This page intentionally left blank Abnormal Psychology Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM This page intentionally left blank Abnormal Psychology Eighth edition Ronald J Comer Princeton University Worth Publishers New York Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM Senior Publisher: Catherine Woods Acquisitions Editor: Rachel Losh Executive Editor: Kevin Feyen Senior Development Editor: Mimi Melek Marketing Manager: Lindsay Johnson Marketing Assistant: Stephanie Ellis Editorial Assistant: Nadina Persaud Associate Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne Media Editor: Peter Twickler Project Editor: Jane O’Neill Photo Department Manager: Ted Szczepanski Art Director and Interior/Cover Designer: Babs Reingold Chapter Opener Photo Researcher: Lyndall Culbertson Layout Designer: Paul Lacy Cover Photo: Lukasz Laska/Getty Images Production Manager: Sarah Segal Composition: Northeastern Graphic, Inc Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Credits for chapter opening photos: p xxvi: © 2009 Alex Haas; p. 24: francois Brunelle/ agefotostock; p. 46: Peter Jackson/LensModern; p. 82: Karim Parris; p. 112: Anna Fabroni/Wildcard Images/Glasshouse Images; p. 152: Quavondo Nguyen/www.quavondo.com; p. 188: Larry Hamill/ age footstock; p. 222: Jonathan Barkat; p. 256: Jamie MacFadyen/Gallery Stock; p. 284: Link Image/ Glasshouse Images; p. 316: Ross Honeysett/Gallery Stock; p. 346: Tim Georgeson/Gallery Stock; p. 386: plainpicture/Glasshouse Images; p. 424: Wildcard Images/Glasshouse Images; p. 448: Erin Mulvehill; p. 474: Gareth Munden/LensModern; p. 516: Clare Park/LensModern; p. 560: Bastienne Schmidt/Gallery Stock; p. 588: Kelvin Hudson/LensModern Credits for timeline photos, inside front cover (by date): 1893, Sigmund Freud Copyrights/Everett Collection; 1901, W H Freeman and Company; 1907, Stephane Audras/REA/Redux; 1929, Joe McNally, Sygma; 1963, LHB Photo/Alamy; 1981, Pallava Bagla/Corbis; 1998, Tony Cenicola/New York Times/Redux; 2006, Pool photo by Getty Images Credits for miscellaneous text excerpts: p. 287, Dennis Yusko, “At Home, but Locked in War,” Times Union (Albany) Online Copyright © 2008 by Times Union/Albany Reproduced with permission via Copyright Clearance Center; pp. 479–480, case study excerpt from Bernstein et al., Personality Disorders Copyright © 2007 by Sage Publications Inc Books Reproduced with permission via Copyright Clearance Center; pp. 496–497, case study excerpts from Meyer, Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior, 6th edition Copyright © 2005 Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.; p. 504, case study excerpt reprinted with permission from the DSM IV-TR Casebook Copyright © 2002 American Psychiatric Association Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943282 ISBN-13 978-14292-8254-3 ISBN-10 1-4292-8254-1 © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Printing Worth Publishers 41 Madison Ave New York, NY 10010 www.worthpublishers.com Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM To Delia Sage Comer —Welcome to the World Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM Ronald J Comer has been a professor in Princeton University’s Department of Psychology for the past 37 years, serving also as Director of Clinical Psychology Studies His courses—Abnormal Psychology, Theories of Psychotherapy, Childhood Psychopathology, Experimental Psychopathology, and Controversies in Clinical Psychology—have been among the university’s most popular offerings Professor Comer has received the President’s Award for Distinguished Teaching at the university He is also a practicing clinical psychologist and serves as a consultant to the Eden Institute for Persons with Autism and to hospitals and family practice residency programs throughout New Jersey In addition to writing Abnormal Psychology, Professor Comer is the author of the textbook Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, now in its sixth edition; co-author of the introductory psychology textbook Psychology Around Us, now in its second edition; and co-author of Case Studies in Abnormal Psychology He is the producer of various educational videos, including The Higher Education Video Library Series, Video Segments in Abnormal Psychology, Video Segments in Neuroscience, Introduction to Psychology Video Clipboard, and Developmental Psychology Video Clipboard He also has published journal articles in clinical psychology, social psychology, and family medicine Professor Comer completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania and his graduate work at Clark University He lives in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, with his wife, Marlene From there he can keep a close eye on the Philadelphia sports teams with which he grew up Paul L Bree About the Author vi Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM Contents in Brief Abnormal Psychology in Science and Clinical Practice Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present Research in Abnormal Psychology 25 Models of Abnormality 47 Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment 83 Problems of Stress and Anxiety Anxiety Disorders 113 Stress Disorders 153 Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders 189 Problems of Mood Mood Disorders 223 Treatments for Mood Disorders 257 10 Suicide 285 Problems of Mind and Body 11 Eating Disorders 317 12 Substance-Related Disorders 347 13 Sexual Disorders and Gender Identity Disorder 387 Problems of Psychosis 14 Schizophrenia 15 Treatments for Schizophrenia and Other Severe Mental Disorders 425 449 Life-Span Problems 16 Personality Disorders 475 17 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 517 18 Disorders of Aging and Cognition 561 Conclusion 19 Society and the Mental Health Profession 589 vii Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM Contents Preface xvi CHAPTER Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present :1 What Is Psychological Abnormality? Deviance Distress Dysfunction Danger The Elusive Nature of Abnormality What Is Treatment? How Was Abnormality Viewed and Treated in the Past? Ancient Views and Treatments Greek and Roman Views and Treatments Europe in the Middle Ages: Demonology Returns The Renaissance and the Rise of Asylums The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment The Early Twentieth Century: The Somatogenic and Psychogenic Perspectives Current Trends How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For? How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated? A Growing Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health Multicultural Psychology The Growing Influence of Insurance Coverage What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions? 4 5 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 17 19 CHAPTER :2 Research in Abnormal Psychology 25 What Do Clinical Researchers Do? 26 The Case Study 27 How Are Case Studies Helpful? What Are the Limitations of Case Studies? The Correlational Method 29 30 30 Describing a Correlation When Can Correlations Be Trusted? What Are the Merits of the Correlational Method? Special Forms of Correlational Research The Experimental Method 31 33 34 35 36 The Control Group Random Assignment Blind Design 37 38 38 Alternative Experimental Designs 39 Quasi-Experimental Design Natural Experiment Analogue Experiment Single-Subject Experiment 39 39 40 41 Putting It Together: The Use of Multiple Research Methods 43 Summing Up 44 PsychPortal 45 PsychWatch Animals Have Rights 27 MediaSpeak On Facebook, Scholars Link Up with Data 31 20 PsychWatch Clear as a Bell? 37 Putting It Together: A Work in Progress 21 PsychWatch Humans Have Rights, Too 42 Summing Up 22 PsychPortal 23 PsychWatch Verbal Debuts 19 CHAPTER :3 Models of Abnormality 47 Drummer: Eccentrics The Biological Model 49 PsychWatch Modern Pressures: Modern Problems PsychWatch Marching to a Different PsychWatch Positive Psychology: Happiness Is All Around Us 18 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior? Biological Treatments Assessing the Biological Model 49 51 52 viii Comer8e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM Subject Index Impulse-control disorders, 487 in DSM-V, 382–383 technology and, 613–614 Impulsivity, serotonin and, 301, 489 In vivo desensitization, 131 Incarceration See also Criminal commitment; Prisoners of mentally ill, 470, 471 suicide and, 293, 293f Incidence, of mental disorders, 35 Inclusion, educational, 545–546, 554–555 Incompetence to stand trial, 597–598 Independent variable, 36 Infant attachment depression and, 235–236 schizophrenia and, 440 Infections See Medical conditions;Viral infections Inflammation chronic, 181 in depression, 234 stress-related, 181 Information anxiety, Informed consent, 37, 42 Inhalant abuse, 371, 372t Inheritance, of psychological abnormality, 50 Inkblot test, 87f, 88 Insanity defense, 590–594 Insomnia, 171, 173 Institutionalization See Hospitalization/ institutionalization Insula, in gender identity disorder, 416 Insulin coma therapy, 268 Insurance coverage, 17, 19–20, 611–612 managed care and, 611–612 for oral contraceptives, 404 peer review and, 612 for Viagra, 404 Integrative therapy, 79 couple, 75 Intellectual development disorder, 556 Intellectual disability, 547 See also Mental retardation Intellectualization, 54t Intelligence quotient (IQ), 96 in mental retardation, 547 Intelligence testing, 96, 97, 547–548 cultural aspects of, 96, 548 in mental retardation, 547–548 Intercourse, painful, 399, 400t, 405–406, 420 Intermittent explosive disorder, 487 Internal validity, 30, 34 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 