Upgrading and Repairing PCs 21st Edition Scott Mueller 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 21st Edition Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-5000-6 ISBN-10: 0-7897-5000-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data in on file Printed in the United States of America Second Printing: July 2013 Editor-in-Chief Greg Wiegand Acquisitions Editor Rick Kughen Development Editor Todd Brakke Managing Editor Sandra Schroeder Project Editor Mandie Frank Copy Editor Sheri Cain Indexer Erika Millen Proofreader Gill Editorial Services Technical Editor Chris Crayton Editorial Assistant Cindy Teeters Media Producer Dan Scherf Designer Anne Jones Compositor Bronkella Publishing Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Que Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information provided is on an “as is” basis The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the DVD or programs accompanying it Bulk Sales Que Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales For more information, please contact U.S Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact International Sales international@pearsoned.com Contents at a Glance Introduction Development of the PC PC Components, Features, and System Design Processor Types and Specifications Motherboards and Buses BIOS Memory The ATA/IDE Interface Magnetic Storage Principles Hard Disk Storage 10 Flash and Removable Storage 11 Optical Storage 12 Video Hardware 13 Audio Hardware 14 External I/O Interfaces 15 Input Devices 16 Internet Connectivity 17 Local Area Networking 18 Power Supplies 19 Building or Upgrading Systems 20 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance Index Accessing the Media Included with this Book Contents Introduction Development of the PC Computer History: Before Personal Computers Timeline Electronic Computers Modern Computers From Tubes to Transistors Integrated Circuits History of the PC Birth of the Personal Computer The IBM Personal Computer The PC Industry 30 Years Later PC Components, Features, and System Design What Is a PC? Who Controls PC Software? Who Controls PC Hardware? White-Box Systems System Types System Components Processor Types and Specifications Microprocessor History The First Microprocessor PC Processor Evolution 16-Bit to 64-Bit Architecture Evolution Processor Specifications Data I/O Bus Address Bus Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) Processor Modes Processor Benchmarks Comparing Processor Performance Cache Memory Processor Features System Management Mode (SMM) Superscalar Execution MMX Technology Dynamic Execution Dual Independent Bus Architecture HT Technology Multicore Technology Hardware-Assisted Virtualization Support Processor Manufacturing Processor Re-Marking PGA Chip Packaging Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Processor Packaging Processor Socket and Slot Types Socket 478 Socket LGA775 Socket LGA1156 Socket LGA1366 Socket LGA1155 Socket LGA2011 Socket 939 and 940 Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+ Socket F (1207FX) Socket FM1 Socket FM2 CPU Operating Voltages Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units) Processor Bugs and Steppings Processor Code Names P1 (086) Processors P2 (286) Processors P3 (386) Processors P4 (486) Processors P5 (586) Processors AMD-K5 Intel P6 (686) Processors Pentium Pro Processors Pentium II Processors Pentium III Celeron Intel Pentium Processors Pentium Extreme Edition Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition Intel Core Processors Intel Core Family Intel (Nehalem) Core i Processors AMD K6 Processors NexGen Nx586 AMD-K6 Series AMD K7 Processors AMD Athlon AMD Duron AMD Athlon XP Athlon MP AMD K8 Processors AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX AMD Sempron AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX AMD K10 Processors (Phenom, Phenom II, Athlon II, Athlon X2, Sempron) AMD “Bulldozer” and “Piledriver” FX Processors AMD Fusion/HSA (Heterogeneous Systems Architecture) APUs Processor Upgrades Overclocking Quartz Crystals Modern PC Clocks Overclocking Tips Unlocking Cores Bus Speeds and Multipliers Processor Cooling Heatsinks Liquid Cooling Thermally Advantaged Chassis Processor Troubleshooting Techniques Motherboards and Buses Motherboard Form Factors Obsolete Form Factors ATX and Other Modern Form Factors Processor Sockets/Slots Chipsets Chipset Evolution Intel Chipsets Intel Chipset Model Numbers Intel Integrated Graphics Architecture AMD Integrated Graphics Architecture Traditional North/South Bridge Architecture Hub Architecture HyperTransport and Other Processor/Chipset Interconnects Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets Intel 915 Family Intel 925X Family Intel 945 Express Family Intel 955X and 975X Family Intel 96x Series Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets Intel 5x Series Chipsets Intel 6x Series Chipsets Intel 7x Series Chipsets Third-Party Chipsets for Intel Processors SiS Chipsets ULi Electronics Chipsets ATI Chipsets VIA Chipsets NVIDIA Chipsets for Intel Processors Chipsets for AMD Processors AMD Athlon Chipsets AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset AMD (Formerly ATI) Chipsets for Athlon 64, Sempron, Phenom Third-Party Chipsets for AMD Processors VIA Chipsets SiS Chipsets NVIDIA Chipsets Super I/O Chips Motherboard Connectors System Bus Types, Functions, and Features The Processor Bus (FSB) Types of I/O Buses The ISA Bus The Micro Channel Bus The EISA Bus Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express, AGP) System Resources Interrupts DMA Channels I/O Port Addresses Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For) Chipset Documentation BIOS BIOS Basics Motherboard ROM BIOS ROM Hardware ROM Shadowing ROM Chip Types ROM BIOS Manufacturers BIOS Hardware/Software Upgrading the BIOS Where to Get Your BIOS Update Determining Your BIOS Version Checking the BIOS Date Backing Up Your BIOS Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) Settings Upgrading a Flash BIOS Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses Preboot Environment ... the world, Upgrading and Repairing PCs, which has become the core of an entire series of books, including Upgrading and Repairing PCs, Upgrading and Repairing Laptops, and Upgrading and Repairing. . .Upgrading and Repairing PCs 21st Edition Scott Mueller 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 21st Edition Copyright © 2013 by... person responsible for championing this book and the Upgrading and Repairing series I cannot say enough about Rick and what he means to all the Upgrading and Repairing books With all that he’s been