Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics This page intentionally left blank Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics The Essential Guide Thomas M Coughlin AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.com You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coughlin, Thomas M Digital storage in consumer electronics : the essential guide / Thomas M Coughlin p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8465-1 (pbk : alk paper) Computer storage devices Household electronics Digital electronics I Title TK7895.M4C68 2008 004.5—dc22 2007038608 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-7506-8465-1 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 08 09 10 11 12 13 10 Printed in the United States of America Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org This book is dedicated to my mother, Connie, who taught me to keep working until a project is done It is also dedicated to my family: Fran, Will, and Ben, for putting up with my time away from them to work on this book This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Author xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: The Consumer Electronics Storage Hierarchy Objectives in This Chapter 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Growth in Digital Content Drives Storage Growth 1.3 Economics of Consumer Devices 1.4 Rules for Design of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics 1.5 Classification of Devices Using Storage in the Home 11 1.6 Consumer Electronics Storage Hierarchies 12 1.7 Multiple Storage and Hybrid Storage Devices 17 1.8 Chapter Summary 22 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Hard Disk Drives 25 Objectives in This Chapter 2.1 Basic Layout of a Hard Disk Drive 2.2 Hard Disk Magnetic Recording Basics 2.3 How Data Is Organized on a Hard Disk Drive 2.4 Hard Disk Drive Performance and Reliability 2.5 Hard Disk Drive Design for Mobile and Static Consumer Electronics Applications 2.6 The Cost of Manufacturing a Hard Disk Drive 2.7 Disk Drive External Interfaces 2.8 Hard Disk Drive Technology Development 2.9 Chapter Summary 25 25 29 32 34 36 39 40 44 51 Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Optical Storage 53 Objectives in This Chapter 3.1 Optical Disc Technologies 3.2 Basic Operation of an Optical Disc Drive 3.3 How Data Is Organized on an Optical Disc 53 53 56 58 www.newnespress.com viii Contents 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Optical Disc Form Factors Optical Product Reliability Holographic Recording Optical Disc Storage Development Chapter Summary 60 61 62 65 70 Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Flash Memory and Other Solid State Memory Technologies 73 Objectives in This Chapter 73 4.1 Development and History of Flash Memory 74 4.2 Erasing, Writing, and Reading Flash Memory 75 4.3 Difficulties that Cause Wear in Flash Memory 77 4.4 Common Flash Memory Storage Technologies: NOR and NAND 78 4.5 Bit Errors in NAND Flash 83 4.6 Managing Wear in NAND and NOR 83 4.7 Bad Block Management 85 4.8 Embedded Versus Removable NAND Flash 85 4.9 Flash Memory File Systems 86 4.10 Single Level Cell and Multilevel Cell Flash Memory 86 4.11 Another Approach to Multilevel Cells 88 4.12 Trade-offs with Multilevel Flash Memory 90 4.13 Types of Flash Memory Used in Consumer Electronics Devices 91 4.14 Flash Memory Environmental Sensitivity 91 4.15 Using Memory Reliability Specifications to Estimate Product Lifetime 92 4.16 Flash Memory Cell Lifetimes and Wear Leveling Algorithms 93 4.17 Predicting NAND Bit Errors Based upon Worst-Case Usage 95 4.18 Flash Memory Format Specifications and Characteristics 96 4.19 Flash Memory and Other Solid State Storage Technology Development 98 4.20 Expected Change in Cost per Gigabyte of Flash Memory Formats 101 4.21 Other Solid State Storage Technologies 102 4.22 Chapter Summary 103 Chapter 5: Storage in Home Consumer Electronics Devices 107 Objectives in This Chapter 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Personal Video Recorders and Digital Video Recorders 5.3 Home Media Center and Home Network Storage 5.4 Chapter Summary 107 107 108 120 129 Chapter 6: Storage in Mobile Consumer Electronics Devices 131 Objectives in This Chapter 131 6.1 Introduction 131 www.newnespress.com Contents 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Automobile Consumer Electronics Storage Mobile Media Players Cameras and Camcorders Mobile Phones Other Consumer Devices Chapter Summary ix 132 141 158 164 170 172 Chapter 7: Integration of Storage in Consumer Devices 175 Objectives in This Chapter 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Storage Costs in Consumer Product Design 7.3 Development of Common Consumer Functions 7.4 Intelligence of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics 7.5 Matching Storage to Different Applications 7.6 The Convergence of Electronics—When the Storage Becomes the Device—Or Was It the Other Way Around? 