Unix in a Nutshell, 4th Edition By Arnold Robbins Publisher: O'Reilly Pub Date: October 2005 ISBN: 0-596-10029-9 Pages: 906 Table of Contents | Index As an open operating system, Unix can be improved on by anyone and everyone: individuals, companies, universities, and more As a result, the very nature of Unix has been altered over the years by numerous extensions formulated in an assortment of versions Today, Unix encompasses everything from Sun's Solaris to Apple's Mac OS X and more varieties of Linux than you can easily name The latest edition of this bestselling reference brings Unix into the 21st century It's been reworked to keep current with the broader state of Unix in today's world and highlight the strengths of this operating system in all its various flavors Detailing all Unix commands and options, the informative guide provides generous descriptions and examples that put those commands in context Here are some of the new features you'll find in Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition: Solaris 10, the latest version of the SVR4-based operating system, GNU/Linux, and Mac OS X Bash shell (along with the 1988 and 1993 versions of ksh) tsch shell (instead of the original Berkeley csh) Package management programs, used for program installation on popular GNU/Linux systems, Solaris and Mac OS X GNU Emacs Version 21 Introduction to source code management systems Concurrent versions system Subversion version control system GDB debugger As Unix has progressed, certain commands that were once critical have fallen into disuse To that end, the book has also dropped material that is no longer relevant, keeping it taut and current If you're a Unix user or programmer, you'll recognize the value of this complete, upto-date Unix reference With chapter overviews, specific examples, and detailed command Unix in a Nutshell, 4th Edition By Arnold Robbins Publisher: O'Reilly Pub Date: October 2005 ISBN: 0-596-10029-9 Pages: 906 Table of Contents | Index Copyright Dedication Preface Audience Scope of This Book Conventions Using Code Examples Safari® Enabled How to Contact Us Acknowledgments Part I: Commands and Shells Chapter 1 Introduction Section 1.1 Unix in the 21st Century Section 1.2 Obtaining Compilers Section 1.3 Building Software Section 1.4 What's in the Quick Reference Section 1.5 Beginner's Guide Section 1.6 Solaris: Standard Compliant Programs Chapter 2 Unix Commands Section 2.1 Introduction Section 2.2 Alphabetical Summary of Common Commands Section 2.3 Alphabetical Summary of Solaris Commands Section 2.4 Alphabetical Summary of GNU/Linux Commands Section 2.5 Alphabetical Summary of Mac OS X Commands Section 2.6 Alphabetical Summary of Java Commands Chapter 3 The Unix Shell: An Overview Section 3.1 Introduction to the Shell Section 3.2 Purpose of the Shell Section 3.3 Shell Flavors Section 3.4 Shell Source Code URLs Section 3.5 Common Features Section 3.6 Differing Features Chapter 4 The Bash and Korn Shells Section 4.1 Overview of Features Section 4.2 Invoking the Shell Section 4.3 Syntax Section 4.4 Functions Section 4.5 Variables Section 4.6 Arithmetic Expressions Section 4.7 Command History Section 4.8 Job Control Section 4.9 Command Execution Section 4.10 Restricted Shells Section 4.11 Built-in Commands (Bash and Korn Shells) Chapter 5 tcsh: An Extended C Shell Section 5.1 Overview of Features Section 5.2 Invoking the Shell Section 5.3 Syntax Section 5.4 Variables Section 5.5 Expressions Section 5.6 Command History Section 5.7 Command-Line Manipulation Section 5.8 Job Control Section 5.9 Built-in Commands Chapter 6 Package Management Section 6.1 Linux Package Management Section 6.2 The Red Hat Package Manager Section 6.3 Yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified Section 6.4 up2date: Red Hat Update Agent Section 6.5 The Debian Package Manager Section 6.6 Mac OS X Package Management Section 6.7 Solaris Package Management Part II: Text Editing and Processing Chapter 7 Pattern Matching Section 7.1 Filenames Versus Patterns Section 7.2 Metacharacters Section 7.3 Metacharacters, Listed by Unix Program Section 7.4 Examples of Searching Chapter 8 The Emacs Editor Section 8.1 Conceptual Overview Section 8.2 Command-Line Syntax Section 8.3 Summary of Commands by Group Section 8.4 Summary of Commands by Key Section 8.5 Summary of Commands by Name Chapter 9 The vi, ex, and vim Editors Section 9.1 Conceptual Overview Section 9.2 Command-Line Syntax Section 9.3 Review of vi Operations Section 9.4 vi Commands Section 9.5 vi Configuration Section 9.6 ex Basics Section 9.7 Alphabetical Summary of ex Commands Chapter 10 The sed Editor Section 10.1 Conceptual Overview Section 10.2 Command-Line Syntax Section 10.3 Syntax of sed Commands Section 10.4 Group Summary of sed Commands Section 10.5 Alphabetical Summary of sed Commands Chapter 11 The awk Programming Language Section 11.1 Conceptual Overview Section 11.2 Command-Line Syntax Section 11.3 Patterns and Procedures Section 11.4 Built-in Variables Section 11.5 Operators Section 11.6 Variable and Array Assignment Section 11.7 User-Defined Functions Section 11.8 Gawk-Specific Features Section 11.9 Implementation Limits Section 11.10 Group Listing of awk Functions and Commands Section 11.11 Alphabetical