Sapolsky, R M., 231, 233 Sartorius, N., 380 Savva et al., 2009, 407 Sayette, M A., 307 Sbarra, D S., 491, 504, 528, 529 Scepkowski, L A., 349, 350 Schachar, R., 461, 462 Schacter, 1987, 209 Schaeffer, C M., 473 Schaumann, H., 447 Scheerenberger, R C., 430, 438 Scheier, M F., 235 Schell, Marshall, Jaycox, 2004, 197 Schenk, E., 394 Schiavi, R C., 348, 349 Schick, V., 342, 353 Schiff, M., 436 Schiller, J S., 321 Schlosser, S S., 359 Schmaling, K B., 92, 93, 500 Schmidt, C W., 357 Schnall et al., 2008, 234 Schneiderman, N., 236, 242 Schneiderman et al., 1989, 243 Schneidman, 1996, 156, 157 Schneller, Johanna, 164, 165 Schopler, E M., 447 Schork, N., 391 Schott, R L., 355 Schreibman, L., 447, 450, 451 Schuckit, M A., 328 Schuckit, M A., 305, 316, 317 Schulz, M S., 499, 504 Schulz, R., 237 Schuyler, 1991, 180 Schwartz, A A., 449 Schwartz, C E., 352 Schwartz, G E., 51, 52 Scott, S., 471, 473 Scottham, K M., 491 Scullin, M H., 429 Seaton, E K., 491 Sedgwick, 1981, 29 Seelaar, H., 392 Seeley, J R., 458 Seeman, M., 359 Seeman, W., 98 Seery, M S., 214 Segal et al., 2010, 112 Segerstrom, S C., 233 Segerstrom & Sephton, 2010, 234 Segraves, R., 343 Segraves, R T., 348, 349 Segraves, T., 351 Seidman, B T., 361 Self, D., 324 Seligman, 1995, 88 Seligman, M E P., 239, 512 Seligman, M P E., 41 Sellers, E M., 325 Sellers, R M., 491 Selten, J., 387 Selye, H., 233 Serdula, M K., 284 Seto, M C., 357, 360, 361 Settersten, R A., Jr., 491 Seyfried & Marcus, 2003, 135 Shadish, W R., 500 Shaffer, D., 479 Shahabi, L., 234 Shahinfar, A., 467 Shalev et al., 1996, 203 Shankman & Klein, 2003, 164 Shapira, N A., 121 Shapiro, D., 258 Shariff, A F., 65, 392 Sharp, E., 419 Shaver, P R, 480 Shaver, P R., 64 Shaw, D., 463 Shaw, D S., 464, 466, 468, 480 Shaw, H., 301 Shaw, M., 334 Shea, M T., 266 Shearer, D E., 438 Shearer, M S., 438 Shedler, 2010, 80 Shedler, J., 234 Sheldon, C T., 68, 494 Shen, W W., 392 Shepherd, A M., 383 Sher, K J., 328 Sher, K J., 322 Shibley-Hyde, J., 284 Shiffman, S., 330 Shih & Eberhart, 2010, 140 Shim, H J., 68 Shiner, R., 255 Shirk, S R., 473 Shorter, 1992, 218, 219, 222 Showalter, 1997, 207, 219 Shulman, quoted in Belkin, 2005, 189 Shulman & Redmond, 2008, 49 Shyn, S I., 143 Sibley, M H., 469 Sickmund, M., 473 Siegel, G., 531 Siegel, J M., 506, 507 Siegel, S., 308 Siegel, S D., 236 Siegel, T C., 473 Siev & Chambless, 2007, 180 Siever, L J., 275 Sikich, L., 393 Silberstein, L R., 296 Silver, R C., 504 Silverman, W K., 475–476 Simmons, R A., 494 Simon, T., 430 Simon et al., 2006, 150 Simons, A D., 294 Singer, B H., 502 Singer & Lalich, 1996, 86 Singh, N N., 438 Singh, O., 351 Sitskoom, M M., 391 Sizemore & Pittillo, 1977, 211 Skinner, 1956, 52 Skinner, B F., 50 Skinner’s (1953), 50 Skodak and Skeels (1949), 436 Skodol, A E., 252, 266 Skodol et al., 2008, 267 Skodol et al., 2011, 262 Skoog & Skoog, 1999, 187 Skuse, D H., 445 Slater, 1965, 221 Slep, A M S., 495 Sloane and colleagues (1975), 89 Sloane et al., 1975, 91 Slobogin, C., 512, 513, 518, 520, 522, 523, 525, 526, 531 Sloman, Gardner, & Price, 1989, 64 Sly, D F., 351 Smalley, S L., 448 Smetana, J G., 490 Smith, B L., 242 Smith, B L., 239 Smith, E., 369 Smith, G., 514 Smith, G T., 327 Smith, M E., 469 Smith, Monson, & Ray, 1986, 217 Smith, S R., 532 Smith, T., 452 Smith, T L., 317 Smith, T W., 245 Smith & Combs, 2010, 108 Smith et al., 2005, 220 Smith & Glass, 1977, 85 Smith & Moynan, 2008, 208 Smolak, L., 284 Smyer, M., 507 Smyer, M A., 504 Snidman, N., 480 Snitz, B., 391 Snorrason, I., 187, 188 Snowden, L R., 90 Snowdon, D A., 419 Snyder, D K., 227, 496 Snyder, H N., 458 Soler, H R., 351 Solhan, M., 272 Solomon, K., 322 Somerfield, M R., 234 Song, A W., 121 Song, C., 232 South, S C., 68, 109, 257, 497 Southall, D P., 530 Spanagel, R., 324 Spangler, D., 294 Spanos, Weekes, & Bertrand, 1985, 214 Specker, S., 296 Spiegel & Bruce, 1997, 181 Spiegel & Cardena, 1991, 209, 210 Spirito & Esposito-Smythers, 2006, 156 Spitzer, R L., 353 Spitzer et al., 1992, 409 Sripada, C., 512 Sroufe, L A., 480 Stack, 2004, 154 Stahl, S., 373, 394 Stams, G J., 468 Stanton et al., 2000, 239 Stanton & Low, 2012, 234 Star, S L., 100 Starr, 1982, 36 Steadman, H., 515 Steen, R., 383 Steffenburg, S., 448 Steffens & Potter, 2008, 408 Steggall, M J., 348 Stein, D J, 26 Stein, D J., 272, 332 Steinberg, L., 498 Steinhausen, H C., 286, 298 Steketee, G., 115, 186 Stepp, S D., 272 Stevens, Hynan, & Allen, 2000, 92 Stevens et al., 2001, 247 Stewart, A J., 489 Stice, E., 289, 294, 296, 297, 301 Stockard & O’Brien, 2002, 158 Stockmeier, 2003, 147 Stokes, T F., 467 Stokols, D., 246 Stoller, R J., 355 Stone, A A., 240 Stone, Lin, & Quarermain, 2008, 144 Stone, M H., 258, 269, 271 Stone, W L., 452 Storch, E A., 188 Storch et al., 2006, 189 Stouthamer-Loeber, M., 467 Strain, J J., 486 Strassberg, D S., 349 Stratton, K., 63 Strauss & Smith, 2009, 111 Stricker, G., 120 Striegel-Moore, R H., 284, 294, 296 Stroebe, W., 504 Stroud et al., 2010, 140 Strupp, K., 447 Stuart, J E., 471 Studa, K T., 449 Styfco, S J., 438 Subramaniam, M., 188 Sue, 1998, 90 Sue, S., 90 Sugarman, 2007, 63 Sunday, S R., 289 Suomi, S J., 480 Susser, E., 377, 383, 396 Susser et al., 2006, 31 Sutker et al., 1995, 201 Swann, Chang-Schneider, & McClarty, 2007, 66 Swanson, J., 470 Swartz, M S., 526 Swartz et al., 1987, 217 Swartz et al., 1990, 220 Swedo, S., 482 Swedo, S E., 445, 480 Swedo et al., 1998, 189 Swedo & Grant, 2005, 189 Swendsen & Merikangas, 2000, 131 Swenson, C C., 531 Swingen, D N., 351 Switzky, H N., 431 Symonds, T., 346 Szasz, T., 101, 512 T Tabak, C J., 290 Tabrah, H., 315 Taft et al., 2005, 200 Tager-Flusberg, H., 441, 442 Takeuchi, H., 393 Tamminga, C A., 324 Tanaka-Matsumi, J., 34, 172, 268 Tandon, R., 389 Tannock, R., 461, 462 Tarbox, S I., 382 Tarrier, Taylor, & Gooding, 2008, 158 Tarter, R E., 327 Tarter, R E., 322 Taylor, J., 466 Taylor, P., 139 Taylor, R., 379 Taylor, R L., 433, 439 Taylor, S., 231 Taylor, S E., 235, 236, 238 Taylor et al., 2003, 66 Taylor et al., 2007, 236 Taylor et al., 2011, 246 Taylor & Fink, 2008, 135 Taylor & Luce, 2003, 94 Teachman, 2006, 172 Teachman, Marker, & SmithJanik, 2009, 180 Name Index  591 Z04_OLTM9635_08_SE_NIDX.indd 591 3/19/14 1:23 PM Teachman, Smith-Janik, & Saporito, 2007, 175 Tedeschi, R G., & McNally, R J., 203 Temple, S., 395 Testa, M., 326 Thakker, J., 380 Thapar, A., 432, 435 Thase, 2003, 136 Thase, 2006, 149 Thase, M., 432 Thase, Ripu, & Howland, 2002, 147 Thavundayil, J., 326 Thomas, 1996, 152 Thomas, A., 464 Thomas, S A., 332 Thomas, V H., 266 Thomas Kuhn (1962), 50 Thompson, J., 370 Thompson, J K., 294 Thompson-Brenner, H., 299, 300 Thoresen, C E., 234, 248 Thornicroft, G., 396 Thornton, D., 359 Tidwell, M O., 334 Tiefer, L., 342, 352 Tienari, P., 270 Tilburt et al., 2008, 87 Tillman, R., 481 Timpano et al., 2011, 188 Tolejko, N., 253 Tolin, D F., 144, 166, 168 Tolin et al., 2007, 104 Tolley-Schell, S A., 468 Tomkins, D M., 325 Tonigan, J S., 329, 330 Torgersen, S., 273 Torres et al., 2006, 188 Torrey, E F., 36, 520, 525, 527 Tracy, J L., 65 Trapnell, P D., 348 Triandis, H C., 267 Tromovitch, P., 357 Troughton, E P., 277 Truax & Carkhuff, 1967, 91 True et al., 1993, 203 Trull, T J., 265, 266, 272 Tsai, J L., 501 Tsai, L Y., 445 Tschudin, S., 137 Tsuang, M T., 382, 390 Tuckey, 2007, 204 Tully, L A., 468 Tune, 2007, 419 Turkheimer, 1998, 55 Turkheimer, E., 62, 254, 258, 436, 497 Turkington, D., 395 Turner, C M., 349 Tyrer, P., 253, 262 U Uchino, 2009, 236 Uchiyama et al., 2007, 63 Unis, A S., 476 Updegraff & Taylor, 2000, 173 U.S Census Bureau, 69 Utian, W H., 340 Uttal, W R., 122 V Vachon, D D., 276 Vaillant, G., 317 Vaillant, G E., 307 Valenstein, 1986, 38, 39 Valenstein, 1998, 51, 55, 75 Valenstein, E S., 360 Valente, S M., 348 Vandereycken, W., 295 van der Kolk & McFarlane, 1996, 197 Vander Laan, K L., 234 van der Made, F., 352 van der Meer, K K., 400 Van de Velde, S., 138 Van Domburgh, L., 458 van Haren, N., 382 Van Hoeken, D., 291, 294 Vanin, 2008, 180 Van Orden et al., 2008, 156, 157 Van Os, J., 387 van Os, J., 390 Van Snellenberg, J X., 382 van Solinge, H., 502 Vanyukov, M., 322 Vanyukov, M M., 327 Vaughn, C E., 387 Ventura, S J., 496 Verhaak, P M., 400 Verheul, R., 253, 263, 274 Verma, K., 351 Vickland et al., 2010, 414 Viken, R J., 295 Visintainer, M A., 239 Vitiello, B., 470, 502 Vitousek, K M., 298, 299 Vogele, C., 287, 296 Volkmar, F., 431, 441, 444 Volkmar, F R., 444 Volpicelli, J R., 239 Vondra, J I., 480 Von Korff et al., 2005, 240 von Wolff, A A., 149 Vukadinovic, Z., 359 W Waber et al., 2008, 87 Wachs, T D., 278 Wade, T D., 297 Wager, 2005, 87 Wahl, R L., 121 Waite, L J., 348 Waite & Gallagher, 2000, 68 Wakefield, 2010, 26 Wakefield, J C, 26, 28 Wakefield, J C., 132, 252, 359 Wakefield et al 1998, 63 Wald, M S., 530 Waldemar & Burns, 416 Waldemar & Burns, 2009, 400, 410 Walden, B., 467 Waldinger, M D., 346 Waldman, I., 458 Waldman, I D., 277, 465 Walker, D., 330 Walker, E., 374, 382, 386 Walker, E F., 269 Wallace, J., 512 Wallace, J F., 279 Walsh, B T., 298 Walsh, T., 299 Walsh, T B., 284 Walsh et al., 2004, 300 Walters, G D., 315 Wampold, 2007, 91 Wandersman & Florin, 2003, 94 Wang, H., 393, 413 Wang, M., 502 Ward, L M., 294 Ward, T., 380 Warhol, Andy, 25 Warner, L A., 319 Warnock, J K., 344 Waschbusch, D A., 461 Wassef, A., 386 Waterhouse, L., 448 Waterman, A S., 491 Waterman, C., 491 Waterman, G., 491 Watkins, 1984, 213 Watkins, L R., 233 Watson, J B., 50 Watts, C., 358 Wauchope, M., 360 Webster-Stratton, C., 472, 473 Wechsler, D., 430 Wegner, 1994, 188 Wehner, E A., 433 Wehr, 1989, 152 Weigel, M., 345 Weinberger, D R., 383 Weiner & Meyer, 2009, 120 Weinstein, Y., 253 Weinstock, R., 532 Weisberg, R B., 350 Weiser, M M., 387 Weisman de Mamani, A., 388 Weiss, L A., 448 Weissman, Markowitz, & Klerman, 2000, 148 Weisz, J R., 76, 456 Weithorn, L A., 524 Welch, S L., 295 Welham, J L., 383 Wells, K C., 469, 473 Welte, J W., 334 Werbin, T J., 345 Werneke, U., 349 Werner, N E., 458 Werner & Smith, 1992, 68 West, S G., 349 Westen, D., 299 Westen & Bradley, 2005, 88 Weston, Novotny, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004, 87 Westrin & Lam, 2007, 136 Whalen, C K., 470 Whaley, A L., 268, 380 Whalley, H C., 385 Wheeler, V A., 476 Whisman, M A., 68, 253, 494, 496 Whitaker, R., 390 Whitley, M K., 473 Whittington, C J., 481 Whybrow, 1997, 144, 152 Widaman, K F., 433 Widiger, T., 27, 107, 108 Widiger, T A., 256, 262, 276 Wiederman, M W., 342 Wiegel, M., 349, 350 Wiehe, V R., 358 Wildes, J E., 289, 290, 294 Wilens, T E., 470 Wilfley, D E., 286, 291 Williams, 415 Williams, 1994, 208 Williams, G V., 391 Williams, J K., 350 Williams, K D., 68 Williams, L M., 358 Williams, N A., 322, 328 Williams et al., 1992, 245 Williamson, G M., 235 Wilson, 2002, 66 Wilson, D., 332 Wilson, G., 300 Wilson, G D., 360 Wilson, G T., 298, 299 Wilson, J Q., 458 Wilson & Linville, 1982, 83 Wilt, T J., 351 Wimberly et al., 2005, 239 Wincze, J P., 350, 361 Wing, L., 446, 448, 450 Winter, D G., 254 Wirth & Bodenhausen, 2009, 69 Wise, T N., 357 Wiseman, C V., 292, 294 Witkiewitz, K., 330 Wittchen, Schuster, & Lieb, 2001, 169 Witvliet, C., 234 Wolf, C., 321 Wolfe, D., 530 Wolfe, D A., 429 Wolfs, C G., 421 Wonderlich, S A., 290, 292 Wonderlich S A., 288 Wong, S C P., 522 Wood, J M., 119 Woods, E L., 187 Woods, S W., 371 Woodside, D B., 284 Woody, S R., 76, 115 Wooley, S C., 298 Woolfolk, Allen, & Tiu, 2007, 222 Woo-Ming, A., 275 Wortman, C B., 504 Wright, S., 353 Wrosch, C., 504 Wu, E., 370 Wyatt, G E., 350 Wylie, K., 344 Wymbs, B T., 467 Wynn, J W., 452 Y Yanez et al., 2009, 234 Yang, J., 267 Yang, M., 522 Yang et al., 2007, 102 Yates, W R., 277 Yeh, M., 456 Yehuda, R., 232 Yeung, P P., 322 Yi, H., 316 Yin, S., 323 Yirmiya & Sigman, 1996, 450 Yoder, P., 452 Young, M., 333 Young et al., 2008, 402 Yudofsky, S C., 280 Yung, A R., 390 Z Zachar & Kendler, 2007, 25 Zahn-Waxler, C., 481 Zaleta, A K., 420 Zanarini, M C., 275 Zanarini, M C., 267 Zapf, P A., 518 Zarate, R., 394 Zautra, A J., 240 Zempolich, K A., 279 Zigler, E., 429, 431, 438 Zilbergeld, B., 344 Zimmerman, C., 358 Zimmerman, M., 113, 263, 272 Ziskin, J., 511 Zito, J M., 470, 481 Zito et al., 2000, 76 Zoccolillo & Cloninger, 1986, 217 Zorn, C A., 299 Zucker, K J., 355 Zuckerman, 1991, 65 Zvolensky, M J., 245 592  Name Index Z04_OLTM9635_08_SE_NIDX.indd 592 3/19/14 1:23 PM A AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), 329–330 ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis), 450–452, 451t Abnormal behavior assessment See Assessment causes/etiology, 45 biological factors, 54–62 historical perspective, 46–51, 49t, 50t psychological factors, 62–68 classification See Classification, of psychopathology definition of, 25–29 Hippocratic view of, 35–36 populations experiencing, 30–34, 32f Abnormal motor behavior, 375 Abnormal psychology definition of, 22 resources, 41 Abreaction, 216 Abstinence violation effect, 330 Abstract thinking, loss of, in dementia, 406 Academic discipline, levels of analysis, 52t Acamprosate (Campral), 329 ACC (anterior cingulate cortex), in mood disorders, 145, 146f Acceptance and commitment therapy, 84 Acculturation, psychotherapy for ethnic minorities and, 90 Acetaminophen, for psychological pain, 488 Acetylcholine (ACh), 418, 419 Acquaintance rape, 358, 358f Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 239–241, 433 Active ingredients, 86, 87, 92, 93, 206 Actuarial