7.7 Road Maps for Consumer Electronics Application Integration in Storage Devices 7.8 Chapter Summary 175 175 176 179 182 187 187 191 199 Chapter 8: Development of Home Network Storage and Home Storage Virtualization 201 Objectives in This Chapter 8.1 Introduction 8.2 What Drives Home Networking Trends? 8.3 Networking Options in the Home 8.4 Push Versus Pull Market for Home Networks 8.5 Home Networks for Media Sharing 8.6 Home Networks for Personal Reference Data Backup 8.7 Projections for Home Network Storage 8.8 Design of Network Storage Devices 8.9 Advanced Home Storage Virtualization 8.10 Home Network Storage and Content Sharing within the Home 8.11 Privacy, Content Protection, and Sharing in Home Network Storage 8.12 Chapter Summary 201 202 202 204 206 207 209 212 214 217 221 222 223 Chapter 9: The Future of Home Digital Storage 225 Objectives in This Chapter 9.1 Digital Storage Requirements for Home Data Sharing and Social Networking 9.2 Integrated Multiple Purpose Devices Versus Dedicated Devices 9.3 Physical Content Distribution Versus Downloads and Streaming 225 225 237 239 www.newnespress.com 282 Appendix C • SanDisk was an early pioneer in flash memory and the inventor of flash memory cards SanDisk has the biggest retail presence in the card memory market, especially in the U.S SanDisk manufactures its flash memory in factories jointly owned with Toshiba (URL: www.sandisk.com.) • Sharp offers a line of NOR flash memory products used in many applications for Execute In Place (XIP) applications such as in cell phones (URL: www sharpsma.com/Page.aspx/americas/en/726c69b4-8d0b-4cff-ac86-2b607e67c8ff/ Memory/.) • Spansion is a joint venture between AMD and Fujitsu It is a major supplier of NOR flash memory used in many consumer applications (URL: www.spansion.com.) • STMicroelectronics offers a complete range of NAND flash memory products These are used in a number of consumer applications STMicroelectronics NAND Flash products are offered with a 1.8 V and V power supply and a number of packaging choices (URL: www.st.com/stonline/products/families/ memories/fl_nand/index.htm.) • Toshiba invented flash memory and has remained in this market ever since They produce a great variety of flash memory including NAND flash cards They jointly own flash production facilities with SanDisk (URL: www.toshiba.com/taec/.) Hard Disk Manufacturers The hard disk drive industry has undergone significant consolidation over the years Where there once were close to 50 companies making hard disk drives, there are now only The listing of products and markets in the descriptions that follow are current as of the time of writing and will probably change with time Likewise, there may not be as many hard disk drive companies in the future as there are now • Fujitsu makes 2.5-inch hard disk drives used in enterprise applications as well as mobile computers They have had a limited exposure to the consumer electronics market (URL: us.fujitsu.com/fcpa.) • Hitachi GST makes hard drives of all form factors from 1.0-inch to 3.5-inch drives They pioneered the 1-inch drive in 1997 Hitachi provides disk drives to the static and mobile consumer electronics market (URL: www.hitachigst.com.) www.newnespress.com Appendix C 283 • Toshiba makes small form factor disk drives from 0.85-inch to 2.5-inch They developed the 0.85-inch drive for the mobile phone market Toshiba is the largest supplier of 1.8-inch disk drives for PMPs, and thus a major supplier of hard disk drives for consumer electronics applications (URL: sdd.toshiba.com.) • Samsung makes 3.5-inch as well as 2.5-inch hard disk drives Most of these are used in desktop and laptop computers, but they also provide drives for consumer electronics applications (URL: www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/.) • Seagate is the largest disk drive company They make the full range of hard disk drive form factors They also are the biggest supplier of hard disk drives for the consumer electronics industry (URL: www.seagate.com.) • Western Digital is the second largest hard disk drive company, making 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch hard disk drives used in computer and consumer applications They have been a major supplier of hard disk drives for game machines (URL: www.westerndigital.com.) Optical Disc Manufacturers Optical disk drives and media are manufactured by many companies The actual manufacturing is generally in Asia, particularly in Taiwan or China Most of the major consumer electronics companies also manufacture or at least have their name on optical disc drives Some of the companies that make optical disc drives include: Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Toshiba HP introduced the Lightscribe technology that allows computers to use the laser in the optical drive writer to write a label on the side of the disc opposite to the data surface External Storage Manufacturers There are a great many companies making various external storage products with USB, IEEE 1394, or eSATA interfaces Most of these use hard disk drives either singly or in small arrays Several of the hard disk drive manufacturers this such as Hitachi, Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital Many other companies buy hard drives and add them to external enclosure boxes or make and sell these boxes to consumers Among the external storage suppliers without an in-company source of disk drives are Buffalo, HP, Iomega, Lacie, Data Robotics, and many others www.newnespress.com This page intentionally left blank Bibliography A Note on Sources What follows are various sources used in the process of creating this book Some sources were used throughout the book and hence they are listed under general sources Others were useful for particular chapters, and they are listed by chapter General S Kipp Broadband Entertainment Westminster, CO: All Digital Publishing, 2004 A Dhir The Digital Consumer Technology Handbook New York: Elsevier Press, 2004 B Haskell Portable Electronics Product Design and Development New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004 A S Hoagland and J E Monson Digital Magnetic Recording New York: Wiley Interscience, 1991 Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Hard Disk Drives S X Wang and A M Taratorin Magnetic Information Storage Technology San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999 E D Daniel, C D Mee, and M H Clark Magnetic Recording Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1999 F Schmidt The SCSI Bus and IDE Interface Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997 www.newnespress.com 286 Bibliography Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Optical Storage J Taylor Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About DVD New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004 T W McDaniel and R Victora Handbook of Magneto-Optical Data Recording: Materials, Subsystems, Techniques Palo Alto, CA: Noyce Publications, 1997 Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Flash Memory and Other Solid State Memory Technologies B Dipert and M Levy Designing with Flash Memory San Diego, CA: Annabooks, 1994 N Gershenfeld The Physics of Information Theory New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000 Chapter 5: Storage in Home Consumer Electronics Devices C S Swartz, Ed Understanding Digital Cinema New York: Elsevier, 2005 K Jack Video Demystified New York: Elsevier, 2005 Chapter 6: Storage in Mobile Consumer Electronics Devices L Simone If I Only Changed the Software Why Is the Phone on Fire? New York: Elsevier, 2007 J Handy The Cache Memory San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1993 Chapter 7: Integration of Storage in Consumer Devices V C Hamacher, Z G Vranesic, and S G Zaky Computer Organization New York: McGraw Hill, 1984 www.newnespress.com Bibliography 287 N Gershenfeld When Things Start to Think New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1999 Chapter 8: Development of Home Network Storage and Home Storage Virtualization A Kovalick Video Systems in an IT Environment New York: Focal Press, 2006 T Clark Storage Virtualization Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2005 M Farley Building Storage Networks New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2000 R Perlman Interconnections, 2nd ed Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1999 Chapter 9: The Future of Home Digital Storage J R Pierce An Introduction to Information Theory New York, Dover Publications, 1980 D Norman The Design of Everyday Things New York: Doubleday Currency, 1990 C Anderson The Long Tail New York: Hyperion, 2006 J Duato, S Yalamanchili, and L Ni