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e the
American
Issued September 1993
U.S. Department of Commerce
Economics and Statistics Administration
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
Elderly
WE-9
Acknowledgments
This report was prepared by Arnold Goldstein and Bonnie
Damon, under the supervision of Cynthia M. Taeuber, Chief,
Age and Sex Statistics Branch.
Susan J. Lapham, Population Division, provided general
direction. Janice Valdisera and Michael Levin, Population
Division, and Paula Coupe and Dwight Johnson, Public
Information Office, reviewed the report. Marie Pees, Population
Division, provided computer programming support. Debra Niner,
Population Divison, provided review assistance.
Alfredo Navarro, Decennial Statistical Studies Division,
provided statistical review.
The staff of Administrative and Publications Services Division,
Walter C. Odom, Chief, performed publication planning, design,
composition, editorial review, and printing planning and
procurement. Cynthia G. Brooks provided publication
coordination and editing. Kim Blackwell provided design
and graphics services. Diane Oliff–Michael
coordinated printing services.
1
e, the
American
Elderly
Introduction
Diversity and growth are two terms
that describe us, America's elderly
population. The elderly" is a comĆ
monly used label for the population
65 years old and over. Yet, we are a
heterogeneous population. Our soĆ
cial and economic diversities are too
complex to understand based on
sweeping generalizations about us.
Our age, gender, race, and
ethnic groups have distinctive charĆ
acteristics, and we have different exĆ
periences in aging. Some of us
have significant financial and health
problems while others of us spend
our winters skiing and our summers
mountain climbing. Some stay in
the paid work force until death while
most others have much leisure time
which is filled with volunteer work,
care of children or the frail elderly,
puttering about, or in other activities
that are personally satisfying. OthĆ
ers of us are bored or depressed.
In short, the elderly," like other
age groups, are mixed in needs,
abilities, and resources.
Growth is another significant
aspect of the elderly population,
especially the oldestĆold. Since the
founding of this Nation, the United
States has been thought of as a
Nation of youth. Eventually, there will
be more grandparents than there
will be youth.
Because we are increasing in numĆ
ber and living longer into our retireĆ
ment, the United States has begun
to experience the changes in our
culture that come with an aging
society and affect all of us.
Note: Data in this report differ slightĆ
ly from the 1990 census counts. The
data were modified because some
persons reported their age as of a
date after April 1, 1990, making
them 1 year older than at the time of
the census. Adjustments to race
classification were also made.
Figure 1.
Population by Age and Sex: 1900
(Millions)
Male Female
75 years and over
70 to 74 years
65 to 69 years
60 to 64 years
55 to 59 years
50 to 54 years
45 to 49 years
40 to 44 years
35 to 39 years
30 to 34 years
25 to 29 years
20 to 24 years
15 to 19 years
10 to 14 years
5 to 9 years
Under 5 years
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.7
3.8
4.1
4.5
4.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.7
3.8
4.0
4.4
4.5
Figure 2.
Population by Age and Sex: 1990
(Millions)
Male Female
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
3.4
4.5
4.9
5.0
5.5
6.7
8.7
9.8
10.9
10.7
9.7
9.2
8.7
9.2
9.6
0.8
1.4
2.6
3.7
4.6
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.8
7.0
8.9
10.0
11.0
10.6
9.4
8.7
8.3
8.8
9.2
90 years and over
85 to 89 years
80 to 84 years
75 to 79 years
70 to 74 years
65 to 69 years
60 to 64 years
55 to 59 years
50 to 54 years
45 to 49 years
40 to 44 years
35 to 39 years
30 to 34 years
25 to 29 years
20 to 24 years
15 to 19 years
10 to 14 years
5 to 9 years
Under 5 years
Baby Boom
2
As we entered the 20th century, we
were a small segment of the population.
In 1900, there were 3.1 million elderly in the
United States. About 1 in 25 Americans
were elderly.
There were about 122,000 oldestĆold Americans
(persons 85 years old and over) in 1900, only a
fraction of 1 percent of the population.
Average life expectancy for persons born in 1900
was 47 years.
Source for life expectancy: National Center for Health
Statistics, Health, United States, 1990, Hyattsville, MD:
Public Health Service, 1991, Table 15.
As we near the 21st century, our
population is 10 times larger than 1900.
