Adaptation in Wireless Communications Edited by Mohamed Ibnkahla ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING in WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTATION and CROSS LAYER DESIGN in WIRELESS NETWORKS THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING SERIES Edited by Alexander Poularikas The Advanced Signal Processing Handbook: Theory and Implementation for Radar, Sonar, and Medical Imaging Real-Time Systems Stergios Stergiopoulos The Transform and Data Compression Handbook K.R Rao and P.C Yip Handbook of Multisensor Data Fusion David Hall and James Llinas Handbook of Neural Network Signal Processing Yu Hen Hu and Jenq-Neng Hwang Handbook of Antennas in Wireless Communications Lal Chand Godara Noise Reduction in Speech Applications Gillian M Davis Signal Processing Noise Vyacheslav P Tuzlukov Digital Signal Processing with Examples in MATLAB® Samuel Stearns Applications in Time-Frequency Signal Processing Antonia Papandreou-Suppappola The Digital Color Imaging Handbook Gaurav Sharma Pattern Recognition in Speech and Language Processing Wu Chou and Biing-Hwang Juang Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design Robert K Crane Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing: Theory, Methods, and Applications Kenneth E Barner and Gonzalo R Arce Smart Antennas Lal Chand Godara Mobile Internet: Enabling Technologies and Services Apostolis K Salkintzis and Alexander Poularikas Soft Computing with MATLAB® Ali Zilouchian Wireless Internet: Technologies and Applications Apostolis K Salkintzis and Alexander Poularikas Signal and Image Processing in Navigational Systems Vyacheslav P Tuzlukov Medical Image Analysis Methods Lena Costaridou MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications George Tsoulos Signals and Systems Primer with MATLAB® Alexander Poularikas Adaptation in Wireless Communications - volume set Mohamed Ibnkahla ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING in WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Mohamed Ibnkahla Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-4601-4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adaptive signal processing in wireless communications / editor, Mohamed Ibnkahla p cm (Electrical engineering and applied signal processing series) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4200-4601-4 (alk paper) Adaptive signal processing Wireless communication systems I Ibnkahla, Mohamed II Title III Series TK5102.5.A296145 2008 621.382’2 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2008025443 Contents Adaptation Techniques and Enabling Parameter Estimation Algorithms for Wireless Communications Systems Hüseyin Arslan .1 Adaptive Channel Estimation in Wireless Communications Jitendra K Tugnait 35 Adaptive Coded Modulation for Transmission over Fading Channels Dennis L Goeckel 71 MIMO Systems: Principles, Iterative Techniques, and Advanced Polarization K Raoof, M A Khalighi, N Prayongpun 95 Adaptive Modeling and Identification of Nonlinear MIMO Channels Using Neural Networks Mohamed Ibnkahla, Al-Mukhtar Al-Hinai 135 Joint Adaptive Transmission and Switched Diversity Reception Hong-Chuan Yang, Young-Chai Ko, Haewoon Nam, Mohamed-Slim Alouini 153 Adaptive Opportunistic Beamforming in Ricean Fading Channels Il-Min Kim, Zhihang Yi 177 Adaptive Beamforming for Multiantenna Communications Alex B Gershman 201 Adaptive Equalization for Wireless Channels Richard K Martin 235 10 Adaptive Multicarrier CDMA Space-Time Receivers Besma Smida, Sofiène Affes 269 vii viii Contents 11 Cooperative Communications in Random Access Networks Y.-W Peter Hong, Shu-Hsien Wang, Chun-Kuang Lin, Bo-Yu Chang 313 12 Cooperative Diversity: Capacity Bounds and Code Designs Vladimir Stankovic´, Anders Høst-Madsen, Zixiang Xiong 341 13 Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks Kyong-Lae Noh, Yik-Chung Wu, Khalid Qaraqe, Erchin Serpedin 373 14 Adaptive Interference Nulling and Direction of Arrival Estimation in GPS Dual-Polarized Antenna Receiver Moeness G Amin 411 15 Reconfigurable Baseband Processing for Wireless Communications André B J Kokkeler, Gerard K Rauwerda, Pascal T Wolkotte, Qiwei Zhang, Philip K F Hölzenspies, Gerard J M Smit 443 Index 479 Preface Adaptive techniques play a key role in modern wireless communication systems The concept of adaptation is emphasized in the Adaptation in Wireless Communications Series across all layers of the wireless protocol stack, ranging from the physical layer to the application layer This book is devoted to adaptation in the physical layer It gives a tutorial survey of adaptive signal processing techniques used in wireless and mobile communication systems The topics include adaptive channel modeling and identification, adaptive receiver design and equalization, adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive multipleinput-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, adaptive and opportunistic beam forming, and cooperative diversity Moreover, the book addresses other important aspects of adaptation in wireless communications, such as software defined radio, reconfigurable devices, and cognitive radio The book is supported by various new analytical, experimental, and simulation results and is illustrated by more than 160 figures, 20 tables, and 800 references I would like to thank all the contributing authors for their patience and excellent work The process of editing started in