Interconnection Networks, An Engineering Approach Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Computer Society, 1997 F Bunn, N Simpson, R Peglar, and G Nagle Storage Virtualization, SNIA Technical Tutorial Colorado Springs, CO: Storage Networking Industry Association, 2004 R Cummings Storage Network Management, SNIA Technical Tutorial Colorado Springs, CO: Storage Networking Industry Association, 2004 www.newnespress.com This page intentionally left blank Index 2K 63, 68, 93 3D 68 4K 63, 68 Abstraction 42, 217–218 Access time 65, 261 Active devices 11 Active tilt control 66 Adjacent cell disturb 87 ADSL—see asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL cable 111 Aftermarket 177–178, 265 Ambient power 169 Ambient temperature 35–36, 277 American National Standards Institute 41 Ampex 108 AMPs—also known as Apple 8, 67, 121, 154–155, 177– 179, 281 Application integration ix, 20, 191, 198–200, 273 Application specific integrated circuit 57 Application specific standard products 89 Archival life 62 Areal density 25–26, 44, 46–49, 51, 59 ARM 168 Artifact 155 ASIC—see application specific integrated circuit ASSPS—see application specific standard products Asymetric digital subscriber line—see ADLS ATA 34, 40–41, 43–45, 50–51, 96, 114, 146, 176, 182–184, 192, 257–259, 263 Automatic metadata generation 127, 202, 248 Automobile ix, 3, 11, 38, 107, 131–134, 137–141, 170–172, 177, 213, 220, 244, 246, 256 Automobile entertainment 11, 107, 134, 137, 172, 220 Automobile navigation 133–134, 140, 171–172, 177, 246 Back up 10, 125, 129–130, 202– 203, 211, 229, 242, 244–245 Backseat entertainment 134 Bad block management viii, 42, 73, 85–86, 90, 104 Bandwidth 35, 66–67, 69, 94, 98, 124–128, 136, 151, 156, 163, 204, 207, 221, 239, 267, 269, 271, 276 Battery 10, 14, 37, 49, 132, 136– 137, 141–142, 144, 146–151, 153, 159–160, 165–167, 169, 177–179, 271 BD—see Blu-ray disk BiCMOS—see bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor Bill of materials xiii, 7, 170, 175–176, 274 Bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor 74 Bit errors viii, 73, 83, 89, 95, 104 Blu-ray disc 59, 61, 65–67 Blue laser 8, 53–54, 57–62, 65– 71, 133, 162, 230, 232, 240, 252 Blue Onyx 37, 147 Bluetooth 37, 161, 169, 181, 266–268, 271 BOM—see bill of materials Buffalo 186, 211, 261, 283 Buffer 20–21, 35, 63, 139, 144, 149–150, 153, 192–196 Buyer’s remorse 62 Cable 3, 6, 19, 44, 108–109, 111–112, 114–115, 117–118, 122, 125, 128, 130, 141, 157, 177, 201–202, 204–209, 211– 213, 223–224, 229, 248, 258– 259, 266–272, 279–280 Cache memory 12, 15, 20, 286 Cache storage 205, 227–228, 233 CAGR—Cumulative Annual Growth Rate 46–47 www.newnespress.com 290 Index Camcorder—see Digital video camera Camera 2–3, 10–11, 16, 37, 92, 95–96, 107, 114, 131–132, 135, 144–145, 158–167, 171– 172, 179–181, 189, 199, 204, 227–231, 237–238, 252, 262, 267 CBS 108 CCD 144–145, 159 CD 53–54, 57–58, 60–70, 98, 120, 133, 136, 156, 158, 170, 250, 269 CD-DA 54 CDMA—also known as code division multiple access CD-R 54, 203 CD-ROM 42, 54, 98 CD-RW 54 CE-ATA—see consumer electronics ATA Central processing unit 15 Channel hot electron injection 75–76 CHE—see channel hot electron injection Cisco 109, 207 CMC Magnetics 62 CMOS—see complementary metal oxide semiconductor Coaxial cable 122, 130, 204, 207, 211, 223, 269, 272, 279, 280 Codec—see encoder/deecoder Comcast 207, 279 Commercial content 2, 5, 123– 124, 127, 129–130, 141, 201, 223, 228, 230, 232, 239–240, 247–248, 253–254, 256, 264, 276 CompactFlash 98, 144, 262 Complementary metal oxide semiconductor 74 Compression 3, 66–67, 108, 126, 142, 155-156, 205, 221, 243 Consumer electronics ATA 44, 50, 115 www.newnespress.com Content scrambler system 2–3, 10, 54, 60 Content sharing 3, 11, 124, 129, 180, 221, 225–226, 229, 232– 236, 244, 248–249 Content synchronization 220 Continuous wave 66 Controlled access 232 Controller 21, 23, 31, 35, 61, 83–85, 90–92, 94–98, 104– 105, 121–122, 135–136, 144, 159–161, 165, 183, 186, 191, 198, 216–218 Convergence device 2, 9, 167, 169 CPU 12, 15, 83, 109, 111–112, 135–137, 144–145, 185–186, 190, 192–197 Crucial technology 186, 261 Cultural heritage 254–255 Cumulative annual growth rate 46–47 CW—see continuous wave DAVE—see digital audio video experience DAC—see digital analog converter DAS—see direct attached storage Data beam 63 Data rate 15–16, 33, 35, 41–45, 51, 60, 64–66, 68–69, 113– 115, 126, 130, 148–150, 196, 204–207, 209, 215–216, 226– 227, 230, 268, 270, 279 Data retention 13, 93, 227, 243, 256 Data sharing 209, 225–226, 228, 233 Database 171, 184, 