99 Internet, 612–613 See also Technology bullying on, 613 children’s use of, 523 cutting videos on, 492 on-line treatment and, 69, 614–615 pro-anorexia sites on, 108 pro-suicide sites on, 108, 305, 311 Internet addiction disorder, 523, 614 Interpersonal deficits, in depression, 265 Interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, 341 for depression, 265–266, 275–276 Interpersonal role disputes/transitions, in depression, 265 Interrater reliability, 85 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 11 Interviews, 85–87 Intolerance of uncertainty theory, 120 Intoxication, 348 Intravenous feeding, for anorexia nervosa, 335–336 Introjection, 234 suicide and, 298 Iodine deficiency, mental retardation and, 552–553 Iproniazid, 269 IQ See Intelligence quotient (IQ) Irresistible impulse test, 591 Isolation, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 143 Jackson v Indiana, 598 Jails See Incarceration; Prisoners Jamais vu, 213 Job stress, 293, 611 suicide and, 293 Job training, 467–468 in mental retardation, 555–556 in schizophrenia, 467–468 Jury selection, 606 Juvenile delinquency, 527, 528f See also Conduct disorder Juvenile training centers, 528 Kansas v Hendricks, 597 Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 277 Kinetic Family Drawing Test, 90f Kleptomania, 487 Koro, 101 Korsakoff ’s syndrome, 354–355, 576 La Bicêtre, 12 La Salpetrière, 12 Labeling, 71, 105–106, 616 in mental retardation, 547 of pseudopatients, 443–444 in schizophrenia, 443–444 Language See also Communication; Speech problems in autism, 539–540 in dyslexia, 538t, 549 in schizophrenia, 429 Latah, 101 Latency stage, 55 Lateral hypothalamus, in eating disorders, 327–328 Latinos/Latinas See Hispanic Americans Laughter therapy, 38 Law See Legal issues Laxative abuse, in bulimia nervosa, 323 L-dopa, 437 Lead poisoning, 553 dementia and, 574–575 Learned helplessness, 40–41, 239–241, 243 Learning See also Conditioning conditioned, 59–60 modeling in See Modeling principles of, 58 state-dependent, 211–212, 212f Learning disorders, 538t, 549 Learning Experiences. . .An Alternative Program (LEAP), communication in, 545 Legal issues, 589–619 confidentiality, 610–611 criminal commitment, 590–598 : SI-11 duty to protect, 610–611 expert witnesses, 610 eyewitness testimony, 606–607 forensic psychology, 590 guilty but mentally ill plea, 594 guilty with diminished capacity plea, 595– 596 incarceration of mentally ill, 471 informed consent, 37, 42 insanity defense, 590–594 insurance coverage, 19–20 jury selection, 606 malpractice, 605–606 medical marijuana, 368–369 mental competence, 597–598 overview of, 590 parity laws, 20 patient’s rights, 603–605 psychological profiling, 607–609 psychology in law vs law in psychology, 590 right to commit suicide, 308 right to refuse treatment, 603–604 right to treatment, 603 sex offender statutes, 596–597 Levitra (vardenafil), 403 Lexapro (escitalopram), 271 Liability issues, 605–606 Libido, 53 decreased, 388–392 determinants of, 389–392 Lie detector, 93, 95 Life change units, 178 Life instinct, 298 Life stress theory, of depression, 242 Line of best fit, 31–33, 32f, 33f Lithium, 52, 278–282 discovery of, 279 dosage of, 279–280 effectiveness of, 280 mechanism of action of, 280–281 psychotherapy with, 281 Little Albert case study, 128 Little Hans case study, 27–29 Liver, cirrhosis of, 354 Lobotomy, 25–26, 52, 451, 453 Localized amnesia, 204 Locus ceruleus age-related changes in, 574f in panic attacks, 136–138, 138f Logic boys, 541 Longitudinal studies, 35–36 Long-term care See also Hospitalization/ institutionalization for elderly, 582–583 Long-term memory, 573 Loose associations, in schizophrenia, 429 Loss depression and, 234–236, 265, 298 grieving for, 234–235 imagined, 235 introjection and, 234 in old age, 562 suicide and, 298 symbolic, 235 LSD, 364–366 See also Substance abuse Lycanthropy, 10 Lymphocytes, 179–180 in placebo effect, 200–201 12/21/11 2:36 PM SI-12 : Subject Index Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 364–366 See also Substance abuse Mad pride, 616 Magnetic resonance imaging, 94, 94f Mainstreaming See also Education in autism, 545–546 in mental retardation, 554–555 Major depressive disorder, 228, 230t See also Depression in children, 522–524 Major depressive episode, 228, 230t Maladaptive assumptions, in generalized anxiety disorder, 118–120 Maladaptive attitudes, 62–63 in anorexia nervosa, 319 in depression, 237–238, 263–264 Male erectile disorder, 392–395, 392t Male orgasmic disorder, 396–397, 396t, 403– 405, 420 Malingering, 198t vs somatoform disorders, 194 Malpractice, 605–606 Mamillary bodies, in memory, 573 Managed care, 19, 612 Mania, 244–245 See also Bipolar disorders causes of, 249–252 definition of, 223 treatment of, 278–282 MAO inhibitors, 269–270, 270t See also Antidepressants Mapping, gene, 50 Marijuana, 366–369 See also Substance abuse Marital therapy, 74–75, 266 Marriage, 74–75 couple therapy and, 74–75, 266, 276 depression and, 241 in mental retardation, 555 suicide and, 291 Masochism, sexual, 413–414, 420 Mass madness, 10 Masturbation training, 405 Masturbatory satiation, for fetishism, 408 Matched control experiments, 39 Mathematics disorder, 549 MDMA, 365 See also Substance abuse Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, autism and, 544 Medical conditions faking of, 194, 198t infections See Viral infections mental retardation in, 552 psychosis in, 435t stress-related, 169–184 See also Stress disorders, psychophysiological prevention of, 185 suicide and, 292–293 vs somatoform disorders, 193–194 Medical marijuana, 368–369 Medical student’s disease, 202 Medication-withdrawal studies, 42 Meditation, 64, 125, 183 Medulla, 49 Melancholia, 10 Melancholic depression, 228 Melatonin in depression, 232 supplemental, 267 Mellaril (thioridazine), 456 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 12 Memantine (Nameda), for Alzheimer’s disease, 578 Memory biochemistry of, 574 brain structures in, 573, 574f childhood, 206 consolidation of, 573 episodic, 204 eyewitness testimony and, 606–607 false, 206 in hypnosis, 212 impaired See also Amnesia in Alzheimer’s disease, 573 in amnestic disorders, 576–577 after brain surgery, 576–577 in combat veterans, 204 in dissociative disorders, 202–207 in head injuries, 576–577 in Korsakoff ’s syndrome, 355, 576 long-term, 573 musical, 213 peculiarities of, 213 repressed, of child abuse, 204–205, 206 short-term, 573 visual, 213 working, 573 Menstruation in anorexia nervosa, 320, 324, 339 in bulimia nervosa, 320, 324 Mental competence to stand trial, 597–598 Mental health, promotion of, 17–19 Mental health treatment courts, 471 Mental hospitals See Hospitalization/ institutionalization Mental illness See Psychological abnormality Mental retardation, 538t, 547–556 adaptive functioning in, 548–549 birth injury in, 553 causes of, 551–553 chromosomal abnormalities in, 552 community integration in, 554, 555–556 in cretinism, 552–553 dating and marriage in, 555 definition of, 547 diagnostic criteria for, 548t in Down syndrome, 552 in DSM-IV-TR, 100 education in, 554–555 employment in, 555–556 in fetal alcohol syndrome, 553 in fragile X syndrome, 552 intelligence testing in, 547–548 interventions for, 554–556 key features of, 550–551 levels of, 550–551 living situations in, 553–554 mental health care in, 555 metabolic disorders in, 552 mild, 550–551 moderate, 551 normalization in, 554, 555–556 in phenylketonuria, 552 postnatal factors in, 553 prenatal factors in, 553–554 profound, 551 severe, 551 socioeconomic status and, 548, 550–551, 551f in Tay-Sachs disease, 552 Mental status exam, 86 Mentally disordered sex offenders, 596–597 Mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs), 428, 466 Mesmerism, 15 See also Hypnosis Metabolic rate, in weight regulation, 329 Metaworries, 120, 120t Methadone, 356–357, 379–380 Methamphetamine, 362 See also Substance abuse Methylphenidate (Ritalin), for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, 532–533 Midbrain, 49 Middle Ages, mental illness in, 10–11 Migraine headaches, 171 Mild cognitive impairment, 577, 578, 579 Mild neurocognitive disorder, 585 Milieu therapy, 452 in halfway houses, 467 Mindfulness meditation, 64, 183 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 64, 122 Minimum wage, for patients, 604 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 90–92 Minor tranquilizers, 52 Mixed anxiety/depression, 148, 252 Mixed receptive/expressive language disorder, 549 MMR vaccine, autism and, 544 M’Naghten rule, 591 Modeling, 59 of aggression, 62, 488 phobias and, 128, 131, 135 of suicide, 296–297 Models, 48 See also Psychological abnormality, models of Molecular biology studies of schizophrenia, 437 of substance abuse, 373 Mood disorders, 223–255 See also Bipolar disorders; Depression; Mania in children, 522–525 creativity and, 248 in DSM-IV-TR, 100 in DSM-V, 252–253 multifactorial nature of, 253–254 treatment of, 257–283 Mood stabilizers, 52, 278–282 discovery of, 279 dosage of, 279–280 effectiveness of, 280 mechanism of action of, 280–281 with psychotherapy, 281 Moral anxiety, 116 Moral treatment, 12–13 Morphine, abuse of, 356–357 See also Substance abuse Mosaicism, 552 Mother See also Parent early loss of, 298 depression and, 235–236, 298 schizophrenogenic, 440 Motivation, in depression, 225–227 Mourning, 234–235 See also Loss Movement disorders, medication-induced, 437, 457–458 MRI, 94, 94f Multicultural psychology, 19, 76–77, 77t, 79t See also under Cultural; Culture 12/21/11 2:36 PM Subject Index Multicultural therapy, 77, 79t Multi-infarct dementia, 575 Multiple personality disorder, 207–210 Munchausen syndrome, 194 by