SNA and TCP IP integration handb

Taylor Networking Series Multiplatform Network Management, 0-07-063295-2 McGraw-Hill Internetworking Command Reference, 0-07-063301-1 The McGraw-Hill Internetworking Handbook, Second Edition, 0-07-063399-1 Network Architecture Design Handbook, 0-07-063333-9 (hardcover)0-07-063362-2 (softcover) Encyclopedia of Network Blueprints, 0-07-063406-8 About the Author Ed Taylor is founder and chief network architect Information World, Inc, and a former network architect for IBM Some of Mr Taylor’s consulting experience includes work for NEC, Orange County, CA, BASF, Chrysler, Hewlett-Packard, Dow Jones, Ore-Ida Foods, Mutual of New York (MONY), and IBM Education To order or receive additional information on these or any other McGraw-Hill titles, in the United States please call 1-800-722-4726, or visit us at www.computing.mcgraw-hill.com In other countries, contact your local McGraw-Hill representative SNA and TCP/IP Integration Handbook Ed Taylor McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Taylor, Ed, 1958– SNA and TCP/IP integration handbook / Ed Taylor p cm Includes index ISBN 0-07-063412-2 TCP/IP (Computer network protocol SNA (Computer network architecture) Internetworking (Telecommunication) I Title TK5105.585.T32 1998 004.6'2—dc21 98-34750 CIP Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher DOC/DOC 9 ISBN 0-07-063412-2 The sponsoring editor for this book was Steven Elliot, the editing supervisor was Ruth Mannino, and the production supervisor was Clare Stanley It was set in Century Schoolbook by Priscilla Beer of McGraw-Hill’s Desktop Composition unit Printed and bound by R R Donnelley & Sons Company McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011 Or contact your local bookstore This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGrawHill”) from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought To Jan Hoover From Ed Taylor Acknowledgments I would like to thank the following for contributions to different aspects of this book MJH Sony Corporation IBM Information World, Inc NetOptics DHL Airborne SCO Emery Airfreight Creative Labs Federal Express 3ComUSRobotics United Parcel Service (UPS) SysKonnect Roadway Hubbell United States Post Office Liebert McGraw-Hill: Bud Industries Steve Elliot Tektronix Ruth Mannino Hewlett Packard Clare Stanley McAfee Priscilla Beer Altec Lansing Cathy Hertz Wagner Edstrom Suzanne Rapcavage Microsoft Joe Rivellese Preface Purpose of This Book I wrote this book based upon my experience I included information that helped me, and I hope it does the same for you To work with both of these network protocols is a challenge No single book can contain all the information one needs to know about them in every environment The purpose of this book is to get you started in the right direction Many good books have been published by McGraw-Hill on SNA and TCP/IP, respectively; I recommend you look into acquiring some of these to complement this one How to Use This Book You can read this book from front to back You can use it as a reference It can be used to teach SNA and TCP/IP principles I believe you’ll find it most helpful approaching it from a topical perspective If you would like additional information, I can be reached through any of the following: Information World, Inc (IWI): Edtaylor@info.com Internet: IWIinc@aol.com IWIinc@ibm.net IWIinc@msn.com Edtaylor@aol.com zac0002@ibm.net AOL: IWIinc Edtaylor Compuserve: 72714,1417 Perspective on Systems Network Architecture Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is a complex topic If your background does not include experience in SNA, you will find this chapter most helpful; if it does, you will find this chapter particularly enlightening I included background information here for the benefit of all readers The blueprints included in this chapter are based on the terms, concepts, and architecture presented in the early part of this chapter SNA networks are built from hardware and software components These networks vary in size, and different blueprints presented in this chapter bear this out Before examining blueprints in this chapter, we will consider some reference material 1.1 Hardware Architecture Much development occurred at IBM during the 1940s and 1950s History has shown that these two decades led to the creation of what has become known as the biggest gamble in the history of the IBM corporation: the System/360 (S/360) hardware architecture Before exploring the S/360 architecture, we will briefly review hardware offerings preceding the S/360 During the 1940s, 1950s, and even into the 1960s, IBM offered approximately six popular solid-state mainframe computers However, a fundamental problem was lack of interchangeability among these systems This meant that IBM programming, support, sales, and tech nical sales advisors all concentrated on their own areas of expertise and thus that there was seldom any overlap between systems This was costly and became an increasing problem for IBM Not only was this scenario a problem for IBM, but its customers had to contend with this if they had more than one type of machine to meet the needs throughout a given corporation Following are some examples of these machines and their strengths: • 604 This was an electronic calculating punch-card machine It was first available in approximately 1948 The strength of this machine and its major selling points were speed (which was especially advantageous for the user), a pluggable circuitry, and its concentrated components in such a small physical location • 650 This machine initially became available around 1954 but was not announced until 1953 This was a magnetic drum storage machine whose primary strength was its general computing capability This machine was extremely successful after its introduction into the marketplace • 701 This machine, announced in 1952, had faster input/output and higher processing speed than some of its predecessors and was especially powerful in scientific and related areas of computation Thus it was not a general-purpose machine such as the 650, for example • 702 This large system, which focused on the ease of character handling, was announced in 1953 and made its debut in approximately 1955 Interestingly, the concept of this system originated in the late 1940s • 1401 This system was announced in 1959 It soon grasped a large market share after shipping began in 1960 It had increased speed, a fast printer, and other peripherals such as tape- and card-processing capabilities, which enhanced its popularity Also its multiple components had selective capabilities, yet it was reasonably priced These systems, and others IBM offered during the 1940s through the early 1960s, proved IBM’s ability to meet a diversity of needs However, such system diversity led to complexity in terms of one corporation attempting to maintain