June 2005 Each chapter has been blindly reviewed by at least two reviewers (more than 50% of the chapters received three reviews or more) I would like to thank the reviewers for their time and valuable contribution to the quality of the book Finally, a special thank you goes to my parents, my wife, my son, my daughter, and all my family They all have been of great support for this project Mohamed Ibnkahla Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada ix Index Linear equalizers, 50 Linear MIMO space-time receiver, 217 Linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer, 207 Link adaptation, 4–6 algorithm examples, 20–25 Link-level performance, MC-ISR receiver, 286–290 Link quality estimation, 21 maintaining, Link state, 72 LLR conversion, 110–111 LMS-NN equalizer, 150 Local scattering, effect on angle of arrivals, 11, 12 Logarithmic likelihood ratios (LLRs), 108 Long-term statistics, 15 Lookup table, in Xilinx Virtex-5 devices, 446 Low-density parity check (LDPC) code, 363 Loynes’ formulation, 319 LUT-flipflop pairs, 446, 447 M M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) scheme, 156 M-max-NLMS, 250 MAC layer, cooperative communications in, 314 MAP signal detection, for nonorthogonal ST schemes, 108–109 Marcum Q-function, 190 Master-slave time synchronization, 391 Matched-filter (MF) receiver, 217 Matched filtering, in cognitive radio, 468 Max-min fair beamforming problem, 228 Max-NLMS, 250 Maximal ratio combining, in adaptive beamforming, 204 Maximum channel gain, with multiuser diversity, 196 Maximum likelihood estimation for clock offset, based on two-way message exchanges, 392–393 Maximum likelihood (ML) method, 189, 193 in channel estimation, 43 comparison with CRLB, 194 in cooperative communications, 331 in estimation of DOAs, 194 491 Maximum likelihood sequence detector, 50 Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE), 237 Maximum ration combining (MRC), 154 MC-CDMA transmission model, 275–276, 294 derivation of interference variance for band-limited, 307–308 required SNR and maximum throughput of, 303 MC-CDMA transmitter and receiver, 276 MC-D, as trade-off between DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA, 274 MC-DS-CDMA, 300 See also Time-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA) analytical and simulated BER of MC-ISR, 298 configuration parameters, 297 degrees of freedom, 274 performance comparisons, 300–302 spectral configurations, 277 MC-ISR combining, derivation of interference variance after, 304–307 MC-ISR receiver, 270, 284 advantage of full interference suppression, 296–300 analytical and simulated BER, 298 BER vs SNR for, 295, 299, 300, 301 capacity computation procedure, 292 with full interference rejection, 300 and general concept of MC-STAR, 284–285 implementation, 291–294 link-level performance, 286–290 modules, 292–293 multicarrier interference subspace rejection (MC-ISR), 285–286 parameters of each multicarrier system configuration, 297 performance comparisons, 300–302 simulation parameters, 296 simulation results, 294–302 simulation setup, 294–296 suppression of total interference by, 286 system-level performance, 290–291 validation of performance analysis, 296 MC-MRC, BER vs SNR in, 299, 301 MC-STAR, 275, 282, 283 general concept, 284–285 Mean arrival/departure angle, 11 492 Mean path length, in wireless sensor networks, 128 Mean squared error (MSE), 240 and nonlinear MIMO learning curve, 140 Medium access control (MAC) layer, adaptation techniques in, 28 Memory tiles, 448 Message delivery, delay components in timing, 377–378 Message latency, in network-on-chip, 453–454 Methods of moments, 49 SIMO channel estimation, 49–51 SISO channel estimation, 49 Metropolitan area network (MAN), 341 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), 373 MIMO applications, 126 cooperative sensor networks, 127–129 wireless LAN-based MIMO, 126–127 MIMO channel, 344, 345 vs cooperative diversity, 343 MIMO channel capacity, 99, 100 with CSI known to both receiver and transmitter, 102 with CSI known to receiver only, 100–101 fading channel capacity, 99–100 general assumptions, 100 numerical results, 102–103 MIMO channel geometries, 116 MIMO channel models, 96 analytical, 98 classification of, 98–99 correlation-based, 98 deterministic, 98 geometry based stochastic, 98 MIMO channel stationarity definition, 97–99 MIMO communications systems and, 96–97 physical, 98 propagation-based, 98 statistical cluster, 98 MIMO channel output, 137 MIMO channel stationarity definition, 97–98 MIMO communications systems, 96–97 extensions of minimum variance beamforming for, 215–220 MIMO configurations, impact of depolarization effect on, 121–123 MIMO receiver design problem, 215 MIMO single-user systems, adaptivity in, 89 Index MIMO systems adaptive coded modulation for, 90 advanced polarization diversity techniques for, 113–126 applications, 126–129 and channel capacity, 99–103 and channel models, 96–99 for cooperative sensor networks, 127–129 effects of spatial correlation, 113 Frobenius norm, 123 iterative signal detection in, 103–113 performance, 125 principles, iterative techniques, advanced polarization, 95–96 receiver block diagram, 108 reduced transmission energy of, 129 ST schemes, 112 WF and no-WF capacities, 104 MIMO transmitters modeling and identification of, 141–143 with nonlinear amplifiers and RF coupling interference, 141–143 Mini-sync, 393–394 Minimum estimation schemes, 155, 164 average