THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SUSTAINABILITY EFFECTS OF FORMALISATION CONSIDERING HO CHI MINH CITY – VIETNAM AS AN EXAMPLE

luận văn thạc sĩ - master thesis

Master's Thesis THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SUSTAINABILITY EFFECTS OF FORMALISATION CONSIDERING HO CHI MINH CITY – VIETNAM AS AN EXAMPLE carried out at the Institute of Waste Management Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna under the guidance of Ao.Univ.Prof Dipl.-Ing Dr.nat.techn Stefan Petrus Salhofer by Florian Scheibe Matr.Nr 9840238 Vienna, 3rd February 2006 _ ABSTRACT Abstract Solid Waste Management systems and the general condition for solid waste management in developing countries differs remarkably from industrialised nations The fast ongoing urbanisation in combination with economic development leads to rising amounts of waste the waste management systems have to deal with Due to limited financial resources and organisational constraints the ability of the formal waste management system to react to this development is limited One distinctive feature of waste management systems in developing countries is the existence of an informal waste management system that exists parallel to the formal structures Most of the informal actors are socially deprived people who have discovered waste as a source of income The informal character of this activity sets limits to the development of the service they provide for waste management The following paper aims to describe waste management systems in developing countries with a special emphasis on the distinction between formal and informal activities The situation and developments in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam are taken as an example to evaluate ways towards the formalisation of informal actors and the integration of this workforce in the formal waste management system Furthermore, positive effects of a formalisation are stressed Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 III THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Zusammenfassung Die abfallwirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen sowie die Abfallwirtschaftssysteme in Entwicklungsländern unterscheiden sich maßgeblich von denen industrialisierter Nationen Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und rasante Verstädterung führen zu immerzu steigenden Abfallmengen Die Fähigkeit der Abfallwirtschaftssysteme auf diese Herausforderung zu reagieren ist durch begrenzte finanzielle Mittel und institutionelle Schwächen limitiert Eine Besonderheit in Entwicklungsländern ist das Vorhandensein eines informellen Sektors in der Abfallwirtschaft, der parallel zu den formellen Strukturen existiert Die meisten Akteure in diesem Sektor sind sozial benachteiligte Personen, die den Abfall als eine mögliche Einkommensquelle erkannt haben und ein informelles Entsorgungs- und Verwertungssystem betreiben Der informelle Charakter dieser Tätigkeit begrenzt jedoch die Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten dieses Systems Diese Arbeit beschreibt Abfallwirtschaftssysteme in Entwicklungsländern im Allgemeinen, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der Unterscheidung zwischen formellen und informellen Strukturen Die Situation in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, wird als Beispiel herangezogen um Möglichkeiten für die Formalisierung und Integration von informellen Akteuren in der Abfallwirtschaft zu beschreiben, sowie die Vorteile solcher Maßnahmen zu unterstreichen Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements I want to express my deepest gratitude to various people who have made this work possible First of all I want to thank all the staff of CENTEMA for their warm welcome and their assistance during my time in Vietnam, special thanks to Van, Trang, Thach, Thanh and Mr Viet You made me feel at home in HCMC The other important partner in Vietnam was ENDAVietnam, thank you all for your generous help Not to forget Joost van Buuren, who made the contact with CENTEMA My time in Ho Chi Minh City wouldn’t have been the same without my housemates Joe, Luca and Joice and my “Vietnamese Family” Furthermore I would like to thank my supervisor Stefan Salhofer for guiding me through the work for this