this posture in a technical environment IBM was aware of the positive and negative contributions that these diverse systems offered After years of planning, designing, and reengineering, 1964 proved to be a pivotal point in the history of the IBM corporation This was when the System/360 was introduced This system was unique for multiple reasons, but at the heart of the S/360 was now one architecture capable of accommodating what previously was achieved by different systems In addition, the S/360 architecture was available in different models, offering customers a wide selection for their initial purchase to meet their immediate needs with hardware that could be upgraded to accommodate future architectures as they appeared on the market At this time, IBM is four architectures removed from the S/360, and, according to a personal account, a program originally written for the S/360 has been executed successfully on the S/390 architecture Technical highlights of each IBM hardware architecture are presented below 1.2 System/360 The System/360 (S/360) was successful, to say the least Some of the characteristics and functions of the components of this hardware architecture are listed below S/360 components included (1) central processing unit (CPU); (2) channels; (3) control unit(s); (4) peripheral devices such as terminals, printers, and tape and disk drives, as well as card punch and readers; and (5) main storage CPU characteristics and functions The S/360 had a single-processor architecture, but models introduced later supported multiple processors There were five classes of interrupts, with interrupt priority There were 16 general-purpose 32-bit registers and four optional 64-bit floating-point registers, with 24-bit addressing Selected models had dynamic address translation Supervisor facilities included a timer, direct control capabilities, storage protection, and support for multisystem operation There was ASCII and EBCDIC character-set support and channel-to-channel adapters were used for interconnection of multiple processors Channel characteristics and functions The S/360 provided a data path to and from control units and devices and used a protocol for data transfer Selector channels were used with tape and disk devices for high-speed data transfer, and one subchannel was used Byte multiplexer channels interleaved input/output (I/O) operations Slower operating devices were used with this type of channel, which could logically support up to 256 subchannels Control unit(s) The S/360 served as an interface between devices such as a terminal, card reader, card punch, and printer Peripheral devices The S/360 terminals, printers, card punches, and card readers served as I/O devices Terminals were used interactively, whereas punched cards were used in batch processing Main storage Main storage in the early models emphasized speed and size Virtual storage became available in later models session connector According to IBM documentation, a session-layer component in an APPN network node or in a subarea node boundary or gateway function that connects two stages of a session Session connectors swap addresses from one address space to another for session-level intermediate routing, segment session message units as needed, and (except for gateway function session connectors) adaptively pace the session traffic in each direction session control (SC) According to IBM documentation, one of the following: (1) one of the components of transmission control (session control is used to purge data flowing in a session after an unrecoverable error occurs, to resyn chronize the data flow after such an error, and to perform cryptographic verification) or (2) a request unit (RU) category used for requests and responses exchanged between the session control components of a session and for session activation and deactivation requests and responses session control block (SCB) According to IBM documentation, in NPM, control blocks in common storage area for session collection session data According to IBM documentation, data regarding a session, collected by the NetView program consisting of session awareness data, session trace data, and session response-time data session deactivation request According to IBM documentation, a term used in SNA that refers to a request that deactivates a session between two NAUs; examples are UNBIND and DACTPU session-establishment request According to IBM documentation, in VTAM where a request to an LU to establish a session For the primary logical unit (PLU) of the requested session, the session-establishment request is the CINIT sent from the system services control point (SSCP) to the PLU For the secondary logical unit (SLU) of the requested session, the session-establishment request is the BIND sent from the PLU to the SLU session ID According to IBM documentation, a number that uniquely identifies a session 7.0-compatible According to Apple documentation, this term is used to refer to an application that runs without problems in system software version 7.0 7.0-dependent According to Apple documentation, this term is used to refer to an application that requires the existence of features that are present only in system software version 7.0 7.0-friendly According to Apple documentation, this term is used to refer to an application that is 7.0compatible and takes advantage of some of the special features of system software version 7.0, but is still able to perform all its principal functions when operating in version 6.0 session-initiation request According to IBM documentation, an Initiate or logon request from an LU to an SSCP that an LU-LU session be activated session layer Layer in the OSI reference model It coordinates the dialog between two communicating application processes session-level LU-LU verification According to IBM documentation, an LU6.2 security service that is used to verify the identity of each logical unit when a session is established session-level pacing According to IBM documentation, a flow-control technique that permits a receiving halfsession or session connector to control the data transfer rate (the rate at which it receives request units) on the normal flow It is used to prevent overloading a receiver with unprocessed requests when the sender can generate requests faster than the receiver can process them session limit According to IBM documentation, a term used to refer to the maximum number of concurrently active LU-LU sessions that a specific LU can support session manager (SM) Typically a third-party product that permits a user on one terminal to log onto multiple applications concurrently session monitor According to IBM documentation, a component of NetView that collects and correlates session-related data and provides online access to this information session parameters According to IBM documentation, the parameters that specify