In 1990, there were 31.1 million elderly AmeriĆ
cans, 10 times as many as in 1900. About
1 in 8 Americans were elderly in 1990.
In 1990, the oldestĆold numbered 3.0 million
persons, 1.2 percent of the population.
The postĆWorld War II Baby Boom" (the
75 million people born from 1946 to 1964) were
26 to 44 years old in 1990. They will contribute
to large increases in the elderly population after
the year 2010.
In 1990, life expectancy at birth was a little over
75 years old Ċ more than a quarter of a century
longer than in 1900.
Source for life expectancy: National Center for Health
Statistics, Advance Report of Final Mortality Statistics,
1990," Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol.41, no. 7,
Supplement, Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service,
1993, Table 4.
90 years and over
85 to 89 years
80 to 84 years
75 to 79 years
70 to 74 years
65 to 69 years
60 to 64 years
55 to 59 years
50 to 54 years
45 to 49 years
40 to 44 years
35 to 39 years
30 to 34 years
25 to 29 years
20 to 24 years
15 to 19 years
10 to 14 years
5 to 9 years
Under 5 years
90 years and over
85 to 89 years
80 to 84 years
75 to 79 years
70 to 74 years
65 to 69 years
60 to 64 years
55 to 59 years
50 to 54 years
45 to 49 years
40 to 44 years
35 to 39 years
30 to 34 years
25 to 29 years
20 to 24 years
15 to 19 years
10 to 14 years
5 to 9 years
Under 5 years
Baby Boom
Figure 3.
Population by Age and Sex: 2020
(Millions. Middle series projections)
Figure 4.
Population by Age and Sex: 2050
(Millions. Middle series projections)
Male Female
2.9
3.5
5.4
6.9
7.9
9.2
10.1
10.6
10.5
10.6
11.2
11.7
11.9
11.9
12.3
12.8
12.7
12.5
12.5
6.1
5.1
6.4
7.3
8.3
9.8
10.7
11.3
11.1
11.2
11.7
12.1
12.2
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.1
11.9
11.9
Male Female
0.8
1.2
2.5
4.4
6.6
8.4
10.0
10.4
9.6
9.1
9.4
10.2
10.6
10.8
10.7
10.9
10.8
10.9
11.0
2.2
2.2
3.4
5.2
7.4
9.2
10.7
10.9
10.0
9.5
9.8
10.4
10.8
10.8
10.4
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.4
Baby Boom
3
We are projected to grow much
faster than the total population from
1990 to 2020.
From 1990 to 2020, the elderly population is
projected to increase to 54 million persons. The
growth rate of the elderly would be more than
double that of the total population during this
period. Beginning in 2011, the first members of
the Baby Boom will reach age 65.
In 2020, about 1 in 6 Americans would be elderly.
More children would know their great grandparĆ
ents, as the fourĆgeneration family would become
more common.
About 6.5 million persons would be 85 years
old and over in 2020 Ċ more than double the
1990 number. The number of Americans
100 years old and over could increase 8 times
from 1990.
By the middle of the next century, our
number could reach 79 million.
In 2050, the final phase of the gerontological
explosion would occur. The elderly population as
a whole would number about 79 million people,
more than double its present size. About
1 in 5 Americans would be elderly.
The population 65 to 74 years old would
reach its projected peak of 38 million in 2030 and
drop to about 35 million in 2050, still about twice
as large as in 1990.
The population 75 to 84 years old would reach
a peak of 29 million in 2040, then decrease to
26 million in 2050. This age group would be
about 2 1/2 times as large as in 1990.
Figure 5.
Population 85 Years Old and Over:
1900 to 2050
(Millions. Middle series projections)
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
0.1
0.2 0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.4
2.2
3.0
4.3
5.7
6.5
8.4
13.2
17.7
Figure 6.
Persons 65 Years Old and Over by Race
and Hispanic Origin: 1990 and 2050
(Percent. Middle series projections)
White Black American
Indian,
Eskimo,
and Aleut
Asian and
Pacific
Islander
Hispanic
origin
(of any
race)
Total
population
12.5
20.6
13.4
22.7
8.2
15.2
5.6
12.1
6.0
15.8
5.1
14.9
1990
2050
4
The elderly population is aging.
