Read what your colleagues are saying about We the People: A Concise Introduction to American Politics: Patterson’s book is the sort of book our students should read It addresses all of the major issues that our students need to know about American government and politics, all presented in a manner that our students can easily grasp.” —Timothy Martinez, Black Hills State University A rock-solid, close-to-the-vest text with comprehensive coverage of important material —John Linantud, University of Houston, Downtown New Features Supporting Material • A rich Online Learning Center includes chapter overviews and outlines; student quizzing; multiple-choice, true/false, essay, and matching questions; interactive flash cards; interactive activities; analytical exercises; and chapter summaries • NEW! Lecture Launchers, available now both as DVD and VHS, feature brief chapterspecific video clips to help instructors “launch” their lecture NEW! from McGraw-Hill: Enrich Enhance ENGAGE! McGraw-Hill’s new PoliCentral McGraw-Hill’s new PoliCentral “destination Web site” includes exciting interactive tools and multimedia presentations such as debate tools, simulations, dynamic transparencies, videos, a soapbox full of audio clips, and much more PoliCentral promises to enrich the classroom ISBN 978-0-07-340386-1 experience, enhance homework assignments and learning, MHID 0-07-340386-5 and engage the student mind 0 0 780073 403861 www.mhhe.com We the People A Concise Introduction to American Politics MD DALIM #894516 02/26/07 CYAN MAG YELO BLK • New “Media and Politics” boxes examine how media outlets such as weblogs, partisan radio, and cable news shows are creating uncharted new public spaces where consumers can choose to get their political news • 17 new readings are taken from newspapers, magazines, online news sources, press conferences, speeches, and current and classic essays, providing students with a built-in reader • Updated coverage includes the 2006 elections, Iraq conflict, congressional scandals, judicial appointments, and more on environmental and energy policy A Concise Introduction to American Politics If a story is only as good as its storyteller, it is no wonder that We the People is now in its seventh edition Incorporating 2006 election coverage and analysis, the new edition also puts increased emphasis on media and political culture—the areas for which Tom Patterson is best known Brief readings at the end of each chapter are taken from both contemporary and classic sources, giving students the benefit of a comprehensive text and a reader in one concise book We the People Patterson’s We the People is quickly becoming the standard-bearer among American government brief texts Great breadth and a mini-reading package and all of this still within a brief text Great! —Mark J O’Gorman, Maryville College pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page i CONFIRMING PAGES We the People A C ONCISE I NTRODUCTION TO A MERICAN P OLITICS seventh edition Thomas E Patterson Bradlee Professor of Government and the Press John F Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 4:3:07 01:18am Page ii nishant-13 Disk_1:Desktop Folder:02/04/07: CONFIRMING PAGES Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 Copyright © 2008 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning This book is printed on acid-free paper DOC/DOC ISBN: 978-0-07-340386-1 MHID: 0-07-340386-5 Editor in Chief: Emily Barrosse Publisher: Frank Mortimer Sponsoring Editor: Monica Eckman Marketing Manager: Simon Heathcote Director of Development: Rhona Robbin Development Editor: Nancy Crochiere Editorial Coordinator: Jessica Badiner Production Editor: Christina Gimlin Manuscript Editor: Mary Roybal Art Director: Jeanne Schreiber Cover and Interior Designer: Kay Fulton Art Editor: Emma Ghiselli Photo Research Coordinator: Alexandra Ambrose Photo Research: PhotoFind, LLC Permissions Editor: Marty Moga Media Project Manager: Ron Nelms Print Supplements Producer: Louis Swaim Production Supervisor: Randy Hurst Composition: 10.5/13 Janson by Aptara, Inc Printing: 45# Pub Matte, R R Donnelley Crawfordsville Cover: © Randy Wells/Stone/Getty Images Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patterson, Thomas E We the people: a concise introduction to American politics/Thomas E Patterson.—7th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340386-1 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340386-5 (alk paper) United States—Politics and government I Title JK274.P36 2007 320.473—dc22 2007010338 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication The inclusion of a Website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites www.mhhe.com pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page iii CONFIRMING PAGES To My Children, Alex and Leigh pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page iv CONFIRMING PAGES About the Author Thomas E Patterson is Bradlee Professor of Government and the Press in the John F Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University He was previously Distinguished Professor of Political Science in the Maxwell School of Citizenship at Syracuse University Raised in a small Minnesota town near the Iowa and South Dakota borders, he attended South Dakota State University as an undergraduate and served in the military in Vietnam before enrolling at the University of Minnesota, where he received his Ph.D in 1971 He is the author of numerous book and articles, which focus mainly on elections and the media His book The Vanishing Voter (2002) describes and explains the long-term decline in Americans’ electoral participation An earlier book, Out of Order (1994), received national attention when President Clinton said every politician and journalist should be required to read it In 2002, Out of Order received the American Political Science Association’s Graber Award for the best book of the past decade in political communication Another of Patterson’s books, The Mass Media Election (1980), received a Choice award as Outstanding Academic Book, 1980-1981 Patterson’s first book, The Unseeing Eye (1976), was selected by the American Association for Public Opinion Research as one of the fifty most influential books of the past half century in the field of public opinion His research has been funded by major grants from the National Science Foundation, the Markle Foundation, the Smith-Richardson Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Knight Foundation, The Carnegie Corporation, and the Pew Charitable Trusts iv pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page v CONFIRMING PAGES Contents Preface xv Chapter One American Political Culture: Seeking a More Perfect Union Political Culture: The Core Principles of American Government America’s Core Values: Liberty, Equality, and Self-Government Politics: The Resolution of Conflict Political Power: The Control of Policy The Concept of a Political System and This Book’s Organization Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 1: What We Love about America James Carroll 17 23 31 33 34 34 35 35 35 R1-1 Chapter Two Constitutional Democracy: Promoting Liberty and Self-Government Before the Constitution: The Colonial and Revolutionary Experiences 37 39 v pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page vi CONFIRMING PAGES vi Contents Negotiating Toward a Constitution Protecting Liberty: Limited Government Providing for Self-Government Constitutional Democracy Today 45 51 61 69 Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 2: The Mischiefs of Faction James Madison 70 71 71 72 72 72 R2-1 Chapter Three Federalism: Forging a Nation Federalism: National and State Sovereignty Federalism in Historical Perspective Federalism Today The Public’s Influence: Setting the Boundaries of Federal-State Power Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 3: The National Idea in American Politics Samuel H Beer 73 76 84 95 105 106 107 107 108 108 108 R3-1 