or constrain the protocols (such as bracket protocol and pacing) for a session between two NAUs session partner According to IBM documentation, in SNA, one of the two NAUs having an active session session path According to IBM documentation, the half-sessions delimiting a given session and their interconnection (including any intermediate session connectors) session services According to IBM documentation, one type of network services in the control point (CP) and in the logical unit (LU) These services provide facilities for an LU or a network operator to request that a control point aid with initiating or terminating sessions between LUs Assistance with session termination is needed only by SSCP-dependent LUs session stage According to IBM documentation, that portion of a session path consisting of two session-layer components that are logically adjacent and their interconnection An example is the paired session-layer components in adjacent type 2.1 nodes and their interconnection over the link between them shadow resource According to IBM documentation, an alternate representation of a network resource that is retained as a definition for possible future use sharable image According to Digital Equipment documentation, an image that has all its internal references resolved, but must be linked with one or more object modules to produce an executable image A sharable image cannot be executed A sharable image file can be used to contain a library of routines shared-access transport facility (SATF) A transmission facility, such as a multipoint link connection or a Token-Ring network where multiple pairs of nodes can form concurrently active links shared image According to Digital Equipment documentation, an image that is installed so that multiple users in a system can share the memory pages where the image is loaded shared partition According to IBM documentation, in VSE this is a partition allocated for a program such as VSE/POWER that provides services for and communicates with programs in other partitions of the system’s virtual address spaces Storage in a shared partition is addressable by programs running concurrently in other partitions sibling networks According to Novell documentation, two or more equal networks branching off the same node in an internetwork Workstations on these networks that use NetWare Btrieve must have access to a file server loaded with BSERVER sift-down effect According to IBM documentation, the copying of a value from a higher-level resource to a lower-level resource The sift-down effect applies to many of the keywords and operands in NCP and VTAM definition statements If an operand is coded on a macroinstruction or generation statement for a higher-level resource, it need not be coded for lower-level resources for which the same value is desired The value “sifts down,” that is, becomes the default for all lower-level resources silly-window syndrome In TCP/IP-based networks a scenario in which a receiver keeps indicating a small “window” and a sender continues to send small segments to it Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) A TCP/IP application that provides email support The SMTP protocol specifies how two mail systems interact and the format of control messages Simple Network Monitoring Protocol (SNMP) A de facto industry-standard protocol used to manage TCP/IP networks single-byte character set (SBCS) According to IBM documentation, a character set in which each character is represented by a one-byte code single-console image facility (SCIF) According to IBM documentation, a VM facility that allows multiple consoles to be controlled from a single virtual machine console single-domain network According to IBM documentation, a network with one SSCP single mode A fiber-optic cable containing only one mode sleep state According to Apple documentation, a low-power-consumption state of the Macintosh portable computer In the sleep state, the Power Manager and the various device drivers shut off power or remove clocks from the computer’s various subsystems, including the CPU, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports sliding window A scenario in which a protocol permits the transmitting station to send a stream of bytes before an acknowledgment arrives serial line IP (SLIP) A protocol used to run IP protocol over serial lines An example is using telephone lines SNA network A collection of IBM hardware and software put together in such a way as to form a collective whole greater than the parts The components of the network conform to the SNA format and protocol specifications defined by IBM SNA Network Interconnection (SNI) According to IBM, the connection of two or more independent SNA networks to allow communication between logical units in those networks The individual SNA networks retain their independence socket (1) A concept from Berkeley 4BSD UNIX that allows an application program to access the TCP/IP protocols (2) In TCP/IP networks, the Internet address of the host and the port number it uses A TCP/IP application is identified by its socket solicited message According to IBM documentation, a response from VTAM to a command entered by a program operator source route A route determined by the source TCP/IP implements source routing by using an option field in an IP datagram specific mode According to IBM documentation, in VTAM, this is in the form of a RECEIVE request that obtains input from one specific session or an ACCEPT request that completes the establishment of a session by accepting a specific queued CINIT request SSCP-dependent LU An LU requiring assistance from an SSCP to establish an LU-LU session SSCP ID According to IBM documentation, in SNA, a number that uniquely identifies an SSCP The SSCP ID is used in session activation requests sent to physical units (PUs) and other SSCPs SSCP-independent LU According to IBM documentation, an LU that can activate an LU-LU session (i.e., send a BIND request) without assistance from an SSCP It does not have an SSCP-LU session Currently, only an LU6.2 can be an independent LU SSCP-LU session According to IBM documentation, in SNA, a session between the SSCP and an LU The session enables the LU to request the SSCP to help initiate LU-LU sessions SSCP-PU session According to IBM documentation, in SNA, a session between an SSCP and a PU SSCP-PU sessions allow SSCPs to send requests to and receive status information from individual nodes in order to control the network configuration SSCP rerouting According to IBM documentation, an SNA network interconncetion A technique used by the gateway SSCP to send session-initiation RUs, by way of a series of SSCP-SSCP sessions, from one SSCP to another, until the owning SSCP is reached SSCP-SSCP session According to IBM documentation, a session between the SSCP in one domain and the SSCP in another domain This type