interpretation, 117 Acute stress disorder (ASD) causes, 202–204 definition of, 195 diagnostic criteria, 197–201, 198t frequency, 201–202 prevention, 204–206 symptoms, 196–197 treatment, 204–206 ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), 525 Adaptive skills, measuring, 429–430, 429t Addiction, 319 definition of, 305 outcome, 318f risk across life span, 321–322 ADHD See Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ADH gene, 323, 324 Adjustment disorders, 197 case study, 487 diagnosis, 486, 488–489 symptoms, 487–488 Adolescent-limited antisocial behavior, 458 Adonis complex, 284 Adoption studies of alcoholism, 323, 324 description of, 61, 63 of schizophrenia, 381–382 Adrenal glands, 231 Adrenaline (epinephrine), 231 Adults development, 487, 488 oldest-old, 505 old-old, 505 young-old, 505 Adult transitions, 487 Erickson’s view of, 489 symptoms, 490–491 treatment during, 492 Advance psychiatric directives, 526 Affect, definition of, 126 Affective disturbances, in schizophrenia, 373–374 Affiliation, 254–255 Age mental vs chronological, 427 rule violations and, 458 Ageism, 501 Aggression, externalizing disorder and, 458 Aging diagnosis, 505 frequency of, 505–506, 506f memory changes, normal, 405 Agnosia, 405–410, 414 Agoraphobia, definition of, 164, 170 AIDS See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 433 Ainsworth, Mary, 480 Alarm stage, of general adaptation syndrome, 233 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 329–330 Alcoholism case study, 306–307 causes, 321, 322–327 biological factors, 323–326, 324t, 325t integrated systems, 327–328 psychological factors, 326–327 social factors, 322–323 course, 317–318 depression and, 131 outcome, 317–318, 318f psychological factors, 326–327 treatment, 328–332 treatment outcome results, 331–332 Alcohol use/abuse See also Alcoholism addiction, risk across life span, 321–322 case study, 349–350 disease burden and, 305 expectations of effect, 326–327 historical/legal perspective, 315–316 prevalence, 319–320, 320f symptoms, 309–310 long-term effects, 309–310 short-term effects, 309 Alcohol use disorder, defined, 316 Alcohol withdrawal delirium, 308 ALDH gene, 323, 324 Alexithymia, 221 Alien abduction therapy, 86 Allegiance effect, 87 Alogia, 374 Alternative treatments, informed consent, 531–532 Altruistic suicide, 154 Alzheimer’s disease brain structures and, 57f, 58 early diagnosis of, 410 genes associated with, 417 subject index immune system dysfunction, 418–419 incidence, gender differences in, 416 neurocognitive disorder due to, 410–412, 411f plaque, 401 resources, 422 treatment/management, 419–421 Amenorrhea, 286 American Law Institute, definition of insanity, 513, 515t American Psychiatric Association (APA), 27–28, 36 debates, 28 and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), 27–28 historical background, 36 mental disorders, revision of, 27 American Psychological Association (APA), 76 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 525 Amisulpride (Solian), 393t, 394 Amniocentesis, 438 Amphetamine abuse, 311–312 AMSAII (Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane), 36 Amygdala anatomy, 56f in anxiety disorders, 177, 178f corticotrophin-releasing factor and, 231 in mood disorders, 145–146, 146f Amyloid plaques, 408, 410, 412, 417–420 Anabolic steroid abuse, 284 Anaclitic depression, 480 Anafranil (clomipramine), for anxiety disorders, 190 Analogue studies, 147 Anatomy, field of, 54 Androgynous couples, 496 Androgyny, 69 Anger, externalizing disorder and, 458 Angina pectoris, 242 Anhedonia, 374 Animal models, 147–148 Anomic suicide, 154 Anorexia nervosa age of onset, 293–294 binge-eating/purging type, 289–290 case study, 285 causes, 294–297, 296f comorbidity, with psychological disorders, 286–287 course, 298–299 criteria for, 290 definition of, 283 diagnosis, DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, 289–291, 291t differences and similarities of bulimia nervosa, 288t and disturbance in experiencing weight or shape, 286 frequency of, 291–294 incidence/prevalence, 284, 291, 291f in males, 284 medical complications, 286 outcome, 298–299 prevention, 300–301, 301f restricting type, 290t significantly low weight, 285–286 symptoms, 285–287 treatment, 298–299 and weight gaining fear, 286 Anoxia, 435 Antabuse (disulfiram), 329 Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), in mood disorders, 145, 146f Anterograde amnesia, 404 Antianxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers) for anxiety disorders, 180–182 examples of, 77t for paraphilias, 362 Anticonvulsants, for bipolar disorder, 150 Antidepressants for acute stress disorder, 206 for adolescent depression, 481–482, 481f for anxiety disorders, 182 black box warning, 481 for bulimia nervosa, 299–300 for depressive mood disorder, 148 examples of, 77t monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 149–150, 149t for paraphilias, 362 with psychotherapy, for depression, 150 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 148–149, 149t for somatic symptom disorders, 222 for suicidal people, 159 tricyclics, 149, 149t violent behavior and, 151 Antihypertensives, for cardiovascular disease prevention, 246 Antimanic drugs, 77t Antiobsessional drugs, 77t Antipanic drugs, 77t Antipsychotics (major tranquilizers; neuroleptics), 77 examples of, 77t first-generation, 393t, 394 motor side effects, 393 second-generation, 393–394, 393t Antisocial behavior adolescent-limited, 458 life-course persistent, 458 Antisocial personality disorder (APD), 253–254, 275–279 addiction and, 318 case study, 253–254, 275 causes, 277–279 criteria for, 276 current views of, 275–276 definition of, 249, 513 diagnostic criteria, 276, 276t prediction during adolescence, 458 symptoms, 276, 276t treatment, 279 Anxiety in ASD and PTSD, 197 coronary heart disease and, 245   593 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 593 3/19/14 1:23 PM Anxiety (continued ) definition of, 165 heart-focused, 245 incidence/prevalence, 478 internalizing disorders and, 475, 476 in mood disorders, 130 Anxiety disorders, 164–191 case studies, 164–165, 183–184, 189–190 causes, 172–178 biological factors, 176–178, 178f fears, adaptive and maladaptive, 172–173 psychological factors, 174–176 social factors, 173–174 comorbidity, 171 course, 170–171 cross-cultural comparisons, 172 diagnosis, 167–170 classification, 168–170 frequency, 171–172 gender differences, 171 lifetime prevalence rates, 171–172 NCS-R, 164 outcome, 170–171 prevalence, 171 similarities, with mood disorders, 164 symptoms, 165–167 anxiety, 165–166 compulsions, 182 excessive worry, 166–167 obsessions, 183 panic attacks, 167, 168t phobias, 167 treatment, 178–182 Anxiolytics, 305 Anxious attachment, 64, 480 Anxious avoidant attachment, 480 APA See American Psychiatric Association (APA) Aphasia, 404 Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE gene), 417 Appearance, national obsession with, 283 Appetite, in mood disorders, 131 Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), 450–452, 451t Appraisal, of life events, 230–231 Apprehension, anxious, 166 Apraxia, 404 Archaeology of neuroscience, 48 Aricept (donepezil), 419 Arousal, in ASD and PTSD, 197 ASD See Autistic spectrum disorders Asian populations, alcohol consumption and, 323 Asperger, Hans, 444 Asperger’s disorder, 444–445 Assertive community treatment, for schizophrenia, 395–396 Assertiveness training, 83 Assessment feedback, 112 Assisted suicide, 504, 505t Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), 36 Asylum, creation of, 36 Asymmetry, 56f Ataques de nervios, 104 Atherosclerosis, 242 Atkins v Virginia, 518 Attachment relationships, anxiety disorders and, 173–174 Attachments, 64 Attachment theory, 64, 80, 480 Attentional mechanisms, in anxiety disorders, 176, 176f Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) causes, 463–468 course/outcome, 473–474 diagnosis, 458–460 false causes/cures, 472 family risk factors, 463 frequency, 472 genetic factors, 465–466 ODD and, 460–462 psychostimulants for, 468–471, 470f resources, 482 Attention deficits, in externalizing disorder, 459 Attribution retraining, 83 Attributions, 66, 83 Attunement-enhancing, shame-reducing attachment therapy, 86 Atypical antipsychotics, 386, 393–394, 393t Authoritarian parents, 466 Authoritative parents, 466 Autism (autistic disorder) definition, 425 symptoms, 440–444 deficit in social communication and interaction, 441–442 early onset, 441 restricted, repetitive interests and activities, 442–443 savant performance, 444 self-injury, 443–444 unusual sensory sensitivity, 443 vaccinations and, 63, 69 Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) case study, 440 causes, 447–448 definition, 425, 439 diagnosis, 444–445, 445t frequency, 445–447 neuroscience of, 448 resources, 452 symptoms, 440–444 deficit in social communication and interaction, 441–442 early onset, 441 restricted, repetitive interests and activities, 442–443 savant performance, 444 self-injury, 443–444 unusual sensory sensitivity, 443 treatment, 448–452, 451t applied behavior analysis, 450–452 course and outcome, 449–450, 450f medication, 450 Autonomic nervous system, 59 Aversion therapy, 81, 361 Avoidance, in ASD and PTSD, 197 Avoidant personality disorder, 261 Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, 289 Avolition, 374 Axon terminal, 54 Azapirones, for anxiety disorders, 182 B Baby-boom generation, 505, 506f Bandura, Albert, 65 Barbiturates definition of, 313 short-term vs long-term effects, 314 Barnum effect, 112 Basquiat, Jean-Michel, 25 Battered child syndrome, 529 Battered woman syndrome defense, 516 Beauty, standards of, 292–293 Beck’s cognitive therapy, 83 Bedwetting, 478 Behavior See also specific types of behavior abnormal vs normal, 25 antisocial, 277 in bulimia, 288 consistency, assumptions about, 111 illness, 236 inappropriate compensatory, 288 as mood disorder symptom, 131 unusual, case study of, 98–99 violent, antidepressant medications and, 151 Behavioral coding systems, 116 Behavioral conditioning mechanisms, 308 Behavioral family therapy (BFT) for ODD, 471–473 Behavioral management, in dementia, 421 Behavioral medicine, 227 Behavior genetics, 59, 61 Behaviorism, 50, 80 Behavior therapy common factors, 89 definitions of, 89t Bell and pad device, 478 Benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders, 180–182 definition of, 313 Bereavement, 504 Beta-amyloid, 410, 417–419 Beta blockers, for cardiovascular disease prevention, 246 Bianchi, Kenneth, 213–214 Biases, cognitive, depression and, 141–142 Biel, Jessica, 292 Biklen, Douglas, 449 Binet, Alfred, 429, 430 Binet scale, 430 Binge eating, in bulimia nervosa, 289–291 Binge eating disorder, 289 Biofeedback, 247 Biological assessment procedures, 120–122 brain imaging, 120–122, 121f Biological effects, of trauma exposure, 202–203 Biological factors in abnormal behavior, 54–62 in alcoholism, 323–326, 324f, 325f in antisocial personality disorder, 277–278 in anxiety disorders, 176–178, 178f in autism, 447–448 in cardiovascular disease, 242–243 causing intellectual disabilities, 431 in dissociative disorders, 215 in drug abuse, 323–326, 324f, 325f in eating disorders, 297 in externalizing disorders, 463 in family transition difficulties, 497–498 in internalizing disorders, 480 in paraphilias, 360 in posttraumatic stress disorder, 202–203 in schizophrenic disorders, 380–386, 381f, 384f, 385f in sexual dysfunctions, 348–349 in somatoform disorders, 220–221 in suicide, 156–157 Biological interventions, for anxiety disorders, 180–182 Biological model, 51 Biological paradigm, 46–47, 50t Biological treatment electroconvulsive therapy, 77–78 historical perspective, 74–75 vs other treatments, 74t, 75 psychopharmacology, 75–77 psychosurgery, 78 in sexual dysfunction, 351–352 symptom alleviation and, 75 Biopsychosocial model, 45 Bipolar disorder (bipolar mood disorder), 127 brain imaging studies, 145–146, 146f case study, 128–129 causes, 139–147 biological, 142–147, 144f, 145f social factors, 140–141 cross-cultural differences, 138–139 definition of, 127 diagnosis, 134–135, 134t gender differences, 138 incidence/prevalence, 137 lifetime prevalence, 137–138, 138f outcome, 136 with rapid cycling, 135 social factors and, 140–141 symptoms, 134–135, 134t treatment, 150–151 electroconvulsive therapy, 152 psychotherapy, 150–151 type I, 134 type II, 135 Birth complications, schizophrenic disorders and, 382–383 Birth mother, first meeting with, 492 Bizarre behavior, 372, 374, 375 Blackouts, alcoholic, 310 Bleuler, Eugen, 375 Blindness, hysterical, 216 Blood alcohol levels, 309 Blood pressure, 241 “Blues,” postpartum, 135 Blunted affect, 373 Body dysmorphic disorder case study, 219 classification of, 217 definition of, 219 treatment, 222 Body image assessment, 296, 296f dissatisfaction with, 283, 285f distorted, 286 negative, 296 unrealistic, 293 Body mass index, 285 Body shape evaluation, disturbances in, 284–285 excessive emphasis on, 288–289 Body weight evaluation, disturbances in, 284–285 excessive emphasis on, 288–289 fear of gaining, 286 594  Subject index Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 594 3/19/14 1:23 PM Bone loss, elderly women and, 502 Boot camps, 85t Borderline personality disorder, 271–275 case study, 260, 271 causes, 273–274, 274f criteria for, 273 definition