Chapter Four Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual Rights 109 pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page vii CONFIRMING PAGES Contents vii Freedom of Expression Freedom of Religion The Right of Privacy Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes Rights and the War on Terrorism The Courts and a Free Society 113 124 129 132 144 147 Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 4: A Constitutional Amendment to Ban Flag Burning Sam Brownback and Russell Feingold 148 149 149 150 150 150 R4-1 Chapter Five Equal Rights: Struggling Toward Fairness 151 The Struggle for Equality Equality Under the Law Equality of Result Persistent Discrimination: Superficial Differences, Deep Divisions 153 172 178 Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 5: Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King, Jr 188 189 189 190 190 190 186 R5-1 pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page viii CONFIRMING PAGES viii Contents Chapter Six Public Opinion and Political Socialization: Shaping the People’s Voice 191 The Nature of Public Opinion Political Socialization: How Americans Learn Their Politics Frames of Reference: How Americans Think Politically The Influence of Public Opinion on Policy 193 Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 6: The Iraq Syndrome John Mueller 220 221 221 222 222 222 200 205 218 R6-1 Chapter Seven Political Participation and Voting: Expressing the Popular Will 223 Voter Participation Conventional Forms of Participation Other Than Voting Unconventional Activism: Social Movements and Protest Politics Participation and the Potential for Influence 224 242 245 Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice 248 249 249 250 250 236 pat03865_fm_i-xxiv 3/28/07 04:08 PM Page ix CONFIRMING PAGES Contents Additional Resources Reading 7: Voter Participation and Electoral Competition Thomas E Patterson ix 250 R7-1 Chapter Eight Political Parties, Candidates, and Campaigns: Defining the Voter’s Choice Party Competition and Majority Rule: The History of U.S Parties Electoral and Party Systems Party Organizations The Candidate-Centered Campaign Parties, Candidates, and the Public’s Influence Summary Key Terms Suggested Readings List of Websites Politics in Theory and Practice Additional Resources Reading 8: GOP Has Lock on South, and Democrats Can’t Find Key Ronald Brownstein 251 253 262 271 280 286 289 290 290 291 291 291 R8-1 Chapter Nine Interest Groups: Organizing for Influence The Interest-Group System Inside Lobbying: Seeking Influence Through Official Contacts Outside Lobbying: Seeking Influence Through Public Pressure The Group System: Indispensable but Biased 293 297 307 314 319 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-14 I-14 judiciary—Cont minorities as federal, 502–3 policymaking and, 515 as political officials, 501–3 power of, 513–23, 518–19 responsibilities of, 523 selecting in states, 497 in Supreme Court, 182, 500, 502 values in, 522–23 women as, 502–3 jurisdiction appellate, 489, 524 of committees, 385, 403 original, 489, 524 jury trials, 511 K Street, 308 Das Kapital (Marx), 535 Kaplan, Robert, 246 Kay, David, 463, 615 Kennedy, Anthony, 488, 522 Kennedy, John F assassination of, 433 Bay of Pigs and, 435 as Catholic president, 428 debates and, 425 foreign policy of, 436 health care and, 585 inaugural address of, 633 Kernell, Samuel, 444 Kerry, John, 286, 370, 420 in debate, 340, 425 Democratic party and, 261 matching funds and, 422 nomination of, 25 party support for, 424 as war hero, 353 Ketchikan-Gravina bridge, 360 Key, V O., Jr., 191 Keynes, John Maynard, 555 Kimel v Florida Board of Regents (2000), 103 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 2, 151, 155, 203 King, Peter, 351 Kingdon, John, 533 Klopfer v North Carolina (1967), 134 “knock-and-announce” rule, 138 Korean War, 415, 610, 624, 637 Ku Klux Klan, 119 Kyoto agreement, 550, 613 labor, 569 See also American Federation of LaborCongress of Industrial Organizations; Fair Labor Standards Act (1938); jobs child, 92 government promoting, 552 labor economic groups, 299–300 laissez-faire capitalism, 16, 89–94, 534–35, 552, 570 lame duck, 408 land mind treaty, 342 land-grant universities, 599 Lane, Robert, 247, 601 large-state plan, 45 Lau v Nichols (1974), 167–68 lawlessness, 26 lawmaking function of Congress, 392–96, 403 Lawrence v Texas (2003), 131, 170, 498 laws, 392, 403, 504, 524 administrative, 506–7 affirmative action in, 181–84 CONFIRMING PAGES Index laws—Cont bills becoming, 387 civil, 505, 524 Constitution as, 50 criminal, 505, 524 English common, 156 equality under, 152 ex post facto, 53 judicial decision making and, 504–7 lawmaking function of Congress, 392–96, 403 Marshall, John, on, 487 procedural, 505, 524 sources of, 506 state, 509 statutory, 507 sunset, 476, 483 voter registration, 69 Lay, Kenneth, 541 leaders See also party leaders majority leader, 374 minority leader, 374 national, 63–64 political, 204 Senate majority leader, 376, 402 Senate minority leader, 376 leadership See also executive leadership system bills and, 389, 391 of Bush, George W., 368 of Clinton, Bill, 368 congressional, 361, 372–81 executive policy, 434 foreign policy, 414–16 in House of Representatives, 374–76 in presidency, 394, 412–17, 433–46, 447 in Senate, 376 in United States, compared with foreign countries, 377–78, 434 League of Nations, 414, 608 League of United Latin American Voters v Perry (2006), 178 League of Women Voters, 305 legal analysis, 32 legislative branch, 19, 55 Legislative Reorganization Act (1946), 385 Legislative Reorganization Act (1970), 399 legitimacy, 515, 524 lesson of Munich, 609 lesson of Vietnam, 610 Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol (Burke), 62 Leviathan (Hobbes), 17 Lewinsky, Monica, 343, 350, 400–401, 408, 440 libel, 121–22, 149 liberalism, 320–22, 324 liberals, 221, 297–98 Libertarian party, 270 libertarians, 208, 221 liberty, 3, 33, 34, 70 defined, 6, demand for, emphasis of, 15 federalism, protecting, 80 in Fourteenth Amendment, 132 Madison on, 51 origin of, personal, 5, 179 religion and, 41 Liebling, A J., 341 Limbaugh, Rush, 25, 276–77, 336 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Index limited government, 38, 51–52, 59–61, 71 in Constitution, 39, 51–61, 70 power and, 52–54 provisions for, 52 requirements of, 39 separate institutions in, 54–58 traditions of, 39 limited popular rule, 62–64 limited presidency, 412 Lincoln, Abraham, 2, 188, 203 as “baboon,” 283 campaigns against, 283 Dred Scott decision and, 88 election of, 255 Gettysburg address by, profile of, 257 Lippmann, Walter, 223, 354 Lipsky, Michael, 460 Literary Digest poll, 197 lobbying, 295, 308, 309, 323 grassroots, 315, 323, 324 inside, 307–14, 323, 324 outside, 314–19, 323, 324 lobbying groups, 237–38 in courts, 311–12 executive agencies and, 310–11 inside lobbying, 307–14, 323, 324 outside lobbying, 314–19, 323, 324 in policy process, 312–14 political participation and, 237–38 support in congress, 309–10 local government, 98, 99 Lochner v New York (1905), 92 Locke, John, 18, 41, 42, 80, 124 Locke v Davey (2004), 127 logrolling, 397, 403 “Lone Ranger,” 610 “the long tail,” 342 loose constructionism, 510 Los Angeles Times, 334 Losing Ground (Murray), 579 Lott, Trent, 344, 378 Louisiana Territory, 60 Lowi, Theodore, 320 MacManus, Susan, 215 Madison, James, 49, 59, 106, 413 on authority of government, 24 Bill of Rights and, 58 on checks on power, 38 on interest groups, 322–23 on liberty, 51 on political parties, 253 profile of, 81 on property, 298 on size of government, 80, 91 majoritarianism, 27–28, 34 majority, 28, 34, 54 majority leader, 374 majority opinion, 193, 205, 492, 524 majority rule, 19, 509 majority whip, 374, 376 Making Democracy Work (Putnam), 303 malapportionment, 516–17 Malloy v Hogan (1964), 134 mandatory spending, 560 Mao Zedong, 610 Mapp, Dollree, 134 Mapp v Ohio (1961), 134, 136 Page I-15 CONFIRMING PAGES I-15 Marbury v Madison (1803), 59–60, 70, 493, 513–14, 518, 521–22 Marbury, William, 59 marijuana use, 105 Marley, Bob, 205 Marshall, George, 625 Marshall, John, 492 on authority of Supreme Court, 59–60 Jefferson and, 521 on law, 487 on national bank, 86 on national power, 87 profile of, 521 Marshall Plan, 415, 625–26 Marshall, Thurgood, 503 Martin, Luther, 47 Marx, Karl, 535 Mason, George, 47, 76 mass media, 204 Massachusetts, 45 matching funds, 422 material incentive, 298, 324 McCain, John, 218, 370, 420, 427 McCreary County v American Civil Liberties Union (2005), 126 McCulloch, Edwin, 86 McCulloch v Maryland (1819), 86–87, 493, 514, 521 McGavick, Mike, 369 McGovern, George, 264, 424 McKernan, Signe-Mary, 580 means test, 586, 603 Medicaid program, 96, 105, 589–90 Medicare program, 105, 534, 560, 585, 602 melting pot, 14, 16 merit plan, 496 Merit Service Protection Board, 458 merit system, 464, 482, 483 Michels, Roberto, 30 military, 606 conventional war capability, 621–22 defense spending, 560–61, 617–19 deterrence policy, 619 dimension of national security, 617–25 guerrilla war capability, 622 military-industrial complex, 625, 638 nuclear war capability, 619 volunteer recruits, 620 Mill, John Stuart, 85, 246, 303 Miller, James, III, 473 Miller v California (1973), 122 Mills, C Wright, 29 Milosevic, Slobodan, 612 minimum wage, 103, 569 minor parties, 267–71 minorities See also African Americans; Asian Americans; disabled Americans; disadvantaged groups; Hispanic Americans; Native Americans; women change for, 188 equality of, 15 as federal judiciary, 502–3 poverty among, 578 in state legislatures, 157 Supreme Court and, 188 minority leader, 374 minority whip, 374, 376 Miranda rights, 135 Miranda v Arizona (1966), 94, 134, 135 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-16 I-16 Miranda warning, 94, 135 Missouri Compromise, 88 Missouri Plan, 496 Missouri v Siebert (2004), 135 Mitchell, John, 350 mixed economy, 535 Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (Rosenstone/Hanson), 246 Mohawks, 40 momentum, 420, 447 monetary policy, 564–65, 570 the Fed and, 565–69 flexibility of, 567 theory of, 567 understanding, 568–69 money hard, 279, 290 party organizations and, 278–80 soft, 279, 280, 290 money chase, 282, 290 Monroe, James, 254 Montesquieu, 53–54, 80 Morrill Act (1862), 599 Morris, Dick, 282 Morris, Jonathan, 26 motor voter, 230 Mott, Lucretia, 156 MoveOn, 241, 304 multilateralism, 611–13, 637, 638 multinational corporations, 629, 638 multiparty system, 262, 290 Murdoch, Rupert, 340 Murray, Charles, 579 Myrdal, Gunnar, 186, 188 myths, 12, 16 NAACP See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nader, Ralph, 271, 424 NAFTA See North American Free Trade Agreement Napoleonic Wars, 81 Napolitan, Joe, 280 NASA See National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 455 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 306 National Association of Automobile Dealers, 320 National Association of Countries, 306 National Association of Manufacturers, 305 National Association of Realtors PAC (R-PAC), 317, 366 National Audubon Society, 305 national authority, 93–97 national bank, 86 national citizenship, 94 National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), 238, 317 national debt, 556, 560, 570 National Economic Council (NEC), 430 National Education Association (NEA), 600 national election, 411 National Farmers Union, 300–301 National Gazette, 331 national government, 50, 78, 80, 82–83, 106 National Governors Conference, 306 National Grange, 299, 301 CONFIRMING PAGES Index National Hurricane Service, 451 national identity, National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA), 93 National Labor Relations Act (1935), 94, 552 national leaders, 63–64 National League of Cities, 306 National Organization for Women (NOW), 238, 295, 306 National Park Service, 545 national party conventions, 422–23 National Performance Review (NPR), 450–51, 479 national power, 77, 87, 105–6 National Public Radio (NPR), 302, 337, 480–81 National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 457 National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC), 278 National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC), 278 National Rifle Association (NRA), 26, 295, 315 national security, 637, 638 See also foreign policy agencies, 147, 350, 429, 606 diplomacy and, 606 economic dimension of, 625–36 military dimension of, 617–25 politics of, 622–25 National Security Agency (NSA), 147, 350, 606 National Security Council (NSC), 429 national sovereignty, 76–84 Native Americans, 16, 40 See also specific tribes citizenship of, 163 equality of, 162–63 Indian Bill of Rights (1968), 163 Iroquois Confederacy, 40 legal status of, 188 population of, 162 reservations of, 162–63 NATO See North Atlantic Treaty Organization natural resources, 628–29 natural rights, 42 NBC, 334, 337 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, 530 NEA See National Education Association Near v Minnesota (1931), 119 NEC See National Economic Council necessary and proper clause, 83, 86–87, 106, 107 See also elastic clause negative government, 580, 603 Nelson, Gaylord, 546–47 Neustadt, Richard, 438–39 neutral competence, 462, 483 Nevada Department of Human Resources v Hibbs (2003), 104 New Deal, 93–94, 210 balance of, 520 Democratic party and, 266 economy and, 568 end of, 258 equity under, 541–42 reforms of, 542 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and, 93, 264–65, 395, 412, 416, 453, 461, 568, 580 Supreme Court and, 93–94 new federalism, 102 New Hampshire, 50 New Jersey, 50 New Jersey Plan, 45, 71 “new social regulation,” 542 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-17 CONFIRMING PAGES I-17 Index New World, new world order, 611–13 New York, 50 New York Journal, 331 New York Sun, 331 New York Times, 332–34, 343, 350, 351, 352 New York Times Co v Sullivan (1964), 122 New York Times v United States (1971), 116 New York World, 331 news media, 223, 328, 355, 356 See also broadcast media; Fox News; journalism; mass media; newspapers campaigns and, 285 Christian-format, 125–26 common-carrier role of, 348–49, 355, 356 defined, 328 democracy and, 354–55 historical development of, 330–33 Internet as source of, 341–45 Iraq war and, 327–28, 351 political participation and, 239–40 politics and, 125–26, 333–45 public-representative role of, 351–54, 355, 356 as sensational events, 330 signaling role of, 346, 348, 355, 356 states and, 347 watchdog role of, 349–51, 355, 356 newspapers, 333–34, 354 See also specific newspapers NGOs See nongovernmental organizations Nineteenth Amendment, 156, 224 NIRA See National Industry Recovery Act Nixon, Richard, 102, 408, 419, 425, 610 antiwar activists and, 437 debates and, 425 “dirty tricks” campaign of, 37 funds withheld by, 441 People’s Republic of China and, 610 resignation of, 38, 350, 440 Vietnam War and, 441–42 No Child Left Behind Act (2001), 600 Nobel Peace Prize, 342 Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth, 204 nomination, 272, 290 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 343 nonvoting, 227 normative theory, 32 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 310, 630, 638 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 606, 612, 617 North Carolina, 76 North Korea, 619 North-South Compromise, 46–47, 71 NOW See National Organization for Women NPAC See National Conservative Political Action Committee NPR See National Performance Review; National Public Radio NRA See National Rifle Association NRCC See National Republican Congressional Committee NRSC See National Republican Senatorial Committee NSA See National Security Agency NSC See National Security Council nuclear energy, 550 “nuclear triad,” 619 nuclear war capability, 619 Obama, Barack, 282, 385, 420 objective journalism, 332, 356 obscenity defined, 122 freedom of expression and, 122–24 Supreme Court on, 122–24 Ochs, Adolph, 332 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 131, 158, 488, 503 gerrymandering