225, 240– 241, 247–248, 256 DataPlay 60, 70 David Rafner 108 DC/DC Buck converter 112 De facto standard 66 De-duplication 125, 244, 246, 276 Desktop computer 26, 38, 188, 212–213, 228–229, 231, 234 Digital analog converter 110 Digital audio video experience 37 Digital camera 131, 158–159, 163–164, 173, 229, 237–238, 267 Digital cinema 68–69, 286 Digital commons 223 Digital living network alliance 222, 264 Digital recording 108, 180 Digital rights management 97– 98, 222–223 Digital signal processor 137 Digital still camera 107, 158– 160, 189, 229, 231, 252, 262 Digital video camera 16, 160– 162, 229, 231, 252 Digital video recorder 3, 11, 16, 35, 38, 44, 51, 107–110, 113, 119, 129, 161, 177, 179–180, 199, 209, 251 Direct attached storage 5, 11, 40, 113, 228–229 Disaster recovery 5, 38, 128, 130, 209, 244, 248 Disc cartridge 60 Display technology 146–147 DLNA—see digital living network alliance Don Norman 171 Download 3, 11, 56, 61, 67, 95, 119, 124, 129, 133, 144, 155, 169, 205, 225, 226–227, 232, 234, 239, 252 DRAM—see dynamic random access memory Drive locking 115 DRM—see digital rights management Drone players 11 DVD 4–5, 8, 18–19, 53–55, 57– 62, 64–70, 109, 118–120, 133, 135–137, 140, 144, 156, 158, 162, 170, 179–180, 203, 205– Index 206, 230, 232, 238–240, 264, 266, 268, 286 DVD+/−R 54–55 DVD+/−RW 55 DVD-Audio 5, 156, 205 DVD-RAM 55 DVD-ROM 54 DVD-Video 4, 54, 61, 205 DRV—see digital video recorder Dynamic Random Access Memory 12, 74 Echostar 207, 279 eCoupled 151 EEPROM—see electrically erasable programmable read only memory Electrical interface 25, 40, 51, 96, 98 Electrically erasable programmable read only memory 74 Electronic program guides 108, 119 Electrophoretic display 168 Elisa media center 128 Embedded 42, 73, 83–85, 104, 109, 113, 119, 122, 132–133, 147, 157, 168, 171, 193–194, 196, 259, 261, 262, 279 EMI 222 Encoder/decoder 110, 112, 143 Encryption 10, 128–129, 182, 186, 223, 255, 263, 266, 270, 275 Endurance 21, 77, 90–95 Entropic communications 207, 209 EPROM—see erasable programmable read only memory Erasable programmable read only memory 74 Erase/write cycles 77, 84–85, 92, 94 Erasure 76, 103 eSATA—see external SATA Ethernet 40–41, 109, 112, 117, 124, 126, 130, 202, 204–207, 211, 214, 223, 227, 230, 232, 234, 268–270, 272 EVD 55 Evolution 26, 97, 100, 108, 127, 175, 197, 244–245, 261 External SATA 19, 114, 258 Fedex 239 Ferroelectric random access memory 102–103 Fibre channel 40–42, 219 Field effect transistor 74 FIFO buffer 63 File system viii, 35, 40–41, 50, 73, 86, 104, 184–185, 195, 199, 217–219 Firewall 124, 223 Firewire 11, 114, 161, 204, 211, 214 Firmware 9–11, 14, 36, 39, 85– 86, 176, 180, 182–183, 187, 190, 193, 196–197, 263, 274 First instance content 232 Floating gate 74–77, 86–88, 103, 281 Floating point gate array 112, 134 FM modulation 108 FN—see Fowler-Nordheim tunneling Format viii, 3–4, 8, 18, 33, 54, 57–58, 64, 66–68, 70–71, 74, 91, 95–99, 101, 105, 110, 137, 145–147, 155–156, 158, 162, 188, 205–206, 230, 240, 242– 243, 255, 260–261, 265, 274 Formatted 33 Fowler-Nordheim tunneling 75–76 FPGA—see floating point gate array FRAM—see ferroelectric random access memory Freevo 121 Front row 121 Fuel cell 150 291 Fujitsu 263, 282 Fusion 109, 203 GaN blue laser diode 65 GeeXboX 121 Global positioning system 137 GPS—see global positioning system Group participation factor 234 GSM—also known as global system for mobile communications HAMR—see heat assisted magnetic recording HANA—see high definition audio video network alliance Hard disk drive vii, 7, 13–17, 19–21, 23, 25–29, 31–42, 44– 46, 48–51, 59, 61, 70, 78, 83, 86, 90–91, 96, 103–105, 108– 110, 113–115, 118–120, 132– 134, 138–141, 145–146, 149–150, 152–158, 161–163, 169–172, 176–178, 180, 182, 184, 186–195, 197–199, 203, 205, 209–210, 214, 217, 219, 224, 229, 242, 250–254, 259, 261, 263–264, 274, 277, 282– 283, 285 HBA—see host bus adapter HD DVD 8, 55, 57–59, 61, 65– 67, 70, 156 HDD—see hard disk drive HD—see high definition HDTV 66, 68–69, 113, 119, 123, 126, 156, 165, 188, 205–206, 277 Head 21, 27–29, 32–35, 37, 39– 42, 46–47, 49, 51, 56–57, 62, 66, 107, 117–118, 153, 157, 161 Head-end storage 107 Heat assisted magnetic recording 46 Hermeticity 92 High definition 5, 35, 65, 66, 119, 162, 188, 205, 262, 268, 280 www.newnespress.com 292 Index High definition audio video network alliance 280 Highway map 134 Hitachi global storage technology 282 HMA—see home media architecture Holographic read only memory 64 Holographic recording viii, 53, 62, 64, 69–70 Home automation 246–247 Home disaster recovery 38, 