While the elderly population as a whole grew
22 percent from 1980 to 1990, the number of
oldestĆold grew 35 percent. In 1990, the oldestĆ
old population had grown to 3.0 million persons,
about 1.2 percent of the total population.
In 2050, the survivors of the BabyĆBoom
generation will be the GreatĆGrandparent Boom,
85 years old and over. They would number about
18 million persons, nearly 3 times the size of the
oldestĆold population in 2020, and nearly 6 times
as large as this age group was in 1990. The
oldestĆold would be about 5 percent of the total
population in 2050.
These projected population numbers assume
that recent trends in fertility, mortality, and imĆ
migration will continue. If mortality decreases, for
example, due to better health habits and medical
advances, the number of elderly could be even
higher than reflected in these projections.
We will be a larger proportion of race
groups and Hispanics in 2050.
Compared with other race groups or Hispanics,
the White population had the highest proportion
of elderly in 1990. This is because Whites have
higher survival rates to 65 years old and lower
recent fertility rates. Also, the White proportion of
immigrants has declined over the past 30 years.
In 2050, an even larger proportion of the White
population may be elderly.
From 1990 to 2050, the percentage of elderly
in the Black population could nearly double from
8 percent to 15 percent.
Among American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts,
the proportion of elderly could more than double
from nearly 6 percent to just over 12 percent.
The elderly constituted 6 percent of the Asian
and Pacific Islander population in 1990 and
could reach 16 percent of this group in 2050.
Only 5 percent of persons of Hispanic origin
were elderly in 1990. This could triple to
15 percent by 2050.
Figure 7.
Persons 65 Years Old and Over by Age,
Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990
(Millions)
Figure 8.
Persons 65 Years Old and Over by Age,
Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2050
(Millions. Middle
series projections)
31.1
28.0
2.5
24.1
21.7
2.0
0.9
6.9
6.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
65 years old and over
65 to 79 years old
80 years old and over
78.9
62.4
9.4
12.0
49.5
38.5
6.3
8.0
29.4
23.9
3.1
4.1
All races
White
Black
American
Indian, Eskimo,
and Aleut
Asian and
Pacific Islander
Hispanic origin
(of any race)
0.1
0.02
1.1
0.4
0.4
0.1
65 years old and over
65 to 79 years old
80 years old and over
All races
White
Black
American
Indian, Eskimo,
and Aleut
Asian and
Pacific Islander
Hispanic origin
(of any race)
0.6
0.4
0.2
6.5
4.3
2.2
5
As our population grows in number, we
will also grow more diverse.
In 1990, of the 31 million elderly people of all
races, 28 million were White; 2.5 million were
Black; about 114,000 were American Indian,
Eskimo, or Aleut; and about 454,000 were
Asian and Pacific Islander. There were 1.1 million
elderly persons of Hispanic origin in 1990.
There were more than 600,000 persons of races
other than White 80 years old and over in 1990.
In 2050, there would be 79 million elderly AmeriĆ
cans. While the number of elderly Whites would
more than double to 62 million in 2050, the numĆ
ber of elderly Blacks would nearly quadruple to
over 9 million.
The number of American Indian, Eskimo, and
Aleut elderly would be 562,000. The number
of Asian and Pacific Islander elderly would
approach 7 million.
The number of elderly Hispanics in 2050, 12 milĆ
lion, would be 11 times as many as in 1990.
The number of persons 80 years old and over
would increase at a faster rate. The number of
Hispanics 80 years old and over would increase
from about 200,000 in 1990 to more than 4 million
in 2050.
Figure 9.
Population 65 Years Old and Over
by State: 1990
50,000 or more
10,000 to 49,000
Under 10,000
MEVT
NH
MA
RI
CT
NJ
DE
MD
VA
NY
PA
MI
IL
FL
TX
CA
WA
NC
SC
GA
AL
MS
TN
KY
WV
OH
IN
LA
MO
AR
WI
MN
IA
OK
KS
NE
SD
ND
MT
WY
CO
NM
AZ
UT
NV
ID
OR
AK
HI
Figure 10.