session is used to initiate and terminate cross-domain LU-LU sessions stack An area of memory in the application partition that is used to store temporary variables start-stop (SS) transmission Asynchronous transmission in which each signal that represents a character is preceded by a start signal and is followed by a stop signal station An input or output point statistic Significant data about a defined resource status Generally speaking, a condition or state of a resource According to Digital Equipment documentation, a display type for the NCP commands SHOW and LIST Status refers to dynamic information about a component that is kept in either the volatile or permanent database status monitor According to IBM documentation, a component of the NetView program that collects and summarizes information on the status of resources defined in a VTAM domain stream In IBM’s SNA, a structured protocol, such as a 3270 data stream, a GDS data stream, or LU6.2 data stream According to Digital Equipment documentation, an access window to a file associated with a record control block, supporting record operation requests Generally, it is a full-duplex connection between a user’s task and a device subarea According to IBM documentation, a portion of the SNA network consisting of a subarea node, attached peripheral nodes, and associated resources subarea address According to IBM documentation, a value in the subarea field of a network address that identifies a particular subarea subarea host node According to IBM documentation, a node that provides both subarea function and an application program interface (API) for running application programs It provides SSCP functions and subarea node services, and is aware of the network configuration subarea link According to IBM documentation, a link that connects two subarea nodes subarea LU According to IBM documentation, a logical unit that resides in a subarea node subarea network According to IBM documentation, interconnected subareas, their directly attached peripheral nodes, and the transmission groups that connect them subarea node (SN) According to IBM documentation, a node that uses network addresses for routing and maintains routing tables that reflect the configuration of the network Subarea nodes can provide gateway function to connect multiple subarea networks, intermediate routing functions, and boundary functions to support peripheral nodes Type and type nodes are subarea nodes subarea path control According to IBM documentation, the function in a subarea node that routes message units between network-accessible units (NAUs) and provides the paths between them subdirectory According to Digital Equipment documentation, this is a directory file, cataloged in a higherlevel directory, that lists additional files belonging to the owner of the directory subsystem A secondary or subordinate software system summary According to Digital Equipment documentation, the default display type for the NCP commands SHOW and LIST A summary includes the most useful information for a component, selected from the status and characteristics information supervisor According to IBM documentation, that part of a control program that coordinates the use of resources and maintains the flow of processing unit operations supervisor call (SVC) According to IBM documentation, a request that serves as the interface into operating system functions, such as allocating storage The SVC protects the operating system from inappropriate user entry All operating system requests must be handled by SVCs switched connection A data-link connection that functions like a dial telephone switched line A line in which the connection is established by dialing switched major node According to IBM documentation, in VTAM, a major node whose minor nodes are physical units and logical units attached by switched SDLC links switched network A network that establishes connections by a dialing function switched network backup According to IBM documentation, an optional facility that allows a user to specify, for certain types of physical units (PUs), a switched line to be used as an alternate path if the primary line becomes unavailable or unusable switched virtual circuit A temporary logical association between two DTEs connected to a packet-switching data network symbiont According to Digital Equipment documentation, a process that transfers record-oriented data to or from a device For example, an input symbiont transfers data from card readers to disks, and an output symbiont transfers data from disks to line printers symbiont manager According to Digital Equipment documentation, the function that maintains spool queues and dynamically creates symbiont processes to perform the necessary I/O operations symbol According to Digital Equipment documentation, an entity that, when defined, will represent a particular function or entity (e.g., a command string, directory name, or filename) in a particular context symbol table According to Digital Equipment documentation, that portion of an executable image that contains the definition of global symbols used by the debugger for images linked with the DEBUG qualifier A table in which the Digital Command Language (DCL) places local symbols DCL maintains a local symbol table for each command level synchronous backplane interconnect According to Digital Equipment documentation, that part of the hardware that interconnects the VAX processor, memory controllers, MASSBUS adapters, and the UNIBUS adapter synchronization point According to IBM documentation, an intermediate point or endpoint during processing of a transaction at which an update or modification to one or more of the transaction’s protected resources is logically complete and error free sync-point services (SPS) According to IBM documentation, the component of the sync-point manager that is responsible for coordinating the managers of protected resources during sync-point processing SPS coordinates two-phase commit protocols, resync protocols, and logging system communication services According to Digital Equipment documentation, a protocol responsible for the formation and breaking of intersystem process connections and for flow control of message traffic over those connections System services such as the VMScluster connection manager and the Mass Storage Control Protocol (MSCP) disk server communicate with this protocol system control block According to Digital Equipment documentation, on VAX systems, the data structure in system space that contains all the interrupt and exception vectors known to the system system definition According to IBM documentation, the process, completed before a system is put into use, by which desired functions and operations of the system are selected from various available options system disk According to Digital Equipment documentation, the disk that contains