244 Home media adapter 107 Home media architecture 208 Home media center viii, 38, 107, 109, 117, 120, 123–129, 180, 198, 221–222, 245, 256 Home phone networking alliance 205 Home reference data 209–210, 224, 246 Home storage utility x, 225, 230, 240–246, 254–256, 273, 275 Home storage virtualization stack 218–219 HomePlug 204–206, 211, 279 Honeywell 108 Host bus adapter 219 HP 67, 283 HPNA—see home phone networking alliance HROM—see holographic read only memory HS-100 108 Humax 109 Hybrid storage vii, 1, 12, 17, 20, 22–23, 141, 187, 199 IBM 25–26, 263, 266, 269 IC—see integrated circuit IDE—see ATA IEEE 1394 11, 114, 122, 161, 204, 211, 214, 267, 280, 283 Imation 60 In-car navigation 134 Index x, 163, 184 Infineon Technologies 186, 261 www.newnespress.com Information versatile disk for removable usage 138 Infrared laser 146 InPhase Technology 63–65 Integration ix, xiii, 5, 8–11, 20, 22, 31, 45, 51, 118, 128, 139, 147, 175–176, 183, 185, 187, 190–193, 195–200, 242, 258, 265, 273–274, 281, 286 Integrated Circuit—see IC International Microsystems Inc 186, 261 Internet protocol 117, 272 iPhone 179, 281 iPod 8, 143, 154–156, 172, 178, 281 IP—see internet protocol IPTV 117, 119–120, 124–125, 205 iSuppli xiii, 68, 177, 179, 249–251 iVDR—see information versatile disk for removable usage JVC 158, 162 Keypad 111–112, 136, 142, 144, 146, 165–166, 194–195 Kingston Technology 186, 261 Landsat image 134 Laptop computer 20–21, 26, 36, 38, 51, 182, 228–229, 231, 283 Laser diodes 65–66 LCD 112, 136, 142, 144, 147, 159–161, 165–166, 178, 194–195 Length 9, 16, 42, 96–97, 114, 153, 190, 258 Lexar 186, 261 LG Electronics 60 License fee 118 Life-log 11, 131, 171, 173, 181, 210, 224–225, 227, 232, 240– 241, 248–249, 253–254, 256, 275 Linear density 38, 44, 49, 138 Linux 121–122 LinuxMCE 121 Location-based service 164, 181 LOCOS 100–101 Logical unit number 219 Longitudinal recording 29 Loss-less 3, 155–158 Lossy 3, 155 LSI 147 LUN—see logical unit number Macronix 88 Magnetic random access memory 12–13, 74, 78, 136 Magneto-optical 286 Management viii, 10, 42, 50, 73, 83–86, 90, 97–98, 104, 112, 117, 136, 142–144, 146, 150, 153, 159–160, 165, 169, 177– 178, 182, 193–195, 202, 211, 218–219, 222–223, 232, 242– 244, 246, 256, 266–267, 269, 275–276, 287 Mashup 247 Matrix Semiconductor 88 Maximum storage temperature 92 Maxtor 109, 115–116 MD—see mini disk Mean time between failures 35 Media over coax alliance 204, 279 Media portal 121 Memory stick 97–98, 146, 262, 266 MEMS—see microelectromechanical systems Metadata 10, 126–128, 143, 183–184, 202, 241, 244, 248, 256, 274–276 Metal oxide semiconductor 74 Metcalfe’s Law 233 Micro-electromechanical systems 46 Microprocessor 2, 12–13, 15, 23, 122, 184–185, 256, 263 MiniDisc 55, 60 MIPs 167 MirrorBit 88 Index MIT 151 MMC—see multimedia card Mobile consumer device 2, 11, 23, 131, 154, 168, 254 MOCA—see media over coax alliance Model home 228–229, 231 Moore’s law 58 MO—see magneto-optical MOS—see metal oxide semiconductor Motorola 109, 168, 207–208, 279 Moxi 109 MP3 player 3, 5, 84, 89, 95, 142, 149, 155–156, 164, 167, 172, 177–178, 188, 249–250 MPEG—see moving picture experts group MPEG-12 222 MPEG2 67, 113, 121, 206 MRAM—see magnetic random access memory M-systems 87, 186 MTBF—see mean time between failures Moving picture experts group— see MPEG Multicast 226 Multi-level cell 281 Multimedia card 97, 262 Multimedia object 68–69 Multiple level cells viii, 88–89, 104, 281 Multiple purpose device ix, 237–238 My life bits 171 My media system 121 Myth TV 121 NAND viii, 14, 16–17, 20, 22, 73–74, 76, 78, 80–87, 89–95, 97, 99–101, 103–104, 152– 154, 158, 165–166, 179, 186, 260, 281–282 Nano 143, 154–155 NAS—see network attached storage National television standards committee—see NTSC Network attached storage 41, 113, 117, 129, 172, 218, 228–230 Network coding 221 Nichia 66 No permission limit Node groups 234–235 Non-DRM 222 Nonvolatile memory 2, 4, 137, 175 NOR 12–14, 16, 74, 76, 78–80, 82–84, 93, 100, 104, 166, 281–282 Novalux 146, 148, 169 NPZ—see no permission limit NTSC—see national television standards committee Numerical aperture 58 Object-based storage 183–185, 199 Objects 68–69, 184 OEM—see original equipment manufacturer OMA—see open mobile alliance OMA—see optical mechanical assembly Open mobile alliance 222 Operating system 20, 32–33, 49, 111, 137, 145, 184, 196, 271–272 Optical absorption 59, 66 Optical mechanical assembly 61 Optical pickup unit 61 OPU—see optical pickup unit Original design manufacturers 50 Original equipment manufacturer 40 Pace 109, 115 PAL—see