and, 522 profile of, 20 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 429, 463, 473, 559–60, 561 Office of Personnel Management, 458 Office of the Vice President, 429 oil, 317, 628–29 Olasky, Marvin, 126 Old World, 4–5, older Americans, 169, 266 Oleszek, Walter, 359, 402 oligarchy, 19, 34 Olson, Mancur, 298, 302 Olson, Theodore, 144 OMB See Office of Management and Budget Oneidas, 40 Onondagas, 40 Open Door policy, 414 open party caucuses, 419, 447 open-seat elections, 366, 403 “Operation Restore Democracy,” 277 opinions See also public opinion; public opinion polls on affirmative action, 180 concurring, 492, 524 defined, 492 dissenting, 492, 524 elitist, 193 on free-trade position, 631 on gays/lesbians, 172 on Iraq war, 205, 214–15, 245 issue, 216 majority, 193, 205, 492, 524 partisanship and, 216 plurality, 492, 524 on poverty, 586 on spending, 194 Supreme Court, 492–93, 493 on Vietnam War, 623 Oregon, 73–74 Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act, 74–75 O’Reilly, Bill, 340 organizational theory, 32 original jurisdiction, 489, 524 Osborne, David, 479 outcomes, 541 outside lobbying, 314–19, 323, 324 overregulation, 538, 540 oversight function of Congress, 399–401, 403, 475 packaging, 283, 290 PACs See political action committees Page, Benjamin, 28 Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 628 Paine, Thomas, 224, 344 parliamentary system, 55–56 Parrot, Sharon, 574 parties See political parties partisan press, 331, 356 partisan thinking, 216–17 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-18 I-18 partisanship, 338, 340, 346, 355, 398, 403 in Bush v Gore, 512 comeback of, 260 endurance of, 268 fiscal policy and, 563–64 in journalism, 340 opinions and, 216 role of, 501 support for presidency, 439 in United States, compared with foreign countries, 335–36 party caucuses, 372, 403 party coalitions, 265–67, 290 party competition, 253, 290 party differences, 232–34 See also Democratic party; Republican party party discipline, 391, 394, 403 party identification, 217, 221, 257, 259, 266 party leaders, 403 caucuses and, 380 power of, 378–81 party loyalists, 289 party organizations, 271–72, 290 local, 273–75, 289 money and, 278–80 national, 277–78, 289 state, 275, 289 structure/role of, 273–80 weakening of, 272–73 party realignment, 256–58, 258–60, 290 party systems See also electoral systems; two-party system factional parties, 269–70 ideological parties, 270–71 minor parties, 267–71 multiparty system, 262, 290 single-issue parties, 269 single-member-district system, 262 in United States, compared with foreign countries, 263 party-centered politics, 252, 290 Pataki, George, 420 Patriot Act See USA Patriot Act (2001) patronage employees, 273 patronage system, 460–61, 464, 482, 483 Peace Corps, 633 Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 144 peers, 204 Pell Grants, 599 Pelosi, Nancy, 374, 379 Pendleton Act (1883), 461 Pennsylvania, 53 Pentagon papers, 116, 350 “people versus states,” 76 People’s Republic of China, 610, 633 Perot, Ross, 271 personal freedom, 11 Peterson, Peter, 288 Peterson, Scott, 352 Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 11 Pfiffner, James, 435 Phillips, Wendell, 225 photo-ops, 283 physician-assisted suicide, 73–74, 132 Pitt, Harvey, 431 Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992), 130 Pledge of Allegiance, 203 CONFIRMING PAGES Index Plessy, Homer Adolph, 90 Plessy v Ferguson (1896), 90, 153–54, 514 pluralism, 3, 27, 34, 319–20 Congress and, 401–2 defined, 28 flaws in, 320–22 as government by groups, 28–29 pluralist democracy, 193, 294 plurality opinion, 492, 524 Pointer v Texas (1965), 134 policy See also fiscal policy; foreign policy; public policy process; regulatory policy adoption of, 532 agricultural, 552–53 deterrence, 619, 638 domestic, 416–17 “don’t ask, don’t tell,” 170 dual-use, 545 evaluation of, 533, 534 executive, 434 experts, 430 formulation of, 532, 534 global warming/energy, 549–51 implementation of, 458, 483, 533 making of judiciary, 515 monetary of the Fed, 565–69 Open Door, 414 process in lobbying groups, 312–14 responsibilities of federal bureaucracy, 458–60 role of Congress, 392–401 social welfare, 580–93 spending, 554–59 political action committees (PACs), 315–19, 323, 324, 365 political authority, 25 political behavior, 32–33 political conflict, 209 political culture, 3–6, 34, 41, 91 See also ideals political humor, 25–26 political institutions, 32, 204 political leaders, 204 political participation, 85, 248, 249 See also interest groups; lobbying groups; protest politics; protesters; protests campaigns as, 237, 238, 421 community activities, 238–39 conventional forms of, 236–37 influence of, 245–48 Internet and, 240–42 lobbying groups and, 237–38 news media and, 239–40 voting as, 224 political parties, 252, 289, 290 See also Democratic party; Federalist party; party systems; Republican party; Whig theory Bull Moose party, 269 Citizens party, 270 Conservative party, 287, 346 first, 253–55 future of, 260 grassroots party, 255, 290 Green party, 271 Hispanic Americans and, 166–67 history of, 253–54 Libertarian party, 270 Madison on, 253 Populist party, 270–71 Prohibition party, 269 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Index political parties—Cont public influence and, 286–89 Reform party, 271 Right-to-Life party, 269 Socialist Workers party, 270 States’ Rights party, 269 U.S Communist party, 115 voting and, 260–62 Washington on, 253 Whigs, 255 political power, 23–31, 27 political socialization, 221 agents of, 203–4, 206, 221 defined, 200 process of, 201–3 political system, 34 concept of, 31–33 explanatory model of, 31 inputs to, 32 outputs of, 32 patterns of, 33 political thinking, 206–7 politics, 33, 34 attack, 283 candidate-centered, 252 characteristics of, class bias in, 247 defined, of economic regulation, 542–43 of the Fed, 567–69 historical continuity of, ideals and, 15 involvement in, 249 of national security, 622–25 news media and, 125–26, 333–45 party-centered, 252 protest, 242–45 of regulatory policy, 542–43 religion and, 125 as resolution of conflict, 17–23 rules of American, 18–22 single-issue, 294 social contract in, 17–18 of social welfare, 580–93 as system, 31–33 in two-party system, 264–65 poll tax, 225 polls, 283 See also public opinion polls ABC/Los Angeles Times poll, 244 Gallup poll, 199, 208, 214 Literary Digest poll, 197 NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, 530 Time/CNN poll, 248 Washington Post/ABC News poll, 214 popular government, 39 popular vote, 417, 425 population, 197, 221 Population Crisis Committee, 159 Populist party, 270–71 populists, 208, 221 pork-barrel projects, 363, 403 pornography, 124 positive government, 580, 603 “the Pottery Barn rule,” 616 poverty, 10–12, 602 among African Americans, 578 children in, 577, 578–79 choosing to live in, 579–80 Page I-19 CONFIRMING PAGES I-19 poverty—Cont demographics of, 577 families in, 577–78 government’s responsibility and, 586 among Hispanic Americans, 578 “invisibility” of, 578 among minorities, 578 nature of, 576–80 opinions on, 586 poverty line, 577, 580, 603 Powell, Colin, 463, 616 power, 3, 34 See also denial of power; executive power; grants of power; implied power; national power; political power; separation of powers; superpower balance of in elections, 264 bipolar, 609, 638 boundaries of federal-state, 105 of Cheney, 432 of clientele groups, 467–68 of Clinton, Bill, 411 competition for, 24 concurrent, 77 of Congress, 82–83 defined, 23 delegation in Constitution, 64–69 enumerated, 82, 107 executive, 411, 437–38, 446 of expertise, 466–67 of federal government, 69 federalism moderating, 80 of friends in high places, 468–69 of government, 16, 74 of Hispanic Americans, 165–67 of ideals, 10–12 imperative of bureaucracies, 465–79 of judiciary, 513–23, 518–19 limited government and, 52–54, 53–54 limits to, 20 Madison on checks for, 38 Marshall, John, on national, 87 moderating, 80 of national government, 82–83 of party leaders, 