proxy, 194, 195 Muscle contraction headaches, 171 Muscle dysmorphophobia, 335 Muscle relaxants, for electroconvulsive therapy, 269 Music memory for, 213 suicide and, 294 Mutations, 50 Mutual help groups, 73 See also Support groups Myocardial infarction, 172–174 Naloxone, 379 Nameda (memantine), for Alzheimer’s disease, 578 Naprosyn, for Alzheimer’s disease, 579 Narcissism, primary, 440 Narcissistic personality disorder, 477f, 491t, 499–501 Narcolepsy, 173 Narcotic abuse, 356–358, 378–380 See also Substance abuse Narcotic antagonists, 378–379 National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 470 National interest groups, 470 Native Americans See American Indians Natural disasters natural experiments and, 39–40 stress disorders and, 3, 39–40, 159–160, 168–169 Natural experiments, 39–40 Natural killer T-cells, 180 Naturalistic observation, 96–98 Negative correlation, 32, 32f Negative emotionality, 103 Negative self-statements, 184 Negative symptoms, in schizophrenia, 431–432 Negative thinking, depression and, 237–238 Neologisms, in schizophrenia, 429 Nervios, 116 Neurocognitive disorders, in DSM-V, 584–585 Neurodevelopmental disorders, 556–557 Neurofibrillary tangles, in Alzheimer’s disease, 572 Neurogenesis, in depression, 233 Neuroimaging techniques, 94–95 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 457, 459f Neuroleptics, 456 See also Antipsychotics Neurological tests, 94–96, 94f Neuromodulators in depression, 231–232 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 147 Neurons, 49, 49f, 437–438 Neuroprotective proteins, 281 Neuropsychological tests, 95–96 Neurosurgery See Psychosurgery Neurotic anxiety, 116 Neurotic character disorders, 513 Neuroticism, in five-factor model, 511 Neurotoxicity, of methamphetamine, 362 Neurotransmitters, 49–50, 49f See also specific types antidepressants and, 269–271 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 13 in depression, 231–232 as second messengers, 281 in substance abuse, 373–374, 374f Neutralizing strategies, 145 New-wave cognitive therapy, 64, 120–121, 461– 462 See also Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Nicotine addiction, 360 Nightmares, 173 Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), 393–394, 394f Nomothetic understanding, 26, 106 Nondemand pleasuring, 401–402 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, for Alzheimer’s disease, 578–579 Non-suicidal self-injury, 557 Norepinephrine, 50 in bipolar disorders, 249–250 in depression, 231–232, 269–271 in panic attacks, 136–138 in stress reaction, 156, 156f, 162, 180 Normalization, for mentally retarded, 554, 555–556 Norms, No-suicide contracts, 311 Not guilty by reason of insanity plea, 590–594, 592f Nucleus accumbens, in pleasure pathway, 374, 374f Nursing homes, 582–583 Nutraceuticals, for depression, 267 Obesity, 328–329 societal attitudes toward, 330–331 Object relations theory, 55 depression and, 235 Object relations therapy, 117 Observation analog, 97–98 naturalistic, 96–98 self-monitoring in, 98 Observer bias in case studies, 30 in clinical assessment, 97 Observer drift, 97 Observer overload, 97 Obsessions, 140, 141–143 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 140–148 anorexia nervosa and, 319–320 behavioral view of, 144–145 biology of, 146–148, 147f client characteristics in, 132t cognitive view of, 145–146 compulsions in, 140, 141–143 cultural aspects of, 115t definition of, 140 diagnostic criteria for, 140, 141t in DSM-V, 148 genetic factors in, 146 intrusive thoughts in, 145–146 key features of, 141–143 neutralizing strategies in, 145 obsessions in, 140–142 psychodynamic view of, 143–144 sexual dysfunction and, 390 treatment of antidepressants in, 147–148 drug therapy in, 147–148 : SI-13 exposure and response prevention in, 144–145, 146 self-help procedures in, 144–145 vs obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 507, 508 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 477f, 491t, 506–508 Occupational stress management of, 611 suicide and, 293 Occupational training, 467–468 in mental retardation, 555–556 in schizophrenia, 467–468 O’Connor v Donaldson, 603 Olanzapine (Zyprexa), 458 Older adults See Elderly Olfactory hallucinations, 431 Olmstead v L.C et al., 604 On-line counseling, 69 Online social networks, 72 Openness to experience, in five-factor model, 551 Operant conditioning, 59 See also Conditioning in mental retardation, 555 in schizophrenia, 441 in substance abuse, 371 token economy and, 452–455, 555 Opioid antagonists, 378–379 Opioids, abuse of, 356–358, 356t, 378–380 See also Substance abuse Opium, 356–357 Oppositional defiant disorder, 525, 557 Oral contraceptives, insurance coverage for, 404 Oral stage, 55 depression and, 234–235 Orbitofrontal cortex, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 147, 147f Order compulsions, 142 Orgasm, 388, 388f, 390f, 395, 395f Orgasmic disorder female, 396t, 397–399, 404 male, 396–397, 396t, 403–405, 420 treatment of, 404 Orgasmic reorientation, for fetishism, 408 Outpatient treatment, 15, 17 Overgeneralization, 62–63 Pain relaxation techniques in, 183 sadomasochistic, 414–415 sexual, 399, 400t, 405–406, 420 stress inoculation training for, 183–184 Pain disorder associated with psychological factors, 191t, 193, 217 See also Somatoform disorders Pain management, hypnosis in, 183 Panic, stampedes and, 137 Panic attacks, 126, 135 Panic disorder, 135–140 with agoraphobia, 136 anxiety sensitivity and, 139 biology of, 136–138 client characteristics in, 115t, 132t cognitive view of, 139–140 cultural aspects of, 115t, 136 definition of, 135t diagnostic criteria for, 135t genetic factors in, 138 12/21/11 2:36 PM SI-14 : Subject Index Panic disorder (cont.) misinterpretation of bodily sensations in, 139 prevalence of, 115t treatment of antidepressants in, 136, 138, 140 benzodiazepines in, 138, 140 cognitive therapy in, 139–140 Paradigms, 48 See also Psychological abnormality, models of Paralysis, conversion, 193–194 Paranoid personality disorder, 479–481, 491t Paranoid schizophrenia, 433 Paraphilias, 403–415 causes of, 407 definition of, 406 diagnostic criteria for, 406t in DSM-V, 420–421 exhibitionism, 409–410 fetishism, 407–408 frotteurism, 410 overview of, 406–407 pedophilia, 411–413 sexual masochism, 413–414 sexual sadism, 414–415 transvestic fetishism, 408–409, 418 treatment of, 407 voyeurism, 410 Parasomnias See Sleep disorders Parasuicide, 286, 289 Parasympathetic nervous system, in stress reaction, 156, 156f Parens patriae, 599 Parent See also Family death of depression and, 235–236, 298 suicide and, 298 schizophrenogenic, 440 Parent management training, 528 Parent training, for autism, 546–547 Parent-child interaction therapy, 527–528 Parents Anonymous, 537 Parham v J.R., 599–600 Parity laws, 20 Parkinsonian symptoms, antipsychotic-induced, 437, 457 Parkinson’s disease, 437, 575 Partial hospitalization, 466–467 Participant, research, 30 bias in, 38 rights of, 42 Participant modeling, 131 Pathological gambling, 487 in DSM-V, 382 Pause technique, 404–405 Pediatric disorders See Adolescents; Children Pedohebephilic disorder, 420–421 Pedophilia, 411–413 in DSM-V, 420–421 Peer review, 612 Penile prosthesis, in sexual reassignment, 418 Pentothal (sodium pentobarbital), for dissociative disorders, 214 Perceptual changes See also Hallucinations in schizophrenia, 429–431 Performance anxiety erectile disorder and, 394 male orgasmic disorder and, 397 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 14 Persecution, delusions of, 429 Perseveration in autism, 540 in schizophrenia, 429 Personal therapy, 464–465 Personality alternate, 208 Big Five theory of, 511 brain injury and, 478 definition of, 475 longevity and, 563 multiple, 207–210 psychological stress disorders and, 164 psychophysiological stress disorders and, 174, 181–182, 184 substance abuse, 371 type A, 174, 184 type B, 174 Personality assessment, 84, 90–92 Personality disorders, 475–515 alternative dimensional approaches to, 511 antisocial, 485–489 anxious, 501–508 avoidant, 501–504 borderline, 489–496 classification of, 509–510, 512–513 clusters of, 476, 477f comorbidity in, 476 comparison of, 491t cultural aspects of, 508–509 definition of, 475–476 dependent, 504–506 diagnostic criteria for, 476, 476t dramatic, 484–501 in DSM-IV-TR, 100, 476–479, 477f, 509– 510, 512–513 in DSM-V, 512–513 eating disorders and, 324 five-factor model and, 511 histrionic, 496–499 odd, 479–484 overlap among, 477, 477f overview of, 475–479, 513–514 paranoid, 479–481 prevalence of, 476 prominent/central features of, 477f schizoid, 481–482 schizotypal, 482–484 in serial killers, 608 suicide and, 295 Personality inventories, 90–92 Personality traits, 475 evolution of, 478 Pervasive developmental disorders, 538–547 Asperger’s disorder, 541 autism, 539–541, 540t causes of, 541–544 treatment of, 544–547 PET scans, 94 in Alzheimer’s disease, 576 Phallic stage, 55, 197 Phalloplasty, 418 Phenothiazines, 437–438, 455–456 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 552 Phobias, 126–135 agoraphobia, 126, 136 behavioral view of, 127–130 behavioral-evolutionary view of, 130 in children, 519, 521 cultural aspects of, 115t definition of, 126 preparedness and, 130 prevalence of, 115t school, 521 social, 126, 132–135, 132t, 502–503 specific, 126–131, 129t, 132t stimulus generalization and, 128 stress-diasthesis model for, 149 systematic desensitization for, 60–61 treatment of, 130–131 types of, 129 vs fear, 126 Phoenix House, 381 Phonological disorder, 549 Phosphoinositides, 281 Physician certification, for civil commitment, 600–601 Physician-assisted suicide, 308 Pick’s disease, 575 Pituitary gland, in stress reaction, 