thesis, his positive encouragement and his most valuable advice I think if any of us honestly reflects on who we are and how we got here, we discover a debt to others that spans written history The work of some unknown person makes our lives easier everyday I believe it's appropriate to acknowledge all of these unknown persons; but it is even more necessary to acknowledge those people we know have directly shaped our lives I want to thank my mother for trusting me to the right thing, even if she disagreed Thank you for the freedom you gave me, for your love and also for calling me back on track when necessary Without you and Robert I wouldn’t have finished my studies yet ;-) Thanks to my father for believing in me Family includes for me not only my relatives My life wouldn’t be what it is without my housemates, the mg34 collective, and my closest friends, especially Reini, Tom and Chris Thank you for enriching my live with your fellowship Let’s go on like this, we are a good team Special thanks to wordsmith Paul for linguistic levelling Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 V THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Table of Contents List of Tables VIII List of Figures VIII List of Pictures VIII List of Abbreviations and Acronyms IX I Introduction I.1 I.2 II BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Characteristics of Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries II.1 TYPICAL ELEMENTS OF SWM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES II.2 WASTE GENERATION II.3 WASTE COMPOSITION II.4 THE ACTORS IN SWM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES II.4.1 Formal Waste Management II.4.2 The informal private sector II.5 RECYCLING ACTIVITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES II.6 PROBLEMS OF SWM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES II.7 PROBLEMS OF CONVENTIONAL SOLUTIONS 10 III The informal sector and the informal economy 12 III.1 DEFINITION 12 III.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR 15 III.3 AUTHORITIES AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY 16 III.4 INFORMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 18 III.4.1 General characteristics 18 III.4.2 Importance of the Informal Sector for Waste Management 19 III.4.3 Problems of Informal Waste Management actors 21 III.5 FORMALIZING INFORMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 22 III.5.1 Reasons for formalisation 22 III.5.1.1 III.5.1.2 III.5.1.3 III.5.1.4 III.5.2 III.5.3 III.5.4 Ecological dimension 23 Economical dimension 25 Social dimension 25 Institutional dimension 25 Ways towards formalisation 26 Constraints for the involvement of the Informal Sector 27 Successful examples for formalisation 28 IV Solid Waste Management in Ho Chi Minh City 30 IV.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HCMC 30 IV.2 GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HCMC 31 IV.2.1 Quantities of MSW in HCMC 31 IV.2.2 Composition of MSW in HCMC 34 IV.2.2.1 IV.2.2.2 Types and contribution of sources 34 Composition at the sources 35 IV.3 FORMAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 36 IV.3.1 Organisational Framework 36 IV.3.1.1 IV.3.1.2 IV.3.1.3 IV.3.2 Institutional Framework in Vietnam 36 Institutional Framework in HCMC 37 Budget allocations 38 Collection and Transfer 40 IV.3.2.1 Primary Collection 40 IV.3.2.2 Secondary Collection 43 IV.3.2.2.1 Rendezvous Points 43 Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS IV.3.2.2.2 Transfer Stations 45 IV.3.2.3 Secondary transport 46 IV.3.3 Recycling Activities 47 IV.3.3.1 IV.3.4 Source Separation 48 Disposal 48 IV.3.4.1 IV.3.4.2 IV.3.4.3 Details of the major Landfills 49 Problems of the operating sanitary Landfills 50 Future waste treatment projects 51 IV.4 INFORMAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HCMC 52 IV.4.1 Structure of the recycling system in HCMC 53 IV.4.2 The informal workforce 54 IV.4.2.1 IV.4.2.2 IV.4.2.3 IV.4.3 IV.4.4 IV.4.5 IV.4.6 V Itinerant buyers 54 Informal waste collectors 56 Scavengers 58 Waste Shopkeepers 60 Middlemen 61 Recycling factories 61 Problems of the informal recycling system 62 Sustainability effects of Informal Sector integration 64 V.1 ASSESSMENT SCHEME FOR ALLIANCES 64 V.1.1 Actors and Alliances 64 