Upgrading and Repairing Pcs, 17th Edition By Scott Mueller Publisher: Que Pub Date: March 24, 2006 Print ISBN-10: 0-7897-3404-4 Print ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3404-4 Pages: 1608 Table of Contents | Index Be a part of the best-selling Upgrading and Repairing series with the latest edition of the flagship book, Upgrading and Repairing PCs Author Scott Mueller has taught thousands in his seminars and millions through his books, videos and articles Since 1988, everyon from PC technicians and students to hobbyists, have turned to Scott Mueller's Upgrading and Repairing PCs books for help with computer problems Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition includes new and updated content covering the latest processors, motherboards, memory, and more, including a fully-loaded DVD with new video and reference material Register this book at www.quepublishing.com after purchase for access to exclusive Upgrading and Repairing articles, sample chapters, and bonus video content! Upgrading and Repairing Pcs, 17th Edition By Scott Mueller Publisher: Que Pub Date: March 24, 2006 Print ISBN-10: 0-7897-3404-4 Print ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3404-4 Pages: 1608 Table of Contents | Index Copyright About the Author Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1 Development of the PC Computer HistoryBefore Personal Computers Modern Computers History of the PC Chapter 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design What Is a PC? System Types System Components Chapter 3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications Pre-PC Microprocessor History Microprocessors from 1971 to the Present Processor Specifications Processor Features Processor Manufacturing Processor Socket and Slot Types CPU Operating Voltages Heat and Cooling Problems Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) Processor Bugs Processor Codenames P1 (086) First-Generation Processors P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors Intel P6 (686) Sixth-Generation Processors Other Sixth-Generation Processors Intel Pentium 4 (Seventh-Generation) Processors Eighth-Generation (64-Bit Register) Processors Dual-Core Processors Processor Upgrades Processor Troubleshooting Techniques Chapter 4 Motherboards and Buses Motherboard Form Factors Processor Sockets/Slots Chipsets Intel's Early 386/486 Chipsets Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets Seventh-Generation (Pentium 4) Chipsets Third-Party Pentium 4 Chipsets AMD Athlon/Athlon XP/Duron Chipsets Intel Workstation Chipsets for Pentium 4 and Xeon AMD Athlon 64 and Sempron Chipsets Super I/O Chips Motherboard Connectors System Bus Types, Functions, and Features Types of I/O Buses System Resources Resolving Resource Conflicts Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For) Chapter 5 BIOS BIOS Basics BIOS Hardware/Software Motherboard BIOS Upgrading the BIOS Preboot Environment CMOS Setup Specifications Plug and Play BIOS BIOS Error Messages Chapter 6 Memory Memory Basics RAM Types and Performance Memory Modules Installing RAM Upgrades Troubleshooting Memory The System Logical Memory Layout Chapter 7 The ATA/IDE Interface An Overview of the IDE Interface ATA Standards Parallel ATA Serial ATA ATA Features ATA Drive Capacity Limitations ATA RAID Chapter 8 Magnetic Storage Principles Magnetic Storage History of Magnetic Storage How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data Read/Write Head Designs Head Sliders Data Encoding Schemes Encoding Scheme Comparisons Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Decoders Capacity Measurements Areal Density Chapter 9 Hard Disk Storage Definition of a Hard Disk Hard Drive Advancements Form Factors Hard Disk Drive Operation Basic Hard Disk Drive Components Hard Disk Features Chapter 10 Removable Storage The Role of Removable-Media Drives Comparing Disk, Tape, and Flash Memory Technologies Interfaces for Removable-Media Drives Floppy Disk Drives, Past and Present High-Capacity Magnetic Storage Devices Magneto-Optical Drives Flash Memory Devices Microdrive Technology Tape Drives Chapter 11 Optical Storage Optical Technology CD-Based Optical Technology DVD Blu-ray Disc HD-DVD Optical Disc Formats CD/DVD Read-Only Drives and Specifications Writable CDs Recordable DVD Standards CD/DVD Drive and Software Installation and Support Booting from a Floppy Disk with CD/DVD Drive Support Troubleshooting Optical Drives Chapter 12 Physical Drive Installation and Configuration Installing All Types of Drives Hard Disk Installation Procedures Formatting Replacing an Existing Drive Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Repair Installing an Optical Drive Floppy Drive Installation Procedures Chapter 13 Video Hardware Video Display Technologies Maintaining Your Monitor Video Display Adapters 3D Graphics Accelerators Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card Adapter and Display Troubleshooting Chapter 14 Audio Hardware Early PC Audio Adapters PC Multimedia History Audio Adapter Features Choosing the Best Audio Adapter for Your Needs Playing and Creating Digitized Sound Files Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms Who's Who in Audio 3D Audio Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems Speakers Microphones Chapter 15 I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE 1394 and USB Introduction to Input/Output Ports Universal Serial Bus IEEE 1394 Standard Serial and Parallel Ports Serial Ports Parallel Ports Chapter 16 Input Devices Keyboards Keyboard