156, 156f PKU (phenylketonuria), 552 Placebo therapy, 38, 200–201 Plastic surgery, 199 Play, in autism, 540–541 Play therapy, 521 Pleasure pathway, 374, 374f, 383 Pleasure principle, 53 Police power, 599 Polygraph, 93, 95 Polysubstance abuse, 369–370 Pons, 49 Positive correlation, 32, 32f Positive psychology, 18 Positive symptoms, in schizophrenia, 427– 431 Positron emission tomography (PET), 94 in Alzheimer’s disease, 576 Postpartum depression, 228, 229, 436 Postpartum psychosis, 436, 594 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 157–170 See also Stress disorders, psychological borderline personality disorder and, 508 classification of, 148, 154 definition of, 157 diagnostic criteria for, 157t in DSM-V, 157, 184 in preschool children, 184 Potassium ions, in bipolar disorders, 250–251, 250f, 281 Poverty See Socioeconomic status Predictive validity, 84–85, 102 Prefrontal cortex in borderline personality disorder, 492 in depression, 233, 233f in memory, 573 Pregnancy alcohol abuse in, 355 postpartum depression and, 228, 229, 436 postpartum psychosis and, 436 stress reaction in, 163 viral infections in, 51 Prehistoric societies, mental illness in, Premature ejaculation, 395–396, 396t, 403–405, 420 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 252 12/21/11 2:36 PM Subject Index Premenstrual syndrome, 252 Preoccupation somatoform disorders, 190, 194–196 body dysmorphic disorder, 195–196, 196t hypochondriasis, 194–195, 196t Preparedness, phobias and, 130 Prescribing privileges, 606 Prescription drugs, for elderly misuse of, 567 overprescription of, 568 Presenilin, 572 in Alzheimer’s disease, 572 Prevalence, of mental disorders, 35 Prevention, levels of, 75–76 Prevention programs, 17–19 Primary gain, 198, 198t Primary narcissism, 440 Primary prevention, 75 Prisoners See also Criminal commitment; Incarceration psychological abnormalities in, 598 suicide by, 293, 293f Private psychotherapy, 17 Pro-anorexia websites, 108 Problem-solving seminars, 611 Problem-solving skills training, 530 for employees, 611 Professional boundaries, 606 Profiling, psychological, 607–609 Projection, 54t Projective tests, 87f, 88–90, 90f Prolactin, 390 Prolixin (fluphenazine), 456 Pronominal reversal, 539 Pro-suicide websites, 108, 305, 311 Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act, 603 Prozac (fluoxetine), 271 for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 147 Pseudopatients, in labeling studies, 443–444 Psychedelic drugs, 363–366 Psychiatric social workers, 20, 20t Psychiatrists, 20, 20t Psychoanalysis, 15, 53 relational, 58 Psychodynamic model, 48, 53–58, 79t assessment of, 58 case studies in, 27–29, 53 definition of, 53, 55 ego theory and, 55 Freudian theory and, 53–55 object relations theory and, 55 psychoanalysis in, 15 self theory and, 55 Psychodynamic therapy, 55–58 See also specific disorders catharsis in, 57 current trends in, 57 dreams in, 57, 57t free association in, 55–56 psychoanalytic, 15, 53 relational, 58 resistance in, 56 short-term, 57 therapist interpretation in, 56 transference in, 56 working through in, 57 Psychogenic perspective, 14–15 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 15 Psychological abnormality classification systems for, 99–104 See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in college students, 260 creativity and, 248 cultural context for, 3, 5, 8, 76–77 See also under Cultural; Culture in culture-bound disorders, 101, 116 dangerous behavior in, See also Aggression; Criminal behavior;Violence deviance and, 3, distress in, dysfunction in, 4–5 economics of, 611–612 evolution and, 50–51 gender and, 77 See also Gender genetic factors in, 50 history of, 7–15 in Ancient Greece and Rome, 9–10 in early 20th century, 13–14 in Middle Ages, 10–11 in 19th century, 12–13 in prehistoric societies, in Renaissance, 11–12 iatrogenic, 209 incidence of, 35 inheritance of, 50 labeling and, 71, 105–106, 443–444, 547 models of, 48 behavioral, 79t biological, 48, 49–53, 79t biopsychosocial, 79 cognitive, 48, 62–64, 79t comparison of, 79t demonological, 9, 10–11, 48 diasthesis-stress, 79, 149 family-social, 79t humanistic-existential, 48, 64–70, 79t integration of, 78–80 multicultural, 76–77, 79t psychodynamic, 48, 53–58, 79t sociocultural, 48, 70–80 national interest groups for, 470 open discussion of, 616 patient accounts of, 616 prevalence of, 35 prevention of, 17–19 in prisoners, 598f in psychologists, 615–617 research in, 21 stigma of, 71, 105–106, 616 See also Labeling substance abuse and, 428 suicide and, 295–296 terminology of, treatment of See Treatment violence and, 599, 601 vs eccentricity, 5, workplace issues and, 610–611 Psychological abuse, 537 Psychological debriefing, 168–169 Psychological profiling, 607–609 Psychological stress disorders See Stress disorders, psychological Psychologists, 20, 20t code of ethics for, 609–611 as expert witnesses, 610 prescribing privileges for, 606 : SI-15 professional boundaries and, 606 psychological abnormalities in, 615–617 sexual involvement with patients, 610 theoretical orientations of, 61f types of, 20, 20t violence against, 599 Psychology abnormal See Abnormal psychology career paths in, 20–21, 20t evolutionary, 50–51, 59, 130, 478 forensic, 590 multicultural, 19 psychogenic perspective in, 14–15 somatogenic perspective in, 13–14 Psychology in law, vs law in psychology, 590 Psychomotor symptoms, in schizophrenia, 432–433 Psychoneuroimmunology, 178, 179–182 Psychopharmacologists, 109 Psychophysiological stress disorders See Stress disorders, psychophysiological Psychophysiological tests, 93, 95 Psychosis amphetamine, 438 cocaine-induced, 359, 435t definition of, 426 in DSM-V, 445–446 due to medical condition, 435t postpartum, 436, 594 schizophrenia as, 426 See also Schizophrenia substance-induced, 359, 435t treatment of, 52 See also Antipsychotics types of, 435t Psychosomatic disorders See Stress disorders, psychophysiological Psychosurgery, 52 for epilepsy, 576–577 lobotomy in, 25–26, 52, 451, 453 memory loss after, 576–577 right to refuse, 603 trephination in, 9, 9f, 52 Psychotherapy, 17 See also Treatment and specific types Psychotic symptoms, in depression, 228 Psychotropic drugs, 16, 51–52 See also Treatment and specific drugs and disorders for borderline personality disorder, 496 clinical studies of, 42 development of, 52f marketing of, 277 prescribing privileges for, 606 regulation of, 277 right to refuse, 603, 604 Pyromania, 487 Quasi-experiments, 39 Quetiapine (Seroquel), 458 Racial/ethnic groups, 76–77 See also under Cultural; Culture acculturation in, 334 antipsychotic use by, 459 depression in, 243–244 disorders of elderly in, 582–584 eating disorders in, 332–335 elderly population and, 582, 582f generalized anxiety disorder in, 115–116, 115t 12/21/11 2:36 PM SI-16 : Subject Index Racial/ethnic groups (cont.) hate crimes against, 486t phobias in, 127 stress disorders in, 174–176, 175f, 175t substance abuse in, 349, 349f, 352–353, 381 suicide in, 291–292, 291f Radical acceptance, 494–495 Random assignment, 38 Rap groups, for posttraumatic stress disorder, 168 Rape See also Sexual abuse stress disorders and, 160 Rapid ejaculation, 395–396, 396t treatment of, 403–405 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 173 erections during, 393, 394f Rapid smoking, 360 Rapprochement movement, 109 Rational-emotive therapy, 121, 262 Rationalization, 54t Reaction formation, 54t, 143 Reading disorder, 549 Realistic anxiety, 116 Reality principle, 54 Receptors, 49–50, 49f Recovery schools, 376 Reference, delusions of, 429 Refrigerator parent, autism and, 542–543 Regression, 54t anal, 507–508 in depression, 234 in schizophrenia, 440 Rehearsal, in social skills training, 135 Reinforcement in social skills training, 135 for somatoform disorders, 202 Relapse-prevention training for pedophilia, 412–413 for substance abuse, 377–378 Relational aggression, in conduct disorder, 527 Relational psychoanalytic therapy, 58 for borderline personality disorder, 493–494 Relaxation training, 125, 182 for phobias, 130 Reliability of clinical observation, 97 of DSM-IV-TR, 102 interrater, 84 of IQ tests, 96 test-retest, 84 Religious beliefs, 67–68 suicide and, 291 Religious shrines, 11 REM sleep, 173 erections during, 393, 394f Reminyl (galantamine), for Alzheimer’s disease, 578 Renaissance, mental illness in, 11–12 Replication, 30 Reporting compulsions, 142 Repression, 54, 54t, 117 in dissociative disorders, 210–211 Research See Clinical research Residency, psychiatric, 20 Residential crisis centers, 467 Residual schizophrenia, 433 Resistance, in psychodynamic therapy, 56 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 16 Resolution phase, of sexual response cycle, 388, 388f Response inventories, 92, 93t Retrograde amnesia, 576 Retrospective analysis, of suicide, 289 Rett’s disorder, 538 Reversal design, 41–43 Reverse anorexia nervosa, 335 Reward center, 374, 374f, 383 Reward-deficiency syndrome, 374 Risperidone (Risperdal), 458 for elderly, 568 Ritalin (methylphenidate), 532–533 Rituals, 140, 141 Rivastigmine (Exelon), for Alzheimer’s disease, 578 RNA, in memory, 574 Robinson v California, 602 Roger’s humanistic theory, 65–67 See also Humanistic-existential model Role disputes/transitions, in depression, 265 Role playing, 67 in social skills training, 133 Roles, social, 71 Rome, Ancient, 9–10 Rorschach test, 88, 98f Rosenthal effect, 38 Routines, normal, 140f Rule boys, 541 Rumination, in depression, 243 Sadism, sexual, 414–415 St John’s wort, 267 St.Vitus dance, 10 Samaritans, 309 SAM-e, 267 Sample in correlational research, 30–31 random, 38 Savant skills, 542 Scales of Independent Behavior Revised, 549 