V.1.2 Alliances and sustainable development 65 V.2 INDICATOR SYSTEM 66 V.2.1 Environmental goals and indicators 67 V.2.1.1 V.2.1.2 V.2.1.3 V.2.2 Waste minimisation 67 Reuse and Recycling 69 Cleaner disposal 70 Socio-economic goals and indicators 70 V.2.2.1 V.2.2.2 V.2.2.3 V.2.2.4 V.2.2.5 Better co-ordination 70 Financial viability 71 Safe and secure employment 72 Clean and healthy urban environment 73 Legitimacy 73 V.3 CASE STUDY HCMC 74 V.3.1 Informal private waste collectors 74 V.3.2 Informal Waste Collectors in District 74 V.3.2.1 V.3.2.2 V.3.3 Informal waste collectors in District 11 77 V.3.3.1 V.3.3.2 V.3.4 Environmental issues 75 Socio-economic issues 76 Environmental issues 79 Socio-economic issues 79 Recycling chain 80 V.3.4.1 V.3.4.2 Environmental issues 81 Socio-economic issues 82 V.4 SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS 84 V.5 COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS 85 V.5.1 Comparison district three and eleven 85 V.5.2 Comparison private collectors and recycling chain 86 VI Conclusions 88 References 90 Appendix I: City map of Ho Chi Minh City 97 Appendix II: Classification of non-hazardous solid waste 98 Appendix III: HCMC waste generation data 99 Appendix IV: Composition at the sources 100 Appendix V: Location of the landfill sites 102 Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 VII THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES List of Tables TABLE 1: COLLECTED AND TREATED DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE PER CAPITA 33 TABLE 2: RENDEZVOUS POINTS (CP DONRE, 2003) 44 TABLE 3: CAPACITY OF THE MAIN LANDFILLS (SOURCE: SWMD, 2004) 49 TABLE 4: SUMMARY OF INDICATORS (CP GRAFAKOS ET AL., 2001) 68 TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT RESULTS 84 List of Figures FIGURE 1: TYPICAL ELEMENTS OF A SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN LOW- OR MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (CP ZURBRUGG, 2003) FIGURE 2: TYPES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS (CP CENTENO AND PORTES, 2003) 13 FIGURE 3: THE PROCESS OF INFORMALISATION (CP CENTENO AND PORTES, 2003) 16 FIGURE 4: THE WASTE HIERACHY (CP VAN BEUKERING ET AL., 1999) 24 FIGURE 5: QUANTITY OF MSW (1992 - 2003) (CP DONRE, 2003) 31 FIGURE 6: FORECAST OF THE AMOUNT OF MSW TO 2010 33 FIGURE 7: SOURCES OF MSW IN HCMC (CP NGUYEN K., 2003) 34 FIGURE 8: COMPOSITION OF MSW IN HCMC (CP LEMNA, 2004) 35 FIGURE 9: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HCMC (CP NGUYEN K., 2003; NGUYEN T., 2005) 38 FIGURE 10: FINANCING OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HCMC (CP MASAUDA ET AL., 2004) 39 FIGURE 11: COVERAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COSTS FOR SWM 39 FIGURE 12: COLLECTION SYSTEM 41 FIGURE 13: PARTICIPATION OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL ACTORS IN THE RECYCLING SYSTEM 53 FIGURE 14: POSSIBLE ALLIANCES IN URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (CP GRAFAKOS ET AL., 2001) 65 FIGURE 15: ALLIANCE IN DISTRICT (CP DOSTE, 2002) 74 FIGURE 16: ALLIANCE IN DISTRICT 11 (CP DOSTE, 2002) 78 FIGURE 17: ALLIANCE IN THE RECYCLING CHAIN 81 FIGURE 18: COMPARISON OF THE SUSTAINABILITY EFFECTS 85 List of Pictures PICTURE 1: LOCATION OF HCMC IN VIETNAM (SOURCE: CNN, 2005) 30 PICTURE 2: SLUM AREA ALONG A RIVER (PICTURE BY ENDA-VIETNAM) 34 PICTURE 3: WASTE READY FOR COLLECTION IN A SMALL ALLEY 41 PICTURE 4: WASTE COLLECTION FROM WATERWAYS (PICTURE BY ENDA VIETNAM) 42 PICTURE 5: HANDCARTS WAITING AT A RENDEZVOUS POINT 44 PICTURE 6: RECYCLABLES READY FOR SELLING IN FRONT OF A TRANSFER STATION 45 PICTURE 7: WASTE WORKERS LOADING A COMPACTOR TRUCK AT A RENDEZVOUS POINT 46 PICTURE 8: TRUCK DUMPING WASTE AT GO CAT LANDFILL 49 PICTURE 9: LEACHATE PUMPED FROM GAS COLLECTION WELL (PICTURE BY CENTEMA) 51 PICTURE 10: ITINERANT WASTE BUYER IN A SMALL ALLEY 55 PICTURE 11: DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTOR RUMMAGING FOR RECYCLING MATERIAL 56 PICTURE 12: STREET SCAVENGER 58 PICTURE 13: SCAVENGING BY BOAT ON A CANAL IN HCMC (PICTURE BY ENDA-VIETNAM) 59 PICTURE 14: SCAVENGER RECOVERING PLASTIC AT A TRANSFER STATION 60 PICTURE 15: WORKER IN A PLASTIC RECOVERY FACILITY (PICTURE BY CENTEMA) 62 Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations: CBO Community