www.it-ebooks.info Scala for Machine Learning Leverage Scala and Machine Learning to construct and study systems that can learn from data Patrick R Nicolas BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI www.it-ebooks.info Scala for Machine Learning Copyright © 2014 Packt Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information First published: December 2014 Production reference: 1121214 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK ISBN 978-1-78355-874-2 www.packtpub.com www.it-ebooks.info Credits Author Project Coordinator Patrick R Nicolas Danuta Jones Reviewers Proofreaders Subhajit Datta Simran Bhogal Rui Gonỗalves Maria Gould Patricia Hoffman, PhD Paul Hindle Md Zahidul Islam Elinor Perry-Smith Chris Smith Commissioning Editor Owen Roberts Indexer Mariammal Chettiyar Acquisition Editor Owen Roberts Graphics Sheetal Aute Content Development Editor Mohammed Fahad Technical Editors Madhuri Das Taabish Khan Copy Editors Janbal Dharmaraj Vikrant Phadkay Valentina D'silva Disha Haria Abhinash Sahu Production Coordinator Arvindkumar Gupta Cover Work Arvindkumar Gupta www.it-ebooks.info About the Author Patrick R Nicolas is a lead R&D engineer at Dell in Santa Clara, California He has 25 years of experience in software engineering and building large-scale applications in C++, Java, and Scala, and has held several managerial positions His interests include real-time analytics, modeling, and optimization Special thanks to the Packt Publishing team: Mohammed Fahad for his patience and encouragement, Owen Roberts for the opportunity, and the reviewers for their guidance and dedication www.it-ebooks.info About the Reviewers Subhajit Datta is a passionate software developer He did his Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology (BE in IT) from Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (IIEST, Shibpur), formerly known as Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur He completed his Master of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering (MTech CSE) from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay); his thesis focused on topics in natural language processing He has experience working in the investment banking domain and web application domain, and is a polyglot having worked on Java, Scala, Python, Unix shell scripting, VBScript, JavaScript, C#.Net, and PHP He is interested in learning and applying new and different technologies He believes that choosing the right programming language, tool, and framework for the problem at hand is more important than trying to fit all problems in one technology He also has experience working in the Waterfall and Agile processes He is excited about the Agile software development processes Rui Gonỗalves is an all-round, hardworking, and dedicated software engineer He is an enthusiast of software architecture, programming paradigms, algorithms, and data structures with the ambition of developing products and services that have a great impact on society He currently works at ShiftForward, where he is a software engineer in the online advertising field He is focused on designing and implementing highly efficient, concurrent, and scalable systems as well as machine learning solutions In order to achieve this, he uses Scala as the main development language of these systems on a day-to-day basis www.it-ebooks.info Patricia Hoffman, PhD, is a consultant at iCube Consulting Service Inc., with over 25 years of experience in modeling and simulation, of which the last six years concentrated on machine learning and data mining technologies Her software development experience ranges from modeling stochastic partial differential equations to image processing She is currently an adjunct faculty member at International Technical University, teaching machine learning courses She also teaches machine learning and data mining at the University of California, Santa Cruz—Silicon Valley Campus She was Chair of Association for Computing Machinery of the Data Mining Special Interest Group for the San Francisco Bay area for years, organizing monthly lectures and five data mining conferences with over 350 participants Patricia has a long list of significant accomplishments She developed the architecture and software development plan for a collaborative recommendation system while consulting as a data mining expert for Quantum Capital While consulting for Revolution Analytics, she developed training materials for interfacing the R statistical language with IBM's Netezza data warehouse appliance She