Technology Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair Keyboard Recommendations Pointing Devices Input Devices for Gaming Wireless Input Devices Chapter 17 Internet Connectivity Relating Internet and LAN Connectivity Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Line Fixed-Base Wireless Broadband Internet Connectivity via Satellite with DirecWAY or StarBand Integrated Services Digital Network Comparing High-speed Internet Access Leased Lines Securing Your Internet Connection Asynchronous (Dialup) Modems Modem Standards Sharing Your Internet Connection Internet Troubleshooting Chapter 18 Local Area Networking Focus of This Chapter Defining a Network Client/Server Versus Peer Networks Network Architecture Overview Hardware Elements of Your Network Network Protocols Other Home Networking Solutions Putting Your Network Together Tips and Tricks Direct Cable Connections Troubleshooting a Network Chapter 19 Power Supplies Considering the Importance of the Power Supply Primary Function and Operation Power Supply Form Factors Power Switches Motherboard Power Connectors Additional Power Connectors Power Supply Specifications Power-Use Calculations Power Cycling Power Management Power Supply Troubleshooting Repairing the Power Supply Obtaining Replacement Units Power-Protection Systems RTC/NVRAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries Chapter 20 Building or Upgrading Systems System Components Hardware and Software Resources System Assembly and Disassembly Motherboard Installation Troubleshooting New Installations Installing the Operating System Disassembly/Upgrading Preparation Chapter 21 PC Mods: Overclocking and Cooling Overclocking Cooling Chapter 22 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance PC Diagnostics Diagnostics Software The Hardware Boot Process PC Maintenance Tools Preventive Maintenance Troubleshooting Tips and Techniques Appendix A Appendix Appendix B Key Vendor Contact Information Appendix C Troubleshooting Index List of Acronyms and Abbreviations A B C D E F G H I JK L M N O P Q R S T U V WX YZ License Agreement Installing the DVD Access to DVD Content Without a DVD Player or DVD Drive Index Copyright Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 17th Edition Copyright © 2006 by Que Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2005929985 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: April 2006 09 08 07 06 4 3 2 1 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Que Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information provided is on an "as is" basis The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the DVD or programs accompanying it Bulk Sales Que Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales For more information, please contact U.S Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact International Sales international@pearsoned.com Associate Publisher Greg Wiegand Executive Editor Rick Kughen Acquisitions Editor Todd Green Development Editor Todd Brakke Managing Editor Charlotte Clapp Energy Star standard refresh rates comparison of defined flicker-free refresh rates minimum recommendations setting resolution size 2nd testing 2nd troubleshooting video adapter types video RAM (random access memory), 2nd DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) DDR-II SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) GDDR-3SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) minimum requirements RAM calculations SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM) speed video bus width Video RAM Cacheable setting (BIOS Setup), video-output adapters, virtual device drivers (VxDs), virtual real mode, 486DX processors 80386 processors Virus Warning setting (BIOS Setup), viruses checking for Virus Warning feature (BIOS) vises, visible surface determination, visual display module (VDM) prototype, VL-Bus, VLF (very low frequency) emissions, VLSI (very large scale integration), voice recognition analog modems microphones voice-dictation software voice-coil actuators, automatic head parking closed loop feedback mechanism linear rotary servo mechanisms dedicated servo disk sweep embedded servo gray code servowriters thermal recalibration wedge servo track following systems voice-dictation software, volatile storage [See RAM (random access memory),.] VOLDET pins, voltage [See power supply.] voltage identification (VID) pins, voltage reduction technology (VRT), voltage regulator module (VRM), voltage regulators, volume boot record (VBR), volume control sound cards speakers troubleshooting von Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, von Neumann, John, 2nd VPSD (VIA Platform Solutions Division) [See VIA Technologies, Inc ] VRM (voltage regulator module), VRT (voltage reduction technology), VT8231 chips, VT8233 chips, VT8233(C) chips, VT8233A chips, VT8233C chips, VT8235 chips, VT8237 chips, VT82C586A chips, VT82C586B chips, VT82C596A chips, VT82C596B chips, VT82C686A chips, 2nd VT8363 chips, VT8371 chips, VXA drives, VXA-1 drives, VXA-2 drives, VxDs (virtual device drivers), Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] wafers, 2nd wait states, Wake on LAN connectors, Wake on Ring connectors, WANs (wide area networks), war driving, water cooling, watermarks, watts (speakers), waveform audio, wavetable adapters, WD1003 commands, wear leveling, Web-enabled keyboards, wedge servo mechanisms, Western Digital ATA (AT Attachment) [See ATA Configuration menu (BIOS Setup),.] contact information low-level formatting software website