Based Organisation DCs Developing Countries DPSC District Public Service Company HCMC Ho Chi Minh City IS Informal Sector ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management MSW Municipal Solid Waste NGO Non Governmental Organisation SWM Solid Waste Management VND Vietnamese Dong (1 € = 20,000 VND) Acronyms: CENTEMA Centre for Environmental Technology and Management CITENCO City Environmental Company (Ho Chi Minh City) DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment ENDA Environmental Development Action in the Third World ILO International Labour Organisation OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PC People’s Committee SWMD Solid Waste Management Division Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 IX THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VI Conclusions Informal actors play an important role for waste management worldwide In HCMC there are 20,000 to 30,000 informal workers involved in recycling and collection activities The recycling sector in Vietnam has a long tradition In the younger history of Vietnam the lack of imported raw materials, due to economic isolation during and after the Vietnam War, or as the Vietnamese call it, the American war, led to the formation of a vital recycling business Nowadays the demand for secondary raw materials is still high and the informal recycling business meets this demand The whole recycling activity is therefore based on economic and not on environmental considerations The involvement of the state in recycling activities is almost zero The recycling chain comprises of various actors Some, like middlemen or waste shop owners, make a good living of the recycling business, others, like scavengers have to work under poor conditions to earn a minimum income The contribution of this sector towards the solid waste management of the city is in no way recognised by the authorities However the informal character of this activity and the lack of support by law set limits for the development of an efficient and environmentally and socially sound recycling activity Informal private collectors have a specific role in the waste management system of HCMC The limited resources of the formal waste management system limit the ability of the official collection forces to provide adequate collection services for the whole population This gap was closed by a spontaneously formed system of informal private collectors This informal collection system is integrated in the formal waste management system The collectors are paid directly by the households for their service and transfer the waste to the formal system at rendezvous points and transfer stations Until recently the informal collectors were not organised in any way Since 1999 a law requires the organisation of this workforce In some cases this reorganisation of the private collectors had various positive effects for all actors The quality of the service rose and the number of households with regular waste collection was increased Furthermore, it led to a more efficient distribution of the collection routes and the co-ordination between the private collectors and the formal waste management system was improved Last but not least the formalisation led to improved working conditions and a higher income for the former informal actors Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 88 CONCLUSIONS This example shows the potential benefits of a formalisation of informal actors in a concrete case In regards to plans to implement source separation in HCMC and the arising need for a separate collection scheme for recyclable materials a possible option could be to integrate the existing informal recycling sector in the solution However the outcome of the assessment of alliances in waste management shows that a formalisation of informal actors leads to an improved legitimacy and potentially increases the working and living conditions of the former informal actors Furthermore it opens up the opportunity for cooperation and better coordination between formal and informal actors in waste management Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 89 THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES References ARGEITI S., Exploring recycling and reuse activities in HCMC, Vietnam: An integrated approach Master of Science Thesis at University of Leeds, School of Civil Engineering, Leeds, 2003 BANG A T., Preceup Research Action Solid Waste Management in Ho Chi Minh City ENDA Vietnam, research paper, Ho Chi Minh City, 1999 BANG A T., Environmental Development Action for the Third World (ENDA) – Vietnam Personal communication, June 2005 CENTEMA, Domestic waste management and related environmental pollution in HCMC Center for Environmental Technology and Management, unpublished research paper, Ho Chi Minh City, 1996 CENTENO M A and PORTES A., The Informal Economy in the Shadow of the State The Center for Migration and Development, Princeton University, working 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http://www.sandec.ch/SolidWaste/Documents/04-SW-Management/Basics_of_S WM.pdf (accessed Mai 2005) ZURBRUGG C., Urban Solid Waste Management in Low Income Countries of Asia - How to Cope with the Garbage Crisis Paper presented for Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment at the Urban Solid Waste Management Review Session, Durban, 2003 Available at www.sandec.ch/SolidWaste/Documents/04-SW-Management/USWM-Asia.pdf (accessed Mai 2005) Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 96 APPENDIX I: CITY MAP OF HO CHI MINH CITY Appendix I: City map of Ho Chi Minh City Source: VNBD (2005) Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 97 THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Appendix II: Classification of non-hazardous solid waste According to Vietnamese Standard No 6705:2000: No Group of Solid Waste Domestic waste 1.1 Waste from households Food waste Other waste Description, Specification Solid waste containing organic substances that easily or quickly disintegrates especially in hot damp weather Wastes from processing, trading or consuming food Solid waste without ability to disintegrate but generate dust, as residues from combustion, wastes from households or from fire-ovens, used household utensils made of different kinds of materials Waste as described in 1.1 and other non hazardous solid waste with little ability to disintegrate For example, papers and used paper products, plastic, bottles, glass, metal, ceramics, sand and soil, soil dust…, which are collected from beaches, parks, public places, services, offices, schools or street roads 1.2 Waste from public places, services 2.1 Construction waste Waste from construction activities 3.1 Industrial waste Waste from industrial proc- Non-hazardous industrial solid wastes are from industries, facessing lines; solid wastes tories or wastewater treatment works, waste gas treatment from waste disposal factories works and solid waste disposal works Florian Scheibe Wastes generated by activities of clearance, improvement of existing construction works, or building of new construction structures These wastes can be broken bricks and tiles, concrete, water pipes, shingles… or other materials Matr Nr 9840238 98 APPENDIX III: HCMC WASTE GENERATION DATA Appendix III: HCMC waste generation data Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Quantity of municipal solid waste in HCMC from 1992 - 2003 Domestic Solid waste Construction Waste Total Quantities [Tons/year] [Tons/day] [Tons/year] [Tons/day] [Tons/year] [Tons/day] 424,807 1,164 191,600 525 616,407 1,689 562,227 1,540 276,608 758 838,835 2,298 719,889 1,972 285,529 782 1,005,418 2,755 978,084 2,680 329,534 903 1,307,618 3,583 1,058,488 2,900 346,857 950 1,405,345 3,850 983,811 2,695 190,121 521 1,173,932 3,216 939,943 2,575 246,685 676 1,186,628 3,251 1,066,272 2,921 312,659 857 1,378,931 3,778 1,172,958 3,214 311,005 852 1,483,963 4,066 1,369,358 3,752 344,451 944 1,713,809 4,695 1,568,477 4,297 385,763 1,057 1,954,240 5,354 1,662,849 4,619 394,732 1,081 2,057,581 5,700 source: DONRE (2003) Forecast of the amount of MSW to 2010 Amount of MSW Million tons per year (**) Year Population (*) Tons per day 1996 4,748,596 1.058 2900 1997 4,852,590 0.984 2695 1998 4,957,856 0.940 2575 1999 5,011,487 1.066 2921 2000 5,117,129 1.484 4066 2001 5,223,975 1.369 3752 2002 5,332,006 1.509 4133 2003 5,441,206 1.609 4407 2004 5,551,554 1.708 4681 2005 5,663,029 1.808 4955 2006 5,775,610 1.908 5229 2007 5,889,274 2.008 5503 2008 6,003,997 2.108 5776 2009 6,119,754 2.208 6050 2010 6,236,519 2.308 6324 (*) based on data (1996-2001) from the statistical yearbook of HCMC (**) based on data (1992 - 2002) from CITENCO Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 kg / cap.