Schizoaffective disorder, 435t Schizoid personality disorder, 477f, 481–482, 491t Schizophrenia, 425–473 active phase of, 433 ambivalence in, 432 anhedonia in, 432 avolition in, 432 behavioral view of, 441 biochemical abnormalities in, 437–438 biology of, 434–440, 439f blunted affect in, 432 brain abnormalities in, 439, 439f catatonic, 433 causes of, 434–445 clinical picture of, 427–434 cognitive view of, 441 as constructive process, 445 course of, 433 cultural aspects of, 441–443, 442f definition of, 25 delusions in, 427–429 derailment in, 429 diagnosis of, 433–434, 433t disorganized, 433 dopamine hypothesis for, 437–438 double-bind hypothesis for, 444 downward drift theory of, 426 in DSM-V, 445–446 early theories of, 25–26 in elderly, 567 expressed emotion and, 444, 463 family issues in, 444, 462–464 fingerprints in, 439 flat affect in, 432 genetic factors in, 434–437, 434f hallucinations in, 430–431, 441, 460–463 heightened perceptions in, 429–430 homelessness and, 469f, 470 inappropriate affect in, 431 Laing’s view of, 445 living situations in, 469–470, 469f loose associations in, 429 negative symptoms of, 431–432 overview of, 425–427, 446, 472 paranoid, 433 positive symptoms of, 427–431 poverty of speech in, 431 prevalence of, 426 prodromal phase of, 433 psychodynamic view of, 440 psychological views of, 440–441 psychomotor symptoms in, 432–433 as psychosis, 426, 435t research on, 25 residual, 433 social labeling and, 443–444 social withdrawal in, 432 sociocultural views of, 441–445 socioeconomic status and, 426, 426f, 442 speech abnormalities in, 429, 431–432 substance abuse and, 466 suicide and, 296 symptoms of, 435t negative, 431–432 psychomotor, 432–433 treatment of, 449–473 behavioral therapy in, 452–455 cognitive-behavioral therapy in, 460–462 community approach in, 465–470 See also Community approach drug therapy in, 437, 455–459 See also Antipsychotics family therapy in, 462–464 history of, 450–455 institutionalization in, 450–455 lobotomy in, 25–26, 451, 453 milieu therapy in, 452–453 overview of, 450 psychotherapy in, 460–465 social therapy in, 464–465 token economy in, 452–455 Type I, 433–434 Type II, 434 undifferentiated, 433 violent behavior in, 601 viral infections and, 51, 439–440 Schizophreniform disorder, 435t Schizophrenogenic mother, 440 Schizotypal personality disorder, 477f, 482–484, 491t School phobia/refusal, 521 Scientific fraud, 609 Scientific method, 26–27 See also Clinical research; Experiment(s) 12/21/11 2:36 PM Subject Index Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 228 Second messengers, 281 Secondary gain, 198, 198t Secondary prevention, 75 Sedative-hypnotics See also Antianxiety drugs abuse of, 355–356, 356t for anxiety, 123, 124–125 Seizures, in electroconvulsive therapy, 267–269 Selective amnesia, 204 Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 271 See also Antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 270t, 271–272 See also Antidepressants for paraphilias, 407 for premature ejaculation, 405 Self theory, 55 Self-actualization, 65 Self-cutting See Self-injurious behavior Self-efficacy, 62–63 Self-help groups, 73 See also Support groups for substance abuse, 380–381 Self-hypnosis, 183 in dissociative disorders, 212–213 Self-injurious behavior, 289, 290, 490–491, 492, 494–495 in autism, 541 in DSM-V, 557 Self-instruction training, in sex therapy, 402 Self-monitoring, observational, 98 Self-mutilation See Self-injurious behavior Self-statements, 184 Self-stimulation, in autism, 541 Semihospital care, 467 Senile plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease, 572 Sensate focus, 401–402 Sentence-completion test, 89 Separation anxiety, 520–521, 538t September 11th attack, stress reaction and, 161 Serial killers, 608 Seroquel (quetiapine), 458 Serotonin, 50 aggression and, 301, 489 in antisocial personality disorder, 489 in bipolar disorders, 249–250 in borderline personality disorder, 493 in depression, 231–232, 270–271, 300–301 in eating disorders, 327 impulsivity and, 301, 489 MDMA and, 365 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 146, 147 in premature ejaculation, 396, 405 sex drive and, 390 Serotonin transporter, 493 in borderline personality disorder, 493 in depression, 231, 232 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 271 Sertraline (Zoloft), 271 Sex drive, 53 decreased, 388–392 determinants of, 389–390 Sex hormones See also Hormones for gender identity disorder, 418 for paraphilias, 407 sex drive and, 389–390 in sex therapy, 403 in sexual dysfunction, 389–390, 393 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 17 Sex offender statutes, 596–597 Sex offenders civil commitment of, 411 pedophiles, 411–413 Sex therapy, 400–406 current trends in, 406 for dyspareunia, 405–406 for erectile disorder, 403 for female arousal and orgasmic disorders, 405 general features of, 400–402 for hypoactive sexual desire, 402–403 for male orgasmic disorder, 404–405 principles and techniques of, 400–406 for rapid ejaculation, 404–405 for sexual aversion, 402–403 for vaginismus, 405 Sex-change surgery, 418–420 Sexism See also Gender in insurance coverage, 404 Sexual abuse, 537 borderline personality disorder and, 492, 508 dissociative disorders and, 204–205, 206 pedophilia and, 411–413 repressed memories of, 204–205, 206 sexual aversion and, 392 stress disorders and, 160 suicide and, 293 Sexual addiction, 406 Sexual anatomy female, 390f male, 395f Sexual assault See Sexual abuse Sexual aversion disorder, 389–392, 402–403 Sexual behavior, lifetime patterns of, 391 Sexual dysfunctions, 387–406, 387–423 acquired, 388 classification of, 388 cultural factors in, 392 definition of, 388 disorders of desire, 388–392 disorders of excitement, 392–395 disorders of orgasm, 395–399 disorders of sexual pain, 399 in DSM-V, 420 generalized, 388 lifelong, 388 overview of, 421 paraphilias, 406–415 prevalence of, 388 sexual dysfunctions, 387–406 treatment of See Sex therapy Sexual intercourse, painful, 399, 400t, 405–406 Sexual interest/arousal disorder in women, 420 Sexual involvement, with patients, 610 Sexual masochism, 413–414, 420 Sexual orientation, in gender identity disorder, 415–420 Sexual pain disorders, 399, 400t, 405–406, 420 Sexual response cycle, 388, 388f desire phase of, 388, 388f, 390f, 395f excitement phase of, 392–395 orgasmic phase of, 388, 390f, 395f resolution phase of, 388, 388f Sexual sadism, 414–415 : SI-17 Shamans, Shared psychotic disorder, 435t Sheltered workshops, 467–468, 547, 555–556 Short-term hospitalization, 466 Short-term memory, 573 Shuttle box, 239 Shyness, vs social phobia, 132 Sildenafil (Viagra), 403, 405 Simple somatic symptom disorder, 217 Skillful frustration, 67 Skin picking disorder, 148 Sleep circadian rhythms in, 173 erections during, 393–394, 394f REM, 173 Sleep apnea, 173 Sleep deprivation, 173 Sleep disorders, 173 breathing-related sleep disorder, 173 in children, 173 circadian rhythm sleep disorder, 173 hypersomnia, 173 insomnia, 171, 173 narcolepsy, 173 nightmares, 173 sleep terrors, 173 sleepwalking, 173 stress-related, 171 Sleep terrors, 173 Sleepwalking, 173 Smoking, 360 Smooth pursuit eye movement, in schizophrenia, 430 Sober schools, 376 Social anxiety disorder, 148 in children, 519–520 Social breakdown syndrome, 452 Social communication disorder, 557 Social contagion effect, 297 Social labels, 71 See also Labeling Social networking, 613–614, 613f Social networks, 72 Social phobias, 126, 132–135, 132t See also Phobias client characteristics in, 115t, 132, 132t cultural aspects of, 115t, 132 definition of, 132 diagnostic criteria for, 132t diasthesis-stress model of, 149 prevalence of, 115t, 132, 132t treatment of, 130–131 vs avoidant personality disorder, 502–503 vs shyness, 132 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 178–179, 179t Social rewards, depression and, 236–237, 241–242 Social roles, 71 Social Security disability income, 468 Social skills inventories, 92 Social skills training, 133 Social support, 71 depression and, 241–242 stress and, 182 suicide and, 291 Social theory, 71 Social therapy, 464–465 Social withdrawal, in schizophrenia, 432 12/21/11 2:36 PM SI-18 : Subject Index Social workers, psychiatric, 20, 20t Sociocultural factors See Cultural factors Sociocultural model, 48, 70–84 See also Cultural factors assessment of, 78 family-social theory and, 70–76 multicultural theory and, 76–77 Socioeconomic status antidepressant use and, 272 antipsychotic use and, 459 depression and, 244 generalized anxiety disorder and, 115–116 mental health and, 76, 76f mental retardation and, 548, 550–551, 551f schizophrenia and, 426, 426f, 442 stress and, 115–116, 174–176, 175f, 175t Sodium amobarbital (Amytal), for dissociative disorders, 214 Sodium ions, in bipolar disorders, 250–251, 250f, 281 Sodium pentobarbital (Pentothal), for dissociative disorders, 214 Soldiers See Combat veterans Somatic hallucinations, 431 Somatic Symptom Disorders, 185, 217 Somatization, 200 Somatization disorder, 191t, 192–193, 217 See also Somatoform disorders Somatoform disorders, 189–202, 218–219 behavioral view of, 198–199 biology of, 200–201 causes of, 196–201 cognitive view of, 199 cultural aspects of, 200 definition of, 190 diagnostic criteria for, 191t, 196t in DSM-V, 217 hysterical, 15, 190–194 conversion disorder, 190–192, 191t pain disorder associated with psychological factors, 191t, 193 somatization disorder, 191t, 192–193 vs factitious disorders, 194 vs medical symptoms, 193–194 preoccupation, 190, 194–196 body dysmorphic disorder, 195–196, 196t hypochondriasis, 194–195, 196t primary gain in, 198, 198t psychodynamic view of, 197–198 secondary gain in, 198, 198t symptoms in, 198t