has also set up the systems used for communication and software development along with technical coordination for GTECH, a medical device start-up She has also technically directed, produced, and managed operations concepts and architecture analysis for hardware, software, and firmware She has performed risk assessments and has written qualification letters, proposals, system specs, and interface control documents Also, she has coordinated with subcontractors, associate contractors, and various Lockheed departments to produce analysis, documents, technology demonstrations, and integrated systems She was the Chief Systems Engineer for a $12 million image processing workstation development, and had scored 100 percent from the customer The various contributions of Patricia to the publications field are as follows: • A unified view on the rotational symmetry of equilibria of nematic polymers, dipolar nematic polymers, and polymers in higher dimensional space, Communications in Mathematical Sciences, Volume 6, 949-974 • She worked as a technical editor on the book Machine Learning in Action, Peter Harrington, Manning Publications Co • A Distributed Architecture for the C3 I (Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence) Collection Management Expert System, with Allen Rude, AIC Lockheed • A book review of computer-supported cooperative work, ACM/SIGCHI Bulletin, Volume 21, Issue 2, pages 125-128, ISSN:0736-6906, 1989 www.it-ebooks.info Md Zahidul Islam is a software developer working for HSI Health and lives in Concord, California, with his wife He has a passion for functional programming, machine learning, and working with data He is currently working with Scala, Apache Spark, MLlib, Ruby on Rails, ElasticSearch, MongoDB, and Backbone.js Earlier in his career, he worked with C#, ASP.NET, and everything around the NET ecosystem I would like to thank my wife, Sandra, who lovingly supports me in everything I I'd also like to thank Packt Publishing and its staff for the opportunity to contribute to this book www.it-ebooks.info www.PacktPub.com Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more For support files and downloads related to your book, please visit www.PacktPub.com Did you know that Packt offers eBook versions of every book published, with PDF and ePub files available? You can upgrade to the eBook version at www.PacktPub.com and as a print book customer, you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy Get in touch with us at service@packtpub.com for more details At www.PacktPub.com, you can also read a collection of free technical articles, sign up for a range of free newsletters and receive exclusive discounts and offers on Packt books and eBooks TM https://www2.packtpub.com/books/subscription/packtlib Do you need instant solutions to your IT questions? PacktLib is Packt's online digital book library Here, you can search, access, and read Packt's entire library of books Why subscribe? • Fully searchable across every book published by Packt • Copy and paste, print, and bookmark content • On demand and accessible via a web browser Free access for Packt account holders If you have an account with Packt at www.PacktPub.com, you can use this to access PacktLib today and view entirely free books Simply use your login credentials for immediate access www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info test case 230, 231 time series analysis 232 training (CF-2) 211, 222 hyperplane 194 generic message handler 427 genes 329 genetic algorithms See GA genetic decoding 330 genetic encoding about 330 predicate encoding 332 solution encoding 333 value encoding 331, 332 genetic operators about 335, 336 crossover 335, 338 mutation 335, 339 selection 335-337 gradient descent methods about 462 conjugate gradient method 462 steepest descent method 462 stochastic gradient method 463 graph structured CRF 234 GraphX 432 gross domestic product (GDP) 139, 468 I IEEE-732 encoding 356 implicit conversion, Scala 24 incremental EM 126 input forward propagation, MLP training cycle about 301, 302 computational model 302 objective 303, 304 softmax 304 installation, Apache Commons Math 21 I/O blocking operations 414 J H Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 29 hard margin 257 Hessian matrix 461 hidden layers 293 hidden Markov model See HMM Hidden Naïve Bayes (HNB) 146 hierarchical encoding 334, 335 hinge loss 259 HMM about 207-209 comparing, with CRF 249 components 210 decoding (CF-3) 211, 226 evaluation (CF-1) 211-217 execution state 214-216 