phase alternating line Panasonic 66–67, 207, 268, 279, 283 PAN—see personal area network PANS—see personal area network storage 293 Parallel ATA 43, 114 Parity bits 83, 104 PATA—see parallel ATA Patent 11, 25, 118 Patterned media 47–48 PC card 262 PCA 29, 31 PCI—see peripheral component interconnect PCMCIA card 96 PDA—see personal data assistant PDD—see professional disc for DATA-1 Peripheral 112, 177–178, 186, 245, 261 Peripheral component interconnect—see PCI 112 Peripheral enhancement 186, 261 Peripheral interface 163 Perpendicular recording 29, 46, 48 Personal area network 163, 270 Personal area network storage 37 Personal capacity 230–231 Personal content 5, 10–11, 38, 108, 123–126, 128–129, 201, 203, 210, 222–223, 225, 227, 229–230, 232, 239, 242, 247– 248, 253–256, 264, 274–275 Personal content creation device 11 Personal data assistant 248 Personal life recorder 171, 189 Personal map 240–241 Personal media player 3, 144– 146, 157, 178, 190, 199 Personal memory assistant 225, 240–241, 249, 254–256, 275 Personal petabyte 210 Personal video recorder 36, 108 Petabyte 126, 171, 210, 232, 248 Phase 13, 42, 54–56, 60, 191– 197, 199, 244–246, 256 Phase alternating line—see PAL Phase change random access memory Philips 58, 60, 62, 66–67, 264 www.newnespress.com 294 Index Photographs 2, 4, 20, 37–38, 92, 95–96, 120, 128, 129, 141, 157–158, 180, 209, 220, 238 Physical content distribution 53, 68, 225, 239–240 Pixel 68, 158–160 Plain old telephone system 205 PLR—see personal life recorder PMA—see personal memory assistant PMP—see personal media player PNY Technologies, Inc 186, 261 Pocket projector 146, 169 Point-to-point 225 Polycarbonate 66 Portability 154–155, 259 Portelligent 13, 145, 160, 162, 166 POTS—see plain old telephone system Power 2, 12–16, 20–21, 31, 33– 39, 49–50, 61–62, 66, 70, 83, 103, 105, 112, 114, 122, 130– 131, 137–139, 141–143, 146– 153, 156, 159–160, 166, 168–169, 172, 176–178, 191– 192, 195–196, 203–206, 216– 217, 223, 237, 258, 261, 267, 270–272, 274, 277, 279, 282 Power on hours 34, 62, 70 PRAM—see phase change random access memory Pre-amplifier 29 Printed circuit assembly 29 Privacy 10, 123, 125, 128, 167, 181, 186, 201, 222, 239, 241, 246, 255–256, 264, 275 Professional disc for DATA-1 55 Prosthetic memory 240 PVR—see personal video recorder QoS—see quality of service Quality of service 117, 267, 270 Quickview 116 Radio Frequency 270 Radio receiver 143, 164 www.newnespress.com Radio Shack 207, 279 RAID—see redundant array of independent disks RAMAC 25–26 Read duty cycle 35 Read head 29 Read only 54, 58–60, 66 Read only memory 13, 64, 74 Read/write channel 29, 61, 65 ReadyCache 49 ReadyDrive 20, 49 Red laser 18, 58–60, 67, 70 Redundant array of independent disks 219 Reed’s law 232–233 Reference laser beam 63 ReplayTV 108 Repository 125, 127–128, 209, 220 Return rate 62 Revolution 108, 127, 261 Rewritable 26, 54, 59, 66, 140, 171 RF—see radio frequency Ritek 60, 62 Roadmap 99 Robson—see turbo cache ROM—see read only memory Rotary actuator 39 RPM 41, 49 Rules vii, 1, 9–10, 22, 37, 181, 191, 238, 274 SACD 54 Saifun NROM 88 Samsung 66–67, 103, 155, 166, 186, 260–261, 264, 268, 277– 278, 281, 283 Samsung Semiconductor Inc 186, 261 SanDisk 87, 92, 97, 119, 186, 260–261, 282 SAN—see storage area network Sanyo 60, 62, 67, 166 SASI—see Shugart Associates system interface SAS—see serial attached SCSI SA-STI 100–101 SATA—see serial ATA Satellite 3, 108–109, 115, 117, 119, 125, 128, 137, 140, 157, 206, 209, 212–213, 229, 246 Satellite radio 119 SaveTV 121 Scientific Atlanta 109, 115, 117, 207–209 SCSI 40–43, 114, 183–184, 188, 219, 263, 285 SD—see standard definition SDTV 54, 66, 113, 123, 126, 156, 227 Seagate 29, 37, 47, 109, 115– 116, 147, 211, 258, 283 SECAM—see Sequential color with memorySecure data card Secure video processing 222 Self monitoring and reporting technology 34, 191 Sensor 27, 29, 30, 37, 48–49, 108, 134, 138, 144, 159–160, 162, 165, 246, 271 Sequential color with memory— see SECAM Serial ATA 43, 114, 146, 258–259 Serial attached SCSI 43 Service model 206–207, 209 Service providers 107, 113, 128, 130, 181, 201, 207, 224, 249 Servo control 65 Set-top boxes 11, 109, 116, 125, 171, 180, 207–208, 264, 281 Sharp 62, 67, 279, 282–283 Shock 14, 16, 21, 35–37, 39, 45, 49, 92, 105, 132–133, 138, 140, 152–153, 278 Shugart Associates system interface 42 SiBeam 268 Single level cell viii, 22, 73, 86–87 Single purpose device 225–228, 232–233 Single spouse permission limit Single use device 226–228 Index SLM—see spatial light modulator SMART—see self monitoring and