the operating system In a VMScluster environment, a system disk is set up so that most of the files can be shared by several processors In addition, each processor has its own directory on the system disk that contains its page, swap, and dump files system file According to Apple documentation, a file, located in the system folder, that contains the basic system software plus some system resources, such as font and sound resources system generation Synonym for system definition System GETVIS area According to IBM documentation, a storage space that is available for dynamic allocation to VSE system control programs or other application programs system image According to Digital Equipment documentation, the image read into memory from disk when the system is started up system management facility (SMF) According to IBM documentation, a feature of MVS that collects and records a variety of system and job-related information system menu In a windowing environment, particularly the X-Window environment, the menu that displays when you press the system menu button on the window manager window frame Every window has a system menu that enables you to control the size, shape, and position of the window system modification program (SMP) According to IBM documentation, a program used to install software changes on MVS systems system services control point (SSCP) According to IBM documentation, a component within a subarea network for managing the configuration, coordinating network operator, and problem determination requests, and providing directory services and other session services for end users of the network Multiple SSCPs, cooperating as peers with one another, can divide the network into domains of control, with each SSCP having a hierarchical control relationship to the PUs and LUs within its own domain SSCP domain According to IBM documentation, the system services control point, the PUs, the LUs, the links, the link stations, and all the resources that the SSCP has the ability to control by means of activation and deactivation requests System Support Program (SSP) According to IBM documentation, an IBM licensed program, made up of a collection of utilities and small programs, that supports the operation of the NCP Systems Network Architecture (SNA) IBM’s description of the logical structure, formats, protocols, and operational sequences for their network offering called SNA takeover According to IBM documentation, the process by which the failing active subsystem is released from its eXtended Recovery Facility (XRF) sessions with terminal users and replaced by an alternate subsystem task specifier According to Digital Equipment documentation, information provided to DECnet for Open VMS software that enables it to complete a logical link connection to a remote task This information includes the name of the remote node on which the target task runs and the name of the task itself telecommunications access method (TCAM) According to IBM documentation, the access method prior to VTAM TELNET The TCP/IP standard protocol for remote terminal service 10-BaseT Technical name for Ethernet implemented on twisted wire terminal Generally agreed on as a point of entry with a display and keyboard terminal access facility (TAF) According to IBM documentation, in the NetView program, a facility that allows a network operator to control a number of subsystems In a full-screen or operator control session, operators can control any combination of such subsystems simultaneously terminal-based program In the X-Windows environment, a program (nonclient) written to be run on a terminal (not in a window) Terminal-based programs must be fooled by terminal-emulation clients to run on the X-Windows system terminal emulator A term used to generally refer to a program that performs some type of simulation; typically this simulation is of a type of terminal TERMINATE According to IBM documentation, in SNA it is a request unit that is sent by an LU to its SSCP to cause the SSCP to start a procedure to end one or more designated LU-LU sessions terminal server A network device used to connect “dumb” terminals to a network medium Consequently, these terminals have virtual terminal access to hosts and devices located on a network terminal type The type of terminal attached to your computer UNIX uses the terminal type to set the TERM environment variable so that it can communicate with the terminal correctly In the SNA environment, the terminal type is required in order to know how to configure the system so that it can function term0 According to Hewlett-Packard documentation, a level terminal is a reference standard that defines basic terminal functions TG weight According to IBM documentation, a quantitative measure of how well the values of a transmission group’s characteristics satisfy the criteria specified by the class-of-service definition, as computed during route selection for a session thread According to Digital Equipment documentation, a single, sequential flow of control within a program It is the active execution of a designated routine, including any nested routine invocations A single thread has a single point of execution within it A thread can be executed in parallel with other threads threshold Generally agreed on as a percentage value set for a resource tile In the X-Windows environment, a rectangular area used to cover a surface with a pattern or visual texture time-division multiplexing (TDM) A technique used to multiplex data on a channel by a timesharing of the channel time-domain reflectometer (TDR) A device used to troubleshoot networks It sends signals through a network medium to check for continuity time to live (TTL) A technique used in best-effort delivery systems to avoid endlessly looping packets For example, packets have a “time” associated with their lifetime timesharing option extensions (TSO/E) According to IBM, the base for all TSO enhancements; a program that provides enhancements to MVS/XA users timeout An event that occurs at the end of a predetermined period of time title bar A term used in the X-Windows environment; the rectangular area between the top of the window and the window frame The title bar contains the title of the window object For example, Xclock for clocks TN3270 A program that uses the TELNET protocol but produces an EBCDIC 3270 data stream The program is normally found as a TN3270-client application that provides access into a 3270-based environment token The symbol of authority passed successively from one data station to another to indicate the station temporarily in control of the transmission medium Token Ring A network with a ring topology that passes tokens from one attaching device to another Token-Ring interface coupler (TIC) Interface board used to connect a device such as a 3720, 3725, or 3745 communication controller to a Token-Ring network Token-Ring network A ring network that allows unidirectional data transmission between data stations by a token-passing procedure topology and routing services (TRS) According to IBM documentation, an APPN control point component that manages the topology database, computes routes, and provides a route selection control vector (RSCV) that specifies the best route through the network for a given session according to its requested class of service trace A record of events captured and used to troubleshoot hardware and/or software transaction According to Apple documentation, a sequence of Apple events sent back and forth between a client and a server application, beginning with the client’s initial request for a service transaction-processing facility (TPF) A software system designed to support real-time applications transaction program According to IBM, a program that conforms to LU6.2 protocols transceiver A device that connects a host’s cable from the interface board to the main cable of the network trap An event used in SNMP-managed networks to send data to the network manager A trap is sent from an SNMP agent trash folder According to Apple documentation, a directory at the root level of a volume for storing files that the user has moved to the TRASH icon After opening the TRASH icon, the user sees the collection of all items that the user has moved to the trash icon—that is, the union of appropriate trash directories from all mounted volumes A Macintosh set up to share files among users in a network environment maintains separate trash subdirectories for remote users within its shared, network trash directory The FINDER for system software version 7.0 empties a trash directory only when the user of that directory chooses the EMPTY TRASH command translated code According to Digital Equipment documentation, the native AXP object code in a translated image Translated code includes AXP code that reproduces the behavior of equivalent VAX code in the original image and calls to the translated image environment translated image According to Digital Equipment documentation, an AXP-executable or -sharable image created by translating the object code of a VAX image The translated image, which is functionally equivalent to the VAX image from which it was translated, includes both translated code and the original image translated image environment (TIE) According to Digital Equipment documentation, a native AXP-sharable image that supports the execution of translated images The TIE processes all interactions with the native AXP system and provides an environment similar to VAX for the translated image by managing VAX state; by emulating VAX features such as exception processing, AST delivery, and complex VAX instructions; and by interpreting untranslated VAX instructions translation According to Digital Equipment documentation, the process of converting a VAX binary image to an AXP image that runs with the assistance of the TIE on an AXP system Translation is a static process which converts as much VAX code as possible to native ALPHA AXP instructions The TIE interprets any untranslated VAX code at run time translation table A table used to replace one or more characters with alternative characters Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) The TCP/IP standard transport-level protocol that provides the reliable, full-duplex, stream service on which many application protocols depend It is connection-oriented in that before transmitting data, participants must establish a connection transmission group (TG) According to IBM, a group of links between adjacent subarea nodes, appearing as a single logical link for routing of messages transmission header (TH) According to SNA, this is control information, optionally followed by a basic information unit, created and used by path control to route message units, and to control their flow within the network transmission priority According to IBM documentation, a rank assigned to a message unit that determines its precedence for being selected by the path control component in each node along a route for forwarding to the next node in the route transport layer According to the OSI model, the layer that provides a reliable end-to-end service to its users transport network According to IBM documentation, that part of an SNA network that includes the data-link control and path control layer Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) A TCP/IP standard protocol for file transfer that uses UDP as a transport mechanism TFTP depends only on UDP so that it can be used on machines such as diskless workstations type According to Apple documentation, the second field in the name of an AppleTalk entity The type is assigned by the entity itself and can be anything the user or application assigns type 2.1 end node According to IBM documentation, a type 2.1 node that provides full SNA end-user services, but no intermediate routing or network services to any other node; it is configured only as an endpoint in a network type 2.1 network According to IBM documentation, a collection of interconnected type 2.1 network nodes and type 2.1 end nodes A type 2.1 network may consist of nodes of just one type, namely, all network nodes or all end nodes; a pair of directly attached end nodes is the simplest case of a type 2.1 network type 2.1 node A node that conforms to IBM’s type 2.1 architecture type node According to IBM documentation, a node that can be any one of the following: (1) advanced peerto-peer networking (APPN) end node, (2) advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) network node, (3) interchange node, (4) low-entry networking (LEN) node, (5) migration data host, or (6) subarea node It is also a node that traditionally has the SSCP UNBIND According to IBM, a request to deactivate a session between two logical units (LUs) unformatted According to IBM, pertaining to commands (such as LOGON or LOGOFF) entered by an end user and sent by an LU in character form Unformatted System Services (USS) According to IBM documentation, in SNA products, an SSCP facility that translates a character-coded request, such as a LOGON or LOGOFF request, into a field-formatted request for processing by formatted system services and that translates field-formatted replies and responses into character-coded requests for processing by a logical unit unit control block (UCB) According to Digital Equipment documentation, structure in the I/O database that describes the characteristics of and current activity on a device unit The unit control block also holds the fork block for its unit’s device driver; the fork block is a critical part of a driver fork process The UCB also provides a dynamic storage area for the driver universal symbol According to Digital Equipment documentation, a global symbol in a sharable image that can be used by modules linked with that sharable image Universal symbols are typically a subset of all the global symbols in a sharable image When creating a sharable image, the linker ensures that universal symbols remain available for reference after the symbols have been resolved UNIX-to-UNIX copy program (UUCP) An application program that allows one UNIX system to copy files to or from another UNIX system unsolicited message According to IBM documentation, a message from VTAM to a program operator that is unrelated to any command entered by the program operator upline dump According to Digital Equipment documentation, in DECnet for Open VMS, a function that allows an adjacent node to dump its memory to a file on a system User Datagram Protocol (UDP) A TCP/IP standard protocol that is in contrast to TCP UDP is connectionless and unreliable user exit According to IBM documentation, a point in an IBM-supplied program at which a user exit routine may be given control user exit routine According to IBM documentation, a user-written routine that receives control at predefined user exit points User exit routines can be written in assemblies or a high-level language user file directory According to Digital Equipment documentation, a file that briefly catalogs a set of files stored on disk or tape The directory includes the name, type, and version number of each file in the set It also contains a unique number that identifies that file’s actual location and points to a list of its file attributes user privileges According to Digital Equipment documentation, those privileges granted to a user by the system manager VAXBI According to Digital Equipment documentation, the part of the VAX 8200, VAX 8250, VAX 8300, VAX 8350 hardware that connects I/O adapters with memory controllers and the processor In VAX 8530, VAX 8550, VAX 8700, VAX 8800, or VAX 6200 and VAX 6300 systems, the part of the hardware that connects I/O adapters with the bus that interfaces with the processor and memory VAXcluster configuration According to Digital Equipment documentation, a highly integrated organization of Open VMS systems that communicate over a high-speed communications path VAXcluster configurations have all the functions of single-node systems, plus the ability to share CPU resources, queues, and disk storage Like a single-node system, the VAXcluster configuration provides a single security and management environment Member nodes can share the same operating environment or serve specialized needs VAX Environment Software Translator (VEST) According to Digital Equipment documentation, a software migration tool that translates VAX-executable and -shareable images into translated images that run on AXP systems VEST is part of the DECmigrate toolset VAX vector instruction emulation facility (VVIEF) According to Digital Equipment documentation, a standard feature of the operating system that allows vectorized applications to be written and debugged in a VAX system in which vector processors are not available VVIEF emulates the VAX vector processing environment, including the nonprivileged VAX vector instructions and the vector system services Use of VVIEF is restricted to user mode code vector According to Digital Equipment documentation, a storage location that contains the starting address of a procedure to be executed when a given interrupt or exception occurs vector present system According to Digital Equipment documentation, a VAX system that, in its hardware implementation, complies with the VAX vector architecture, and incorporates one or more optional vector processors virtual disk According to the IBM corporation, in VM, a physical disk storage device, or a logical subdivision of a physical disk storage device, that has its own address, consecutive storage space for data, and index or description of stored data so that the data can be accessed virtual filestore A concept in OSI that refers to the OSI abstraction of a collection of files, directories, and/or references virtual machine (VM) According to IBM documentation, in VM, a functional equivalent of a computing system On the 370 feature of VM, a virtual machine operates in System/370 mode On the ESA feature of VM, a virtual machine operates in System/370, 370-XA, ESA/370, or ESA/390 mode Each virtual machine is controlled by an operating system VM controls the concurrent execution of multiple virtual machines on an actual processor complex virtual machine group According to IBM documentation, in the group control system (GCS), two or more virtual machines associated with each other through the same named system Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture (VM/ESA) According to IBM documentation, an IBM program that manages the resources of a single computer so that multiple computing systems appear to exist Each virtual machine is the functional equivalent of a real machine Virtual Machine/eXtended Architecture (VM/XA) According to IBM documentation, an operating system that facilitates conversion to MVS/XA by allowing several operating systems (a production system and one or more test systems) to run simultaneously on a single 370-XA processor Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) According to IBM, a program that manages the resources of a single computer so that multiple computing systems appear to exist Virtual Machine/System Product High Performance Option (VM/SP HPO) According to IBM documentation, a program that can be installed and executed in conjunction with VM/SP to extend the capabilities of VM/SP with programming enhancements, support for microcode assists, and additional functions virtual route (VR) According to IBM documentation, in SNA it is either a logical connection between two subarea nodes that is physically realized as a particular explicit route or a logical connection that is contained wholly within a subarea node for intranode sessions virtual route (VR) pacing According to IBM documentation, in SNA, a flow-control technique used by the virtual route control component of path control at each end of a virtual route to control the rate at which path information units (PIUs) flow over the virtual route virtual routing node According to IBM documentation, a representation of a node’s connectivity to a connection network defined on a shared-access transport facility, such as a Token Ring virtual storage According to IBM documentation, storage space that may be regarded as addressable main storage by the user of a computer system in which virtual addresses are mapped into real addresses virtual storage access method (VSAM) According to IBM documentation, an access method of direct or sequential processing of fixed- and variable-length records on direct-access devices Virtual Storage Extended (VSE) According to IBM documentation, a program whose full name is the Virtual Storage Extended/Advanced Function It is a software