number of channel estimation, 174 mode of operation, 164 performance and efficiency analysis, 165–166 statistics of received SNR, 164–165 Minimum mean square error (MMSE), 59, 80, 283 Minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer, 238 Minimum resynchronization frequency, 402 Minimum selection GSC (MS-GSC), 154 Minimum variance beamforming, 204–205, 412 extensions for MIMO communications, 215–220 SMI algorithm, 206 Minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) technique, 418 Minimum variance estimator, in Ricean channels, 194 ML space-time decoder, 217 MLP structure, 140 inability to characterize change, 145–146 MMAC, 252 MMSE filtering, 110 Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), 129 Index Mobile speed, effect on time variation, correlation, and Doppler spread, Mobility and need for adaptive equalizers, 238 and time-varying channels, Modified Bessel function of order zero, 190 Montium processor, 448–450 address generation unit (AGU), 449 communication and configuration unit (CCU), 448, 449 configuration sizes, 463 data exchange mechanisms for UMTS system, 457 energy consumption, 450 Rake receiver implementation, 456–459, 458, 459 tile processor and network interface, 449 Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, 45 MT-CDMA, 300 See also Time-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (MT-CDMA) analytical and simulated BER of MC-ISR, 298 BER vs SNR in, 300, 301 configuration parameters, 297 performance comparisons, 300–302 spectral configurations, 277 Mu-law PNLMS (MPNLMS), 246 Multiaccess interference (MAI), 215 Multiantenna systems, 96 adaptive beamforming for, 201–202 adaptivity in, 88–90 reasonable cost of, 154–155 Multiantenna transceivers, 201 Multiantenna transmitter schemes, 24 Multiband UWB, 260 Multibranch switch-and-examine combining (SEC), 155 Multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA), 27, 270 channel model for multicarrier transmission, 277–279 frequency-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (FD-MC-CDMA), 271–272 interference analysis, 280–283 MC-CDMA transmission model, 275–276 multiuser detection techniques for, 283–284 overview, 271 received signal, 279–289 spectra of various schemes, 272 493 time-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA), 272–273 time-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (MT-CDMA), 274 transmitter selection, 274–275 Multicarrier cyclic-prefixed systems, 252 Multicarrier equalization by restoration of redundancy (MERRY), 257 Multicarrier interference subspace rejection (MC-ISR), 285–286 Multicarrier modulation, 235, 253 Multicarrier spatiotemporal array receiver (MC-STAR), 275 Multicast transmit beamforming, 227–228 Multicore architectures design time mapping, 473–474 mapping applications to, 472–473 runtime mapping in, 474 Multihop ad hoc networks asynchronous cooperation in, 333–336 node location and OLA signals, 336 signal received by active nodes, 335 Multihop bound, for Gaussian half-duplex relay channel, 354 Multihop relaying, 333 Multilayer HCS, 25 Multilayer perceptron (MLP), 140 structure, 140 Multimode diversity, 114 Multipath dispersion, Multipath fading, 71, 72, 73, 75 time-varying nature of, 74 Multipath interference, mitigating effects of, 273 Multipath propagation, 99 frequency-selective facing and, 35 intersymbol interference due to, 36 Multiple access channel, 344, 345 Multiple access interference (MAI), 270 Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), 26, 27, 28, 313 See also MIMO systems adaptive systems, ix antenna systems, cooperative communications in, 313–314 increasing channel capacity with, 135 Multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems, 102 Multiple MVDR beamforming method, 433 Multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, 414 Multiplexing gain, 346 494 Multiprocessor system-on-chips (MP-SoCs), 445, 472 Multiterminal source coding, 347 Multiuser detection techniques, for MC-CDMA systems, 283–284 Multiuser diversity, 177, 179–181, 224, 324 achieving in slow fading environments, 182 factors determining performance gain in, 181 fairness and delay problems for, 189 gain in fixed and mobile environments, 180 maximum channel gain with, 196 Multiuser diversity gain, amplification in, 183 Multiuser interference minimum variance beamforming exploitation of, 204–205 MRC ignorance of, 204 Multiuser MIMO systems, adaptivity in, 89 MUSIC algorithm, 414, 423 comparison with CANAL method, 428 eigenvalues of data covariance matrix and cancellation weight matrix, 431 MUSIC spectrum, 425, 426, 437 variable number of beamformers, 429 MVDR beamformers, 419, 422 block diagram, 420 with data-dependent beampattern null constraints, 209–210 performance of single vs multiple, 420 MVDR technique, 413, 418 N Narrowband interference suppression, 273 Near-far problem, 20 Negative diagonal loading, 214 Network-assisted diversity, for collision resolution, 331 Network evaluation phase, in AMTS, 404 Network-on-chip (NoC), 444, 452–454 in Chameleon SoC template, 452 message latency vs BE load, 453 Network signature, 334 Network Time Protocol (NTP), 374, 379 Network topology changes, and time synchronization design, 377 Network-wide synchronization, 392, 396 extension of FTSP, 397 extension of RBS, 396–397 Index extension of TPSN, 396 lightweight time synchronization (LTS), 396 pairwise broadcast synchronization, 397–398 protocols based on pulse transmissions, 401–402 synchronous