Persons 65 Years Old and Over
in Nursing Homes: 1990
500,000 or more
200,000 to 499,000
Under 200,000
MEVT
NH
MA
RI
CT
NJ
DE
MD
VA
NY
PA
MI
IL
FL
TX
CA
WA
NC
SC
GA
AL
MS
TN
KY
WV
OH
IN
LA
MO
AR
WI
MN
IA
OK
KS
NE
SD
ND
MT
WY
CO
NM
AZ
UT
NV
ID
OR
AK
HI
DC
DC
6
Nine States had more than 1 million
elderly in 1990.
America's most populous States are
also those with the largest elderly
populations. California, Florida,
New York, Pennsylvania, Texas,
Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, and New
Jersey each had more than 1 million elderly.
The number of elderly increased in every
State from 1980 to 1990. The greatest inĆ
crease in the elderly population was in
Western and Southeastern coastal States.
Although California had the largest numĆ
ber of elderly, Florida had the Nation's
highest proportion of elderly, 18 perĆ
cent. Pennsylvania, Iowa, Rhode Island,
West Virginia, Arkansas, South Dakota,
North Dakota, Nebraska, and Missouri all
had 14 to 15 percent of their population
who were elderly.
Some Midwestern States with a high percentĆ
age of farmland, such as North Dakota, South
Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa, have a higher
proportion of elderly than for the total United
States (13 percent in 1990), primarily because
of outĆmigration of the young.
About 1.6 million of us live in
nursing homes.
About 1.6 million elderly persons lived
in nursing homes in 1990. Nine States
had more than 50,000 elderly nursing
home residents: California, Florida,
Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan,
New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and Texas.
About 1.3 million of the 1.6 million
elderly were female. Only 1 in 7
elderly living in nursing homes was
married in 1990. The great majority, 3
in 5, were widowed.
The likelihood of living in a nursing home inĆ
creases with age. Only 1.4 percent of the popuĆ
lation 65 to 74 years old lived in nursing homes
in 1990 compared with 6 percent of those 75 to
84 years old and 25 percent of those 85 years
old and over.
Figure 11.
Number of Elderly Men Per 100
Women by Age: 1990
Figure 12.
Marital Status of the Elderly: 1990
(Thousands)
100 years
and over
95 to 99
years
90 to 94
years
85 to 89
years
80 to 84
years
75 to 79
years
Never
married
Now married,
except separated
Separated
70 to 74
years
65 to 69
years
Divorced
Widowed
Never
married
Now married,
except separated
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
392
182
45
6,288
2,674
437
114
40
7
702
732
347
446
137
22
490
379
157
5,254
1,769
195
130
42
8
3,588
3,832
1,806
703
266
57
Male
Female
65 to 74 years old
75 to 84 years old
85 years and over
27
27
33
42
53
64
74
81
7
The death of our husbands often marks
the starting point of economic reversals
for us.
In 1990, elderly women outnumbered elderly men
3 to 2. There were 18.6 million elderly women
and 12.5 million elderly men.
The difference between the number of men
and women grows with advancing age. At 65 to
69 years old, there were 81 men per 100 women
in 1990. This ratio was sharply lower for the
oldestĆold: 42 men per 100 women for persons
85 to 89 years old, and 27 men per 100 women
for persons 95 years old and over.
This decreasing sex ratio is due to the longer
life expectancy of women. In the future,
mortality differences between men and
women may narrow.
The health, social, and economic problems
of the oldestĆold are primarily the problems of
women. Women live alone in higher proportions
than men, they tend to move to nursing homes
earlier, their income is lower on average, and
they tend to experience a disproportionately
high level of poverty.
At 85 years old and over, about half
of our elderly men are married, while
fourĆfifths of our elderly women
are widowed.
Most elderly men are married, while most elderly
women are not. Elderly men were nearly twice as
likely as elderly women to be married in 1990.
Elderly women were more than 3 times as likely
as men to be widowed.
One implication of these data is that most elderly
men have a spouse for assistance if health fails,
while the majority of elderly women do not.
Marital status differs considerably by both
age and sex. At 65 to 74 years old, about fourĆ
fifths of men and half of women are married. At
85 years old and over, about half of the men are
married while fourĆfifths of women are widowed.
Figure 13.