implementation 228-230 lambda model 212-214 notation 211, 212 performance consideration 250 stationary or homogeneous restriction 210 Jacobian matrix 461 Java 19 Java Native Interface (JNI) 460 Java packages versus Scala traits 49 jBlas 1.2.3 459 JFreeChart about 21 installation 22 licensing 21 URL 22 joint probability distribution 137 K Kalman filter about 85 characteristics 85 exception handling 92 recursive algorithm 87-89 state space estimation 86 usage 85 Kalman smoothing, recursive algorithm 92, 93 [ 481 ] www.it-ebooks.info kernel functions about 252 common discriminative kernels 254-256 evaluating 272-277 overview 252-254 kernel functions, types laplacian kernel 254 linear kernel 254 log kernel 254 polynomial kernel 254 probabilistic kernels 256 RBF 254 reproducible Kernel Hilbert Spaces 256 sigmoid kernel 254 smoothing kernels 256 kernel trick 261 K-fold cross-validation 57 K-means about 101 advantage 103 cluster assignment 107 cluster configuration 103 clusters, tuning 114-117 considerations, K-means 133, 134 dimensionality issue, of models 109, 110 exit condition 109 experiment 111-114 iterative reconstruction 108, 109 overview 103 performance considerations 133, 134 relating, with EM 125 similarity, measuring 101, 102 using 440-442 validation 117, 118 Kryo serialization 433 L L1 regularization versus L2 regularization 185 L2 regularization versus L1 regularization 185 labeled data 54 Lagrange multipliers 261, 465 lambda model 212-214 laplacian kernel 254 Lasso regularization 185 latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) 139 LCS about 365, 391 benefits 393 complex adaptive systems 392 components 392 limitation 402, 403 XCS 395, 396 LCS, categories Michigan approach 393 Pittsburgh approach 393 LCS, terminology action 394 agent 394 classifier 394 compound predicate 394 covering 394 environment 394 input data stream 394 predicate 394 predictor 394 rule 394 rule fitness or score 394 rule matching 394 sensors 394 LDL decomposition 458 learning classifier systems See LCS learning vector quantization (LVQ) 100 least squares problem 191 Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm 465 Levenberg-Marquardt parameters 202 lexicon function 162 libraries about 22 Algebird 22 Breeze 22 ScalaNLP 22 LIBSVM about 262 benefits 262 Java code 263 scaling 279 URL 262 [ 482 ] www.it-ebooks.info LIBSVM, Java classes svm 263 svm_model 262 svm_node 262 svm_parameters 263 svm_problem 263 likelihood 141 Limited memory Broyden-FletcherGoldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) algorithm 464 linear algebra about 457 algebraic libraries 459 Cholesky factorization 458 eigenvalue decomposition 459 LDL decomposition 458 LU factorization 458 QR decomposition 458 singular value decomposition (SVD) 459 linear chain CRF (linear chain structured graph CRF) about 234-237 advantages 235 linear Kalman filter limitations 96 linear kernel 254 linear regression about 169 OLS regression 173 one-variate linear regression 170 versus SVR 285-287 linear SVM about 256 nonseparable case (soft margin) 258, 259 separable case (hard margin) 257 Ln roughness penalty 184, 185 logistic regression about 192 binomial classification 193-196 classification 203-205 errors, rounding 205 logit function 192, 193 software design 196 training workflow 197, 198 validation methodology 205 logit function 192, 193 log kernel 254 Lotka-Volterra equation 337 Lp-norm 184 LU factorization about 458 basic LU factorization 458 LU factorization with pivot 458 M machine learning about 10, 330 regularization 185 machine learning algorithms reinforcement learning 18, 19 supervised learning 16 taxonomy 15 unsupervised learning 15 machine learning, problems classification 10 optimization 11 prediction 11 regression 11 Markov decision process about 207 first-order discrete Markov chain 208, 209 Markov property 207 Markov random fields 209 master-workers (master-slaves) about 417 design principle 417 DFT 422-425 limitations 425 master Actor 419-421 master routing, implementing 421 messages exchange 417, 418 worker actors 418 workflow controller 419 mathematical concepts about 457 dynamic programming 466 first-order predicate logic 461 Hessian matrix 461 Jacobian matrix 461 [ 483 ] www.it-ebooks.info linear algebra 457 optimization techniques, summary 462 mathematical notation 10 Matrix class 456, 457 max-margin classification 260, 261 mean versus centroid 109 mean squared error (MSE) 170, 301 measurement equation 86, 87 message-passing mechanisms, Actor model fire-and-forget (tell) 414 send-and-receive (ask) 