of, 260 diagnostic criteria, 273, 273t historical background, 271, 272 symptoms, 272–273, 273t treatment, 274–275 Bowlby, John, 64, 80, 480 Bradley, Charles, 469 Brain cerebral hemispheres, 58 changes in amnestic disorders, 400–401 in dementia, 400 chemical imbalances in, 55 damage, hard signs of, 464 dopamine, reward pathways and, 324–325, 324f, 325f growth, in autism, 448 healthy, 56 neurobiology, of anxiety disorders, 177–178, 178f psychopathology and, 57f, 58 regions associated with obsessivecompulsive disorder, 120–122, 121f structures, major, 56–57, 56f–57f unhealthy, 57f Brain imaging See also specific brain imaging techniques advantages, 121 disadvantages, 122 functional, in schizophrenic disorders, 385, 385f structural, in schizophrenic disorders, 383–385, 384f studies, of mood disorders, 140, 141f, 142, 145–146 techniques for, 120–121 Brain stem, 56f Brainstorming, 83 Breathing-related sleep disorders, 241 Breathing retraining, for anxiety disorders, 180 Breuer, Joseph, 78 Brief psychotic disorder, 377–378 Briquet’s syndrome, 218 Broader approach, mood depression, 131 Buck v Bell, 437, 437f Bulimia nervosa age of onset, 293–294 case study, 30, 287–288 causes, 294–297, 296f comorbidity, 288, 289 course, 300 criteria for, 291 definition of, 283 diagnosis, DSM-IV-TR criteria, 291t differences and similarities of anorexia nervosa, 288t frequency of, 291–294 incidence/prevalence, 34, 283, 291–292, 291t in males, 285 and medical complications, 289 nonpurging-type, 290, 291t outcome, 300 prevention, 300–301, 301f purging-type, 290t, 291–292 risk in women, 292f symptoms of, 287–289 treatment, 299–300 C Campral (acamprosate), 329 Cancer, psychological factors in, 238–239 Cannabis (cannabinoids) short-term vs long-term effects, 314 symptoms, 314 types of, 305 Cannon, Walter, 231 Carbamazepine (Tegretol), for bipolar disorder, 150 Carcinogens, 239 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 241–248 causes, 242–246 diagnosis, 242 frequency, 242 integration and alternative pathways, 246 prevention primary, 246 secondary, 246–248 tertiary, 248 risk factors, 242 and social factors, 245–246 treatment, 246–248 Caregiver support, 421 Carolina Abcedarian Project, 438 Case studies adjustment disorder, 487 alcoholism, 306–307, 322 amnesia for September 31, 210 anorexia nervosa, 285 antisocial personality disorder, 253–254, 275 autistic spectrum disorder, 440 bipolar mood disorder, 128 body dysmorphic disorder, 219 borderline personality disorder, 260, 271 bulimia nervosa, 30, 287–288 child custody dispute, 529 of coercion, 466–467 conversion disorder, 217–218 couple therapy, 499–500 death of spouse, 503 definition of, 38 delirium, 402–403 dementia, 401–402, 402–403 depression, 73–74 disorganized schizophrenia, 371 dissociative fugue, 206–207 erectile dysfunction, 344 externalizing disorder, 456–457 gambling disorder, 334 genital pain, 346 heart attack, 227–228 heroin abuse, 312–313 heroin use relapse, 330 hyperactivity with learning disability, 45–46 insanity defense, 510–511 internalizing disorders, 474 limitations of, 38–40 major depression, 127 masochism, 355–356 multiple personality disorder, 211 narcissism, 264–265 obsessions/compulsions, 98–99 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 183–184, 189–190 panic disorder with agoraphobia, 164–165 paranoid schizophrenia, 22–23, 370 schizotypal personality disorder, 269 sexual assault and PTSD, 196 sexual communication, 340 suicide, 152–153 treatment for “finding oneself,”, 492 uses of, 38–40 vaginismus and alcohol dependence, 349–350 Catastrophic misinterpretation, in anxiety disorders, 175 Catatonic behavior, 375 Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), 382 Categorical approach to classification, 100 Cathartic therapies, 222 Causal attributions, 142 Causality, 51–52 Causation, vs correlation, 53 CBCT (cognitive behavioral couple therapy), 500 CBT See Cognitive behavioral therapy CD See Conduct disorder CDC See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 239–240 Central nervous system (CNS), 120 Central nervous system depressants, 305 Cerebellum, 56f, 57 Cerebral cortex, 58 CET (cognitive enhancement therapy), for schizophrenia, 395 Change, and life events, 229t Charcot, Jean-Martin, 47, 207 CHD See Coronary heart disease; Coronary heart disease (CHD) Checking, compulsive, 185 Chelation therapy, 450 Chemical imbalances, in brain, 55 Child abuse battered child syndrome, 529 borderline personality disorder and, 273, 274f forms of, 530 reporting, 529–531, 530f sexual, 325, 530 Child custody, 528–529 Childhood adversity, anxiety disorders and, 173 Childhood bipolar disorder, 477 Child molesters, 357, 363 Child neglect, 530 Child protective service system, 530– 531, 530f Child’s best interest standard, 528, 530 Child sexual abuse, 295 Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 392, 393t CHMC (Community Mental Health Centers Act), 526–527 Cho, Seung-Hui, 521, 526 Chromosomal disorders, causing intellectual disabilities, 432 Chromosome 34 mutations, in Alzheimer’s disease, 417 Chromosomes, 59 Chronological age, vs mental age, 427 Cialis (tadalafil), 351 Cingulotomy, 78 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, 241 CISD (critical incident stress debriefing), 204 Civil commitment, 520–527 abuses of, 523–524 defined, 521 grounds/procedures for, 521 history of mental hospitals in U.S., 520, 520f involuntary hospitalization, 521–524 libertarianism vs paternalism., 520–521 rights of mental patients and, 524–526 Classical conditioning of anxiety disorders, 174 definition of, 50 Classification, of psychopathology, 98–110 anxiety disorders, 168–170 categorical approach, 100 culture and, 103–104 by descriptive features, 101, 102 dimensional approach, 100 labeling theory, 102 need for, 101 suicide, 153–155 Classification systems See also specific classification system definition of, 100 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), 101–103, 103t evaluation of, 105–110 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 101 Cleaning, compulsive, 184 Client-centered therapy, 84 Clinical assessment See Assessment Clinical depression, definition of, 127 Clinical psychologists, number in United States, 34t Clinical psychology, 34 Clinical research methods, 40–41, 40t Clinical significance, 82 Clinton, Bill, 29 Clomipramine (Anafranil), for anxiety disorders, 190 Close relationships, abnormal behaviour and, 68 Clozapine (Clozaril), 386, 393, 393t, 394 Cluster suicides, 479 Cocaine abuse, short-term vs long-term effects, 311–312 Coercion, in parenting, 466–467 Cognition, 65 Cognitive behavioral couple therapy (CBCT), 500 Cognitive-behavioral paradigm, 49–50, 50t Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for bulimia nervosa, 287 vs other treatments, 74t, 75 for paraphilias, 361–362 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 205 for substance use disorders, 330–331 Cognitive conflicts, 488, 494 Cognitive distortions/errors, depression and, 142 Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET), for schizophrenia, 395 Cognitive factors, in anxiety disorders, 174–175 Subject index  595 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 595 3/19/14 1:23 PM Cognitive perspectives, personality disorders and, 255 Cognitive restructuring, 350, 361–362 Cognitive slowness, in mood disorders, 130 Cognitive symptoms, in mood disorders, 130 Cognitive techniques, 83 Cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders, 180 for depression disorder, 148 for schizophrenia, 395 Cognitive vulnerability, 142 Cohort, 291 Cohort effects, 291 Combat neurosis, 197 Common elements, in suicide, 156, 157 Communication as cause of difficult family transitions, 496 deficits in social, 441–442 training, in sexual dysfunction treatment, 351 Community Mental Health Centers Act (CHMC), 526–527 Community notification laws, 363 Community psychology, 94 Comorbidity definition of, 33, 109 depression and, 131 disease burden and, 33, 33f interpretation of, 109 Comorbid psychological disorders, 289 Comparison groups, 389 Competence, to stand trial, 515–518, 517t Competitive sports, “making weight” in, 284 Compulsions, in anxiety disorders, 183–185 Computerized tomography (CT), 121 COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), 382 Conceptual skills, 429 Concordance rates, 60, 61t Concurrent validity, 107 Conditioned response, 50, 174 Conditioned stimulus, 50, 174 Conduct disorder (CD) causes, 463–468, 466f diagnosis, 462, 463t family risk factors, 463 frequency, 462 treatment, 473–474 Confidentiality, 532 Conflict cognitive, 494 family, 493–494 in life-cycle transitions, 487 resolution of, 92 unresolved, 494 Confounds, 82 Consciousness, altered state of, 209 Construct validity, 345 Consumer Reports study, on psychotherapy effectiveness, 88 Contempt, in family transition difficulties, 496 Context, and personality, 257 Contingency, 81 Contingency management, 82–83 Continuous performance test, 459 Control issues of in anorexia nervosa, 286 eating disorders and, 295 perception of, in anxiety disorders, 175 predictability and, 233–234 Control group, 82 Convenience sample, 464 Conversion disorder case study, 217–218 definition of, 216 symptoms, 217, 217f Coping, with stress, 233–234 Coping skills training, for substance use disorders, 330 Coping with Schizophrenia: A Guide for Families (Mueser & Gingrich), 396 Coronary heart disease (CHD) anxiety and, 245 behavior and, 244 definition of, 241 depression and, 245 hostility and, 244–245 risk factors, 242 type A behavior and, 244–245 Coronary occlusion, 242–243 Correlation, vs causation, 53 Correlational method, 82 Correlational research, 389 Correlational study, 53 Correlation coefficient, 53 Cortex, 56f Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), 231 Cortisol (stress hormone), 231 Counselors, number in United States, 34t Countertransference, 79 Couple therapy, 92–93, 499–500 Course specifiers, 135 Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, 418 CRF See Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) Criminal responsibility definition of, 512 mental illness and, 512–520, 515t Crisis centers, 158 Crisis of healthy personality, 487 Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), 85t, 204 Criticism, in family transition difficulties, 496 Cross-cultural issues comparisons anxiety disorders, 172 of personality disorders, 268 in schizophrenic disorders, 380 differences, in mood disorders, 138–139 identity crisis as, 492 Cross-cultural psychology, 268 Cross-cultural studies, of mental disorders, 34 Cross-sectional study, 243 CT (computerized tomography), 121 Cultural-familial retardation, 435, 435f Culture classification of psychopathology and, 103–104 definition of, 27 diagnostic practice and, 27–29 personality and, 267–268 somatic symptom disorders and, 220 substance use and, 319 validity of assessment procedures and, 112 Culture-bound syndromes, 103–104 Culture-fair intelligence tests, 429 “Culture of thinness,” 292, 293, 295 CVD See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Cyclothymia, 135 Cytomegalovirus, 433 D Dangerousness, to self or others as civil commitment criterion, 521–522 prediction of, 521 DARE programs, 85t Daubert v Merrell Down Pharmaceuticals, 511 DBT (dialectical behavior therapy), 84, 274–275 Death alcohol-related, 310, 310f of spouse, case study, 503 Decatastrophizing, of anxiety disorders, 180 Defense mechanisms, 49, 49t, 79 “Defensive deniers,”, 234 Defensiveness, in family transition difficulties, 496 Defensive style, 75 Deinstitutionalization movement historical background, 520, 524 problems with, 526–527 Deinstitutionalization movement historical background, 439 Delay of gratification, 468 Delirium case study, 402–403 causes, 416 frequency, 416 symptoms, 402–403, 403t treatment/management, 419–421 Delusional beliefs, 372–373 Delusional disorder, 377 Delusions, in dementia, 407 Demand and withdrawal pattern, in intimate relationships, 494 Dementia case study, 401–402, 402–403 causes, 416–419, 418f vs depression, 408, 408t prevalence cross-cultural comparisons, 416 by subtype, 416 pseudodementia, 408 resources, 422 symptoms, 402–403, 403t emotional responsiveness, 407 judgment, 406–408 loss of abstract thinking, 406 memory and learning, 404 motor behaviors, 408 neurocognitive, 404 perception, 405–406 personality changes, 407 social behavior, 406 verbal communication, 404–405 treatment/management, 419–421 Dendrites, 54 Denial, 49t, 75 Depakene (valproic acid), 150 Department of Veterans Affairs study (VA study), 331 Dependent personality disorder, 261 Dependent variable, 82 Depersonalization, 197, 209 Depersonalization disorder, symptoms, 210 Depressants, 305 Depressed mood, definition of, 126 Depression alcoholism and, 131 and anxiety, 245 bipolar See Bipolar disorder brain and, 55 brain imaging studies, 145–146, 146f case study, 73–74, 127 causes, 139–148 biological, 142–147, 144f, 145f integration of social, psychological and biological factors, 147–148 psychological, 139 psychological factors, 141–142 social factors, 139–141, 140f stressful life events, 139–140, 140f clinical definition of, 127 vs normal sadness, 128t comorbidity, 131 with anorexia nervosa, 286–287 with anxiety disorders, 171 with bulimia nervosa, 289 coronary heart disease and, 245 cross-cultural differences, 