and asynchronous diffusion algorithms, 400–401 time-diffusion synchronization protocol (TDP), 398–400 Neural networks adaptive modeling and identification of nonlinear MIMO channels with, 135–136 comparison with MLP, 141 identification structure, 138 normalized, 144 scheme for nonlinear MIMO model, 137–138 time-varying case, 147 NN-based V-BLAST receiver, 148 BER performance, 149 NN identification structure, 138 NN MIMO channel estimator (NNCE), 147 decision-directed mode, 148 training sequence mode, 148 Noise spectrum, OFDM, 15 Noise vector, 387 Noncooperative slotted ALOHA system, stability region of, 319–320 Nondeterministic delay components, 390 Nonlinear amplifiers, MIMO transmitters with, 141–143 Nonlinear MIMO channels adaptive modeling and identification, 135–136 adaptive system diagram, 139 application to fault detection, 143–146 applications and simulation results, 141–149 evolution of weights during learning process, 143 learning algorithm, 138–141 MIMO channel output, 137 MLP structure, 140 neural network scheme, 137–138 receiver design, 146–149 smoothed MSE curves, 142 system input-output relationship, 137 system model, 136–137 495 Index tracking of slowly time-varying, 146 transient behavior of matrix weights, 143 Nonlinear MIMO system, 136 Nonorthogonal ST schemes, 106, 111–112 case study, 112–113 iterative detection for, 107–108 MSP signal detection for, 108–109 parallel interference canceling-based detection for, 109–111 sphere decoding for, 109 Nonstationarity effects on performance of receive adaptive beamformers, 206 and worst-case minimum variance beamformers, 211 Normalized channel mean square error (NCMSE), 60, 64 vs SNR, 65, 66 Normalized LMS (NLMS), 246 Nostrum NoC, 453 Null-steering arrays, in GPS receivers, 412 Null tones, 258 Nulling weight matrix, 424, 438, 440 obtaining interference DOAs with, 436 spectrum based on, 438, 439 Number of antennas, dependence of conventional opportunistic beamforming performance on, 197 O OFDM for cognitive radio, 471 in cognitive radio, 469, 471 parameterizable, 472 OFDM-based broadband, 469–470 OFDM frequency channel response, 10, 15 OFDM receiver generic framework, 461 on reconfigurable hardware, 459–460 OFDM standards characteristics, 462 One-tap Jakes’ channel, channel modeling error, 41 Opportunistic beamforming, ix, 178, 181–182 See also Adaptive opportunistic beamforming achieving performance of coherent transmit beamforming with, 183 amplification with, 183 combining with water-filling method, 178 comparisons with coherent transmit beamforming, 187 in fast fading environments, 184–186 limitations in Rayleigh fading environment, 184 performance, 182 in slow fading environment, 182–184 Opportunistic large arrays (OLA) system, 333, 335 node receipt of signals, 336 Optimal beamforming solution, 101 Optimal equalizers, tap magnitudes of, 248 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 126, 270 in digital radio broadcasting, 465 and reconfigurable hardware, 459–460 Orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs), 104, 111 Orthogonal ST schemes, 111–112 case study, 112–113 Outage capacity, 99 of Gaussian half-duplex relay channel, 352 Outage probability, 81, 89, 102 Outage probability constraints, 215 Outdated channel measurements, vector of, 79 Output power, in GPS receivers, 435 Output-threshold MRC (OT-MRC), 154 P Pairwise broadcast synchronization, 392, 397–398 Pairwise synchronization, 392 number of beacons required for each pairwise, 407–408 timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN), 392 Parallel cancellation (PIC), 283 Parallel interference canceling-based detection, 109 conversion to LLR, 110–111 PIC detector, 109–110 Parameter estimation algorithms, adaptation techniques enabling, 1–3 Parameter measurements, after channel decoding, 15–16 during and after demodulation, 14–15 after speech or video decoding, 16 channel quality measurements, 12–16 channel selectivity estimation, 7–12 496 before demodulation, 13–14 frequency selectivity and delay spread, 9–11 spatial selectivity and angle spread, 11–12 time selectivity and Doppler spread, 7–9 Parameterizable OFDM, 472 Parent nodes, 389 Partial feedback equalizer (PFE), 244 block diagram, 245 Partial update algorithms, 249, 251 rules, 250 Partial-update LMS, 249 Path estimations average with bandwidth-efficiency schemes, 168 minimizing number of, 164 reducing with switched combining schemes, 166 Path loss, 71, 75, 342 adaptation in response to, 76–78 worst-case, 72 Pattern diversity, 125 Peer-to-peer communication, 342 Peer-to-peer time synchronization, 391 Perceptual speech quality measurements, 16 Perfect prediction, 149 in coded modulation structures, 85–86 Performance of adaptive opportunistic beamforming, 193–198 of bandwidth-efficient schemes, 167–168 comparison of SC-, SEC-, and SECpsbased schemes, 172, 173 improving with Doppler information, of minimum estimation schemes, 165–166 of trained and blind adaptive channelshortening equalizers, 259 Performance degradation, due to subspace swap effects, 209 Performance loss, with imperfect channel predictions, 88 Physical layer, 316 adaptation techniques in, ix, 28 cooperative communications in, 314 reconfigurability in cognitive radio, 470–472 Physical MIMO channel models, 98 PIC detector, 109–110 Pilot tones, in DVB standard, 255 Pisarenko harmonic decomposition (PHD), 414 Index Pleiades architecture, 447 Polaris processor, 451 Polarization diversity techniques, 