treatment of, 201–202 Somatogenic perspective, 13–14 Special education, 545–546, 554 See also Education Specific phobias, 126–131 See also Phobias behavioral view of, 127–130 causes of, 127–130 client characteristics in, 115t, 132t cultural aspects of, 115t, 127 diasthesis-stress model for, 149 evolutionary benefit of, 130 prevalence of, 115t, 127, 132t treatment of, 130–131 types of, 129t Spectator role erectile disorder and, 394 male orgasmic disorder and, 397 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 18 Speech problems, 429, 431–432 See also Communication; Language in autism, 539–540, 546 in children, 549 in schizophrenia, 429 Spirituality, 67–68 Spousal abuse insanity defense and, 594 stress disorders and, 160 suicide and, 293 Stampedes, 137 Standardization, 84 State anxiety, 156 State hospitals, 13, 450–455 See also Hospitalization/institutionalization State schools, 553–554 State-dependent learning, 211–212, 212f Statistical analysis, 30 in correlational research, 34–35 in experimental research, 37 Statistical significance in correlational research, 34 in experimental research, 37–38 vs clinical significance, 37–38 Stelazine (trifluoperazine), 456 Sterilization, eugenic, 14, 14t Steroids, in stress reaction, 156, 156f Stimulants abuse of, 356t, 358–363, 359f See also Substance abuse for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 532–533 Stimulus, in conditioning, 60 Stimulus generalization, phobias and, 128 Stone Age, mental illness in, Stop-start technique, 404–405 Strattera (atomoxetine), 271 Stress in anxiety disorders, 149 autism and, 543 biopsychosocial theories and, 79 caregiver, in Alzheimer’s disease, 580, 581f diasthesis-stress model and, 79, 149 in dissociative disorders, 210–211 on elderly, 562–563 family, schizophrenia and, 444 immune system and, 179–182 measurement of, 178–179, 179t poverty and, 115–116 on psychologists, 615–617 sexual dysfunction and, 390 sources of, 179t in state-dependent learning, 211–212, 212f suicide and, 292, 303 Stress disorders, 154–187 adjustment disorders and, 163 classification of, 154 combination approaches for, 184 interrelated factors in, 184 overdiagnosis of, 185–186 overview of, 153–154, 185–186 prevention of, 182–184, 185–186 psychological, 157–170 See also Acute stress disorder; Posttraumatic stress disorder biology of, 162–164 childhood experiences and, 164 in combat veterans, 158–159 cultural aspects of, 164–165 definition of, 157 diagnostic criteria for, 157t in DSM-V, 184 exposure techniques for, 166 genetic factors in, 163–164 in natural disaster survivors, 159–160, 159t personality factors in, 164 in pregnancy, 163 psychological debriefing for, 168–169 in rape victims, 160 severity of trauma and, 165 social support and, 164 susceptibility to, 162–165 symptoms of, 157–158, 157t in terrorist attack survivors, 160–161 in torture victims, 162 treatment of, 165–169 triggers of, 158–162 psychoneuroimmunology and, 178, 179–180, 179–182 psychophysiological, 154, 169–184 biology of, 172–174 definition of, 169 in DSM-V, 185 new, 177–182 personality factors in, 174, 181–182, 184 physical disorders in, 170–172, 198t prevention of, 182–184 psychological factors in, 174 sociocultural factors in, 174–176, 175f, 175t, 178–179 traditional, 169–176 treatment of, 182–184 Stress inoculation training, in pain management, 183–184 Stress management, 149, 182–184, 185–186 biofeedback in, 182–183 cognitive interventions in, 183–184 for employees, 611 hypnosis in, 183 meditation in, 64, 125, 183 methods of, 170f relaxation training in, 182 self-instruction training in, 183–184 support groups in, 184 Stress reaction, 154–156, 156f, 162–164 arousal in, 154–156 immune system in, 178, 179–182 in pregnancy, 163 in psychological stress disorders, 162–164 in psychophysiological stress disorders, 172–174 Stroke, dementia after, 575 Structural family therapy, 74 Stuttering, 549 Subintentional death, 288–289 Subject bias, 38 Subpersonalities, 207–210 fusion of, 215 Substance abuse, 347–385 abused substances in, 349 See also specific substances addiction in, 348 by adolescents, 367f, 368f alcohol in, 349–355 See also Alcohol abuse/ dependence amphetamines in, 361–362 in antisocial personality disorder, 488 biochemical factors in, 373–374 12/21/11 2:36 PM Subject Index biology of, 373–374 caffeine in, 362–363 causes of, 370–374 club drugs in, 365 cognitive-behavioral view of, 371–372 combinations of substances in, 369–370 community services for, 466 conditioning in, 371–372 controlled use vs abstinence in, 380 cross-tolerance in, 369 cultural aspects of, 349, 349f, 352–353, 370–371, 381 definition of, 348 dependence in, 348, 348t diagnostic criteria for, 348t in DSM-V, 382–383 by elderly, 566–567 gender and, 381 genetic factors in, 383 hallucinogens in, 364–366 intoxication in, 348 marijuana in, 366–369 in mental illness, 466 nicotine in, 360 overview of, 348–349, 383–384 personality factors in, 371 prescription drug misuse in, 567 prevention of, 381–382 psychodynamic view of, 371 psychological abnormality and, 428 rates of, 349 reward centers in, 374, 374f routes of administration in, 372t sedative-hypnotics in, 355–356 sexual dysfunction in, 390 sociocultural view of, 370–371 suicide and, 295, 296 synergistic effects in, 369 tolerance in, 348, 373–374 treatment of for adolescents, 376 antagonist drugs in, 378–379 aversion therapy in, 377 behavioral, 377–378 cognitive-behavioral, 377–378 contingency management in, 377 culture-sensitive programs in, 381 detoxification in, 378 drug maintenance therapy in, 379–380 gender-sensitive programs in, 381 methadone in, 379–380 psychodynamic, 375 recovery schools in, 376 relapse-prevention training in, 377–378 residential programs in, 381 self-help programs in, 380–381 sites for, 375f therapeutic communities in, 381 withdrawal in, 348, 373–374 workplace issues and, 610–611 Substance use disorder, 383 Substance-induced bipolar disorder, 252 Suggestion, for somatoform disorders, 202 Suicide, 285–315 by adolescents, 302–305, 529 age and, 301–307 altruistic, 299 anomic, 299 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 19 antidepressants and, 304, 524 assisted, 308 biological view of, 300–301 in borderline personality disorder, 491 borderline personality disorder and, 494–496 bullying and, 529 by celebrities, 289, 297, 305 by children, 301–302, 304, 529 cluster, 305 contagious, 296–297, 305 crisis intervention for, 309–312 cultural factors in, 291, 305, 307 by death darers, 288 by death ignorers, 288 by death initiators, 288 by death seekers, 288 definition of, 286 dialectical behavior therapy and, 494–496 dichotomous thinking and, 293–295 Durkheim’s theory of, 299–300 egoistic, 299 by elderly, 305–307 family history of, 296–297, 300 gender and, 291–292 genetic factors in, 300 highly publicized, 297, 305 hopelessness and, 293 hostility and, 298–299 illness and, 292–293 legal aspects of, 308 live video of, 311 marital status and, 291 mental disorders and, 295–296 modeling of, 296–297 mood and thought changes and, 293–295 motivations for, 286–288 music and, 294 occupational factors in, 293 overview of, 286–289 patterns of, 289–291 physician-assisted, 308 postvention for, 297 predictors of, 295t prevalence of, 286t prevention of, 297, 309–313, 494–496 pro-suicide websites and, 108, 305, 311 protective factors in, 291 psychodynamic view of, 298–299 race and, 291–292, 291f radical acceptance and, 494–495 rates of, 289–291, 291f religion and, 291 retrospective analysis of, 289 right to commit, 308 right to commit and, 308 serotonin in, 300–301 social support and, 291 sociocultural view of, 299–300 statistical picture of, 289–292 stress and, 292 studies of, 289 subintentional death and, 288–289 substance abuse and, 295, 296 treatment after, 309 triggers of, 292–297 types of, 286–288 unsuccessful attempts at, 286, 289 victimization and, 293 : SI-19 Suicide education programs, 311, 313 Suicide hot lines, 309–310 Superego, 53–54 Supervised residences, 467 Support groups, 73 for child abuse, 537 Internet-based, 69 for medical conditions, 184 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 168 in stress management, 184 for substance abuse, 380–381 virtual, 69 Supported employment, 468 Supportive nursing care, for anorexia nervosa, 336 Surgery brain See Psychosurgery sex-change, 418–420 Susto, 101 Sybil, 202, 209 Symbolic loss, 235 Sympathetic nervous system, in stress reaction, 155–156, 155f, 156f, 181 Symptom-exacerbation studies, 42 Synapses, 49, 49f Syndromes, 99 Synethesia, 364 Syphilis, 13–14 Systematic desensitization, 60–61, 130–131 for phobias, 130–131 Tacrine (Cognex), for Alzheimer’s disease, 578 Tactile hallucinations, 431 Tadolofil (Cialis), 403 Taijn kyofusho, 132 Tarantism, 10 Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California, 610–611 Tardive dyskinesia, 457–458, 459f Tay-Sachs disease, 552 T-cells, 180 Tease technique, 403 Technology, 612–615 See also Internet cell phones, 613, 613f social networking, 613 texting, 613, 613f video games, 613, 614 Teenagers See Adolescents Tegretol (carbamazepine), 280 Temporal lobe in memory, 573 in schizophrenia, 439, 439f Tension headaches, 171 Terrorism anxiety and, stress disorders and, 160–161, 168–169 Tertiary prevention, 75–76 Test(s) See also Clinical assessment definition of, 87 intelligence, 96, 97 neurological, 94–96 neuropsychological, 95–96 personality, 90–92 projective, 87f, 88–90, 90f psychophysiological, 93, 95 reliability of, 84 See also Reliability standardized, 84 validity of, 84 See also Validity 12/21/11 2:36 PM SI-20 : Subject Index Testimony, eyewitness, 606–607 Testosterone See also Sex hormones for gender identity disorder, 418 sexual desire