138–139 definition of, 126 dementia and, 407, 408, 408t diagnosis, 131–136, 133t disability from, 126, 126t distorted perceptions of reality and, 66 eating disorders and, 295–296 gender differences, 138 incidence/prevalence, 478, 478f internalizing disorders and, 475 lifetime prevalence, 137–138, 138f major, course of, 136, 136f neurotransmitters in, 146–147 postpartum onset, 135 with psychotic features, 135 resources for, 159 symptoms, 129–131, 133t treatments, 148–152 Depressive triad, 130 Derealization, in ASD and PTSD, 197 Descriptive approach, 48 Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders (DOS), 380 Determinism, vs free will, 512 Deterrence, 513 Detoxification, 328 Development, stages of, 66–68, 67t Developmental norms, 456 Developmental psychopathology, definition of, 53, 456 Developmental transitions, 67–68 Deviant Children Grown Up (Robbins), 275 Deviation IQ, 427, 427f Dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 144 Diagnosis causal analysis and, 98 definition of, 98 by exclusion, 220–221 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 101 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), 28 596  Subject index Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 596 3/19/14 1:23 PM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) adjustment disorders, 486 classification of suicide, 153 coding, for stressors, 237 definition of agoraphobia, 170 of generalized anxiety disorder, 170 of impulse control disorders, 272 of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 185 of personality disorders, 267–268 of social phobia, 168–169 of specific phobia, 168 diagnostic criteria adjustment disorder, 488, 488t for anorexia nervosa, 290t for antisocial personality disorder, 276–277, 276t for borderline personality disorder, 272–273, 273t broad and narrow approach, 131 for bulimia nervosa, 289–291, 291t for mood disorders, 131–136, 133t, 134t for panic attacks, 167, 168t for panic disorder, 170 for personality disorders, 257– 264, 257t for schizophrenia, 270, 270t for schizotypal personality disorder, 269, 270t lifetime prevalence, of anorexia nervosa, 292 maladaptive personality traits in, 264t mood disorders, further descriptions/ subtypes, 135–136 other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention, 486, 488, 489t Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) cultural issues and, 103–104 definition gender dysphoria, 363 of sexual sadism, 356 of traumatic stress, 195 definition of mental disorder, 26, 26t diagnostic criteria of ASD, 199–200, 199t for hypochondriasis, 218 for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 101, 103t of PTSD, 197, 198t for somatic symptom disorder, 217, 218, 218t features, 27–28 interview information and, 112 limitations of, 105 reliability of, 105, 106 sexual addiction and, 29 sexual problems and, 359 validity of, 106–107 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V-TR) major neurocognitive disorder, 409 mild neurocognitive disorder, 420 subtypes of Schizophrenia and, 377 Diagnostic fads, 212 Diagnostic practice, culture and, 27–29 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 84, 274–275 Diastolic blood pressure, 242 Diathesis, 52 Diathesis-stress model, 52 DID See Dissociative identity disorder Dietary factors, in schizophrenic disorders and, 383 Dietary restraint, eating disorders and, 296 Difficult children, 464 Dimensional approach to classification, 100 Diminished emotional expression, 373 Discontinuance syndrome, 314 Disease, Hippocratic concept of, 35–36 Disease burden, comorbidity and, 33, 33f Disinhibited social engagement disorder, 478 Disorganized attachment, 480 Disorganized schizophrenia, 371, 374–375 Disorganized speech, in schizophrenia, 374 Displacement, 49t Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 132, 477 Dissociation definition of, 195 in PTSD, 203 Dissociative amnesia in ASD and PTSD, 197 definition of, 210 Dissociative disorders, 206–216 case study, 206–207, 210 causes, 214–216, 214t definition of, 206 diagnosis, 210–212 frequency, 212–214 hysteria, 207–209 symptoms, 209–210 treatment, 216 Dissociative fugue case study, 206–207 definition of, 207, 210 trauma and, 207 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) correlates, 214t definition of, 209, 211 diagnosis, 209–210 frequency, 212 vs role enactment, 213–214 symptoms, 211 Dissociative state, 196 Dissociative symptoms, in ASD and PTSD, 197 Distorted body image, 286 Distracting style, 142 Disulfiram (Antabuse), 329 Divorce genetic factors in, 498 mediation, 528–529 rates, 496, 496f Dix, Dorothea, 36 Dizygotic twins (fraternal), 60–61, 61t Dominance, 64 Dominant genetic disorders, 59, 60f Dominant inheritance, 59, 60f Donepezil (Aricept), 419 Dopamine abnormal behavior and, 55, 56 reward pathways and, 324–325, 324f, 325f Dopamine hypothesis, of schizophrenia, 386 Dopamine receptor gene (DRD4), 465 Double-blind studies, 87, 300 Double jeopardy, 519 Down regulation, 308 Down syndrome, 417, 430, 431, 432, 433, 435, 438, 442 Drag queens, 355 DRD4 gene (dopamine receptor gene), 465 Drug abuse See also Substance use; specific drug abuse addiction risk across life span, 321–322 expectations of drug effect, 326–327 treatment, 328–332 Drug dependence, prevalence of, 320–321 Drugs of abuse (illegal drugs) See also specific drug of abuse historical/legal perspective, 315–316 reward pathways and, 324–325, 324f, 325f DST (dexamethasone suppression test), 144 Dualism, 55 Durham v United States, 513 Durkheim, Emile, 153–154, 157, 158 Dusky v United States, 515 Duty to protect, 532 Duty to warn, 532 Dyspareunia, 346, 347 Dysphoria, eating disorders and, 295–296 Dysphoric mood, 129 Dysprosody, 441 Dysthymia definition of, 132 vs depression, 132, 133t symptoms of, 134 E Eating disorders, 282–303 See also Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia nervosa age of onset, 293–294 causes, 294–297, 296f cross-cultural comparisons, 33–34 definition of, 283 diagnosis, 289–291 frequency, 282–283, 292f integration and alternative pathways, 297 in males, 284 prevention, 300–301, 301f resources for, 302 standards of beauty and, 292–293 treatment, 298 Echolalia, 441 ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 77–78 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 439, 461 EE (expressed emotion), 387–388 Ego, 49 Ego analysis, 80 Egoistic suicide, 154 Ehrlich, Paul, 47 Elderly people with anxiety disorders, 172 sexual dysfunctions and, 348 substance dependance/abuse and, 321–322 Electra complex, 49 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 77–78 for mood disorder, 152 Electrolyte imbalances, in anorexia nervosa, 286 Elimination disorders, 478 EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), 206 Emergency commitment, 521 Emergency workers, hardiness of, 201 Emotion, definition of, 126 Emotional anesthesia, in ASD and PTSD, 197 Emotional awareness, 84 Emotional disturbances help for, 533 in schizophrenia, 373–374 Emotional disturbances in family transition, 494 Emotional processing, in PTSD, 203 Emotional responsiveness changes in, 402 in dementia, 402, 407 Emotional symptoms, in mood disorders, 129–130 Emotional turmoil, in adult transition, 491 Emotion-focused coping, 233 Emotion regulation, 480 Emotions, 65 Empathy, 84 Encephalitis, 434 Encopresis, 478 Endocrine system anatomy/physiology, 58, 58f psychophysiology and, 58–59 Endogenous opioid peptides, 326 Endophenotypes, 391 Endorphins, 326, 448 Enmeshed families, 295 Environmental factors causing intellectual disabilities, 435–436 genes and, 62 management, in dementia, 421 neurocognitive disorder and, 419 in schizophrenia, 389–390 twin studies and, 60–61 Epidemiology, definition of, 31 Epilepsy, 435 Epinephrine (adrenaline), 231 Episode specifiers, 135 Equifinality (multiple pathways), 52, 297 Erectile dysfunction case study, 344 diagnosis, 343t, 344 Erikson, Erik conflict in life-cycle transitions and, 487, 502 identity concept, 66 psychosocial development stages, 488–489 stage theory of development, 66–68, 67t, 80 Essential hypertension, 242 Ethnic identity, 490, 491 Ethnicity, intelligence tests and, 429 Ethnic minorities, in psychotherapy, 90 Ethology, 64 Etiological validity, 48 Euphoria, 127, 129 Evidence-based treatment, 73 Evolutionary psychology, 62–64 Subject index  597 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 597 3/19/14 1:23 PM Exaggerated startle response, in ASD and PTSD, 197 Excitement, sexual, 339 Excoriation disorder, 186t, 187, 188 Executive functioning, 459 Exhaustion stage, of general adaptation syndrome, 233 Exhibitionism, 357, 360, 361 Exhibitionistic disorder, 356–357 Experiential system, 209 Experimental group, 82 Experimental hypothesis, 39 Experimental method, 81, 82 Expert witnesses, 511–512, 528 Explicit memory, 209 Exposure and response prevention, for anxiety disorders, 190 Exposure therapies, 81 Expressed emotion (EE), 387–388 Externalizing disorders, 169 ADHD See Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder case study, 456–457 causes, 463–468 biological factors, 463 coercion, 466–467 gene–environment interactions and ODD, 466 genetics and ADHD, 465–466 inconsistency, 467 integration and alternative pathways, 468 negative attention, 467 neuropsychological abnormalities, 464–465 parenting styles, 466 peers, neighborhood and media, 467 psychological factors, 468 social factors, 466 social factors in ADHD, 467–468 temperament, 463–464 CD See Conduct disorder definition, 456 diagnosis, 459–462, 460t, 462t–464t attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 459–462 conduct disorder (CD), 462 frequency, 462–463 family risk factors, 463 vs internalizing disorders, 169 ODD See Oppositional defiant disorder outgrowing of, 473 symptoms, 457–459 adolescent-limited and life-coursepersistent, 458 anger and aggression, 458–459 attention deficits, 459 chilren’s age and rule violations, 458 hyperactivity, 459 impulsivity, 459 rule violations, 457–458 treatment, 468–474 behavioral family therapy, 471–473 family court, 473 multisystemic therapy, 473 psychostimulants, 468–471, 470f residential programs, 473 External validity, 82 Extinction, 50 Extrapyramidal symptoms, 393 Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 206 Eysenck, Hans, 87 F Facilitated communication, 85t, 86, 449 Factitious disorder, 219 Failure to Launch (movie), 491 False memory syndrome, 208 Family attitudes, in schizophrenic disorders, 388–389 Family conflict, 493–494 Family incidence studies, 60 Family law child custody disputes, 528–529 mental health and, 527–531, 530f Family life cycle, 493, 493t Family-oriented aftercare, for schizophrenia, 394–395 Family relationships later life transitions and, 502 troubled diagnosis of, 494–495 eating disorders and, 294–295 Family studies, of schizophrenia, 381, 381f Family therapy, 93, 499–500 Family transitions causes of difficulty in, 496–498 family life cycle and, 487, 493, 493t frequency of, 496, 496f symptoms, 493 treatment during, 498–500 Fatalistic suicide, 154 Fatigue, cancer-related, 239 FDA (Food and Drug Administration) tobacco product regulations, 321 Fear adaptive and maladaptive, in anxiety disorders, 172–173 definition of, 166 of failure, sexual dysfunction and, 349 of gaining weight, 286 internalizing disorders and, 475 Fear conditioning, 177 Feingold diet, 472 Female orgasmic disorder, 28, 343t, 345–346 Female sexual arousal disorder, 343t, 344–345 Female sexual dysfunctions, causes of, 349 Female stress response, 231 “Female Viagra,” 352 Feminist therapies, 298 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 434 Fetishism, 354 Fetishistic disorder, 354–355 Fever therapy, 38t Fight anxiety, 48 Fight-or-flight response, 231 “Finding oneself,” case study, 492 Firearms, suicide and, 158 Five-factor model of personality, 255, 256t Flashbacks, in ASD and PTSD, 196 Flashbulb memories, 208 Flight anxiety, 48 Flooding, 81 Fluid intelligence, 405 Fluoxetine, 190 Fluvoxamine, 190 Flynn effect, 429 FMR1 gene, 433 FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 121 Food additives, ADHD and, 472 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 321 Forebrain, 57 Formal commitment, 521 Foster care, 530 Fournier, Jan, 46–47 Fragile X syndrome, 433 Framingham Heart study, 244 Frances, Allen, 212–213 Frank, Jerome, 91 Fraternal twins (dizygotic), 60–61, 61t Free association, 78 Freeman, Walter, 78 Free will, vs determinism, 512 Frequency, of OCD and related disorders, 188 Frequency distribution, 428 Freud, Sigmund hysteria and, 207 psychodynamic paradigm and, 47–49 stages of development, 66–68, 67t Freudian psychoanalysis, 78 Freudian slips, 78 Frontal lobe, 56f, 58 Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, 412 Frotteurism, 357 Frotteuristic disorder, 357 Frustration, outlets of, 234 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 121 Functional neurological symptoms, 221 G GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 178, 180, 418 GABA interneuron, 325f GAD See Generalized anxiety disorder Gambling disorder, 332–334 case studies, 334 diagnosis, 334 frequency, 334 symptoms, 333–334 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 178, 180, 418 Gargoylism, 433 GAS (general adaptation syndrome), 233 Gaze aversion, 442, 443f GBMI (guilty but mentally ill), 514, 515t Gender differences in alcohol abuse