Living Arrangements of the
Elderly: 1990
(Thousands)
Living alone
Living with
spouse
With other
relatives
In group
quarters
With nonĆ
relatives only
1,008
686
208
6,057
2,495
364
502
303
117
227
96
25
147
187
144
3,123
2,910
890
5,048
1,616
145
1,572
1,141
503
234
139
55
189
484
630
Male
Female
Living alone
Living with
spouse
With other
relatives
In group
quarters
With nonĆ
relatives only
65 to 74 years old
75 to 84 years old
85 years and over
Figure 14.
Parent Support Ratio: 1950 to 2050
(Persons 85 years old and over per 100 persons
50 to 64 years old. Middle series projections)
1950 1990 2010 2030 2050
3
9
10
15
27
8
Many of us live alone.
In 1990, 8.8 million elderly persons were living
alone. About 8 in 10 were elderly women living
alone. Among the oldestĆold, 56 percent of
women lived alone compared with about
29 percent of men.
Nearly 3 in 4 elderly men in households lived
with their wives in 1990 compared with less than
4 in 10 elderly women. Among the oldestĆold in
households, 51 percent of men and only
9 percent of women lived with a spouse.
As more of us live longer, longĆ
term chronic illness, disability, and
dependency become more likely.
With longer life expectancy and more persons 85
years old and over, it is likely that more and more
people, especially in their fifties and sixties, will
have surviving older relatives. In 1950, there
were 3 persons 85 years old and over for every
100 persons age 50 to 64. In 2050, this ratio
would increase to 27.
As people live longer, longĆterm chronic illness,
disability, and dependency become more likely.
About half of the oldestĆold living in their homes
are frail and need assistance with everyday actiĆ
vities. Their relatives, in their fifties and sixties,
face the difficulties of providing care.
The elderly of the future may be quite different
from the elderly of today, however. Emerging
data suggest that limitations to activities among
the elderly due to disabilities may have deĆ
creased during the 1980's, even among the
oldestĆold. Increased education and the
use of mechanical aids may be helping many
to overcome their health limitations.
[...]... report was based on data from the National Center for Health Statistics Other reports in this series: We, the American Blacks We, the American Hispanics We, the American Asians We, the American Pacific Islanders We, the First Americans We, the Americans: Our Homes We, the American Foreign Born We, the American Women We, the American Children We, the Americans: Our Education We, the Americans For additional... Over: 1990 AK (Percent) Overall, the economic picture for the elderly has improved since 1970 Large differences remain, however, among subgroups of the elderly There are differences between men and women and among different types of households, for example Nationally, 3.8 million elderly were poor in 1989 In nine States, all in the South, more than 1 in 5 elderly persons were poor 32.5 30.7 NH VT ME WA... than all households Differences also can occur because of the interview situation and the processing rules differĆ ing between the 100Ćpercent and sample tabulations These types of differences are referred to as nonsamĆ pling errors Population projections are from the U.S Bureau of the Census, Jennifer Cheeseman Day, PopĆ ulation Projections of the United States, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin:... contrast, the poverty rate for elderly married couples was nearly 6 percent 9 Information in this report is based on the 1990 Census of Population and Housing Estimated population and housing unit totals based on tabulations from only the sample tabulations may differ from the official 100ĆperĆ cent counts Such differences result, in part, from colĆ lecting data from a sample of households rather than... 74 years old and 33 percent of persons 65 to 69 years old The younger elderly (65 to 74 years old) were more likely to have completed some college than those 75 years old and over 65 to 69 years old 70 to 74 years old 75 years and over (Percent) 18.0 Less than 9th grade 22.5 34.3 20.2 21.5 20.9 9th to 12 grade, no diploma The proportion of the elderly population with at least a high school education... grade 22.5 34.3 20.2 21.5 20.9 9th to 12 grade, no diploma The proportion of the elderly population with at least a high school education is likely to inĆ crease significantly More than 80 percent of the population 25 to 64 years old had at least a high school education in 1990 Better educated people tend to be better off economically and stay healthier longer High school diploma 22.8 16.8 14.8 12.5... the American Women We, the American Children We, the Americans: Our Education We, the Americans For additional information, please contact: Age and Sex Statistics Branch Population Division Bureau of the Census Washington, DC 20233 . Asians
We, the American Pacific Islanders
We, the First Americans
We, the Americans: Our Homes
We, the American Foreign Born
We, the American . the
National Center for Health Statistics.
Other reports in this series:
We, the American Blacks
We, the American Hispanics
We, the American
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