Summary of awk Functions and Commands Section 11.12 Output Redirections Section 11.13 Source Code Part III: Software Development Chapter 12 Source Code Management: An Overview Section 12.1 Introduction and Terminology Section 12.2 Usage Models Section 12.3 Unix Source Code Management Systems Section 12.4 Other Source Code Management Systems Chapter 13 The Revision Control System Section 13.1 Overview of Commands Section 13.2 Basic Operation Section 13.3 General RCS Specifications Section 13.4 Alphabetical Summary of Commands Chapter 14 The Concurrent Versions System Section 14.1 Conceptual Overview Section 14.2 Command-Line Syntax and Options Section 14.3 Dot Files Section 14.4 Environment Variables Section 14.5 Keywords and Keyword Modes Section 14.6 Dates Section 14.7 CVSROOT Variables Section 14.8 Alphabetical Summary of Commands Chapter 15 The Subversion Version Control System Section 15.1 Conceptual Overview Section 15.2 Obtaining Subversion Section 15.3 Using Subversion: A Quick Tour Section 15.4 The Subversion Command Line Client: svn Section 15.5 Repository Administration: svnadmin Section 15.6 Examining the Repository: svnlook Section 15.7 Providing Remote Access: svnserve Section 15.8 Other Subversion Components Chapter 16 The GNU make Utility Section 16.1 Conceptual Overview Section 16.2 Command-Line Syntax Section 16.3 Makefile Lines Section 16.4 Macros Section 16.5 Special Target Names Section 16.6 Writing Command Lines Chapter 17 The GDB Debugger Section 17.1 Conceptual Overview Section 17.2 Command-Line Syntax Section 17.3 Initialization Files Section 17.4 GDB Expressions Section 17.5 The GDB Text User Interface Section 17.6 Group Listing of GDB Commands Section 17.7 Summary of set and show Commands Section 17.8 Summary of the info Command Section 17.9 Alphabetical Summary of GDB Commands Chapter 18 Writing Manual Pages Section 18.1 Introduction Section 18.2 Overview of nroff/troff Section 18.3 Alphabetical Summary of man Macros Section 18.4 Predefined Strings Section 18.5 Internal Names Section 18.6 Sample Document Part IV: Commands and Shells Appendix A ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) Character Set Bibliography Unix Descriptions and Programmer's Manuals Unix Internals System and Network Administration Programming with the Unix Mindset Programming Languages TCP/IP Networking Software Development Emacs Standards O'Reilly Books About the Author Colophon Index Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition by Arnold Robbins Copyright © 1995 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O'Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com) For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Colleen Gorman Cover Designer: Edie Freedman Interior Designer: David Futato Back Cover Illustration: J.D "Illiad" Frazer Printing History May 1989: First Edition June 1992: Second Edition August 1999: Third Edition October 2005: Fourth Edition Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc The In a Nutshell series designations, Unix in a Nutshell, the image of a tarsier, and related trade dress are trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein ISBN: 0-596-10029-9 [M] Dedication To my wife, Miriam May our dreams continue to come true To my children, Chana, Rivka, Nachum, and Malka To the memory of Frank Willison trap command tree command (svnlook) trigger scriptlets troff program command-line invocation eliminating so requests escape sequences preprocessing of input files special characters troff command true command 2nd truss Solaris command tset command tty command GDB TUI (Text User Interface) 2nd GDB commands for tui command (GDB) type command Bash ksh type-safe linkage typeset command -A (creating associative arrays) -n (indirect variable referencing) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] u (until) command (GDB) ulimit command umask command Bash and Korn shells tcsh umount command Linux Mac OS Solaris unabbreviate command (ex) unalias command Bash and Korn shells tcsh uname command uncomplete command (tcsh) uncompressing files undisplay command (GDB) undo command (ex) undoing commands (Emacs) unedit command (CVS) unexpand command unhash command (tcsh) unhide command (ex) uninstall options (rpm) uniq command units command units of measurements (nroff/troff) Unix summary of common commands versions of unix2dos command unlimit command (tcsh) unmap command (ex) unset command GDB tcsh unsetenv command (tcsh) until (shell keyword) until command (GDB) unzip command up command (GDB) up-silently command (GDB) up2date (Red Hat Update Agent) 2nd update command CVS GDB svn yum upgrade command (yum) upgrade options (rpm) upper character class uptime command URLs Arch (source code management system) aspell autoconf automake awk source code and GNU gettext awka Bash 2nd Bash completion Bash Debugger Bash source code Bash source code patches bc language (and compiler) bison bzip cdrdao (Sourceforge) Codeville (version control system) CSSC (free clone of SCCS) ctags CUPS (Common Unix Printing System) curl ddd (Data Display Debugger) diff ed Emacs editor Figlet Fink Commander Fink project flex gawk gcc GCC and precompiled packages (Sun) GDB (GNU Debugger) gettext 2nd gettextize gprof (GNU) groff (GNU troff) gs (ghostscript) gzip info Insight debugger ispell Korn shell Korn shell, Public Domain (pdksh) 2nd ksh93 source code less lynx (text mode) browser m4 (macro processor) make program mawk Monotone (version control system) mutt (Mail User Agent program) nano editor nroff/troff Open Office OpenSSH OSXGNU (GNU Mac OS X Public Archive) patch perl python rsync (Samba) Samba screen shells, source code slocate Solaris patches, support Solaris, Sun freeware splint srm (Sourceforge) Subversion project site sudo tar tcsh source code tcshrc troff vim editor 2nd wget xgettext Z shell source code ZIP ZIP (unzip) usage information disk blocks used by directory and subdirectories timex (Solaris) command w command user interfaces (GDB) Text User Interface (TUI) users changing information for with chpass displaying data about displaying group membership id command information on those logged in listing logged-in, displaying list username for user ID, printing users command UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) uudecode command uuid command (svnlook) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] v command ex sed vacation Solaris command value history variable substitution variables awk assignment built-in Bash and Korn shells arrays built-in discipline functions (ksh93) other special prompt settings convenience variables (GDB) CVSROOT directory environment variables internal variables shell variables in files setting, Bash and Korn shells system configuration, printing tcsh shell command-line manipulation environment variables predefined shell variables prompt variable, formatting sample tcshrc file variable modifiers variable substitution verify command (svnadmin) verify options (rpm) version command CVS ex version control systems CVS for Unix other RCS Subversion version history, true history in Subversion versioned metadata versions of Unix vi editor 2nd bindings, compared to Emacs bindings command mode command syntax command-line syntax options commands configuration exrc file exrc file (example) :set command :set command options edit commands changing and deleting text copying and moving text ex commands in insert mode interacting with the system line-edit mode, Bash and ksh macros miscellaneous commands movement commands character line numbering lines marking position screens searching text multiple files, accessing operating modes pattern-matching metacharacters saving and exiting starting ex from status line commands tcsh command-line editing mode user-defined commands, characters for window commands view command ex vile text editor vim editor command-line options evim command vim command vimdiff command visual mode vimdiff command visual command (ex) volcheck Solaris command vpath statements (makefile) vsplit command (ex) VT100 terminal emulation, enabling Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] w command sed W command (sed) wait command Bash and Korn shells tcsh wall command (ex) watch command CVS GDB Linux watchers command (CVS) watchlog command (tcsh) watchpoints WAV format, converting CDDA to wc (word count) command wget Linux command 2nd whatis command GDB whatis database, searching with apropos command whatprovides command (yum) whence command (ksh) where command GDB 2nd tcsh which command tcsh while command awk Bash and Korn shells GDB tcsh 2nd whitespace converting spaces into tabs (unexpand) expanding tabs into spaces space character class who command whoami command whocalls Solaris command width (format specifiers) window (Emacs) window commands (Emacs) window size, setting for terminal Windows systems, serving Unix filesystems to winheight command (GDB) wnext command (ex) word character class word count (wc) command word separators Bash and ksh tcsh word substitution (tcsh) word-abbreviation commands (Emacs) wordlist files words, automatic completion in Bash in tcsh wq command (ex) wqall command (ex) write command (ex) writing to standard output Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] x command GDB sed X command (ex) X11 applications under Mac OS X xargs command Xcode Tools package xdigit character class xgettext command xit command (ex) xmlto Linux command xor function (gawk) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] y command (sed) y editing operator (vi) 2nd yacc command 2nd yank command Emacs ex yanking and putting commands (sed) youngest command (svnlook) Yum (Yellowdog Updater Modified) command summary yum command 2nd Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] z command (ex) zcat command zip command ZIP format archives, extracting or printing information about zipinfo command zsh (Z shell) ... Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly Media, Inc was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps UNIX is a registered trademark of The... with Subversion for Chapter 15, which I greatly appreciate And thanks to Andy Oram, Ellen Siever, Stephen Figgins and Aaron Weber for making available material from Linux in a Nutshell for use in parts of the book... up2date: Red Hat Update Agent Section 6.5 The Debian Package Manager Section 6.6 Mac OS X Package Management Section 6.7 Solaris Package Management Part II: Text Editing and Processing Chapter 7 Pattern Matching