and dependence prevalence, 319–320, 320f anxiety disorders, 171 in lifetime prevalence, 31–32, 32f in personality disorders, 266 in schizophrenia, 379, 380t in stressful life events, 140 psychopathology and, 68–69 somatic symptom disorders and, 220 Gender dysphoria (gender identity disorder) causes, 364–365 definition of, 363 frequency, 364 resources, 365 symptoms, 363–364 with transvestic disorder, 355 treatment, 365 Gender identity, 363 Gender identity disorder (gender dysphoria) See Gender dysphoria (gender identity disorder) Gender roles, 68–69, 492 Gene-environment correlation vs causation, 498 description of, 62 in ODD, 466 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 233 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) definition of, 170 twin studies, 176–177 Generalizing, 464 General paresis, 46 Generativity vs stagnation, 488 Genes associated, with Alzheimer’s disease, 417 behavioral problems, 415 definition of, 59 environment and, 62 Gene therapy, 438 Genetic disorders causing intellectual disabilities, 432–433 dominant inheritance, 59, 60f polygenic inheritance, 59–60, 60f recessive, 59, 60f recessive inheritance, 59, 60f Genetic factors in alcoholism, 323–324 in anxiety disorders, 176–177 in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 465–466 in autism, 448 in divorce, 498 in eating disorders, 297 neurocognitive disorder, 416–418, 418f in schizophrenic disorders, 381–382 in substance use disorders, 328 Genetic linkage, 415 Genetics field of, 59 mood disorders and, 143, 143f psychopathology and, 61–62 risk for mood disorders, 144, 144f Genetic variation, normal, intellectual disabilities and, 435, 435f Genetic vulnerability, to depression, 144, 144f Genital herpes, 433 Genital pain, case study, 346 Genito-Pelvic pain disorder, 346 Genotype, 59 German measles (rubella), 433 Gerontology, 505 Global Burden of Disease Study, 33 Glutamate, 386 Goodness of fit, 468 Graham v Florida, 519 Grandin, Temple, 439–443 Graves’ disease, 59 Greek tradition, in medicine, 35–36 Grief, 504 Group therapy, 93–94 Guilt feelings, in mood disorders, 130 Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 514 H Hair-pulling disorder See also Trichotillomania and OCD, 187 and skin-picking, 187 598  Subject index Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 598 3/19/14 1:23 PM Haldol (haloperidol), 393t Hallucinations, 372, 407 Hallucinogens definition of, 314 short-term vs long-term effects, 315 types, 314–315 Haloperidol (Haldol), 393t Happiness, later life transitions and, 502–504 Harmful dysfunction, mental disorder as, 26 Harrell, Tom, 395 Hashish definition, 314 short-term vs long-term effects, 314 Haslam, John, 46 Head Start, 438 Health administrators, 31 Health behavior physical well-being and, 506 stress and, 235–236, 235f Healthcare costs, mental health professions and, 35 Health psychologists, 227 Heart attack, case study, 227–228 Heart-focused anxiety, 245 Hemingway, Ernest, 306, 307, 309 Heritability, 143, 497 Heritability ratio, 435, 497 Heroin use/abuse, case studies, 312–313, 330 Heuristics, 65 Hierarchy of fears, 81 High-risk research design, 327 “Hillside Stangler” case, 213 Hinckley, John, 510–511, 514 Hindbrain, 56 Hippocampus, 56f Hippocrates, 35–36 Histrionic personality disorder, 218, 260–261 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 239–240, 433 Hoarding disorder, 185, 186t, 188f and OCD, 188 Holism levels of analysis and, 51, 51t reductionism and, 51 Homeostasis, 233 Homosexuality, diagnostic classification of, 28–29 Hormones, definition of, 58 Hormone therapy, for paraphilias, 362 Horney, Karen, 80 Hostility, coronary heart disease and, 244–245 Hotlines, for suicidal people, 158 HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), 144, 144f 5-HTT (serotonin transporter gene), 144, 144f 5-HTTLPR gene (serotonin transporter gene), 466 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 239–240, 433 Humanistic paradigm, 50, 50t Humanistic psychotherapy, definition of, 84 Humanistic therapies, 74t, 75, 84 Human nature, 62–64 Human Sexual Response (Masters & Johnson), 339 Huntington’s disease, 410, 413–414, 413f, 414, 416, 418 Hurler syndrome, 433 Hyperactivity, in externalizing disorder, 459 Hyperkinesis, 459 Hyperlipogenesis, 297 Hypersexual disorder, 29 Hypersomnolence disorder, 241 Hypertension biological factors in, 243 risk factors, 241–242 Hyperthyroidism, 59 Hypnosis, 208 Hypnotics, 305, 313–314 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder definition, 344 diagnosis, 343–344, 343t Hypochondriasis (hypochondriasm), 218, 223 Hypomania, 134 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), 144, 144f Hypothalamus, 56f, 57 Hypothesis, 82 Hypothetical construct, 345 Hysteria definition of, 207 historical perspective, 47–49 unconscious and, 209 I Iatrogenesis, 215 ICD (International Classification of Diseases), 101 Id, 49 IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), 461 Identity definition of, 66, 488 psychosexual development and, 49 vs role confusion, 488 Identity achievement, 491 Identity conflicts causes of, 492 diagnosis, 491 frequency of, 491–492, 491f Identity crisis, 488, 490 Identity diffusion, 491 Identity foreclosure, 491 Identity moratorium, 491 Idioms of distress, 104 Illness behavior, 236 as cause of stress, 237 chronic stress and, 233 diagnosis of physical, 237–238 stress effects on, 235, 235f Illness anxiety disorder, 218, 218t Illness behavior, 236 Imagery rehearsal therapy, 205 Imipramine (Tofranil), for anxiety disorders, 182 Immune system dysfunction, dementia and, 418–419 stress response, 232–233 Immunosuppression, 232 Implicit association test, 209 Implicit memory, 209 Impulse control disorders, 272, 359 Impulsivity, in externalizing disorder, 459 Inability to care for self criterion, for civil commitment, 521 Inappropriate affect, 375 Inappropriate compensatory behavior, 288 Incest, 358 Incidence, definition of, 31 Inclusive fitness, 64 Incompetence, to stand trial, 517 Inconsistency, externalizing behavior and, 467 Indecent exposure, 356 Independent variable, 82 Index offenses, 462 Individual differences, 64 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 461 Indulgent parents, 466 Infectious diseases, causing intellectual disabilities, 433–434 Informal counseling, 87 Information processing, biased in anxiety disorders, 175–176, 176f Informed consent, 526, 531–532 Inheritance dominant, 59, 60f polygenic, 59–60, 60f recessive, 59, 60f single-gene, 59–60, 60f Inhibited sexual arousal, 344 Insane asylums, 36 Insanity historical aspects, 24–25 legal, 510, 513, 515t psychological, 510 temporary, 516 Insanity defense burden of proof, 514 case study, 510–511 definition of, 512 developments in, 515t guilty but mentally ill, 514, 515t historical background, 512–513 irresistible impulse and, 513, 515t legislative actions, 513–514 mental disease or defect, 515 M’Naghten test, 512–513 product test, 513, 515t use of, 515 Insecure attachment, 64 Insight, 79 Institutional programs, for schizophrenia, 396 Instrumental reminiscence, 503 Insulin coma therapy, 38t Integrative reminiscence, 503 Integrity vs despair, 488 Intellectual disabilities (mental retardation), 425–439 case studies, 425–426 causes of, 431–436 biological abnormalities, 434–435 biological factors, 431 chromosomal disorders, 432 genetic disorders, 432–433 infectious diseases, 433–434 psychological factors, 435–436 social factors, 436 toxins, 434 definition, 425 diagnosis of, 430–431 contemporary diagnosis, 430–431 early efforts, 430 life and death, 431 diagnostic criteria, 427t frequency of, 431 levels, 430–431, 431t prevention normalization, 438–439 primary, 436–438 secondary, 438 tertiary, 438 sentencing and, 518–519 symptoms of, 427–430, 427f, 427t age of onset, 430 controversies about intelligence tests, 429 measuring adaptive skills, 429–430 measuring intelligence, 427–429 two-curve model, 431f Intelligence definition, 427 measuring, 427–429 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 427 Intelligence tests, 429 Intermittent explosive disorder, 272 Internalization, 83 Internalizing disorders case study, 474 causes of, 479–481 definition, 456 diagnosis of, 476–478 anxiety and depressive disorders, 476 contextual classifications, 478 elimination disorders, 478 neurodevelopmental disorders, 476–478 trauma- and stressor-related disorders, 478 vs externalizing disorders, 169 frequency of, 478–481 resources, 482 suicide, 479 symptoms, 474–476 symptoms of, 457–459 children’s fear and anxiety, 475 depressive symptoms, 475 separation anxiety disorder and school refusal, 475–476 troubled peer relationships, 476 treatment of, 481–482 Internal validity, 82 Internal working models, 480 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 101 Interoceptive exposure, for anxiety disorders, 179 Interpersonal diagnoses, 495 Interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior, 156 Interpersonal therapy (IPT), 80 for bulimia nervosa, 299 for depression, 148 Interpretation, 79 Intersexual competition, 64 Interviews advantages of, 112–113 structured, 113–114, 114t Intimacy vs self-absorption, 488 struggles with, 493 Intrasexual competition, 64 Intrinsa (“Female Viagra”), 352 Introceptive awareness, lack of, 297 Intrusive reexperiencing, in ASD and PTSD, 196 In vivo desensitization, 81 Involuntary hospitalization grounds/procedures for, 521 prediction of dangerousness, 521 Subject index  599 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 599 3/19/14 1:23 PM Involuntary hospitalization (continued ) rights of mental patients and, 524–526 for suicidal people, 159 IPT See Interpersonal therapy IQ (intelligence quotient), 427 IQ scores, in autistic spectrum disorders, 444, 444t Irrational beliefs, 83 Irresistible impulse, insanity defense and, 513, 515t Irritability, in mood disorders, 130 J Janet, Pierre, 207 Job performance, alcohol abuse and, 310 Job satisfaction, later life transitions and, 502 Job strain, 243–245, 243f Joint custody, 528 Judgment, in dementia, 406–408 Juvenile courts, 473 Juvenile delinquency, 462 Juveniles, arrests for violent crime, 458, 458f K Kanner, Leo, 444 Kansas v Hendricks, 519, 521 Kelly, George, 66 Kernberg, Otto, 271 Kleptomania, 272 Klinefelter syndrome, 432 KMigrant studies, of schizophrenia, 387 Kuhn, Thomas, 50 L Labeling theory, 68, 102 La belle indifference, 218 Lake v Cameron, 525 Lanugo, in anorexia nervosa, 286 Lateralized, 58 Later life psychological problems, causes of, 506–507 transitions, 500–505, 506f ageism, 501 aging, diagnosis of, 505 grief/bereavement, 504 happiness and, 502–504 life expectancy and, 500–501, 501f mental disorders, 504 psychological problems, treatment of, 507 relationships and, 502–504 sex and, 502–504 suicide, 504–505, 505t symptoms, 501–505, 501f work and, 502–504 Law See Legal issues LD (learning disability), 461, 477 Lead poisoning, 434 Learning cognition and, 65–66 dementia and, 404 Learning disability (LD), 461, 477 Learning processes in anxiety disorders, 174 in systematic desensitization, 81 Least restrictive environment, 525 Legal custody, 528 Legal issues burden of proof, 39 definition of insanity, 510, 513, 515t professional responsibilities and, 531–533 of rights/responsibilities, 512 sexual predator-related, 362–363 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 433 Levitra (vardenafil), 351 Lewy bodies, neurocognitive disorder with, 412 Libertarianism, vs paternalism, 520–521 Life-course persistent antisocial behavior, 458 Life-cycle transitions, 487 Life events and change, 229t reactions to same, 230t Life expectancy, 500–501, 501f in high-income countries, 236t Life-review, 503 Life stressors, 243, 243f, 248 Lifestyle diseases, death from, 238, 238f Lifetime prevalence rates definition of, 31 gender differences in, 31–32, 32f for suicide, 137–138, 138f Light therapy, for seasonal affective disorder, 152 Limbic system, 56f, 57 Lithium, for bipolar disorder, 150 Living wills, 507 Lobotomy, 38t, 78 Longitudinal studies, 327 Longitudinal study, 232, 233, 243 Lord Byron, 50–51 Lost years of healthy life, 33 Lovemap, 361 LSD, 314–315 “Lumpers,” 169 Lunatic asylums, 36 Luvox, 190 M Macrophage, 233 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 121 Mainstreaming, 439 Maintenance medications, for schizophrenia, 393 Major depressive disorder, 132 Major neurocognitive disorder (NCD), 404–408, 409 Maladaptive reaction, to stress, 231 Maladaptive schemas, 142 Male erectile disorder, diagnosis, 343t, 344 Male orgasmic disorder, 346 Malingering, 219 Malnutrition, 435 Malpractice, 531–532 Mammals, response to stress, 231n Managed care, 35 Mania, definition of, 127 Manic-depressive disorder See Bipolar disorder Manic-depressive psychosis, 127 MAOA (monoamine oxidase activity), 466 Marijuana, 314 Marital dissatisfaction, 494 Marital therapy (marriage counseling), 92 Marriage and family therapists, number in United States, 34t Marriage and family therapy (MFT), 35 The Mask of Sanity (Cleckley), 275 Masochism, case study, 355–356 Maternal age, Down syndrome and, 432, 434, 438 Maudsley method, 298 McGwire, Mark, 284 MDMA, 314–315 Mean, 427 Meaning making, in PTSD, 203 Measles/mumps/rubella vaccination (MMR), autistic spectrum disorders and, 63, 446 Measures of central tendency, 428 Media, externalizing behavior and, 467 Media, suicide and, 158 Median, 428 Mediators, 528, 529 Medical advice, following, as health behavior, 235–236 Medically unexplained syndromes, 220 Medical model, 51 “Medical student’s syndrome,” 41 Medical treatment, unnecessary, in somatoform disorders, 217 Medications See also specific drugs/ medications for autistic spectrum disorders, 450 causing delirium, 416 failure to offer, 531 inappropriate use of, 531 for paraphilias, 362 refusal of, 525–526 for suicidal people, 159 Medulla, 56f, 57 Melancholia, 135 Memory impairments, 402 loss, in dementia, 404 normal age-related changes, 405 Men, ratio to women, 506 Menarche, mothers age at, 498 Mendel, Gregor, 59 Meningitis, 434 Menopause, 501 Mental age, vs chronological age, 427 Mental disease or defect, definition of, 515 Mental disorders See also specific mental disorders vs absence of disorder, 27 and American Psychiatric Association, 27–28 causes of, 48 criteria for, 26 cross-cultural comparisons, 34 cultural biases and, 37 definition of, 24 disability from, 22 as harmful dysfunctions, 26–27 impact on comorbid disorders, 33, 33f mortality and, 22 persistent maladaptive behaviors and, 24 prevalence of, 22 recognizing presence of, 24–25 scientific study methods, 38–41 symptoms/signs of, 22 value judgments and, 29 vs voluntary behavior, 26–27 Mental health family law and, 527–531, 530f sentencing and, 518–520 suicide and, 504–505 Mental health advocacy, 533 Mental health malpractice, 531–532 Mental health professionals dealing with ethnic minorities, 90 eclectic, 73 meta-analysis, 85 number of, 34t types of, 34–35, 34t Mental health professions, 34–35, 34t Mental health services, 122 Mental hospitals, U.S., history of, 520, 520f Mental illness criminal responsibility and, 512–520, 515t violence and, 522, 522t Mental institutions historical background, 36 Worcester Lunatic Hospital, 36–37 Mental patients, rights of, 524–526 Mental retardation See Intellectual disabilities (mental retardation) Mercury poisoning, 434 Mesolimbic dopamine pathway, 324f, 325 Meta-analysis, 85 Metabolic rate, 297 Metabolic tolerance, 308 MFT (marriage and family therapy), 35 Midbrain, 56f, 57 Midlife transition, 489 Migrant studies, of schizophrenia, 387 Milwaukee Project, 438 Mind-body dualism, 55 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 406, 407t Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), 117–118, 117t Miranda warnings, 518 Mirror neurons, 448 Mitigating factors, 518 Mitigation evaluations, 518 MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), 117–118, 117t MMR (measles/mumps/rubella) vaccination (MMR), autistic spectrum disorders and, 63, 446 MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), 406, 407t M’Naghten test, 512–513, 515 Mode, 428 Modeling, 65 Module, 174 Molecular genetics, of schizophrenia, 382 Mongolism, 430 Moniz, Egas, 78 Monoamine oxidase activity (MAOA), 466 Monozygotic twins (MZ) (identical), 60–61, 61t Monroe, Marilyn, 292, 294 Mood, definition of, 126 Mood disorders, 126–152 bipolar See Bipolar disorder causes, 139–148 biological, 142–147, 144f, 145f integration of cognitive and social factors, 142 integration of social, psychological and biological factors, 147–148 psychological factors, 141–142 600  Subject index Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 600 3/19/14 1:23 PM comorbidity, with anorexia nervosa, 287 course, 136 definition of, 127 depression See Depression diagnosis, 131–136, 133t broad and narrow approach, 131 of depression, 132 DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, 131–136, 133t, 134t frequency, 137–139 gender differences, 138 lifetime prevalence, 137–138, 138f neurotransmitters in, 144 outcome, 136 similarities, with anxiety disorders, 164 symptoms, 129–131 behavioral, 131 cognitive, 130 emotional, 129–130 other, 131 somatic, 130–131 treatments, 148–152 electroconvulsive therapy, 152 Moral anxiety, 49 Moral treatments, 37, 520 Moratorium, 490 Motivation, relational aggression and, 458 Motivational interviewing, 91, 331 Motivational therapy, short-term, 331 Motor behaviors, in dementia, 408 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 517–518 Moving against, 490 Moving away, 490 MRFIT (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial), 247 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 121 Multifinality, 52 Multiple informants, 475 Multiple pathways (equifinality), 52 Multiple personality disorder case study, 211 symptoms, 211 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), 247 Multisystemic therapy, 473 Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome (MBPS), 530 Munchausen syndrome, 219 Muscle strength, age and, 502 Myocardial infarction, 242 case study, 228 Myocardial ischemia, 242, 244 N Naltrexone (Revia), 329 NAMI (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill), 396, 533 Narcissistic personality disorder, 29, 260–261 case study, 264–265 Narcotic analgesics, 305 Narrative reminiscence, 503 Narrow approach, mood depression, 131 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), 396, 533 National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) gender differences and, 31–32 lifetime prevalence, 31–32, 32f of anxiety disorders, 171 of mood disorders, 137–138, 138f obsessions or compulsions, 185 National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), 342, 347, 348, 358 National Institutes of Health, 28 National Research Council (NRC), 235 Natural selection, 64 NCD with Lewy bodies, 412 NCS-R See National Comorbidity Survey Replication Negative attention, 467 Negative correlations, 53 Negative mood, 197 Negative mood states (dysphoria), eating disorders and, 296 Negative reinforcement, 50 Neglectful parents, 466 Neighborhoods, externalizing behavior and, 467 Nervous breakdown, 25 Neuroanatomy definition of, 54 in substance use disorders, 324–326, 324f, 325f Neurobiology, of anxiety disorders, 177–178, 178f Neurochemistry in schizophrenic disorders, 386 in substance use disorders, 324–326, 324f, 325f Neurocognitive disorder, 310 brief historical perspective, 408–409 environmental factors and, 419 genetic factors and, 416–418 immune system dysfunction and, 418–419 neurotransmitters and, 418 specific types of, 409–414 due to Alzheimer’s disease, 410– 412, 411f due to traumatic brain injury, 413 frontotemporal, 412 huntington’s disease, 413–414, 413f Lewy bodies, 412 parkinson’s disease, 414 vascular, 412–413 viral infections and, 418 Neurocognitive impairments, assessment of, 406–407, 407f, 407t Neurodevelopmental disorders, internalizing disorders and, 476–478 Neuroendocrine system, stress response and, 144–145 Neurofibrillary tangles, 401, 408, 410, 411f, 412, 417, 420 Neuromodulators, 55 Neurons, 54, 54f Neuropathology, schizophrenic disorders and, 383 Neuropeptides, 448 Neurophysiology, 54 Neuropsychological abnormalities, in externalizing disorders, 464–465 Neuropsychological assessment, of cognitive impairments, 407, 407f Neuroscience of autism, 448 definition of, 54 Neurotic anxiety, 49 Neurotransmitters in anxiety disorders, 178 in autistic spectrum disorders, 448 definition of, 54 in mood disorders, 146–147 multiple, interactions of in schizophrenia, 386 neurocognitive disorder and, 418 psychopathology and, 55–56 suicide and, 156–157 New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 529 NGRI (not guilty by reason of insanity), 513 NHSLS (National Health and Social Life Survey), 342, 347, 348, 358 Nicotine See also Tobacco ingestion methods, 310 Nicotine dependence, prevalence of, 320–321 Nightmare disorder, 241 Nondirective, 84 Nondisjunction, 432 Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, 241 Nonshared environment, 61 Norepinephrine, 231, 232 Normal distribution, 427, 427f Normalization, 438–439 Nostalgia, 503 Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), 513 No-treatment control group, 87 NRC See National Research Council (NRC) Null hypothesis, 39 Numbing of responsiveness, in ASD and PTSD, 197 Nutritional disorders, alcoholism and, 310 O Obesity, 289–290 Observational procedures behavioral coding systems, 116 environment for, 114–115 informal, 114 for psychological assessment, 114–116 rating scale, 115 Obsessions, in anxiety disorders, 183 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 182 behavior, observations of, 115 brain regions associated with, 120– 122, 121f case study, 98–99, 183–184, 189–190 causes of, 188–189 course/outcome, 170–171 definition of, 185 diagnostic criteria, 101, 103t frequency of, 188 medication, 190 strep infections and, 189 subtype of, 185 thought suppression and, 188 treatment, 189–190 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), 261 Obsessive reminiscence, 503 Occipital lobe, 56f, 58 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder O’Connor v Donaldson, 524 OCPD See Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) ODD See Oppositional defiant disorder Oedipal conflict, 49 Olanzapine (Zyprexa), 393, 393t, 394 Oldest-old adults, 505 Old-old adults, 505 Operant conditioning, 50 Operational defiant disorder, geneenvironment interactions, 466 Operational definition, 345 Opiates administration method, 312 definition of, 312 long-term effects, 313 short-term effects, 312 Opioid peptides, endogenous, 326 Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) ADHD and, 460–462 behavioral family therapy, 471–473 causes, 463–468, 466f diagnosis, 460–461, 462t family risk factors, 463 Optimism, 234 Oregon, assisted suicide in, 504 Orgasm frequency of reaching, 342 reaching, sexual dysfunction and, 342–343 stages of, 339–340 Orgasmic disorder, female, 343t, 345–346 Osheroff v Chestnut Lodge, 531 Outpatient commitment, 526 Overprotectiveness, 480 Oxygen deprivation, to heart muscle, 244 Oxytocin, 231 P Packard, Elizabeth Parsons, 523 Pain management from psychotherapy, 91–92 stress and, 240, 240f during sex, 346 subjective, abnormal behavior and, 31 PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection), 189 Panic attacks, 167, 168t Panic disorder with agoraphobia, 164–165 definition of, 170 Panksepp, Jaak, 48 Paradigms cognitive-behavioral, 49–50, 50t definition of, 45 humanistic, 50, 50t problem with, 50–51 Paradoxical effect, of psychostimulants, 468–469 Paralysis, hysterical, 216 Paranoia, 258 Paranoid personality disorder, 258–259 Paranoid schizophrenia case study, 22–23 recognition of, 24–25 Paraphilias, 352–363 case study, 353 causes, 360–361 definition of, 352 diagnosis, 353–360, 354t, 358f frequency, 360 symptoms, 353 treatment, 361–363, 362f types, 354–360, 354t, 358f Subject index  601 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 601 3/19/14 1:23 PM Paraphilic coercive disorder, 359 Parasomnias, 241 Parasympathetic nervous system, 59 Parens patriae, 521, 523, 527 Parental rights, termination of, 530 Parenting, coercion, 466–467 Parenting style, externalizing disorders and, 466, 466f Parent management training, 93 Parents, right to commit children to hospitals, 524 Parent training, 471–473 Parham v J.R., 524 Parietal lobe, 56f, 58 Parkinson’s disease, 414 Parsons v State, 513 Partner relational problems, 495 Parton, Dolly, 293 Paternalism deinstitutionalization and, 527 vs libertarianism, 520–521, 525 Pathological gambling, 272 “Patient controls,” 389 Pavlov, Ivan, 50 PCL (PTSD Checklist), 205 PCP (phencyclidine), 315 Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS), 189 Pedophilia, 357–358 Peers externalizing behavior and, 467 troubled relationships, 476 Peer sociometric technique, 476 Penicillin, 47 Penile implants, 352 Penile plethysmography, 345 Penis envy, 49 Perception, in dementia, 405–406 Perfectionism, eating disorders and, 295 Performance anxiety, sexual dysfunction and, 350 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 59 Persistent depressive disorder, 132 Personal distress, abnormal behavior and, 25 Personality changes, in dementia, 407 changes in, 402 context and, 257 culture and, 267–268 definition of, 252 five-factor model of, 255, 256t Personality disorders See also Personality adaptive, 258 antisocial, 259–260 avoidant, 261 borderline, 260 case study, 253–254 comorbidity, with bulimia nervosa, 289 cross-cultural comparisons, 268 dependent, 261 diagnosis, 257–260, 257t dimensional perspective, 261–265 vs eccentric behavior, 252 See also specific personality disorders family environment and risk for, 274f frequency, 265–268 gender differences in, 266 overlap of, 266 prevalence rates, 265–266 histrionic, 260–261 obsessive–compulsive, 261 resources for, 279–280 schizoid, 259 schizotypal, 259 stability over time, 266–267 symptoms, 254–257 cognitive perspectives regarding self and others, 255 personality traits and, 255–257 social motivation, 254–255 temperament and, 255–257 Personality tests, 115–118, 117t Personality theories, 62 Personality traits, personality disorders and, 255–257 Person variables, 112 Persuasion, in psychotherapy, 91 Pervasive developmental disorders See Autistic spectrum disorders Pessimism, anxiety and, 166 PET (positron emission tomography), 121 Pharmacodynamic tolerance, 308 Phase of life problems, 486 Phencyclidine (PCP), 315 Phenotype, 59 Phenylalanine, 433 Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 433 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 433 Phobias, in anxiety disorders, 167 Physical child abuse, 530 Physical custody, 528 