414 Michigan approach 393 MLlib about 432, 439 components 439 MLP about 289-294 activation function 294 classification 312 evaluation 315 model 297 network architecture 295 software design 296 training cycle 300 training strategies 312 MLP algorithm, parameters config 310 labels 310 mlpObjective 310 xt 310 MLPConfig configuration, parameters activation 310 alpha 310 eps 310 eta 310 hidLayers 310 numEpochs 310 MLP, evaluation impact of learning rate 315, 316 impact of momentum factor 316, 317 test case 317-319 model about 14, 39-41 adaptive model 14 assessing 54 bias-variance decomposition 58-61 descriptive model 14 instantiation 171 overfitting 61 predictive model 14 validation 54 versus design 41 model, forms chemistry 40 differential 40 directed graphs 40 grammar 41 graphical 40 inference logic lexicon 41 numerical method 40 parametric 40 probabilistic 40 taxonomy 41 modeling 41 model, MLP about 297 connections 299, 300 layers 298 synapses 299 monadic data transformation 45, 46 monads 11, 12 monoids 11, 12 Monte Carlo EM 126 moving averages about 66 exponential moving average 69-72 simple moving average 67, 68 weighted moving average 68, 69 multilayer perceptron See MLP multinomial Naïve Bayes model about 139, 141 attributes 149 formalism 141, 142 frequentist perspective 142, 143 missing data, handling 151 NaiveBayes class 150 predictive model 144 zero-frequency problem 145 [ 484 ] www.it-ebooks.info multivariate Bernoulli classification about 155 implementation 156 model 155 mutation implementation about 335, 339, 349 chromosomes 349 genes 349 population 349 N Naïve Bayes about 139 applying, to text mining 156-158 benefits 168 disadvantages 168 mathematical notation 142 testing 163 using 156 Naïve Bayes classification Gaussian density, using 152 Naïve Bayes classifiers about 139 implementing 145 multinomial Naïve Bayes 139 UML class diagram 146 Naïve Bayes classifiers, implementing about 145 classification 151, 152 labeling 152-154 results 154, 155 software design 145, 146 training phase 146-150 natural language processing (NLP) 239 net profit margin 467 net sales 467 network architecture, MLP 295 neural networks about 289 advantages 324, 325 limitations 325 newState method about 92 exit condition 93 N-fold cross-validation 280 nonlinear least squares minimization about 464 Gauss-Newton technique 465 Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm 465 nonlinear SVM about 260 kernel trick 261 max-margin classification 260, 261 notation, HMM about 211, 212 variance 212 NP problems about 327-329 NP-complete problems 328 NP-hard problems 329 P-problems 328 numerical optimization about 191, 192 Newton (2nd order techniques) 192 Quasi-Newton (1st order techniques) 192 O object creation controlling 407 observation 42 OLS regression about 173 design 173, 174 features selection test case 178-183 implementation 174 trending test case 175-177 one-class SVC used, for anomaly detection 282, 283 one-variate linear regression about 170 implementation 170, 171 test case 171, 172 online training 312 operating income 467 operating profit margin 467 operators, Scala 25 optimal substructures 466 [ 485 ] www.it-ebooks.info optimization techniques gradient descent methods 462 Lagrange multipliers 465 nonlinear least squares minimization 464 Quasi-Newton algorithms 463 summary 462 OptionModel class implementing 384 OptionProperty class implementing 383 option trading, with Q-learning about 382, 383, 471, 472 constrained state-transition 386, 387 defining 383 function approximation 385, 386 implementing 387, 388 normalized features 383 OptionModel class, implementing 384 OptionProperty class, implementing 383 ordinary least squares regression See OLS regression output unit activation function 294 overfitting about 61, 143 solutions 62 overlapping substructures 466 overload operators + 451 += 451 |> 451 about 451 P padding 332 parallel collections, Scala about 407 benchmark framework 409, 410 creating 407 performance evaluation 410-412 processing 408 parent chromosomes preserving 339 partially connected neural networks 295 pay-out ratio 468 PCA about 99 algorithm 128, 129 considerations 134 cross-validation 133 evaluation 131-133 implementation 129 performance considerations 134 purpose 127 test case 130 penalized least squares regression See ridge regression penalty term 169 Pittsburgh approach 393 polynomial kernel 254 Population class chromosomes parameter 342 limit parameter 342 population growth controlling 345 portfolio management with XCS 396-398 posterior probability 141 predicates