and, 390 Test-retest reliability, 84 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 366 Texting, 613, 613f Thalamus, 49 age-related changes in, 574f in memory, 573 in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 147, 147f in schizophrenia, 439, 439f Thanatos, 298 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), 366 Thematic Apperception Test, 88, 88f Theory of mind, 543 Therapeutic communities for antisocial personality disorder, 489 for substance abuse, 381 Therapeutic laughter, 38 Therapy See Treatment Thiamine deficiency, in Korsakoff ’s syndrome, 354–355, 576 Thinking See also under Cognitive dichotomous, suicide and, 293–295 disorganized, in schizophrenia, 429 illogical in anorexia nervosa, 319, 326–327 in bulimia nervosa, 326–327 in depression, 63, 227, 237–238, 262, 263 in suicide, 293–295 Thioridazine (Mellaril), 456 Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 456 Thought See Thinking The Three Faces of Eve, 202, 208, 209 Time urgency, heart disease and, 174 Tip-of-the tongue phenomenon, 213 Tofranil (imipramine), 270, 275 Toilet training, 144, 507–508 Token economy, 452–455, 555 Tolerance, in substance abuse, 348, 369, 373–374 Torture victims, stress disorders in, 162 Trait anxiety, 156 Tranquilizers, minor, 52 Transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations, 461 for depression, 274, 274f Transference, 56 in dependent personality disorder, 506 Transgender experiences, 415 See also Gender identity disorder Transgendered adolescents, bullying of, 529 Transsexualism, 416 See also Gender identity disorder Transvestic fetishism, 408–409, 418 Traumatic brain injury memory impairment after, 576–577 personality changes after, 478 Treatment, 6–7, 106–109 See also specific therapies and disorders in Ancient Greece and Rome, 9–10 in asylums, 12 availability of, 17 biological, 51–52 for college students, 260 cultural factors in, 77 current trends in, 15–21 deinstitutionalization and, 16, 16f Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 20 drug See Psychotropic drugs in early 20th century, 13–15 eclectic, 79 economics of, 19–20, 611–612 effectiveness of, 107–109 essential features of, evidence-based, 107 feminist therapies in, 77 gender-sensitive therapies in, 77 iatrogenic disorders and, 209 integrative, 79 Internet-based, 69, 614–615 malpractice and, 605–606 meta-analysis of, 107 in Middle Ages, 10 moral, 12–13 national interest groups and, 470 in 19th century, 12–13 outcome studies of, 107–109 outpatient, 15, 17 peer review for, 612 placebo therapy in, 38 in prehistoric societies, psychoanalysis, 15 for psychologists, 615–617 psychotherapeutic, 17 rapprochement movement and, 109 reform movements in, 12–13 reimbursement for See Insurance coverage in Renaissance, 11–12 right to, 603 right to refuse, 603–604 in state hospitals, 13 See also Hospitalization/ institutionalization types of providers in, 20, 20t uniformity myth and, 109 Treatment foster care, 528 Treatments for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS), 522–524 Trephination, 9, 9f, 52 Trevor Foundation, 310 Trevor Lifeline, 310 Trials drug, 42 legal See Criminal trials; Legal issues Trichotillomania, 148, 487 Tricyclic antidepressants, 270–271, 270t See also Antidepressants Trifluoperazine (Stelazine), 456 Triple-blind experiments, 39 Trisomy 21, 552 See also Mental retardation Truth serums, 214 Tube feeding, for anorexia nervosa, 335–336 Twin studies of depression, 230–231 of eating disorders, 327 of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 146 of psychological stress disorders, 163–164 of schizophrenia, 435 of substance abuse, 373 of suicide, 300 Twitter, 613 Two-physician certificates, 600–601 Type A personality style, 174, 184 Type B personality style, 174 Ulcers, 170 Unconditional positive regard, 66, 117 Unconditioned stimulus, 60 Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, 179, 179t Undoing, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 143 Uniformity myth, 108 Unipolar depression, 223 See also Depression Unrelated variables, 32, 33f Vaccines, autism and, 544 Vacuum erection devices, 403 Vaginismus, 399, 400t, 405, 420 Vagus nerve stimulation, 273–274, 273f Validity of assessment tools, 84–85 of clinical observation, 98 concurrent, 85 cross-situational, 98 of DSM-IV-TR, 102 external, 30, 34 face, 84 internal, 30, 34 of IQ tests, 96 of personality inventories, 92 predictive, 84–85, 102 of projective tests, 90 Valproate (Depakote), 280 Vardenafil (Levitra), 403 Variables, 26 correlation between, 32–33, 32f, 33f dependent, 36 independent, 36 unrelated, 32, 33f Vascular dementia, 575, 585 Venlafaxine (Effexor), 272 Ventral tegmental areas, in pleasure pathway, 374, 374f Ventromedial hypothalamus, in eating disorders, 328 Veterans memory problems in, 204 posttraumatic stress disorder in, 158–159, 166–168 suicide by, 292 Veterans Outreach Centers, 168 Viagra (sildenafil), 403, 405 Victimization depression and, 243 stress disorders and, 160–162 suicide and, 293 Video games, 523, 613, 614 Vineland Scale, 549 Violence See also Criminal behavior cultural aspects of, 489f family See Child abuse; Domestic violence; Sexual abuse fear of, mental disorders and, 599, 601 predictors of, 601 against therapists, 599 Viral infections, 51 See also Medical conditions Alzheimer’s disease and, 575 dementia and, 576 mental retardation and, 553 schizophrenia and, 439–440 Virtual reality, in desensitization, 131 Virtual support groups, 69 Visual e-therapy, 69 Visual hallucinations, 431 12/21/11 2:36 PM Subject Index Visual memory, 213 Vitamin B deficiency, in Korsakoff ’s syndrome, 354–355, 576 Vitamin E, for Alzheimer’s disease, 578 Vomiting, in bulimia nervosa, 323 Voyeurism, 410 Web sites See Internet Wechsler intelligence tests, 97 Weight body image and, 242–243, 319, 330–331, 335, 338 See also Eating disorders regulation of, 327–330 Weight management, 328–329 Comer8e_SUBJECT INDEX.indd 21 Weight set point, 329–330 Wellbutrin (bupropion), for smoking cessation, 360 Werewolves, 10 Windigo, 101 Witchcraft, 10f Withdrawal in alcohol abuse, 353–354 in substance abuse, 348, 373–374 Witness identification, 606–607 Women See Gender; Mother Working memory, 573 Working through, 57 Worrying, 118, 118f, 120–122, 120t : SI-21 Written expression disorder, 549 Wyatt v Stickney, 603 Xanax (alprazolam), for panic disorder, 138 York Retreat, 12 Youngberg v Romeo, 603 Zinc, in Alzheimer’s disease, 574 Ziprasidone (Geodon), 458 Zoloft (sertraline), 271 Zyban (bupropion), for smoking cessation, 360 Zyprexa (olanzapine), 458 12/21/11 2:36 PM Comer8e_Timeline.indd 12/21/11 2:07 PM 1909 1913 1917 1921 1923 1929 1935 1935 1937 1938 1938 1939 1943 1943 1943 1949 1951 1951 1952 1896 1897 1900 1900 1901 1905 1907 1908 Stone Age 430–377 B.C 500–1450 1547 1693 1773 1793 1812 1842 1865 1879 1883 1892 1893 Mental disorders treated by trephination p Hippocrates cites brain as source of mental disorders pp 9–10 Middle Ages adopts demonological explanations and treatments pp 10–11 Bethlehem Hospital in London converted into asylum pp 11–12 Witch-hunting trials peak in Salem, Massachusetts p 10 First American hospital exclusively for mental patients opens in Williamsburg, Virginia pp 12–13 Phillipe Pinel frees asylum patients at LaBicêtre in Paris pp 12–13 Benjamin Rush writes first American textbook on psychiatry pp 12–13 Dorothea Dix begins campaign to reform mental hospitals in the United States pp 12–13 Gregor Mendel publishes theories of genetics p 50 German professor Wilhelm Wundt establishes first laboratory for experimental study of psychology p 26 Emil Kraepelin publishes textbook on psychiatry, likening mental disorders to physical diseases pp 13, 99 American Psychological Association founded pp 20–21 Sigmund Freud, with Josef Breuer, publishes first chapters of On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena, launching psychoanalysis pp 15, 53 Lightner Witmer establishes first psychological clinic in the U.S at University of Pennsylvania pp 15, 20 General paresis linked to physical cause, syphilis pp 13–14 Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams pp 56–57 Morton Prince uses hypnosis to treat multiple personality disorder pp 214–215 Ivan Pavlov demonstrates classical conditioning pp 59–60 First intelligence test published pp 96–97 Alzheimer’s disease identified by Dr Alois Alzheimer pp 570–571 Clifford Beers writes autobiography A Mind That Found Itself, launching Mental Hygiene Movement in the United States p 452 Freud makes his only visit to America and lectures at Clark University pp 15, 53 Behaviorist John Watson argues that psychology should abandon study of consciousness pp 58–59, 128 The U.S Congress declares all nonmedical opioids illegal p 356 Rorschach Test published p 88 Freud publishes The Ego and the Id pp 53–54 EEG developed p 94 Alcoholics Anonymous founded p 380 First use of lobotomy for mental disorders pp 451, 453 Marijuana made illegal in the United States p 368 Electroconvulsive therapy introduced in Rome p 268 B F Skinner proposes operant conditioning p 59 The Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale published pp 96–97 LSD’s hallucinogenic effects discovered pp 364, 366 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test (MMPI) published pp 90–92 Jean-Paul Sartre’s existential book Being and Nothingness published p 65 Lithium salts first used for bipolar disorder pp 278–279 Chlorpromazine, first antipsychotic drug, tested pp 455–456 Carl Rogers publishes Client-Centered Therapy pp 65–67 First edition of DSM published by the American Psychiatric Association p 99 Milestones in Abnormal Psychology Comer8e_Timeline.indd 