operating system controlling the execution of programs virtual telecommunication access method (VTAM) According to IBM documentation, a program that controls communication and the flow of data in an SNA network It provides single-domain, multiple-domain, and interconnected network capability VM/SNA console support (VSCS) According to IBM documentation, a VTAM component for the VM environment that provides Systems Network Architecture (SNA) support It allows SNA terminals to be virtual machine consoles VM/370 control program (CP) According to IBM documentation, that component of VM/370 that manages the resources of a single computer with the result that multiple computing systems appear to exist Each virtual machine is the functional equivalent of an IBM System/370 computing system VSE/Advanced Functions According to IBM documentation, the basic operating system support needed for a VSE-controlled installation VMScluster configuration According to Digital Equipment documentation, a highly integrated organization of Open VMS AXP systems, or a combination of AXP or VAX systems, that communicate over a high-speed communication path VMScluster configurations have all the functions of single-node systems, plus the ability to share CPU resources, queues, and disk storage Like a single-node system, the VMScluster configuration provides a single security and management environment Member nodes can share the same operating environment or serve specialized needs VTAM application program According to IBM documentation, a program that has opened an access method control block (ACB) to identify itself to VTAM and that can therefore issue VTAM macroinstructions VTAM Common Network Services (VCNS) According to IBM documentation, this is VTAM’s support for shared physical connectivity between SNA networks and certain non-SNA networks VTAM definition According to IBM documentation, the process of defining the user application network to VTAM and modifying IBM-defined characteristics to suit the needs of the user VTAM definition library According to IBM documentation, the operating system files or data sets that contain the definition statements and start options filed during VTAM definition VTAM internal trace (VIT) According to IBM documentation, a trace used in VTAM to collect data on channel I/O, use of locks, and storage management services VTAM operator According to IBM documentation, a person or program authorized to issue VTAM operator commands VTAM operator command According to IBM documentation, a command used to monitor or control a VTAM domain waveform The representation of a disturbance as a function as it occurs in time and its relationship to space wavelength Defined as the distance that an electromagentic wave can travel in the amount of time it takes to oscillate through a complete cycle well-known port A term used with TCP/IP networks In TCP/IP, applications and programs that reside on top of TCP and UDP, respectively, have a designated port assigned to them This agreed-on port is known as a well-known port window A term used with environments such as X-Windows Generally, the term is used in contrast with line or full-screen mode window-based program A program written for use with a windowing system; for example, this could refer to an X-Windows environment or the Microsoft Windows environment Opposite from a window-based program is a terminal-based program window decoration In the X-Windows environment, the frame and window control buttons that surround windows managed by the window manager window manager A program in the X-Windowing system that controls size, placement, and operation of windows on the root window The window manager includes the functional window frames that surround each window object as well as a menu for the root window XENIX A version of UNIX that can run on a PC X.21 A CCITT standard defining logical link control and media access control in X.25 networks X.25 A CCITT standard for packet-switched network layer services X.400 A CCITT and ISO combination of standards for providing electronic mail services X.500 A CCITT and ISO combination of standards for providing directory services X application An application program that conforms to X protocol standards X protocol A protocol that uses TCP as a transport mechanism It supports asynchronous, event-driven distributed window environments; this can be across heterogeneous platforms X terminal A terminal and machine specifically designed to run an X server In this type environment, X clients are run on remote systems X toolkit A collection of high-level programs based on programming from the X library X-Windows system A software system developed at MIT whose original design intent was to provide distributed computing support for the development of programs It supports two-dimensional bitmapped graphics Zap disk According to IBM documentation, the virtual disk in the VM operating system that contains the userwritten modifications to VTAM code zone (1) According to Digital Equipment documentation, this is a section of a fully configured VAXft faulttolerant computing system that contains a minimum of a CPU module, memory module, I/O module, and associated devices A VAXft system consists of two such zones with synchronized processor operations If one zone fails, processing continues uninterrupted through automatic failover to the other zone (2) In AppleTalk, a logical grouping of devices in an AppleTalk internet that makes it easier for users to locate network services The network administrator defines zones during the router setup process (3) According to Apple documentation, this is a logical grouping of a subset of the nodes on the AppleTalk internet The zone is the third field in the name of an AppleTalk entity Zone Information Protocol An AppleTalk protocol that maintains a table in each router, called the zone information table, that lists the relationship between zone names and networks zone name According to Apple documentation, a name defined for each zone in an AppleTalk internet A LocalTalk network can have only one zone name Ethernet and Token-Ring networks can have multiple zone names, called a zone list zone of authority A term used with the domain name system to refer to the group of names authorized by a given name server ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Taylor, Ed, 1958– SNA and TCP/ IP integration handbook / Ed Taylor p cm Includes index ISBN 0-07-063412-2 TCP/ IP (Computer network protocol SNA (Computer network architecture)... contact your local McGraw-Hill representative SNA and TCP/ IP Integration Handbook Ed Taylor McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico... application but select the applications and functions desired and offload TCP, UDP, and IP to the 3172 model 003 In turn, only the desired portion of TCP/ IP resides as an active application under