114, 125, 126 for MIMO systems, 113–114 Polarized channels, capacity of, 119–121 Positive diagonal loading, 214 Power consumption of embedded systems, 464 of Rake receiver, 458–459, 459 in RANs, 445 Power control, 5, 72 in voice-dominated cellular systems, 21 Power delay profiles, with channel frequency correlation, Power inversion, 412, 414 Power management, through time synchronization, 374 Prediction error statistics, 85–86 Predictor error power, 86 Principal eigenvector of a matrix, 205 Probability density function (PDF), 79, 118, 157, 159 deriving in Ricean channels, 189 with opportunistic beamforming, 195 Processing and storage element (PSE), in coarse-grained reconfigurable devices, 448 Processing devices, 444 Propagation-based MIMO channel model, 98 Propagation delay, 97 Proportional fair scheduling algorithm, 181, 184 total throughput in slow fading environment with, 185 Proportionate adaptation, 244 convergence improvement with, 247, 248 and partial update algorithms, 251 rules, 247, 250 Proportionate normalized LMS (PNLMS) algorithm, 245, 246 Pulse coupled oscillators (PCOs), 401 Pulse position modulation (PPM), 260 Pulse shape filtering, 276 Pulse transmissions, synchronization protocols based on, 401–402 Q 2Q real symbols, 110, 111 Quadratic optimization problems, 222 Index Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 84 Quantize-and-forward scheme, 315 Quasi-WSSUS channels, 97 Queue stability, as performance measure in RANs, 314–315 Queue states evolution, in slotted ALOHA networks, 318, 323 R Radio access networks (RANs) chip area and power consumption in, 445 engineering efficiency in, 445 mapping processing onto digital devices, 443 Radio channel effects, Radio knowledge representation language (RKRL), 467 Rake receiver implementation, 456–457 baseband processing in, 456 BER before error correction, 460 block vs streaming communication in, 457 communication requirements, 457 dynamic power consumption, 458–459 dynamic reconfiguration in, 458 influence of additional input scaling on average BER, 461 UMTS performance verification, 459 WCDMA receiver in, 456 Random access networks (RANs) cooperative communications in, 313–315 simple local rules of transmission in, 316 Random access protocols, 314 robustness of, 316 Random delays, modeling, 389 Randomization approach, 226 Rate-adaptive time synchronization (RATS), 402–403 flowchart, 403 Rate-distortion problem, with distributed source coding, 347 RAW processor, 450 Rayleigh fading channel, 76, 80, 84, 103, 112, 184, 345, 348, 356 capacity for MIMO, SIMO, and MISO structures with, 103 limitations of opportunistic beamforming in, 184 Shannon capacity of, 78 497 sum capacity with AWGN environments, 179, 180 WF and no-WF capacities of MIMO systems with, 104 RBS-based adaptive clock synchronization, 403–404 Receive antennas, in SC-based schemes, 160 Receive beamforming, 204 maximal ratio combining, 204 Receive phase, in cooperative communications, 335 Receive/transmit beamformer, 202 Received signal, in multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA), 279–280 Received signal strength (RSS) estimation of, 13–14 measurement, Receiver adaptive polarization technique, 124 AMPAS at, 124 CSI known to, 100–101, 101–102 Receiver adaptation, 6–7 Receiver complexity, reducing, Receiver cooperation, 342 capacity bounds with, 37, 354–356 reduction to two-user MAC, 345 Receiver design, nonlinear MIMO channels, 146–149 Receiver goals, 237 Receiver-only synchronization, 380, 386–389 Receiver performance, Receiver-receiver synchronization, 379, 389–391, 392 Receiver space diversity system, 157 Reconfigurable baseband processing, ix applications, 452–472 coarse-grained reconfigurable devices, 447–450 cognitive radio uses, 467–472 fine-grained reconfigurable devices, 445–447 licensed communications uses, 454–466 mapping applications to multicore architectures, 472–474 reconfigurable platforms, 445–454 tiled architecture in, 450–452 for wireless communications, 443–445 Reconfigurable hardware OFDM receiver on, 459–460 UMTS receiver on, 454–456 Reconfigurable platforms, 445 498 coarse-grained reconfigurable devices, 447–450 fine-grained reconfigurable devices, 445–447 network-on-a-chip, 452–454 tiled architecture, 450–452 Reconfigurable processors (RPs), 443 Redundancy, in multicarrier and SCCP systems, 257 Reference broadcast synchronization (RBS), 375, 394–395 adaptive clock synchronization based on, 403–404 extension of, 396–397 extension to multihop, 397 Relay channel advantages of, 354 capacity bounds in, 348–351 full-duplex and half-duplex, 349 Reliability in cooperative systems, 316 of diversity combining, 154 fading as obstacle to, 177 in time synchronization design, 377 Remote reflectors, Request-to-send (RTS) message, 327 Resource utilization, 25 Rest phase, in cooperative communications, 335 Resynchronization period, 405–407 RF coupling interference, in MIMO transmitters, 141–143 Ricean density, 80, 85 and increases in predicted value, 86 Ricean fading, 102 total throughput under, 186 Ricean fading channels, 178 in adaptive opportunistic beamforming, 187 adaptive opportunistic beamforming in, 177–179, 187–193 normalized total throughput in, 197, 198 performance gain with opportunistic beamforming in, 184 Rich scattering medium, 99, 102, 135 Right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP), 419 array response, 421 RMV receiver design problem, 219, 220 Robust minimum variance beamforming, 