Physical functioning, health and, 501–502, 501f Physiology, 54 Pinel, Philippe, 36 Pituitary gland, 56f PKU (phenylketonuria), 433 Placebo, 300 Placebo control groups, 87, 300 Placebo effect, 87 Playboy centerfolds, 292 Pleasure principle, 49 PNI See Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Polygenic inheritance, 59–60, 60f Polysubstance abuse, 306 Pons, 56f, 57 Porphyria, 221 Positive correlations, 53 Positive psychology, 234 Positive reinforcement, 50 Positive symptoms, of schizophrenic disorders, 372–373 Positron emission tomography (PET), 121 Postpartum depression (postpartum blues), 135 Posttraumatic growth, 203 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 195–210 case study, 196 causes of, 202–204 comorbidity, 201 course/outcome, 201–202, 202f definition of, 184 diagnostic criteria, 197–201, 198t frequency, 201–202 lifetime prevalence, 201–202, 201f prevention, 204–206 in soldiers returning from Iraq, 204–205, 205f symptoms, 196–197 treatment, 204–206 Potter, Lauren, 410, 423, 426 Poverty, psychopathology and, 69 Poverty of speech, 374 Power struggles, 493 Practical skills, 429 Predictability, control and, 233–234 Predictive validity, 107 Predispositions, genetic, 62 Prefrontal cortex, in mood disorders, 145, 146f Prefrontal lobotomy, 78 Pregnancy prevention of intellectual disabilities, 436 problems, schizophrenic disorders and, 382–383 Prejudice, psychopathology and, 69 Premarital Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP), 499 Premature birth, 434 Premature ejaculation, 343t, 346 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) defined, 134 evidence, 137 symptoms, 134 Premorbid history, 53 PREP (Premarital Relationship Enhancement Program), 499 Preparedness model, 174 Presenilin (PS1), 417 Prevalence, definition of, 31 Prevention of psychopathology, 94 strategies, for family transitions, 498–499 Preventive detention, 521 Primal therapy, 86 Primary gain, 221 Primary insomnia, 241 Primary prevention, 94 Probands, 60 Problem-focused coping, 233 Prodromal phase, of schizophrenia, 370 Product test, for insanity defense, 513, 515t Professional negligence, 531–532 Professional responsibilities, law and, 531–533 Prognosis, 53 Progressive muscle relaxation, 81 Prohibition era, 316 Projection, 49, 49t, 75 Projective tests, 119–120 Project MATCH, 331 Prospective design, 243 Prozac, 146, 190 PS1 (presenilin 1), 417 Pseudodementia, 408 Pseudohermaphroditism, 364 Psilocybin, 314, 315 PSR (psychosocial rehabilitation), 35 Psychiatric classification, cultural changes in, 27–29 Psychiatric nurses, number in United States, 34t Psychiatrists, number in United States, 34t Psychiatry, 34 Psychoactive substances, 305 Psychoanalysis, 78 Psychoanalytic techniques, 78–79 Psychoanalytic theory, 49 Psychodynamic paradigm, 47–49, 50t Psychodynamic psychotherapy definition of, 80 ego analysis, 80 interpersonal therapy, 80 short-term, 80 Psychodynamic theory, 49 Psychodynamic therapy, 74t, 75, 89 Psychoeducational groups, 93 Psychological assessment, 110–122 consistency of behavior and, 111 methods/procedures biological, 120–122 evaluating usefulness of, 111–112 interviews, 112–114 observational, 114–116 personality tests, 115–118, 117t projective personality tests, 119–120 psychological, 112–120 self-report inventories, 116–118, 117t purposes of, 110 validity of, 111–112 Psychological dependence, 307 Psychological disorders, 73–95 biological paradigm, 46–47 of childhood, 455–482 cognitive-behavioral paradigm, 49–50, 50t comorbidity with anorexia nervosa, 289 with bulimia nervosa, 289 externalizing See Externalizing disorders humanistic paradigm, 50, 50t internalizing See Internalizing disorders medical complications, 289 psychodynamic paradigm, 47–49 resources, 70 treatment comparison of, 74–75, 74t evidence-based, 73 historical perspective, 74–75 psychotherapy, 73 Psychological factors in abnormal behavior, 62–68 cognition, 65–66 emotions, 65 human nature, 62–64 learning, 65–66 sense of self, 66 stages of development, 66–68, 67t temperament, 64–65 in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 239–241 in antisocial personality disorder, 278–279 and anxiety, 245 in anxiety disorders, 174–176 in autism, 447 in cancer, 238–239 in cardiovascular disease, 243 causing intellectual disabilities, 435–436 and depression, 245 in dissociative disorders, 214–215, 214t in eating disorders, 295–296, 296f in externalizing behavior, 468 in family transitions, 496 and health behavior, 243 in internalizing disorders, 480–481 602  Subject index Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 602 3/19/14 1:23 PM in mood disorders, 141–142 in pain disorder, 240 in paraphilias, 361 in posttraumatic stress disorder, 203–204 in schizophrenia, 387–389 in sexual dysfunction, 350–351 in sleep-wake disorders, 240–241 in somatoform disorders, 221, 222f and stress, 243 in substance use disorders, 326–327 in suicide, 156 Psychological interventions, for anxiety disorders, 178–180 Psychological pain, 486–488 Psychological problems in later life, causes of, 507 Psychological treatments, for sexual dysfunction, 350–351 Psychomotor retardation, 131 Psychomotor stimulants, 77t, 311 Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), 232 Psychopathology assessment See Assessment; (See Assessment) brain structures and, 56–57, 56f–57f classification See Classification, of psychopathology definition of, 22 gender/gender roles and, 68–69 genetics and, 61–62 in historical context, 35–38 history of, lessons from, 37–38 marital status and, 68 neurotransmitters and, 55–56 poverty and, 69 prejudice and, 69 prevention, 94 psychophysiology and, 59 social relationships and, 68 society and, 69 Psychopathy, 275 symptoms of, 277t Psychopharmacology, 75–77, 77t Psychophysiological responses to stress, 231–233 Psychophysiology adoption studies, 60, 61 autonomic nervous system and, 59 behavior genetics and, 59, 61–62 definition of, 58 endocrine system and, 58–59 psychopathology and, 59 twin studies, 60–61, 61t Psychosexual development, 49 Psychosis, definition of, 24 Psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR), 35 Psychosocial rehabilitation providers, number in United States, 34t Psychosocial treatment, for schizophrenia, 394–396 Psychosomatic disorders, 227 Psychostimulants for ADHD, 468–471, 470f overuse, 470–471 paradoxical effect, 468–469 short-term vs long-term effects, 470t side effects, 470 usage and effects, 469–470 Psychosurgery, 78 Psychotherapist, social influence of, 91 Psychotherapy active ingredients, 92 for anorexia nervosa, 298 for bipolar disorder, 150–151 common factors, 89–91, 91t definition of, 73 definitions of, 89t for depression, 150 effectiveness of, 87–88 efficacy, 87 ethnic minorities in, 90 harmful, 85t hoaxes, 86 improvement from, 88, 89f outcome research, 85–89 placebos, 300 process research, 89–92 research on, 85–92 as social influence, 91 as social support, 91 for specific disorders, 92 for suicidal people, 158–159 Psychotic features, 135 Psychotic symptoms (positive symptoms) in depression, 135 in schizophrenic disorders, 372–373 Psychotropic medications, 75, 77t PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD Checklist (PCL), 205 Punishment, 50 Purging, 288 Pycnogenol, 472 Pyromania, 272 Q Quetiapine (Seroqul), 393, 393t R Racial identity, 491 Random assignment, 82 Random selection, 464 Range, 428 Rape, 358–360, 358f Rapid cycling, 135 Rapists nonsadistic, 359 opportunistic, 360 sadistic, 358 vindictive, 359–360 Rating scale, 115 Rational-emotive therapy (RET), 83 Rationalization, 49, 49t, 75 Rational suicide, 504 Rational system, 209 Reaction formation, 49t Reaction range, 435 Reactive attachment disorder, 478, 480 Reality principle, 49 Rebirthing therapy, 85t, 86 Receptors, 54 Recessive genetic disorders, 60f, 62 Recessive inheritance, 59, 60f Recidivism, 473 Reciprocal causality, 52 Reciprocity, in family transitions, 493 Recovered memories, 85t, 208, 210 Reductionism, 49-50 “Refrigerator parents,” 447, 447f Rehabilitation, 473 Reinforcement, 221 Relapse definition of, 136 prevention, for substance use disorders, 330 Relational aggression, motivation and, 458–459 Relational selves, 66 Relationships in adult transition, 490 later life transitions and, 502–504 Relaxation therapy, for anxiety disorders, 180 Reliability, 48 definition of, 105 evaluation of, 105 vs validity, 106–107 Religion, in coping with stress, 234 Reminiscence, 503 Remission, 136 Representative sample, 464 Repression, 49t, 234 Research methods comparison groups, 389 for sexual arousal, 345 studies of at-risk populations, 327 on psychotherapy, 85–92 Residential treatment programs, for conduct disorder, 473 Residual phase, of schizophrenia, 370, 371 Resilience, 201, 234–235, 480 Resistance definition of, 79 as stage in general adaptation syndrome, 233 Resistant attachment, 480 Response-to-intervention (RTI), 461 Responsibilities, individual, 512 Reston, Ana Carolina, 293, 298 RET (rational-emotive therapy), 83 Reticular activating system, 57 Retrograde amnesia, 78, 404 Retrospective reports, 215 Rett’s disorder, 447–448 Reuptake, 56 Reverse anorexia, 284 Reverse causality, 53 Reverse tolerance, 314 Revolving door phenomenon, 527 Reward pathways, 324–325, 324f, 325f Rh incompatibility, 434 RhoGAM, 434 Riggins v Nevada, 526 Right from wrong principle, 513, 515t Rights, individual, 512 Right to refuse treatment, 525–526 Risk factors, 52, 327 Risperidone (Risperdal), 393, 393t, 450 Role changes, in adult transition, 490 Role playing, 83, 248 Role reversal, 481 Roper v Simmons, 519 Rorschach test, 119 RTI (response-to-intervention), 461 Rubella (German measles), 433 Rule violations, in externalizing disorder, 457–458 Rumination disorder, 289 Ruminative style, 142 Rush, Benjamin, 36 S Sadness, normal, vs clinical depression, 128t Sak, Elyn, 378 Salicylates, ADHD and, 472 Sally-Ann task, 441, 442f Savant performance, 444, 444t Scapegoating, 495, 495f Scared straight, 85t Scheduling, in sexual dysfunction treatment, 350 Schizoaffective disorder, 378 Schizoid personality disorder, 259 Schizophrenia age of onset, 370 brain structures and, 56–57, 56f–57f causes, interaction of biological and environmental factors, 389–390 course, 378–379 diagnosis DSM-5, 375–376, 376t subtypes, 376–377 family members and, 369 impact on family, 378–379 on society, 369 outcome, 378–379 prodromal phase, 370 as psychosis, 24 related psychotic disorders, 377–378 resources for, 396 symptoms, 371–375 vulnerability markers, 390–392, 392f Schizophrenic disorders causes, 380–392 biological factors, 380–386, 381f, 384f, 385f interaction of biological and environmental factors, 389–390 psychological factors, 387–389 social factors, 386–387 diagnosis, 375–379 frequency, 379–380, 380t interaction of biological and environmental factors, 389–390 spectrum of, 382 symptoms, 371–375 negative, 373–374 positive, 372–373 Schizophreniform disorder, 376 Schizotypal personality disorder, 259, 269 case study, 269 causes, 270 definition of, 249 diagnostic criteria, 269, 270t schizophrenia and, 269 structured interviews, 113, 114t symptoms, 269–270 treatment, 270–271 Schlichter, Art, 272, 334 School refusal (school phobia), 476 Scientific evidence, proving, 39 Scientific research, importance of, 37 Scientific study methods, for mental disorders, 38–41 Search finding, in PTSD, 203 Seasonal affective disorder, 136, 152 Secondary gain, 221 Secondary hypertension, 242 Secondary prevention, 94 Secretin, 450 Secure attachment, 480 Sedative hypnotics, 77t Sedatives, 305, 313–314 Selective amnesia, 210 Selective mutism, 476 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 148–149, 149t for acute stress disorder, 206 for anxiety disorders, 182 Subject index  603 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 603 3/19/14 1:23 PM Selective serotonin (continued ) for depression, 149, 149t for OCD, 190 for suicidal people, 158–159 violent behaviour and, 151 Self, sense of, 66, 488 Self-control, 66 Self-control, lack of, 468 Self-defeating biases, 142 Self-destructive ideas, in mood disorders, 130 Self-disclosure, 84 Self-esteem definition of, 66 low, 295–296, 468 Self-fulfilling prophesy, 68 Self-help groups, 93, 329–330 Self-help resources, 41 Self-injury, 443–444 Self-injury, nonsuicidal, 154–155 Self-instruction training, 83 Self-monitoring, 116 Self-report inventories, 116–118, 117t Self-report measures, limitations, 254 Self-stimulation, 442 Self-talk, 176 Sell v United States, 526 Selye, Hans, 233 Sensate focus exercises, 350 Sentencing, mental health and, 518–520 Separation anxiety anxiety disorders and, 173–174 school refusal and, 475–476 Separation/loss, internalizing disorders and, 480 September 31, 2001 terrorist attacks amnesia for, case study, 210 flashbulb memories, 210 posttraumatic stress disorder and, 195, 200 trauma victims, emergency help for, 204 “twentieth terrorist,” 518 Seroqul (quetiapine), 393t Serotonin abnormal behavior and, 55, 56 impulsive personality characteristics and, 157 mood and, 146–147 Serotonin transporter genes 5-HTT, 144, 144f 5-HTTLPR, 466 Sertraline, 190 Sex, later life transitions and, 502 Sex education, 351 Sex-reassignment surgery, 365 Sexual addiction, 29 Sexual assault, 358–360 PTSD and, case studies, 196 trauma of, 200 Sexual behavior across life span, 347–348 cross-cultural comparisons, 348 historical perspective, 341 Sexual communication, case study, 340 Sexual compulsion, 29 Sexual dysfunctions, 341–352 See also specific sexual dysfunctions causes, 348–350 definition of, 341 diagnosis, 343–347, 343t frequency, 347–348 incidence/prevalence, 347–348, 347f medications for, 351, 352 paraphilas See Paraphilias resources for, 365 symptoms, 341–343 treatment, 350–352 Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United Sates (SIECUS), 365 Sexual masochism disorder, 355–356 Sexual predator laws, 363, 519 Sexual response, 339–340, 342f Sexual sadism disorder, 356 Sexual selection, 64 Shared environment, 61 Shell shock neurosis, 197 Shutter Island, 78 Sick role, learning, 221 SIECUS (Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United Sates), 365 Sildenafil (Viagara), 351 Simon, Theophile, 430 Situational exposure, for anxiety disorders, 179 Situational orgasmic difficulties, 345 Skinner, B F., 50, 52 Skinner box, 50 Skin-picking See also Excoriation disorder case study, 187 and OCD, 188 Sleep disorders, stress and, 240–241 breathing-related, 241 circadian rhythm, 241 Sleeping problems, in mood disorders, 130–131 Sleep terror disorder, 241 Sleepwalking disorder, 241 Slinical syndrome, 126 Slips of the tongue, 78 Slow-to-warm-up children, 464 Social behavior, in dementia, 406–408 Social class, in schizophrenic disorders, 386–387 Social clocks, 489 Social cognition, 65 Social exchange, in family transitions, 493 Social factors in abnormal behavior, 68 in acute stress disorder, 202 in alcoholism, 322–323 in anorexia and bulimia, 294–295 in antisocial personality disorder, 278 in anxiety disorders, 173–174 in attention deficit/hyper activity disorder, 467–468 in autism, 447 bipolar disorders and, 140–141 in cardiovascular disease, 245–246 causing intellectual disabilities, 436 in dissociative disorders, 215–216 in drug abuse, 322–323 in externalizing disorder, 466 in family transition difficulties, 496–497 in internalizing disorders, 480 in mood disorders, 139–141, 140f in paraphilias, 360–361 in posttraumatic stress disorder, 202 in schizophrenic disorders, 386–387 in somatoform disorders, 221–222 in successful life transition, 507 in suicide, 157–158 Social influence, in psychotherapy, 91 Socialization, 66, 466 Social motivation, personality disorders and, 254–255 Social phobia anxious apprehension and, 176, 176f definition of, 168–169 Social problem solving, 83 Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), 229, 229t, 230t Social relationships, psychopathology and, 68 Social selection hypothesis, 387 Social skills, 429 Social skills training (SST), 83, 395 Social support for cancer victims, 239 implicit vs explicit, 236 psychotherapy as, 91 Social values, psychiatric, 28–29 Social work, 34 Social workers, number in United States, 34 Society, psychopathology and, 68 Socioeconomic status, somatoform disorders and, 220 Sole custody, 528 Solian (amisulpride), 393t Soma, 54 Somatic nervous system, 59 Somatic symptom disorders, 216–223, 240 causes of, 220–222 comorbidity, 220 culture, 220 definition of, 216 diagnosis, 217–219 diagnostic criteria, 218 frequency, 219–220 gender and, 220 resources, 223 socioeconomic status and, 220 symptoms, 216–217, 218 treatment, 222–223 treatment of, 222–223 Somatic symptoms, in mood disorders, 130–131 Somatic (bodily) treatment, 38, 38t Somatization disorder, 218 Specific gene, of mood disorders, 143 Specific phobia, 168 Speech, poverty of, 374 Speedball, 312 Spiritual/religious tradition, of psychological treatment, 75–77 Split-half reliability, 111 “Splitters,” 169 Splitting, 271, 375 Spontaneous remission, 87 SRRS See Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SST (social skills training), 83, 395 Standard deviation, 85, 427, 428 Standard scores, 428 State-dependent learning, 215 Statistical norms, abnormal behavior and, 25 Statistical significance, 82, 181 Status offenses, 462 Sterilization, planned, 437 Stigma, 102 Stonewalling, in family transition difficulties, 496 Strattera, 471 Strep infections, obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 189 Stress acquired immune deficiency syndrome and, 239–241 as appraisal of life events, 230–231, 230t cardiovascular disease and See Cardiovascular disease cardiovascular reactivity to, 244 causes, illness, 237 chronic, illness and, 233 coping with, 233–234 and death, 238f definition, 52, 228–229 diagnosis, 237–238 generation, 141 health behavior and, 235–236, 235f as life event, 229 male vs female response, 231 management programs, 246 pain management and, 240, 240f pathways, 232f and psychological influences, 243–244 psychophysiological responses to, 231–233 resources for, 248 response, neuroendocrine system and, 144–145 sensitivity, risk for mood disorders, 144, 144f sleep disorders and, 240–241 symptoms, 230–237 traumatic, 195 Stressful life events, anxiety disorders and, 173 Stressor-related disorders, 197 Stroke, 57f, 58 Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, 113, 114t Structured interviews advantages, 113 limitations, 114 for schizotypal personality disorder, 113, 114t Stuporous state, 375 Sublimation, 49t Substance dependence comorbidity, with anxiety disorders, 171 definition of, 305 development, 319 DSM-5, 316–317, 317t resources for, 332 treatment outcome results, 331–332 Substance use dependence development, 319 drugs associated with, 306 Substance use disorders See also specific substance use disorders addictions, disorders associated with, 318 case study, 306–307 causes, 322–328 integrated systems, 327–328 course, 317–318 definition, 305 diagnosis, 315–318, 317t frequency, 318–322, 320f outcome, 317–318, 318f symptoms, 308–315, 309f treatment, 328–332 Substantial capacity, 513 Substituted judgment, 526 Sudden cardiac death, 242 604  Subject index Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 604 3/19/14 1:23 PM Suicide adolescent, 479, 479f assisted, 504–505, 505t case study, 152–153 causes, 156–158 classification, 153–155 common elements, 156 frequency, 155–156 lifetime prevalence, 155, 155f vs nonsuicidal self-injury, 154–155 treatment of suicidal people, 158–159 types of, 154 in the U.S military, 156 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 80 Superego, 49 Sustained attention, 459 “Sybil,” 211, 212, 216 Sympathetic nervous system, 59, 231 Symptom alleviation, 75 Synapse, 54, 54f Synaptic transmission, 54f Syndrome, definition of, 24 Syphilis, 46–47, 433 Systematic desensitization, 81, 179 Systems theory, 51–53 causality, 51–52 definition of, 51 developmental psychopathology, 53 holism, 51 Systolic blood pressure, 242 T Tadalafil (Cialis), 351 TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study), 481, 481f Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California, 532 Tardive dyskinesia (TD), 393 TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 119 Tau protein, 410, 420 Tautology, 230 Taxonomy, 100 Tay-Sachs disease, 433 TCAs (tricyclics), 149, 149t T cells, 232 TD (Tardive dyskinesia), 393 Television, externalizing behavior and, 467 Temperament externalizing disorders and, 463–464 five dimensions of, 65 personality disorders and, 255–257 suicide and, 480 Temper tantrums, 456 Temporal disintegration, 314 Temporal lobe, 58 Temporary insanity, 516 Tend and befriend response to stress, 231 Terman, Lewis, 430 Termination of parental rights, 530 Tertiary prevention, 94 Testosterone reduction, in paraphilia treatment, 362 sexual behavior and, 348 Test-retest reliability, 105, 106f Thalamus anatomy, 56f, 57 in anxiety disorders, 177–178, 178f The Family Face of Schizophrenia (Backlar), 396 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 119 Therapeutic alliance, 84 Therapeutic games, 482 Therapeutic neutrality, 79 Thimerosal, 63, 434, 446 Thinking disturbances, in schizophrenia, 374–375 Thinness, internalization of ideal of, 295 Third variable, 53 “Third-wave” cognitive behavioural therapy, 84 Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 392, 393t Thought suppression, obsessivecompulsive disorder and, 183 Threat, attention to, in anxiety disorders, 175, 176f Time-out technique, 467 Tobacco deaths from, 305 long-term effects, 311 short-term effects, 310–311 use, nicotine symptoms and, 311 Tobacco products, FDA regulations, 321 Tofranil (imipramine), for anxiety disorders, 182 TOHP (Trials of Hypertension Prevention), 247 Token economies, 396 Tolerance, 308 Toxins, causing intellectual disabilities, 434 Toxoplasmosis, 433 Tranquilizers, 313 major See Antipsychotics minor See Antianxiety drugs Transference, 79 Transference relationship, 274 Transitions, to later life, 487, 500–505, 501f, 505f, 505t Transitive reminiscence, 503 Transmission mode, for mood disorders, 143 Transsexualism See Gender dysphoria (gender identity disorder) Transvestic disorder, 355 Transvestites, 360, 364 Trauma definition of, 200–201 dissociative symptoms and, 209–210 exposure, biological effects of, 203 PTSD development frequency and, 201–202, 201f real vs imagined, 221 of sexual assault, 200 victims, emergency help for, 204–205 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, 478 Trauma-related disorders, 197 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 413 Traumatic stress, 195 Treatment improvements without, 86–87 for specific disorders, 92 of suicidal people, 158–159 Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS), 481, 481f Treatment refusal rights, 525–526 Treatment rights, for mental patients, 524 Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP), 247 Trichotillomania, 186t, 187, 188f and OCD, 188 Tricyclics (TCAs), 149, 149t Triptorelin, 362 Trisomy 41, 432 Tuke, William, 36 Turner syndrome, 432 12 step recovery programs, 329, 331 “Twentieth terrorist,” 518 Twiggy, 295 Twins, concordance rates, 497 Twin studies of alcoholism, 323–324 of anxiety disorders, 176–177 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 465 of dementia, 417 description of, 60–61, 61t of divorce, 498 of mood disorders, 143 of posttraumatic stress disorder, 202 of schizophrenia, 381 of suicide, 158 Type A behavior pattern, coronary heart disease and, 244–245, 248 U Ultrasound, 438 Unconditional positive regard, 84 Unconditioned emotional response, 174 Unconditioned response, 50 Unconditioned stimulus, 50, 174 Unconscious mental processes definition of, 195 hysteria and, 209 psychological science and, 209 Uncontrollability, perception of, 175 Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia, 376, 377 United States mental hospitals, history of, 520, 520f United States v Comstock, 519–520 Urbanization, lunatic asylums and, 36 V Vaccinations, autism and, 63 Vaginal photometer, 345 Vaginismus, 347, 349 Val allele, 382 Validity of assessment, 111–112 in evaluating classification systems, 106–107, 107t vs reliability, 106–107 Valproic acid (Depakene), 150 Value judgments, mental disorders and, 29 Vardenafil (Levitra), 351 Variance, 428 Vascular dementia, 416 Vascular neurocognitive disorder, 412–413 Vasocongestion, 339 VA study (Department of Veterans Affairs study), 331 Ventricles, 58 Verbal communication, in dementia, 404–405 Viral infections neurocognitive disorder and, 418 schizophrenic disorders and, 383 Virginia Adult Twin Study, 176–177 Voluntary behavior, vs mental disorders, 27 Voyeurism, 360, 361 Voyeuristic disorder, 357 Vulnerability marker, 390–392, 392f W WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition), 427 Wakefield, Dr Andrew, 63 Warhol, Andy, 25 Washington v Harper, 526 Watson, John B., 50, 80 Wechsler, David, 430 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), 427 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), 427 Wechsler intelligence tests, 430 Weight set points, 297 Weight suppression, 283, 296 WHO (World Health Organization), 33, 380 WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition), 427 Withdrawal definition of, 308 symptoms, 308 Wolpe, Joseph, 81 Women and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), 134, 137 ratio to men, 506 Woods, Tiger, 29 Woodward, Samuel, 36–37 Worcester Lunatic Hospital, 36–37 Work, later life transitions and, 502–504 Working memory impairment, as schizophrenia vulnerability marker, 391 World Health Organization (WHO), 33, 380 World Trade Center disaster, 200 Worry definition of, 166 excessive, 166–167 Worthlessness, feelings of, in mood disorders, 130 Wundt, Wilhelm, 49–50 Wyatt v Stickney, 524 X XYY syndrome, 432 Y Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), 115 Yates, Andrea, 514 YAVIS, 88 Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale), 115 Young-old adults, 505 Z Zoloft defense, 151, 190 Zyprexa (olanzapine), 393, 393t Subject index  605 Z05_OLTM9635_08_SE_SIDX.indd 605 3/19/14 1:23 PM ... University of Mumbai 18  PREFACE A01_OLTM9635_08_SE_FM.indd 18 3/19/14 1:05 PM about the Thomas F Oltmanns Robert E Emery is the Edgar James Swift Professor of is professor of psychology and direc- Psychology. .. pathology of the mind Abnormal psychology is the application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders In the first four chapters of this book, we will look at the field of abnormal psychology. .. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Abnormal Psychology, 8th edition, ISBN 978-0-205-97074-2, by Thomas F Oltmanns and Robert E Emery, published by Pearson Education