encoding format 332 prediction phase, recursive algorithm 89, 90 predictive model 14, 144 prestart method 416 price/book value ratio (PB) 467 price/earnings ratio (PE) 467 price patterns 471 price/sales ratio (PS) 467 price to earnings/growth (PEG) 467 primal problem 259 primitive types, Scala 24 principal components analysis See PCA private value versus private[this] value 171 probabilistic graphical models 137 probabilistic kernels 256 probabilistic reasoning 137 propositional logic 460 proteins 252 protein sequence annotation 252 [ 486 ] www.it-ebooks.info Q Q-learning about 366 actions, implementing 374, 375 action-value, implementing 376, 377 evaluation 389-391 implementation 373 key components, implementing 373, 374 model quality, measuring 379 policy, implementing 376, 377 prediction 381 search space, implementing 375, 376 software design 373, 374 states, implementing 374, 375 tail recursion 380, 381 training 378, 379 used, for option trading 382, 383 QR decomposition 94, 458 Quasi-Newton algorithms about 463 Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BGFS) method 464 L-BFGS 464 R r2 statistics 182 radial basis function (RBF) about 254 terminology 254 RDD generating 439, 440 RDD, operations action 431 transformation 431 real-world Bayesian network example 138 receive method 416 recombination 329 recursive algorithm about 87-89 correction 91 experimentation 93-96 Kalman smoothing 92, 93 prediction 89, 90 regression weights 170 regularization about 169, 184 Ln roughness penalty 184, 185 notation 184 ridge regression 186 reinforcement learning about 14, 18, 19, 330, 365 Bellman optimality equations 370, 371 concept 368 pros and cons 391 Q-learning 366, 372, 373 temporal difference 371, 372 value-action iterative update 372, 373 value of policy 369, 370 versus supervised learning 368 reinforcement learning, terminology absorbing state 367 action 367 agent 367 best policy 367 environment 367 episode 367 goal state 367 horizon 367 policy 367 reward 367 state 367 terminal state 367 reproducible Kernel Hilbert Spaces 256 reproduction cycle implementation 350, 351 residual sum of squares (RSS) about 169, 196 minimization techniques 173 Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDD) 14 ridge regression about 169, 186 implementation 186, 187 test case 188-190 risk analysis, binary SVC features 277-281 labels 277-281 [ 487 ] www.it-ebooks.info router 416 rules discovery module 393 rules, XCS defining 399-401 S Scala about 11, 20, 407 object creation, controlling 407 parallel collections 407 used, for building scalable frameworks 406 Scala plugin for Eclipse, URL 20 for Intellij IDEA, URL 20 Scala programming about 447 class constructor template 449 code snippet format 448 companion objects, versus case classes 450 data extraction 453, 454 data sources 454, 455 design template, for classifiers 452, 453 documents, extracting 455, 456 encapsulation 449 enumerations, versus case classes 450, 451 libraries directory 447 Matrix class 456 overload operators 451 Scala traits versus Java packages 49 scheme, genetic encoding flat encoding 334 hierarchical encoding 334, 335 score method 162 selection about 335-337 implementation 344 Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) 259, 262 shared variables about 436, 437 accumulator variables 436 broadcast values 436 short interest 467 short interest ratio 468 shrinkage 184 sigmoid kernel 254 signal encoding 356 simple build tool (sbt) 437 simple moving average 67, 68 singular value decomposition (SVD) 135 skip lists 407 smoothing versus filtering 85 smoothing factor for counters 145 smoothing kernels 256 softmax 304 software design, MLP 296 software developer 43 solution encoding approach 333 source code, Scala about 22, 23 context bound 23 immutability 25 implicit conversion 24, 25 iterator performance, evaluating 26 operators 25 presentation 23, 24 primitive types 24 view bound 23 Spark See Apache Spark Spark/MLlib 1.0 262 Spark shell pitfalls 439 using 438 SparkSQL 432 spectral analysis 73 spectral density estimation 73 spreadsheets using 78 state, dynamic systems 88 state space estimation about 86 measurement equation 86, 87 transition equation 86, 87 stdDev() method 104 steepest descent method 462 stimuli 290 [ 488 ] www.it-ebooks.info stochastic gradient method 463 Stream classes 407 subject-matter expert 43 subordinates 416 substructures 466 sum of squared errors (SSE) 170 supervised learning about 16 autonomous systems, design problem 366 discriminative models 17, 18 generative models 16 versus reinforcement