207 diagonally loaded minimum variance beamformer, 207–208 Index eigenspace-based beamformer, 208–209 linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer, 207 MV beamformers with data-dependent beampattern null constraints, 209–210 worst-case minimum variance beamformers, 210–215 Rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT), 414 Runtime mapping, in reconfigurable baseband processing, 474 S Salch-Valenzuela channel model, 99 Sample matrix inversion (SMI), 206 SC-based schemes error rates, 161 spectral efficiency, 159–160, 161 Scalability, and time synchronization design, 377 Schur-Hadamard matrix product, 210 Scrambling code, in UMTS rake receiver, 457 SEC combining schemes, 162–163 error rates, 171 spectral efficiency, 169, 170, 172 SECps combining scheme, 163–164 spectral efficiency, 170 Security, in time synchronization design, 377 Selection combining, 155 joint adaptive modulation and, 157–158 mode of operation and statistics, 158–159 Selective-block NLMS, 250 Self-coherence antijamming, 412 Semiblind channel estimation, 51 Semidefinite programming (SDP), 222 Sender-receiver synchronization, 379–380, 380, 392 Sensor networks, 96, 127–129, 341 MIMO for cooperative, 127–129 Sensor node, clock of, 375 Shadowing, 71, 75, 342 adaptation in response to, 76–78 time-varying nature of, 74 worst-case, 72 Shannon capacity, 81 improvement in, 80 of Rayleigh fading channel, 78 Short-term statistics, 15 Index Side information, coding with, 347–348 Signal-free case, 206 Signal models clock definition, 375–376 delay components in timing message delivery, 377–378 design considerations, 376–377 for time synchronization, 375 Signal overmodeling, avoiding, 18 Signal-present case, 206 Signal quality, adaptation and, Signal self-nulling, 206 preventing with derivative mainlobe constraints, 207 Signal set, specification, 84 Signal spatial filtering, beamforming approaches to, 201 Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), 6, 14 maximizing in minimum variance beamforming, 204 maximizing under distortionless response constraint, 205 Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), 14 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 14, 317 adaptive modulation and, 22 estimation, at GPS receivers, 413 maximizing in maximal ratio combining (MRC), 204 maximizing minimum receiver, 226 by modulation level for M-ary QAM, 156 SIMO channel estimation, 49–51 SIMO systems, performance, 125 Single-carrier cyclic-prefixed (SCCP) modulation, 252, 253 adaptation of FEQ for, 254 Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE), 252 Single-carrier ISR, 300, 302 Single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) channels, 36, 102 Single-input-single-output (SISO) channels, 36, 42, 128 Single-polarization configuration, 121, 122 difference from dual-polarized channel capacity, 122 Frobenius norm, 123 MIMO channel capacity of isotropic antennas, 120 499 Single-polarized configuration, spatial correlation, 118 Single-user bound (SUB), 291 Single-user demodulation, 19 Sirius satellite radio, 252 SISO channel estimation, 49 SISO systems adaptivity in, 80 design for uncoded systems, 81–85 information theoretic bounds in, 80–81 performance, 125 transmission energy of, 129 Skew estimation, 382–386, 383, 388 based on broadcast clock, 395 Slepian sequences, 41, 52, 348 Slepian-Wolf coding, 363 Slotted ALOHA random access networks, 314 comparative stability regions, 326 with cooperation, 321 cooperation in, 316–317 cooperation in two-user, 320–323 cooperative with channel awareness, 323–325 fully loaded regions comparisons, 326 maximal stable throughput of, 318 multiple-packet reception in cooperative, 327 stability region of cooperative slotted system, 325 stability region of noncooperative slotted system, 319–320 stability region of two-user cooperative slotted system, 323 system illustration, 317 in wireless networks, 317–319 without cooperation, 321 Slow fading opportunistic beamforming with, 182–184 with proportional fair scheduling, 185 throughput multiplied by number of users, 185 SMI algorithm, 206 Soft channel decoding, 108 Soft-output Viterbit algorithm (SOVA), 108 Soft-parallel interference cancellation (softPIC), 109 Soft PIC detector, 109–110 Soft-PIC detector, 109 Soft probabilistic constraints, 214 500 Space-time coding/decoding, 103–106, 220, 422 combining with multiuser diversity, 178 Space-time processing, antijam mitigation through, 413 Space-time trellis codes (STTCs), 104 Sparse adaptive equalizers, 243, 244 complexity reduction techniques for, 249–251 Sparsity difficulties in exploiting, 243 incorporating into adaptation rule, 249 Spatial correlation, 113, 119 and angle spread effects, 118–119 of uniform linear antenna array, 119 Spatial covariance matrix, in GPS systems, 424 Spatial data multiplexing, 220 Spatial diversity, 125, 177, 342 Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) technology, 201 Spatial filtering, limitations in GPS systems, 422 Spatial selectivity, 11–12 angle spread and, 11–12 Spatial signal processing, antijam mitigation through, 413 Spatial signature errors advantages of eigenspace-based beamformers with, 209 beamformer performance degradation due to, 206 preventing with derivative mainlobe constraints, 207 rapid changes in time, 209 Spectral-based processing, antijam mitigation through, 43 Spectral efficiency, 111 with adaptive modulation, 22, 153 of bandwidth-efficiency schemes, 167–168, 168 