378–81 of presidency, 410–12 of Reagan, 411 reserved, 84, 107 shared executive, 57 shared judicial, 58 shared legislative, 57 sharing, 54 sources for bureaucracies, 466–69 state, 75, 77, 83–84, 105–6 of Supreme Court, 57, 509 theories of, 27–31 Tocqueville on, 255 tripolar, 626 Truman on, 412 unipolar, 611, 638 prayer in public schools, 124, 125, 126, 319, 515 See also Bible reading in public schools precedent, 490, 507, 508, 524 preemptive war doctrine, 614, 638 presidency, 49, 56 See also executive agreements; executive power accountability through, 470–73 bills and, 440 Congress and, 436–42 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-20 CONFIRMING PAGES I-20 presidency—Cont domestic policy and, 416–17 force of circumstance in, 433–35 foreign policy and, 414–15 foreign/domestic issues during, 435–36 foundations of modern, 410–17 heroic, 408 honeymoon period, 435 imperial, 408 imperiled, 408 of Jefferson, 81 judicial decision making and, 510 leadership in, 394, 412–17, 433–46, 447 limited, 412 partisan support for, 439 path to, 423 power of, 410–12 public support for, 442–46 of Roosevelt, Franklin D., 257 scandal and, 444 strategic, 435 televising of, 444–46 of Washington, George, 330 presidential appointees, 428–32, 471–73 presidential approval ratings, 442, 447 presidential commissions, 456, 457, 483 presidential elections, 63, 417–19 See also 2004 presidential election; 2000 presidential election campaigns in, 423–28, 446 national party conventions, 422–23 primary elections, 419–22 voter turnout in, 228, 231 presidential nomination, 418 President’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security, 457 press, 328, 356 See also freedom of press; news media; newspapers Bush, George W., and, 333, 339 Clinton, Bill, and, 333, 338 First Amendment and, 329, 341 partisan, 331, 356 primary elections, 39, 66, 71, 272–73, 290, 419–22 Primetime Live, 151 “principle of association,” 296 Printz v United States (1997), 103 prior restraint, 116–17, 149 prison reform, 515 prisoner abuse, 25, 145, 349, 408, 623 privacy rights, 129–32 private discrimination, 176 private enterprise, 569 private goods, 298, 301, 324 probability sampling, 198 probable cause, 136 problem recognition, 530 problem transformation, 530 procedural due process, 132, 149 procedural law, 505, 524 professional economic groups, 301 Progressive movement, 269, 462, 530, 542 Progressives, 66–69, 418–19 Prohibition party, 269 Project for Excellence in Journalism, 340 property, 18, 298 proportional representation, 262, 290 Proposition 209, 181 Proposition 227, 168 prospective voting, 261, 290 Index protectionism, 630, 638 protest politics, 242–45 See also demonstrations Protestants, 211 protesters, 114, 245, 249 protests against Iraq war, 242–43 tactical, 243 against Vietnam War, 244 public assistance, 603 economic status and, 586–90 food stamps, 589 Medicaid program, 96, 105, 589–90 SSI, 587 subsidized housing, 589 TANF, 587–88 public goods, 301 public health, 532 public opinion, 101, 105 cultural thinking and, 207 defined, 194, 220 devolution and, 101 group thinking and, 210–16 ideological thinking and, 207–10 influence of, 193 informing, 194–96 judicial decision making and, 508–9 measurement of, 196–200 nature of, 193–94 partisan thinking and, 216–17 policy influence of, 218–20, 221 process of, 193, 220 role of, 192 shaping of, 193 public opinion polls, 196–99, 221 accuracy of, 200 problems with, 199–200 public policy process, 23, 34, 570 emergence of policy issues, 529–31 resolution of policy issues, 531–34 stages of, 529 public pressure, 314–15 public schools, 203–4 Bible reading in, 124, 125 disorder in, 597 funding of, 96, 398 integration of, 184–86 issues in, 597–98 leveling through, 594–97 performance in, 597 prayer in, 124, 125, 126, 319, 515 segregation in, 186 vouchers in, 597–98 public transportation, 547 public-interest groups, 305 public-representative role, 351–54, 355, 356 Publius, 49 Pulitzer, Joseph, 331 purposive incentives, 301, 324 Putnam, Robert, 239, 247, 297, 303 Al Qaeda, 192, 204, 614 Quakers, 53–54 race group thinking and, 212, 214 income and, 179–80 racial minorities See minorities racial oppression, 12 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-21 Index racial profiling, 139 racial segregation, 9, 530 racism, 91, 153 radio talk shows, 336–37 Ratcliffe, Caroline, 580 Rather, Dan, 344 rational choice theory, 32 Reagan, Ronald, 20, 158, 500 affirmative action and, 510 economic program of, 557 executive power of, 411 as “the Great Communicator,” 444 Iran-Contra scandal and, 350, 408 new federalism of, 102 1980 election of, 264 Soviet Union and, 610 speeches of, taxes and, 433, 592 “Reaganomics,” 557 realignment See party realignment RealNetworks, 369 reapportionment, 366, 403 reasonable-basis test, 173, 175, 189 recycling, 547 red states, 212 redistricting, 403, 517 incumbents and, 366–67 Supreme Court on, 178 redlining, 177 referendum, 67 Reform party, 271 region, 212 regulation, 536, 570 regulatory agencies, 455–57, 483 regulatory policy, 536, 542–43 Rehnquist, William, 488, 520 Reid, Harry, 294 Reinventing Government (Osborne/Gaebler), 479 religion See also Bible reading in public schools; Catholics; churches; freedom of religion; Jews; prayer in public schools; Protestants Amish children, education requirements of, 128 Anglicanism, 41 born-again Christians, 211–12 Christian Coalition of America, 306, 307 Christian Moral Government Fund, 238, 317 Christian news broadcasting, 125–26 equality and, 41 fundamentalist Christians, 267 group thinking and, 210–12 ideals and, 41 liberty and, 41 personal importance of, 206 politics and, 125 public displays of, 126–27 Quakers, 53–54 self-government and, 41 separation of church and state, 124 as socializing force, 211 religious right, 211 Remington, Frederic, 331 representation function of Congress, 396–99, 403 representative democracy, 61, 71 republic, 71 defined, 61–62 democracy v., 61–62 size of, 80 Republican National Committee (RNC), 277–78 CONFIRMING PAGES I-21 Republican party, 10–12, 202–3, 232–33, 251, 289 abortion and, 259 affirmative action and, 259 Democratic party v., 256–58 devolution and, 102–3 founding of, 253 fundamentalist Christians and, 267 fundraising by, 278 in House of Representatives, 375 Jefferson and, 253 national headquarters of, 277 in Senate, 375 in South, 258 reserved power, 84, 107 Reston, James, 352 restraint of trade, 537–38 retrospective voting, 261, 290 “Revolution of 1800,” 65 Revolutionary War, 40, 43, 81 Rhode Island, 45, 47, 61, 62 Rice, Condoleezza, 25, 420, 478, 614 Richardson, Bill, 420 rider, 389, 403 right(s) See also Bill of Rights; civil rights; Civil Rights Act (1964); Civil Rights Act (1968); Civil Rights Act (1991); civil rights movement; Equal Rights Amendment; Indian Bill of Rights (1968); Voting Rights Act (1965); women’s rights convention (1848) of African Americans, 14 in Colonial Period, 40, 42 to counsel, 111 of defendants, 135–39 to die, 132 equal, 152, 189 inalienable, 42, 71 individual, 18, 21, 112, 152, 154, 509 Miranda, 135 natural, 42 “of Englishmen,” 40, 42 privacy, 129–32 procedural, 133–35 to prompt/reasonable proceedings, 111 protection of, 112 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and, of states, 87–89 war on terrorism and, 144–47 rights of accused persons, 132 crime/punishment/police practices, 139–44 limits on defendants’ rights, 135–39 selective incorporation of procedural rights, 133–35 “the rights of Englishmen,” 40, 42 right-to-life groups, 311 Right-to-Life party, 269 Riker, William, 91 Ring v Arizona (2002), 141 RNC See Republican National Committee roadblocks, 135–36 Roberts, John, 500 Roberts, Owen, 94 Robertson, Pat, 125, 307 Robinson, Michael, 339 Robinson v California (1962), 134 Rocky Mountain News, 333 Roe v Wade (1973), 129–30, 380 Rogers, Will, 25 roll-call votes, 380–81 Romer v Evans (1996), 170 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM I-22 Romney, Mitt, 420 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 197, 258, 407, 472, 499 economic reform of, 553 fireside chats of, 338 on “freedom from want,” “Hundred Days” of, 435 Japanese Americans’ internment under, 144, 437 New Deal and, 93, 264–65, 395, 412, 416, 453, 461, 568, 580 1932 election of, 264 popularity of, 408 presidency of, 257 profile of, 581 social security program and, 105, 583 speeches of, terms of, 414 Roosevelt, Theodore, 117, 271 Bull Moose party of, 269 “bully pulpit” of, 444 on Congress, 439 Open Door policy of, 414 stewardship theory embraced by, 412 Roper v Simmons (2005), 141 Rosenstone, Steve, 246 Rossiter, Clinton, 264 Rostenkowsky, Dan, 534 Rostker v Goldberg (1980), 174 Roth v United States (1957), 122 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 18, 41, 303 Rove, Karl, 265 Row v Wade (1973), 514 R-PAC See National Association of Realtors PAC rules, 17, 459 of American politics, 18–22 bureaucratic rule, 27, 30, 34 exclusionary rule, 136–38, 149 fixed rules, 453 formalized rules, 453, 483 “knock-and-announce” rule, 138 limited popular rule, 62–64 majority rule, 19, 509 “the Pottery Barn rule,” 616 unit rule, 424, 447 Rumsfeld, Donald, 349, 444–45, 617 “running on empty,” 288 Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations (Franken), 276 Rutledge, John, 47 Safe Drinking Water Act, 540 safe incumbency, 371–72 Safire, William, 333 SALT See Strategic Arms Limitation Talks same-sex marriage, 171–72 sample, 197, 221 sampling error, 198, 221 Sampson, Leon, 595 San Francisco Call, 345 Santorum, Rick, 368 Scalia, Antonin, 488, 503, 512 scarcity, 17 Schattschneider, E E., 33, 251, 252, 293, 530 Schecter v United States (1935), 93 Schenck v United States (1919), 114–15 Schultz, Ed, 276 Scigliano, Robert, 501 scope of conflict, 530 Page I-22 CONFIRMING PAGES Index search and seizure, 111 Fourth Amendment and, 132, 135–36 Supreme Court on, 135–36, 137 The Sea Around Us (Carson), 544 SEC See Securities and Exchange Commission Second Bank of the United States, 86 Second Treatise on Civil Government (Locke), 18 secrecy, 634 secretary of state, 431 Securities and Exchange Act (1934), 541 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 431, 455, 456, 461 Sedition Act of 1798, 113 See, I Told You So (Limbaugh), 276 segregation, 94 See also integration in public schools, 186 racial, 9, 530 select committees, 384 selective incorporation, 149 Fourteenth Amendment and, 118–19 of freedom of expression, 119 of procedural rights, 133–35 Supreme Court and, 134–35 self-government, 3, 18, 33, 34, 38, 61, 71, 513 belief in, in Constitution, 39, 61–69 defined, democracy v republic, 61–62 limited popular rule and, 62–64 model of, 69 origin of, religion and, 41 requirements of, 39 traditions of, 39 self-incrimination, 111 self-interest, 322 self-reliance, 10–12, 11 Senate appointment to, 63 Democratic party in, 375 election to, 66, 68, 363 as federal institution, 79 leadership in, 376 members of, 364, 393 Republican party in, 375 vice president in, 376 Senate Appropriations Committee, 561, 563 Senate Budget Committee, 561 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 399, 636 Senate Judiciary Committee, 380, 519 Senate majority leader, 376, 402 Senate minority leader, 376 senatorial courtesy, 500, 524 Senecas, 40 seniority, 381, 403 sensationalism, 333 sentencing, 141–42 separate institutions, 52, 54–58, 71 separation of church and state, 124 separation of powers, 53–54, 71, 322 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 192, 195, 608 See also war on terrorism aftermath of, 204, 636 Arab Americans and, 148 Bush, George W., and, 144, 265, 407, 415–16, 477–78 Department of Homeland Security and, 104 events of, 1–2 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-23 CONFIRMING PAGES I-23 Index September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks—Cont foreign policy after, 415–16 hate-crime and, 187 immigration impacted by, 15 military response to, 214 rights and, service relationship, 278, 290 service strategy, 363–64, 403 Seventeen Amendment, 66 sex discrimination, 158, 175 sexual harassment, 158 sexual relations among consenting adults, 131 Shapiro, Robert, 28, 219 shared executive power, 57 shared judicial power, 58 shared legislative power, 57 sharing power, 54 Shays, Daniel, 44 Shay’s Rebellion, 44–45 Sheet Metal Workers, 300 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 91 Sierra Club, 305, 321, 543 signaling role, 346, 348, 355, 356 signing statements, 441 The Silent Spring (Carson), 543, 544 single-issue groups, 305 single-issue parties, 269 single-issue politics, 294, 324 single-member districts, 262, 290 singular authority, 411 Sixth Amendment, 111, 132, 133, 141 “size factor,” 298 slander, 121–22, 149 slavery, 91 See also African Americans; antislavery abolishment of, Civil War and, 153 Dred Scott decision, 87–89 duration of, 12 issue of, 46–47, 255 small-state plan, 45 Smith, Adam, 534–35 smog, 548 Snow, Tony, 445 social capital, 239, 249 social contract, 17–18, 34 Social Contract (Rousseau), 18 social insurance, 583, 603 Medicare program, 105, 534, 560, 585, 602 social security program as leading, 583–84 unemployment insurance, 584–85 social movements, 242–45, 249 Social Security Act (1935), 581–82, 583, 584 Social Security Administration (SSA), 471, 473 Social Security Board, 461 social security program, 105, 264, 560, 602 Bush, George W., and, 219–20, 293–94, 583–84 as leading social insurance program, 583–84 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and, 105, 583 social welfare, 10–12, 433, 580–93, 602 socialism, 22, 34, 297 Socialist Workers party, 270 socialized medicine, 585 soft money, 279, 290 regulating, 280 Supreme Court and, 279 solicitor general, 490, 524 Solid South, 256 Soros, George, 280 Sossen, Ed, 125–26 South America, 24 South Carolina, 64, 88–89 sovereignty, 44, 76–84, 107 See also national sovereignty Soviet Union, 24 cold war with, 609 collapse of, 611 foreign policy and, 607–8 Reagan and, 610 Truman and, 608 Spanish-American War, 331 Speaker of the House, 372, 374, 402 special U.S courts, 495 Specter, Arlen, 380, 441 speeches See also freedom of speech hate, 120 of Reagan, of Roosevelt, Franklin D., symbolic, 116, 149 verbal, 116 spending, 16, 570 defense, 560–61, 617–19 deficit, 555, 570 discretionary, 560–61 mandatory, 560 opinions on, 194 policy, 554–59 in states, 561–62 The Spiral of Silence (Noelle-Neumann), 204 split ticket, 260, 261, 290 spoils system, 461–62, 483 Sprinter, Jerry, 276 SSA See Social Security Administration SSI See Supplemental Security Income “stagflation,” 568 Stalin, Josef, 24 Stamp Act, 40 standing committees, 383–84, 403 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 156, 226 Star Wars, 607 Starr, Kenneth, 441 “Star-Spangled Banner,” state(s) African Americans in, 48 blue, 212 bureaucracy in, 452 college education in, 13, 597 commerce in, 84, 92, 537 death penalty in, 140 elections in, 281 electoral votes in (2004 election), 426 employees, 103–4 federal government in, 75 as governing body, 76 grants in aid within, 100 initiative in, 67 judiciary selection, 497 law, 509 legislatures, 157 minority representation in, 157 news media and, 347 PACs in, 318 party loyalties in, 213–14 party organizations in, 275, 289 “people versus”, 76 political culture in, 41 power, 75, 77, 83–84, 105–6 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-24 I-24 state(s)—Cont preservation, 50 red, 212 referendum in, 67 rights of, 87–89 separation of church and state, 124 sovereignty, 76–84 spending in, 561–62 taxes in, 23, 98, 561–62 theories of power in, 27–31 voluntary military in, 620–21 voter turnout in, 231 welfare policies in, 575 women in legislature, 373 state courts, 495–99, 523 state discretion, 89–90, 92, 103–4 state government, 106 federal government v., 75 federal grants to, 99 freedom of expression and, 117–21 Hamilton on, 80 limiting authority of, 119–21 power of, 75 taxes in, 23, 98, 561–62 State of the Nation (Watts/Free), 11 States’ Rights party, 269 Statue of Liberty, statutory law, 507 stem cell research, 316 Stenberg v Carhart (2000), 130 Stevens, John Paul, 110, 127, 488, 512 stewardship theory, 412, 447 Stewart, Jon, 25 Stewart, Martha, 352 stock market crash, 257 See also Great Depression Stone, Harlan Fiske, 115 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 610 strategic presidency, 435 Street, John, 275 street-level bureaucracy, 460 strict constructionism, 510 strict-scrutiny test, 173, 189 strikes, 163–64, 531 subsidized housing, 589 Suez Canal, 624 suffrage, 224, 249 Sun Oil Company Political Action Committee (Sunpac), 317 Sunpac See Sun Oil Company Political Action Committee sunset law, 476, 483 superpower, 608–9 Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 587, 588 supply-side economics, 557–58, 570 supremacy clause, 82, 86, 107 Supreme Court, 20, 55, 182, 489–90, 500, 502, 524 on abortion, 129–31, 132 on affirmative action, 181–83 African Americans and, 154–55 appointees to, 499–500 authority of, 59 on bilingual instruction, 167–68 on busing, 184–86 cases of, 490–92, 514 civil liberties and, 149 commerce and, 90–92 on death penalty, 141 decisions of, 490–93 CONFIRMING PAGES Index Supreme Court—Cont on education, 594, 599 employees’ protection under, 158 on equal-protection clause, 487–88 exclusionary rule and, 136–38 First Amendment and, 120 on freedom of expression, 114–15 on freedom of press, 116–17 on freedom of religion, 124, 126–29 on freedom of speech, 115–16 on gun possession, 103 habeas corpus appeals and, 138–39 on libel, 122 on malapportionment, 517 on marijuana use, 105 Marshall, John, on authority of, 59–60 membership of, 103 on minimum wage, 103 minorities and, 188 New Deal and, 93–94 on obscenity, 122–24 opinions of, 492–93, 493 on physician-assisted suicide, 132 power of, 57, 509 on redistricting, 178 on religious displays, 126–27 on search and seizure, 135–36, 137 selective incorporation and, 134–35 on sentencing, 141–42 sex classifications and, 175 on sexual relations among consenting adults, 131 on slander, 121–22 soft money and, 279 state employees and, 103–4 state laws and, 509 suspect classifications and, 174 undue burden standard of, 130 on war on terrorism, 145–46 on warrantless searches, 110 during World War II, 144 suspect classifications, 174, 189 Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Board of Education (1971), 185 swing voters, 285, 289 symbolic speech, 116, 149 Taft, William Howard, 269 Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 458 Taliban, 192, 204, 416, 614, 617 Taney, Roger, 88 TANF See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families tariffs, 569 taxes, 22, 46, 98, 106, 569, 570 Bush, George W., and, 533, 558, 564, 592 capital-gains, 558, 570, 593 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 593 Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (2001), 564 economic status and, 592–93 effective tax rate, 592, 603 of federal government, 98 graduated personal income tax, 564, 570 income and, 591–92 as percentage of country’s GDP, 23 poll tax, 225 Reagan and, 433, 592 spending policy and, 554–59 state, 23, 98, 561–62 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-25 CONFIRMING PAGES I-25 Index taxes—Cont in United States, compared with foreign countries, 23 welfare policies and, 591–92 Telecommunications Act (1966), 458 television cable, 339–41 campaign coverage, 284, 349, 425 network news, 337–39 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 102, 587–88, 591 Tenth Amendment, 92, 103, 495 term-limit movement, 69 terrorism See war on terrorism theory of evolution, 128 theory of intelligent design, 129 Thirty Years War, 637 Thomas, Bill, 574 Thomas, Clarence, 488, 512 Three-Fifths Compromise, 46 Timberlake, Justin, 123 Time/CNN poll, 248 Tinsdale, Elkanah, 367 Tocqueville, Alexis de, on American ideals, 1, on American political activity, 297 civic groups and, 303 on freedom of expression, 205 on judicial issues, 20, 21 on power of people, 255 on “principle of association,” 296 Toryism, 331 totalitarian government, 23, 34 town meetings, 19 Townshend Act, 40 trade, 638 Federal Trade Commission, 467, 537, 607 free-trade position, 629, 631, 632, 638 global, 629–34 North American Free Trade Agreement, 310, 630, 638 restraint of trade, 537–38 U.S Court of International Trade, 495 World Trade Organization, 607, 630–32, 637, 638 trade deficit, 627, 632 trade imbalance, 626 transfer payments, 582, 603 tripolar power, 626 Truman, Harry, 407, 408, 436, 472 foreign policy initiatives of, 415 health care and, 585 on power, 412 Soviet Union and, 608 on staff, 431 trustees, representatives as, 66 “turf wars,” 385 Turner, Ted, 339, 340 Twain, Mark, 25, 26 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 225 Twenty-second Amendment, 414 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 225 2004 presidential election, 218, 261, 271, 426 See also Bush v Gore (2000) 2006 midterm elections, 379 challengers in, 369 incumbents in, 368 voter turnout in, 368–69 2000 presidential election, 25, 285, 370, 417, 425 two-party system, 262, 290 party coalitions in, 265–67 politics in, 264–65 tyranny of the majority, 61, 71 UAW See United Auto Workers UN See United Nations underregulation, 540 undue burden, 130 unemployment, 580 unemployment insurance, 584–85 unfunded mandates, 102 Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995, 102 unilateralism, 615, 638 Union as indestructible (1789-1865), 85–89 strengthening of, 80–82 unions, 300, 317 See also specific unions unipolar power, 611, 638 unit rule, 424, 447 unitary system, 77, 78–79, 107 United Auto Workers (UAW), 298 United Mine Workers, 299 United Nations (UN), 608, 637 United Nations Children’s Fund, 578 United States (U.S.), compared with foreign countries checks and balances, 56–57 citizen participation, 297 defense spending, 618–19 economic competitiveness, 539 education of bureaucrats, 467 executive policy leadership, 434 federal v unitary government, 78–79 incarceration rates, 142–43 inequality of women, 159 legislative leadership, 377–78 national pride, 201–2 partisanship, 335–36 party systems, 263 protest activity, 244 taxes, 23 television campaigning, 284 values, 11 voter turnout, 228–29 women’s role, 161 United States v Lopez (1995), 103 United States v Virginia (1996), 175 unity, 3, 10, 34 University of California Regents v Bakke (1978), 181, 182, 183 unlawful search, 109–10 See also warrantless searches unreasonable searches, 110, 506 upper-court myth, 493, 498 Urban Institute, 151–52 U.S See United States U.S Chamber of Commerce, 298 U.S Circuit Court of Appeals, Eight Circuit, 110 U.S Claims Court, 495 U.S Communist party, 115 U.S Conference of Mayors, 306 U.S Court of International Trade, 495 U.S Court of Military Appeals, 495 U.S courts of appeals, 495, 496 U.S Customs Office, 495 U.S district courts, 493–95, 523 U.S Forest Service, 313, 545 U.S Postal Service, 457, 459 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-26 I-26 U.S Uniform Code of Military Justice, 145 USA Patriot Act (2001), 146–47, 389 values, 16 America’s core, 6–17 of Asian Americans, 169 competing, 34 differences in, 17 in judiciary, 522–23 in United States, compared with foreign countries, 11 of voter participation, 246–47 Van Orden v Perry (2005), 126 verbal speech, 116 vetoes, 316, 392, 403, 411, 438–39 vice president See also Office of the Vice President authority of, 429–30, 432 in Senate, 376 Vieth v Fubelirer (2004), 521 Vietnam War, 258, 348, 352, 607, 637 debates over, 234 foreign policy during, 610 inflation and, 558 Johnson, Lyndon and, 408, 441–42, 610 lesson of, 610 Nixon and, 441–42 opinions on, 623 Pentagon Papers and, 350 protests against, 244 weapons in, 264 Vilsack, Tom, 420 Virginia, 45, 50 Virginia Plan, 45, 71 VISTA See Volunteers in Service to America Volcker commission, 450 volunteer groups, 303 Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), 633 voter contacts, 284–86 voter participation, 224–26 factors in, 226–34 value of, 