12/21/11 2:07 PM 2013 2011 2011 2008 2006 2006 2002 2004 2001 1952 1955 1956 1958 1961 1962 1963 1963 1964 1965 1967 1967 1970 1972 1973 1973 1975 1975 1981 1982 1987 1988 1990 1990 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2000 Sex-change operation performed on Christine Jorgensen p 417 The Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center founded p 309 Family systems theory and therapy launched pp 72–74 Joseph Wolpe develops desensitization pp 60–61, 130–131 Thomas Szasz publishes The Myth of Mental Illness p Albert Ellis proposes rational-emotive therapy pp 118–119, 121 The Community Mental Health Act helps trigger deinstitutionalization in the United States pp 75–76, 465–466 Antianxiety drug Valium introduced in the United States pp 124–125 U.S Surgeon General warns that smoking can be dangerous to human health p 360 Norepinephrine and serotonin theories of depression proposed pp 231–232 Aaron Beck publishes cognitive theory and therapy for depression pp 237–238, 262–264 Methadone maintenance treatment begins pp 379–380 Masters and Johnson publish Human Sexual Inadequacy and launch sex therapy pp 394, 400 CAT scan introduced p 94 DSM stops listing homosexuality as a mental disorder p 415 David Rosenhan conducts study On Being Sane in Insane Places pp 71, 443 Endorphins—natural opioids—discovered in human brain pp 357, 373 U.S Supreme Court declares that patients in institutions have right to adequate treatment p 603 MRI first used as diagnostic tool pp 94–96 John Hinckley found not guilty by reason of insanity of the attempted murder of President Reagan p 591 Antidepressant Prozac approved in the United States pp 271–273 American Psychological Society founded pp 21, 26–27 Dr Jack Kevorkian performs his first assisted suicide p 308 FDA approves first atypical antipsychotic drug, clozapine pp 458–459 DSM-IV published p 99 APA task force begins search to identify empirically supported (evidence-based) treatments p 107 Viagra goes on sale in the United States, soon followed by Cialis and Levitra p 403 Killing rampage at Columbine High School stirs public concern about dangerousness in children pp 601, 606 DSM-IV-TR published pp 99–100 Scientists finish mapping (i.e., sequencing) the human genome—spelling out the chemical “letters” that make up human DNA p 50 Around 1,600 mental health workers mobilize to help 57,000 victims in wake of 9/11 terrorist attacks pp 160–161, 168–169 New Mexico grants prescription privileges to specially trained psychologists p 606 FDA orders black box warnings on all antidepressant drug containers, stating that the drugs “increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children.” pp 304, 524 U.S Supreme Court upholds Oregon's “Death with Dignity” Act, allowing doctors to assist suicides by terminally ill individuals under certain conditions p 308 Andrea Yates, who drowned her five children while suffering from postpartum psychosis, is retried and found not guilty by reason of insanity pp 436, 593 The American Psychological Association votes to ban members from participating in all forms of interrogation at U.S detention centers, including Guantanamo Bay p 162 The American Psychological Association votes to declare its support for the legalization of same-sex marriages p 415 The federal health “parity” bill, first passed in 2008, goes into effect, requiring insurance companies to provide equal (parity) coverage for mental and physical problems pp 20, 611 DSM-5 published pp 103–104 1951 Carl Rogers publishes Client-Centered Therapy pp 65–67 1952 First edition of DSM published by the American Psychiatric Association p 99 What’s New in DSM-5? Key Proposals* Problems of Anxiety, Stress, and Compulsiveness • NEW GROUP Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (Chapter 5) CC Includes obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, hair pulling disorder, and skin picking disorder CC Removes obsessive-compulsive disorder from anxiety disorder group • NEW GROUP Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders (Chapter 6) CC Includes acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adjustment disorder CC Removes acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder from anxiety disorder group Mood Problems • NEW CATEGORY Mixed Anxiety/Depression (Chapter 8) CC Features severe depression accompanied by significant feelings of anxiety Memory Problems • EXPANDED CATEGORY Dissociative Amnesia (Chapter 7) CC Features symptoms of amnesia or fugue CC Eliminates past category dissociative fugue Physical Problems • NEW GROUP Somatic Symptom Disorders (Chapters 6, 7) CC Includes psychophysiological disorders (“psycho logical factors affecting medical condition”), C conversion disorder, illness anxiety disorder, complex somatic symptom disorder, and simple somatic symptom disorder CC Eliminates past group somatoform disorders • NEW CATEGORY Complex Somatic Symptom Disorder (Chapter 7) CC Features significant somatic symptoms and cognitive distortions about those symptoms CC Combines past categories somatization disorder, pain disorder associated with psychological factors, and hypochondriasis • NEW CATEGORY Chronic Depressive Disorder (Chapter 8) CC Features clinical depression—mild or severe—that lasts more than years CC Eliminates past category dysthymic disorder (chronic mild depression) • NEW CATEGORY Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Chapter 8) CC Features ongoing pattern of temper outbursts, depression, and anger • NEW CATEGORY Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (Chapter 8) CC Features recurrent depression and related symptoms during the weeks prior to menses • NEW CATEGORY Non-Suicidal Self Injury (Chapters 10, 16) CC Features recurrent efforts to inflict damage to one’s body (for example, cutting or burning) Comer8e_BackEndpapers.indd • NEW CATEGORY Simple Somatic Symptom Disorder (Chapter 7) CC Features mild somatic symptoms and cognitive distortions about those symptoms • NEW CATEGORY Illness Anxiety Disorder (Chapter 7) CC Features trivial somatic symptoms and disproportionate anxiety and concern about those symptoms CC Eliminates past category hypochondriasis Eating Problems • NEW CATEGORY Binge-Eating Disorder (Chapter 11) CC Features recurrent binge-eating episodes, but without symptoms of purging or other compensatory behaviors 12/21/11 2:06 PM Addiction Problems • NEW GROUP Substance Use and Addictive Disorders (Chapter 12) CC Replaces past group substance-related disorders CC Includes gambling disorder as an addiction • NEW CATEGORY Substance Use Disorder (Chapter 12) CC Combines past categories substance abuse and substance dependence CC Eliminates past categories dependent, histrionic, paranoid, and schizoid personality disorder CC Adds new category personality disorder trait specified Features one or more problematic traits that significantly impair functioning (e.g., impulsivity, suspiciousness, or hostility) Lifespan Problems • NEW GROUP Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Chapter 17) CC Includes autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, intellectual developmental disorder, and learning disorders CC Eliminates past group Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence Problems of Sex and Gender • NEW NAME Early Ejaculation (Chapter 13) CC Replaces past term premature ejaculation • NEW NAME Delayed Ejaculation (Chapter 13) CC Replaces past term male orgasmic disorder • NEW NAME Pedohebephilic disorder (Chapter 13) CC Replaces past term pedophilia • NEW NAME Gender Dysphoria (Chapter 13) CC CC Combines past categories such as autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder • NEW NAME Intellectual Developmental Disorder (Chapter 17) CC Replaces past term mental retardation Replaces past term gender identity disorder Problems of Psychosis • NEW CATEGORY Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (Chapter 14) CC • NEW CATEGORY Autism Spectrum Disorder (Chapter 17) Features psychotic symptoms that are milder and less problematic than those found in schizophrenia Problems of Personality • RESTRUCTURED GROUP Personality Disorders (Chapter 16) CC Includes dimensional approach to diagnosis: Instructs diagnosticians to assess severity of impairment caused by various traits CC Retains only six of the past categories: antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, obsessivecompulsive, and schizotypal personality disorder Comer8e_BackEndpapers.indd Cognition Problems • NEW GROUP Neurocognitive Disorders (Chapter 18) CC Includes delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) • NEW NAME Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Chapter 18) CC Replaces past term dementia • NEW CATEGORY Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (Chapter 18) CC Features mild cognitive impairments such as those found in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease *Proposals made by DSM-5 task force 2011-2012 12/21/11 2:06 PM ... vi Comer8 e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM Contents in Brief Abnormal Psychology in Science and Clinical Practice Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present Research in Abnormal Psychology 25 Models of Abnormality... writing Abnormal Psychology, Professor Comer is the author of the textbook Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, now in its sixth edition; co-author of the introductory psychology textbook Psychology. .. blank Abnormal Psychology Comer8 e_FM.indd 12/22/11 1:31 PM This page intentionally left blank Abnormal Psychology Eighth edition Ronald J Comer Princeton University Worth Publishers New York Comer8 e_FM.indd