learning 368 support vector classifier (SVC) about 262 binary SVC 262 one-class SVC 282, 283 support vector machines (SVM) about 251, 256 components 263 configuration parameters 264 implementation 267-269 linear SVM 256 nonlinear SVM 260 performance considerations 288 support vector regression (SVR) about 284 overview 284, 285 versus linear regression 285-287 SVC origin 282 SVM dual problem 261 SVMLight 262 synapse/weights adjustment, MLP training cycle about 308 gradient descent 308 implementation 309 T tagging model 159 technical analysis about 468 price patterns 471 technical analysis, terminology bearish position 468 bullish position 468 long position 468 neutral position 469 oscillator 469 overbought 469 oversold 469 relative strength index (RSI) 469 resistance 469 short position 469 support 469 technical indicator 469 trading range 469 trading signals 469 volatility 469 temporal difference about 371, 372 exploration 371 off-policy implementation 372 on-policy implementation 372 TermsScore class about 162 lexicon function 162 toDate function 162 toWords function 162 TermsScore.score method 165 test case, MLP about 317-319 hidden layers architecture impact 323, 324 implementation 319-321 models evaluation 321, 322 test case, trading strategies about 357, 358 configuration 359 data extraction 358 evaluation 360 GA execution 360 GA instantiation 359 initial population, generating 358, 359 unweighted score, evaluating 360, 361 weighted score, evaluating 362, 363 testing, Naïve Bayes about 163 evaluation 166, 167 textual information, retrieving 163, 165 [ 489 ] www.it-ebooks.info text mining about 156 extraction of terms 160, 161 implementing 159 Naïve Bayes, applying to 156-158 scoring of terms 161-163 time series about 63, 64 analysis, with HMM 232 implementation 65, 66 toDate function 162 tools about 19 Apache Commons Math 20 Java 19 JFreeChart 21 Scala 20 toOrderedArray method 161 toWords function 162 trading operators 353 trading signals 354 trading strategies, GA about 351-355 cost/unfitness function 353, 354 defining 353 signal encoding 356 test case 357, 358 trading operators 353 trading signals 354 training cycle, MLP about 300 configuration 309 convergence criteria 309 error backpropagation 305 implementation 310, 311 input forward propagation 301, 302 sum of squared errors 305 synapse/weights adjustment 308 training strategies, MLP batch training 312 model instantiation 313, 314 online training 312 prediction 314 regularization 313 training workflow exit conditions, defining 200 Jacobian matrix, computing 199 least squares optimizer, configuring 198 least squares problem, defining 201 loss function, minimizing 201 testing 202 train method 150 transformation methods, Apache Spark coGroup 435 distinct 434 filter(f) 434 flatMap(f) 434 groupByKey 434 join 435 map(f) 434 mapPartitions(f) 434 reduceByKey(f) 434 sample 434 sortByKey 435 union 434 transition equation 86 transition feature functions 236 transposition operator 336 tuning, GA 340 typed actors versus untyped actors 416 U underfitting 61 unsupervised learning about 15 clustering 15 dimension reduction 16 EM 99 goal 99 K-means 99 PCA 99 untyped actors versus typed actors 416 [ 490 ] www.it-ebooks.info V val versus final val 271 validation, model implementation 56, 57 key metrics 54, 55 K-fold cross-validation 57 value encoding 331, 332 value of policy 369, 370 variables, HMM execution state Alpha 214 Beta 214 Delta 214 DiGamma 214 Gamma 214 Qstar 214 variance 58 vector quantization 100 view bound about 23 versus context bound 23 Viterbi algorithm 226-228 W weighted moving average 68, 69 while loop 75 WordNet 159 workflow computational framework 44 dependency injection 46-48 designing 42, 43 example 51 modules 48 monadic data transformation 45, 46 pipe operator 44 workflow factory 49-51 workflow, example clustering module 52, 53 preprocessing module 51, 52 workflow factory 49-51 X XCS about 395, 396 components 396 core data 398, 399 covering 401 example 401 exploitation phase 395 exploration phase 395 rules, defining 399-401 used, for portfolio management 396-398 Z zero-frequency problem 145 zip method 102 [ 491 ] www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Thank you for buying Scala for Machine Learning About Packt Publishing Packt, pronounced 'packed', published its first book, Mastering phpMyAdmin for Effective MySQL Management, in April 2004, and subsequently continued to specialize in publishing highly focused books on specific technologies and solutions Our books and publications share