*year 222.90 202.74 189.59 212.77 290.00 262.13 282.92 295.62 307.75 319.35 330.43 341.03 351.16 360.86 370.13 99 Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 - 0,0-9,0 Source: CENTEMA (2002) BDL Below detection limit (lower than 0.5 %) - 0,0-2,0 0,0-25,0 Bamboo, straw, leaves Shells, Bones - Silk-cotton 0,0-10,2 Cans - 0,0 0,0-4,6 20,0 - - - 17,7-51,5 5,7-10,0 11,7-26,2 - - 7,4-20,7 3,1-20,1 5,7-52,8 Batteries 0,0-3,6 Leather Carton 0,0 Metal Ceramic 0,9-3,3 Glass 0,0-10,5 4,0-25,0 Paper Demolition, soil 0,0-1,3 0,0-14,2 Styrofoam 0,0-2,8 0,0-BDL Soft rubber 0,0-7,2 0,0-14,2 Textile Wood 0,0-10,0 Plastic Hard rubber BDL-13,0 Nylon 60,2-89,6 [%] 61,0-96,6 [% wet wt] Organic Moisture Households Weigth - - - - - - - - - - - 1,0-13,6 - - - - - 0,0 0,0 3,5-47,0 [%] Ash content 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0-4,2 BDL BDL-2,5 1,5-27,5 1,0-2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0-3,1 3,5-18,9 8,5-34,4 23,5-75,8 [% wet wt] Weigth - - - - - - - - - - - 8,8-29,5 1,7-2,7 - - - 2,9-3,1 14,0-14,9 16,2-38,0 78,6-85,3 [%] Moisture Schools - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0,0 0,0 18,7-23,4 [%] Ash content 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0-0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0-1,0 BDL-2,8 0,0-2,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0-6,0 BDL-5,3 79,5-100 [% wet wt] Weigth - - - - - 5,5-18,9 - - - - 2,3 4,3-10,1 2,0-3,1 - - - - 5,4-6,1 10,2-23,6 72,1-90,4 [%] Moisture - - - - - 10,4 - - - - - - - - - - - 0,0 0,0 1,5-26,2 [%] Ash content Hotels and Restaurants Composition of the waste from households, schools, hotels and restaurants THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Appendix IV: Composition at the sources 100 Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 0,0-10,1 0,0 - BDL: Below detection limit (lower than 0.5 %) Source: CENTEMA (2002) Organic Nylon Plastic Textile Soft rubber Hard rubber Wood Styrofoam Paper Glass Metal Leather Demolition, soil Ceramic Carton Cans Batteries Silk-cotton Bamboo, straw, leaves Shells, Bones Electronic waste - Tong Hop Market Mixed Weight Moisture Ash content content [%] wet [%] [%] 76,0-82,0 86,5-88,7 13,4-26,3 3,0-4,2 26,8-41,4 0,0 0,0-1,4 6,0 0,0 0,0-BDL 47,0 0,0-0,5 8,8 0,0 0,0 0,0-0,5 6,7 3,3-3,8 13,3 0,0-1,0 0,0-BDL 0,0 0,0 0,0-BDL 0,0-0,5 42,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8-7,6 10,3-12,5 11,6 0,0 0,0 - - Cau Muoi Market Food Weight Moisture Ash content content [%] wet [%] [%] 99,0 81,2 14,9 BDL 20,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 BDL 1,9 BDL 9,6 1,0 11,2 4,4 21 kg - - Nhat Tao Market Electronics Weight Moisture Ash content content [%] wet [%] [%] 94,0 75,2 6,8 2,5 26,3 0,0 3,5 33,5 2,7 0,0 0,0 - 0,0 0,0 - Kim Bien Market Soai Kinh Lam Market Chemicals Textiles Weight Moisture Weight Moisture content content [%] wet [%] [%] wet [%] 35,6 80,7 20,0 65,3 6,2 27,4 6,5 25,4 4,3 9,8 1,1 5,0 1,7 11,0 58,1 3,9 5,6 2,7 BDL 2,0 4,2 3,0 5,3 7,3 BDL 6,2 2,0 5,2 0,5 7,3 10,2 9,7 11,4 16,2 4,9 BDL 5,9 1,0 1,6 0,8 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,5 0,0 4,9 10,9 0,6 32,8 2,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 - Composition of the waste from different kinds of markets APPENDIX IV: COMPOSITION AT THE SOURCES 101 THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Appendix V: Location of the landfill sites source: SWMD (2004) Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 102 ... for solid waste management in developing countries in general and in HCMC in particular and to find out whether an integration of the informal sector in the formal waste management system, and therefore... of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) as an example Florian Scheibe Matr Nr 9840238 THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The motivation for recycling in developing and industrialised... 9840238 25 THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ognised as a part of the solid waste management system and therefore also be integrated into the planning of the SWM