White Book standard (video CDs), white box components, white box systems, Whitney chipsets, Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) 802.11a standard 802.11b standard 2nd 802.11g standard 2nd access points laptop computers NICs (network interface cards) security signal boosters specialized network hardware users per access point wireless bridges wireless repeaters wireless routers wide area networks (WANs), wide-channel systems, wide-screen LCD (liquid crystal display) panels, width buses 8086 processors Pentium processors DIMMs memory banks processor specifications SIMMs Wilkes, Maurice, Willamette Celerons, WIN keys (104-key keyboards), WIN.COM file, Winchester drives, [See also hard disk drives,.] Windows 2000/XP operating systems 104-key keyboards Application key key combinations layout trilograms WIN keys boot process Device Manager diagnostic software Display Control Panel DOS extenders drive formatting drive limitations error messages hard disk capacity limitations keyboard parameters multiple monitors configuring DualView enabling integrated graphics multiple-head video chipsets online resources primary displays secondary displays serial port testing shutdown Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Windows 9x/Me operating systems 104-key keyboards Application key key combinations layout trilograms WIN keys boot process IO.SYS file real-mode configuration WIN.COM file Device Manager diagnostic software Display Control Panel DOS extenders drive formatting drive limitations drive migration error messages hard disk capacity limitations IA-32 virtual real mode operation IA-32e 64-bit extension mode operation keyboard parameters multiple monitors configuring DualView enabling integrated graphics multiple-head video chipsets online resources primary displays secondary displays serial port testing troubleshooting graphics acceleration settings shutdown XCOPY32 Windows NT 104-key keyboards Application key key combinations layout trilograms WIN keys boot process Device Manager diagnostic software Display Control Panel DOS extenders drive limitations 2nd hard disk capacity limitations keyboard parameters multiple monitors configuring DualView enabling integrated graphics multiple-head video chipsets online resources primary displays secondary displays NTFS (Windows NT File System) serial port testing Windows Platform Design Overview website, WinGate, WinModems, WinProxy, wire cutters, wire feet (ISDN), wire strippers, wireless bridges, Wireless Fidelity [See Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity).] wireless input devices Bluetooth IR (infrared) performance issues power management proprietary radio frequency troubleshooting wireless networks, 2nd Bluetooth comparison of standards topologies Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) 802.11a standard 802.11b standard 2nd 802.11g standard 2nd access points laptop computers NICs (network interface cards) security signal boosters specialized network hardware users per access point wireless bridges wireless repeaters wireless routers Wireless-G, 2nd wires [See cables,.] wizards Maintenance Wizard New Partition Wizard workgroup names, troubleshooting, working power/apparent power (KW/KVA), workstation chipsets Intel 860 Intel E7205 Intel E7505 Intel E7525 quick reference WORM (write once, read many), Wozniak, Steve, wrap plugs, writable CD-ROM drives [See CD-R drives,; CDRW drives,.] writable DVD drives [See recordable DVD drives.] Write Multiple command (ATA), write once, read many (WORM), write process, write protection (floppy disks), WRITE TURN-OFF GAP sector data, WRITE TURN-ON GAP sector data, write-back cache, Am5x86(TM)-P75 processors Pentium processors Pentium-MMX processors write-through cache, Am5x86(TM)-P75 processors Pentium processors write/read heads, WTX motherboards, Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] X-Fi (Extreme Fidelity), x-ray machines, floppy disks and, XCOPY utility, XCOPY32 utility, xD-Picture Card, xDSL (digital subscriber line), Xeon processors, 2nd Intel 860 chipsets Intel E7205 chipsets Intel E7505 chipsets Intel E7525 chipsets Xerox Star 8010 computers, XGI 3D chipsets, XMS (Extended Memory Specification), XT motherboards, Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] Y2K boards, 2nd Yamaha sound cards, Yellow Book standard, yields, Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] Z-80 processors, Z-buffering, Z3, 2nd ZBR (zoned-bit recording), ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets, 2nd Zilog Z-80 processors, Zip drives, Ziv, Jakob, zone rendering, zones, Zoom Telephonics, Zuse, Konrad 2nd ... including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 1st through 17th and Academic editions; Upgrading and Repairing Laptops 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing Windows; Upgrading and Repairing PCs: A+ Certification Study Guide, 1st and 2nd... Repairing PCs: A+ Certification Study Guide, 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Technician's Portable Reference, 1st and 2nd editions; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Field Guide; Upgrading and Repairing PCs Quick Reference; Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Linux Edition; Killer PC Utilities;... PCs since the 11th edition and has contributed to Upgrading and Repairing Networks, 2nd edition and Upgrading and Repairing Laptops Mark has coauthored Upgrading and Repairing Servers; Upgrading and Repairing Networks, 5th edition; Upgrading and Repairing PCs: Technician's Portable