the experiences of your fellow IT professionals in adapting and customizing today's systems, applications, and frameworks Our solution-based books give you the knowledge and power to customize the software and technologies you're using to get the job done Packt books are more specific and less general than the IT books you have seen in the past Our unique business model allows us to bring you more focused information, giving you more of what you need to know, and less of what you don't Packt is a modern yet unique publishing company that focuses on producing quality, cutting-edge books for communities of developers, administrators, and newbies alike For more information, please visit our website at www.packtpub.com About Packt Open Source In 2010, Packt launched two new brands, Packt Open Source and Packt Enterprise, in order to continue its focus on specialization This book is part of the Packt Open Source brand, home to books published on software built around open source licenses, and offering information to anybody from advanced developers to budding web designers The Open Source brand also runs Packt's Open Source Royalty Scheme, by which Packt gives a royalty to each open source project about whose software a book is sold Writing for Packt We welcome all inquiries from people who are interested in authoring Book proposals should be sent to author@packtpub.com If your book idea is still at an early stage and you would like to discuss it first before writing a formal book proposal, then please contact us; one of our commissioning editors will get in touch with you We're not just looking for published authors; if you have strong technical skills but no writing experience, our experienced editors can help you develop a writing career, or simply get some additional reward for your expertise www.it-ebooks.info Scala for Java Developers ISBN: 978-1-78328-363-7 Paperback: 282 pages Build reactive, scalable applications and integrate Java code with the power of Scala Learn the syntax interactively to smoothly transition to Scala by reusing your Java code Leverage the full power of modern web programming by building scalable and reactive applications Easy to follow instructions and real world examples to help you integrate Java code and tackle Big Data challenges Getting Started with SBT for Scala ISBN: 978-1-78328-267-8 Paperback: 86 pages Equip yourself with a high-productivity work environment using SBT, a build tool for Scala Establish simple and complex projects quickly Employ Scala code to define the build Write build definitions that are easy to update and maintain Customize and configure SBT for your project, without changing your project's existing structure Please check www.PacktPub.com for information on our titles www.it-ebooks.info Scaling Big Data with Hadoop and Solr ISBN: 978-1-78328-137-4 Paperback: 144 pages Learn exciting new ways to build efficient, high performance enterprise search repositories for Big Data using Hadoop and Solr Understand the different approaches of making Solr work on Big Data as well as their benefits and drawbacks Learn from interesting, real-life use cases for Big Data search along with sample code Work with distributed enterprise search without prior knowledge of Hadoop and Solr Programming MapReduce with Scalding ISBN: 978-1-78328-701-7 Paperback: 148 pages A practical guide to designing, testing, and implementing complex MapReduce applications in Scala Develop MapReduce applications using a functional development language in a lightweight, high-performance, and testable way Recognize the Scalding capabilities to communicate with external data stores and perform machine learning operations Full of illustrations and diagrams, practical examples, and tips for deeper understanding of MapReduce application development Please check www.PacktPub.com for information on our titles www.it-ebooks.info .. .Scala for Machine Learning Leverage Scala and Machine Learning to construct and study systems that can learn from data Patrick R Nicolas BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI www.it-ebooks.info Scala for Machine. .. mathematical foundation of machine learning? • Why is Scala the ideal programming language to implement machine learning algorithms? • How can you apply machine learning to solve real-world problems? Throughout... teaching machine learning courses She also teaches machine learning and data mining at the University of California, Santa Cruz—Silicon Valley Campus She was Chair of Association for Computing Machinery