246–47 voter registration, 246–47, 249, 269 in Europe, 230 laws, 69 voter turnout and, 230, 232 voter turnout, 224, 248, 249 age and, 234–35 civic attitudes and, 234 defined, 226 economic status and, 235–36 education/income and, 235–36 election frequency and, 232 increases in, 235 party differences and, 232–34 in presidential elections, 228, 231 reasons for, 234–36 in states, 231 in 2006 midterm elections, 368–69 in United States, compared with foreign countries, 228–29 voter registration and, 230, 232 voters moderate, 264 swing, 285, 289 voting, 9, 223, 248 See also Electoral College; split ticket African Americans and, 177, 225, 265 age and, 234–35, 266 CONFIRMING PAGES Index voting—Cont as citizenship obligation, 227 as double-edged, 242 of elderly, 266 gender gap in, 160 informed, 268–69 as political participation, 224 political parties and, 260–62 popular, 417, 425 prospective, 261 retrospective, 261 roll-call, 380–81 in selected demographic groups, 266 split ticket, 261 of women, 158, 224–25 Voting Rights Act (1965), 177–78, 225, 242, 437 Wall Street Journal, 334 Wallace, George, 269 war(s) See also cold war; Gulf War; Iraq War; Korean War; preemptive war doctrine; Vietnam War air wars, 284–85, 290 American Revolution, “America’s war,” 616 antiwar activists, 437 Civil War, 12, 88, 89, 106, 153, 255 conventional war capability, 621–22 French and Indian War (1755-63), 40 ground wars, 285 guerrilla war capability, 622 Hamilton on, 410 Napoleonic Wars, 81 nuclear war capability, 619 Revolutionary War, 40, 43, 81 Thirty Years War, 637 “turf wars,” 385 War of 1812, 81 War Powers Act (1973), 441–42 web wars, 285–86 World War I, 608 World War II, 144, 608–9 War of 1812, 81 war on terrorism, 251, 408 See also September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Bush, George W., and, 415–16 detention of enemy combatants, 144–46 foreign policy in, 613–15 paying for, 561 rights and, 144–47 secrecy and, 634 Supreme Court on, 145–46 surveillance of suspected terrorists, 146–47 War Powers Act (1973), 441–42 warrantless searches, 110 Warren, Earl, 501 Washington, George, 2, 44, 50, 86, 203, 254, 460 on political parties, 253 presidency of, 330 profile of, 413–14 Washington Post, 334, 349–50 Washington Post/ABC News poll, 214 watchdog role, 349–51, 355, 356 Water Quality Act (1965), 538, 543 Watergate scandal, 37, 279, 348, 349–50, 352 Watts, William, 11, 245 wealth, 22, 49 Wealth of Nations (Smith), 534 pat03865_ndx_I1-I27 3/15/07 10:22 PM Page I-27 CONFIRMING PAGES I-27 Index weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 408, 463, 615 Weaver, James B., 270 web wars, 285–86 Weber, Max, 30 Webster, Daniel, 429–30 Webster v Reproductive Health Services (1989), 129–30 welfare agencies, 461 welfare policies, 12, 395, 574–75, 576, 602 See also social welfare benefit distribution, 590 income/culture and, 590–93 inefficiency/inequity in, 590–91 in states, 575 taxes and, 591–92 welfare promotion, 601–2 Welfare Reform Act (1996), 102, 105, 573–74, 582, 587–88 West, Darrell, 284 Whig theory, 412, 447 Whigs, 255 Whistle Blower Protection Act, 477 whistle-blowing, 477–78, 483 White House Office (WHO), 429, 430 White House Office of Communications, 348 White House Press Office, 348 White, Theodore H., 327 WHO See White House Office Whren v United States (1996), 137 Wildavsky, Aaron, 435–36, 532 Wilderness Society, 305 Williams, Jody, 342, 343 Williams, Roger, 41 Wilson, Woodrow, 73, 196, 257, 269, 407, 414 antiwar dissenters and, 437 as strong president, 412 wind energy, 550 wiretaps, 147, 350, 401, 509 Wittington, Harry, 353 WMD See weapons of mass destruction women Democratic party and, 267 equality of, 15, 156–61 family leave/comparable work and, 158, 160–61 as federal judiciary, 502–3 inequality of, 159 as judiciary, 502–3 legal status of, 188 legal/political gains of, 156, 158 military enlistment by, 174 National Organization for Women (NOW), 238, 295, 306 role of in society, 161 in state legislature, 373 voting of, 158, 224–25 women’s rights convention (1848), 156 worker safety, 569 World Bank, 607, 634–35 World Economic Forum, 627 world economy, 625–27, 627–36 World Trade Organization (WTO), 607, 630–32, 637, 638 World War I, 608 World War II, 144, 608–9 World Wildlife Fund, 295 WorldCom, 431 writ of certiorari, 490, 524 wrongful arrest, 132 WTO See World Trade Organization yellow journalism, 331–32 Yellowstone National Park, 545 Young, Don, 359–60 Young v Old (MacManus), 215 Zaller, John, 601 Zelman v Simmons-Harris (2002), 127 “zone of privacy,” 131 Zuniga, Markos Moulitsas, 241 Read what your colleagues are saying about We the People: A Concise Introduction to American Politics: Patterson’s book is the sort of book our students should read It addresses all of the major issues that our students need to know about American government and politics, all presented in a manner that our students can easily grasp.” —Timothy Martinez, Black Hills State University A rock-solid, close-to-the-vest text with comprehensive coverage of important material —John Linantud, University of Houston, Downtown New Features Supporting Material • A rich Online Learning Center includes chapter overviews and outlines; student quizzing; multiple-choice, true/false, essay, and matching questions; interactive flash cards; interactive activities; analytical exercises; and chapter summaries • NEW! Lecture Launchers, available now both as DVD and VHS, feature brief chapterspecific video clips to help instructors “launch” their lecture NEW! from McGraw-Hill: Enrich Enhance ENGAGE! McGraw-Hill’s new PoliCentral McGraw-Hill’s new PoliCentral “destination Web site” includes exciting interactive tools and multimedia presentations such as debate tools, simulations, dynamic transparencies, videos, a soapbox full of audio clips, and much more PoliCentral promises to enrich the classroom ISBN 978-0-07-340386-1 experience, enhance homework assignments and learning, MHID 0-07-340386-5 and engage the student mind 0 0 780073 403861 www.mhhe.com We the People A Concise Introduction to American Politics MD DALIM #894516 02/26/07 CYAN MAG YELO BLK • New “Media and Politics” boxes examine how media outlets such as weblogs, partisan radio, and cable news shows are creating uncharted new public spaces where consumers can choose to get their political news • 17 new readings are taken from newspapers, magazines, online news sources, press conferences, speeches, and current and classic essays, providing students with a built-in reader • Updated coverage includes the 2006 elections, Iraq conflict, congressional scandals, judicial appointments, and more on environmental and energy policy A Concise Introduction to American Politics If a story is only as good as its storyteller, it is no wonder that We the People is now in its seventh edition Incorporating 2006 election coverage and analysis, the new edition also puts increased emphasis on media and political culture—the areas for which Tom Patterson is best known Brief readings at the end of each chapter are taken from both contemporary and classic sources, giving students the benefit of a comprehensive text and a reader in one concise book We the People Patterson’s We the People is quickly becoming the standard-bearer among American government brief texts Great breadth and a mini-reading package and all of this still within a brief text Great! —Mark J O’Gorman, Maryville College ... into one of the twin towers of New York City’s World Trade Center Twenty minutes later, a second hijacked passenger jet hit the other tower A third hijacked jet then plowed into the Pentagon... greatly during the more than two centuries the United States has been a sovereign nation When the writers of the Constitution began the document with the words We the People,” they did not have... case.5 Their ideals are the basis of their national identity Other people take their identity from the common ancestry that led them gradually to gather under one flag Thus, long before there was