comparisons for SC-, SEC-, and SECpsbased schemes, 172, 173 comparisons for SC-based schemes, 160 in joint adaptive transmission, 159 maximizing with bandwidth-efficient schemes, 166 of minimum estimation schemes, 165–166 optimizing with delay spread estimation, 10 Index reduced through higher-frequency reuse, 24 of SC-based scheme, 155, 161 of SEC-based bandwidth-efficient schemes, 170, 171 of SEC-based minimum estimation schemes, 169 of SECps-based bandwidth-efficient scheme, 171 of SECps-based minimum estimation scheme, 170 of SSC/SEC schemes, 165 Spectrum scarcity problem, in U.S., 467 Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio, 468–469 system-level architecture, 469 Speech decoding, channel quality measurements after, 16 Sphere decoding, 106 conversion to LLR, 110–111 for nonorthogonal ST schemes, 109 Spherical uncertainty set, 210 Spreading code, in UMTS rake receiver, 457 SSC combining schemes, 162 Stability, in sensor clock parameters, 376 Stability region, 318 comparative, 326 of conventional slotted ALOHA system, 325 of noncooperative slotted ALOHA system, 319–320 of two-user cooperative slotted ALOHA system, 323 Static-order schedule, 474 Static random access memory (SRAM), 445 Statistical MIMO cluster models, 98, 99 Stochastic channel models, geometry-based, 116–117 Stochastic gradient descent, 240 Stochastic maximum likelihood estimation, 46–47 Streaming communication, 457 Subblock tracking, 56, 63 adaptive channel stimulation via, 56–57 Kalman detector for equalization, 59 training sessions for, 57 using Kalman filtering, 57–59 Subspace projection, antijam mitigation through, 413 Sum-capacity maximization, 223 Index Superimposed training-based channel estimation, 51–55 Supervised learning, 138–141 evolution of weights during, 143 fault detection learning curves, 145 Switch-and-examine combining (SEC), 155 Switched combining design trade-offs, 168 joint adaptive modulation and, 162 low complexity with, 162 SECpc scheme, 163–164 SSC/SEC schemes, 162–163 Switched diversity reception, 153–156 system and channel models, 156–157, 157 Symbol-adaptive joint channel estimation and data detection, 59 Symbol-by-symbol adaptation, 86 Symbol error rate (SER), 15 Synchronization mode selection, 404–405 Synchronization phase, in AMTS, 404 Synchronous cooperation model, 346, 360 Synchronous data flow graph (SDFG), 472 Synchronous diffusion algorithm, 400–401 System-on-chips (SoCs), 444 in Chameleon tiled architecture template, 451–452, 452 T Tap magnitudes, of optimal equalizers, 248 Tap selection rules, in adaptive equalization, 250 Tapped delay line model, 37–39 for time-invariant channels, 42 Target link quality, maintaining with worstcase scenario design, Temporal filtering, limitations in GPS systems, 422 Temporal processing, antijam mitigation through, 413 The recovery of M-ary biorthogonal signals via p-norm equivalence (TROMBONE), 262 Throughput with adaptive opportunistic beamforming, 196–198 comparing in coherent, conventional, and adaptive opportunistic beamforming, 197 501 in cooperative systems, 316 maximizing under power constraints, 223 maximizing with multiuser diversity, 178 normalized total, in slow Ricean fading channels, 197 with proportional fair scheduling algorithm, 185 under Ricean fading, 186 in Ricean fading channels, 196, 198 with slow Rayleigh fading, 185 under transmit power constraint, 224 Throughput constraint, Tile64, 451 Tiled architecture cell processor, 450–451 Chameleon tiled architecture template, 451–452 Polaris processor, 451 RAW processor, 450 of reconfigurable platforms, 450–452 Tile64, 451 Time correlation, as function of time difference, Time difference, Time-diffusion synchronization protocol (TDP), 398–400 Time dispersion, 4, effect on channel frequency variation and channel frequency correlation, Time diversity, 177 Time division duplexing (TDD) systems, 27 Time division multiple-access (TDMA), 10 Time-domain equalizers (TEQs), 253 Time-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA), 272–273 spectrum of, 272 Time-domain spreading multicarrier CDMA (MT-CDMA), 274 spectrum, 272 Time-frequency processing, 413 Time-invariant channels, 42–43, 97 Time-lag representation, 236 Time-selective fading, 36 Time selectivity, and Doppler spread, 7–9 Time synchronization adaptive time synchronization for WSNs, 402–408 clock offset estimation, 381–382 based on broadcast clock, 395 definition of clock, 375–376 502 delay components in timing message delivery, 377–378 design considerations, 376–377 existing time synchronization protocols, 391–402 extension of FTSP, 397 extension of RBS, 396–397 flooding time synchronization protocol (FTSP), 395 fundamental approaches to, 379–391 joint clock offset and skew estimation, 382–386 joint clock offset and skew estimation based on two-way message exchanges, 393 lightweight time synchronization (LTS), 396 maximum likelihood estimation for clock offset based on two-way message exchanges, 392–393 network-wide synchronization, 396–402 pairwise broadcast synchronization, 397–398 pairwise synchronization, 392–395 protocols based on pulse transmissions, 401–402 receiver-only synchronization, 380, 386–391 receiver-receiver synchronization, 389–391 reference broadcast synchronization (RBS), 394–395 sender-receiver synchronization, 379–386 signal models for, 375–378 skew estimation based on broadcast clock, 395 synchronous and asynchronous diffusion algorithms, 400–401 time-diffusion synchronization