reporting technology SmartMedia 85, 96–98, 262 SMT—see surface mount technology SNIA—see storage networking industry association Social network ix, 3, 171, 180, 221, 223, 225, 239, 253 SoC—see system on chip Solid state drive 134, 138, 176, 277 Sony 55, 60–62, 66–67, 97–98, 145, 260–261, 265–266, 268, 283 Spansion 88, 261, 282 Spatial light modulator 63 Specific gravity of 36 Spherical aberration 60, 66 Spindle motor 27, 39 SRAM—see static random access memory SSPL—see single spouse permission limit Stacking die 89 Standard applications 2, 119 Standard consumer application 9, 274 Standard consumer function 179–181 Standard definition 18, 35, 54, 66, 109, 113, 118, 126, 221, 227 Start stop cycle 35 Static consumer device 11, 18, 181 Static random access memory 12 STB—see set-top box Storage area network 41 Storage hierarchy 1, 13–19, 131, 176, 187, 242 Storage networking industry association 243, 275 Storage virtualization 201, 217– 220, 256 Streaming 35, 63, 82, 108, 113, 119, 126, 136, 150, 156, 176, 181–182, 205, 207, 227, 239, 268 Surface emitting laser 146 Surface mount technology 57 S-Video 110, 145 SVP—see secure video processing Synchronization 140, 169, 181, 211–212, 220, 244, 248 SYSCON—see system controller System controller 61 System on chip 31, 193–195 T10 183 T13 176, 182–183, 257–258 Tape 13–14, 16–18, 25–26, 42, 46, 48, 62, 65, 158, 162–163, 217, 229 TAR—see HAMR TDMA—also known as time division multiple access Teardown xiii, 142–145, 159– 162, 166 Television 3, 53–54, 66, 108, 117, 119, 180, 208, 237–238, 264, 267, 271 Temperature 16, 33–39, 70, 92, 132–133, 138, 140, 153, 217, 277 Terabyte 26, 118, 140, 171, 232, 248, 254 Texas Instruments 110, 112, 136, 142, 144, 159, 165, 261 Thermal stability 47 Thermally assisted recording— see HAMR Thomson 109 TiVo 108–111, 117–118 TMR—see tunneling magnetoresistive reading Topfield 109 Topographic base map 134 Toshiba 29, 47, 66–67, 96, 100, 207, 258, 266, 268, 277–279, 282–283 Total product cost 10, 22, 176– 178, 198 Track density 38, 138 295 Trek 186 Trick modes 113, 126 Triple play 110 Trusted computing group xiii, 128, 182–183, 185, 262 Tunneling magnetoresistive reading 47 Turbo Cache 49 TVedia 121 TV—see television U3 98, 99, 186, 198, 261 Ucentric Systems 208 UDO 55 UFDA—see USB flash drive alliance Ultra high definition TV 119 Ultra-HD 156, 221 USB 11, 15, 20, 49, 84, 99, 101, 109, 114–115, 117, 119, 122, 137, 141–142, 144, 146, 160– 161, 165, 177, 185–186, 188, 198–199, 211, 214, 239, 258– 261, 283 USB flash drive alliance 185, 198, 260 USB TV 119 User interface 111–112, 137, 143, 145–146, 159, 166, 218, 238, 241, 273, 280 Utilization 230–231, 253, 270, 275–276 VCD 54 VCR—see video cassette recorder Vehicle information and communications system 134 VHS 18, 108 Vibration 14, 17, 21, 35–38, 92, 105, 132–133, 138, 140, 152, 153, 278 VICS—see vehicle information and communications system Video 2–5, 10–11, 15–16, 18–19, 21–22, 35–38, 44, 51, 53–54, 60–61, 63, 65–68, 70–71, 82, 107–114, 117–124, 126, www.newnespress.com 296 Index 128–129, 131–136, 138, 140– 141, 143–147, 150, 156–158, 160–164, 166–167, 170–172, 177–180, 182, 184, 199, 203– 206, 208–210, 220, 222–223, 227–239, 244–245, 250–252, 267–268, 270, 280, 286–288 Video cassette recorder 108 Video on demand 113, 121 Virtualization 33, 59, 201, 203, 217–220, 230, 232, 243–244, 246, 256, 275–276, 287 Vista 20, 33, 49, 50, 121 Vladimer Paulsen 25 VOD—see video on demand www.newnespress.com Volatile memory 2, 21, 74, 137, 175 Volume manager 218 Wear leveling 73, 84–86, 91, 93– 95, 104 Weight 38, 141, 146–147, 152– 154, 185, 241 Western Digital 43, 115, 283 Width 9, 16, 33, 96–97, 153, 175, 182, 187 WiFi 205 WiHD—see wireless HD Windows media center 121 Wireless HD 268 Wireless power 150, 172 Witricity 151 Write duty cycle 35 Write head 29 Write once 54, 64, 66 X-box 360 120 Xbox media center 121 xD-Picture Card 85, 96–98, 262 YouTube 239 YPrPb component video 110 Zoning 33, 219 .. .Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics This page intentionally left blank Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics The Essential Guide Thomas M Coughlin AMSTERDAM • BOSTON... elaborate theaters in their homes These early adoption consumers drive the initial market for products and often, but not always, determine whether a product will be successful in a broader market There... 7.2 Storage Costs in Consumer Product Design 7.3 Development of Common Consumer Functions 7.4 Intelligence of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics 7.5 Matching Storage to