protocol (TDP), 398–400 timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN), 392 tiny-sync and mini-sync, 393–394 for wireless sensor networks, 373–375 Time variation, Time-varying channels, 36–37, 97 and adaptation difficulties, 74 autoregressive models, 39 basis expansion models, 39–42 identification of, 148 learning curves, 146 limitations of gradient descent algorithms in, 146 Index mobility and, tapped delay line model, 37–39 tracking of slowly, 146 training-based channel estimation, 45–46 Timing mismatch, 378 Timing sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN), 375, 379 Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN), 392 extension of, 396 Tiny-sync, 393–394 Total channel power, and Frobenius norm, 122 Total transmit power, 100 Trained adaptive algorithm design for adaptive equalizers, 240–241 channel-shortening equalizers, 259 rules, 254 for UWB systems, 261 Trained adaptive equalizers, 235 Training-based channel estimation, 45 superimposed, 51–55 for time-variant channels, 45–46 Transceiver design, 270 Transmission scheduling, through time synchronization, 374 Transmit beamforming, 220–221 broadcast transmit beamforming, 225–227 multicast transmit beamforming, 227–228 unicast transmit beamforming, 221–225 Transmit diversity, 155 Transmitter, CSI known to, 101–102 Transmitter adaptation, 4–6 Transmitter cooperation, 342, 345 capacity bounds with, 358–359, 361 incremental redundancy for flat-fading, 365 MIMO channels with, 345 simulation results with DPC-based scheme, 366 Transmitter selection, for multicarrier CDMA, 274–275 Triple-polarized channel capacities, 121 Turbo-codes, 103 Turbo coding, with BPSK modulation, 363 Turbo principle, 103 Two-transmitter two-receiver cooperative channel, 344, 348 Two-user cooperative slotted ALOHA system, 321 stability region of, 323 Index Two-way message exchanges, joint clock offset and skew estimation based on, 393 Two-way timing message exchange model, 383 U Ultrawideband (UWB), 26, 235 Ultrawideband (UWB) communication systems, 260–261 blind adaptation in, 262–263 trained adaptation in, 261 UMTS performance verification, 459 UMTS receiver on reconfigurable hardware, 454–456 timing properties, 457 Uncoded systems design for, 81–82 design rules, 82–84 numerical results, 84–85 Unicast transmit beamforming, 221 robust extensions, 224–225 traditional techniques, 221–224 Uniform circular arrays, 114 Uniform linear arrays (ULAs), 114, 415 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard, 454 Untethered clock time synchronization, 392 Uplink models, for adaptive beamforming, 202–203 Uplink multiuser MIMO scenario, 215 User equipment (UE), mapping processing onto digital computing devices, 443 UTRA specification, 52 V V-BLAST receiver, 146, 148 Variable spreading, data rate adaptation through, 72 Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) receiver, 146 Video decoding, channel quality measurements after, 16 Viterbi algorithm, 237 W Water-filling capacity, 101 combining with opportunistic beamforming, 178 503 WCDMA receiver, 456 mapped to reconfigurable SoC, 456 signal stream characteristics, 458 Weight vector estimation, 420 adaptively optimized, 435 in GPS systems, 414 in single and multiple MVDR methods, 422 WF capacities, 105 MIMO system, 104 WF gain, 102, 105 White noise, 14, 19 Wide-sense stationarity uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS), 97 Widrow-Hoff algorithm, 238 Wiener filtering, 17 Wireless channel models, 36 time-invariant channels, 42–43 time-variant channels, 36–42, 42–43 Wireless channels, adaptive equalization for, 235–236 Wireless communication systems adaptation techniques and parameter estimation for, 1–29 reconfigurable baseband processing for, 443–445 Wireless LAN-based MIMO, 126–127 Wireless link, model for, 75–76 Wireless local area network (WLAN), 126 Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), 126 Wireless networks, adaptive channel estimation in, 35–66 Wireless personal area network (PAN) systems, 154 Wireless receiver, estimation points, 13 Wireless relay channel, 349 Wireless sensor networks, 373 adaptive time synchronization for, 402–408 communication range in, 386 potential applications, 374 time synchronization for, 373–375 Wireless sensor node, 128 Worst-case autocorrelation, 83 Worst-case error matrices, 213 Worst-case minimum variance beamformers, 210–215 WSSUS channels, 97–98 Wyner-Ziv coding (WZC), 347, 348, 355 504 extending to two-receiver cooperative channel, 365 practical CF code design based on, 363 X Xilinx Virtex-5 devices, 445, 446 XM satellite radio, 252 Index Z Zero forcing (ZF) filtering, 110 equalizer coefficients, 244 in trained adaptation, 261 Zero forcing (ZF) V-BLAST detection algorithm, 147 Zero-order modified Bessel function, 79 ... engineering degree in electronics in 1992, an M.Sc degree in signal and image processing in 1992, a Ph.D degree in signal processing in 1996, and the Habilitation Diriger des Recherches degree in. .. without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Adaptive signal processing in wireless communications / editor, Mohamed Ibnkahla p cm (Electrical engineering and...Adaptation in Wireless Communications Edited by Mohamed Ibnkahla ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING in WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS ADAPTATION and CROSS LAYER DESIGN in WIRELESS NETWORKS THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING