the urban challenge in developing countries

... changes in these three capital cities We then look at income and nonincome welfare in the capitals versus the countries as a whole before examining the extent of intraurban inequalities In the final ... the rural -urban differences in the poverty gap index for the initial period using the $2.00 per day poverty line The rural -urban differences in the poverty gap range from to 30 percentage points ... variable among the low-income countries, ranging from just a few percentage points to over 40 percentage points in Burkina Faso and India These differences are smaller in the middle-income countries, ...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 23:20

... characterize the contributions of the informal sector for solid waste management in developing countries in general and in HCMC in particular and to find out whether an integration of the informal ... MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES III The informal sector and the informal economy III.1 Definition The term ‘informal sector’ was first introduced by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in ... activities Incineration and land filling are not part of the informal sector activities and therefore not discussed in the following section The informal recycling activity in developing nations...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2013, 18:48

... to the growing empirical literature on socioeconomic inequalities in health in developing countries, by examining differences across urban and rural areas in health inequalities Specifically, the ... compared to urban- rural differentials in all countries except Chad and Zambia, the only countries where the within -urban gap in stunting is not larger than the within-rural one Indeed, rural to urban ... households and individuals Given that urbanization has been one of the dominant underlying demographic processes in the past few decades not only in SSA, but also in the rest of the developing world,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 19:20

... development in developing countries takes account of the level of the intervention, the enabling factors that are necessary, the evidence and learning that is achieved and the learning that this feeds into ... to examine individuals and groups within the key institutions in the health system as target beneficiaries for ICTs, and in doing so to examine the issue of their capacity and needs, and the potential ... access remains an abiding issue is access, particularly in developing countries (Shilderman, 2002) Approaches that are being used for any of these purposes include: • developing of Internet information...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 09:20

... respectively (8) The mean 24-hour levels of carbon monoxide in homes using biomass fuels in developing countries are in the range 2–50 ppm; during cooking, values of 10–500 ppm have been reported The United ... exposure is protective in these settings Cancer Lung cancer Tobacco smoke is the most important risk for lung cancer and explains most cases in industrialized countries In developing countries, non-smokers, ... are obtained from studies of mean particle concentrations indoors in urban and rural settings in developed and developing countries A number of assumptions are made, including: that the lowest...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... Urban Poverty and Health in Developing Countries The era in which developing countries could be depicted mainly in BY 2050, two-thirds of the developing world’s population is likely to live in ... in Developing Countries To understand urban health in developing countries, the situations of the urban poor and near-poor must be distinguished from those of other city residents Among the urban ... of these urban areas This Population Bulletin provides a sketch of urban health in developing countries, documenting the intraurban differences in health for a number of countries and showing...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 14:20

... done in the rough fashion illustrated here 23For certain developing- country cities, including some participating in the studies listed in the Appendix, there have been monitoring systems in place ... (three-fifths) of the time indoors, and are participating in rapid urbanization Thus, two micro-environments-rural and urban indoors dominate when looking at the time spent by either the entire LDC ... however, GEMS and other data are generally not available for these nations 3In the early 990s, urban air pollution in developing countries came to be the focus of a number of international studies...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

... of the apps in the stores provided by China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom to their customers19 mLearning holds great potential for supporting education and learning in developing countries, ... limited health workforces in developing countries It was estimated in 2004 that only 50 of the 600 doctors trained in Zambia since independence were still practicing in the country8 Attrition of ... Expanding and improving training programmes must be at the heart of human resources development strategies for health systems in developing countries New approaches to training are needed to increase...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 15:20

... aspects into pre-service training of health workers and in- service training of current staff  Incorporate quality indicators into routine monitoring and reporting systems; add quality monitoring ... participate together in collaborative improvement, the results achieved in any of them are spread to the remainder in the same learning community The participating sites re-organize their delivery ... pointing the time of main interventions that lead to the increase, or decrease, of the value of the indicator (Zeribi and Franco 2010) Figure shows the run chart used to monitor progress in institutionalizing...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 06:20

... during the period of the study, and the other was working as a sole practitioner in a remote clinic in Makira Province At the time of the study the two-way radio at this clinic was not functioning ... challenges, the lack of supervised clinical training, difficulties in accessing the technology, and the inappropriateness of the content and delivery method to the local setting Other local initiatives ... as teaching, data collection and reporting or involvement in research The interviews consisted of 10 main questions The questions were designed to obtain information regarding the main themes,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 00:20

... Among them is the inadequacy of human resources (HR) in developing countries In the health sector in general, and in maternal health in particular, health care professionals are at the heart of the ... technical legitimacy in their training, the excessive supervision required, the difficulty of adapting their training to the great diversity of delivery situations, and to interprofessional conflicts ... even if the capacity to supply EmOC is the minimum starting point, it must be coupled with strategies to reduce delays in receiving care and to increase care coverage Therefore, the intrapartum...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... health[42] The pharmacy profession in PakistanAt the time of independence – 1947 – there was no institution offering pharmacy education in Pakistan In 1948, the University of Punjab was the first institution ... mainly subjects pertaining to the production aspects of pharmaceuticals [24] Pharmaceutical services in developing countries face some specific challenges unlike those faced by pharmacists in the ... in developing countries For example, findings from a survey conducted in a rural region of Ghana revealed that drug retailers in five pharmacy shops were found to have little or no training in...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... healthcare, including healthcare information, in developing countries? Mobile telephone subscriptions have been growing rapidly since the 1980s in both developing and developed countries Subscriptions ... 1999–2000, the number of SMS messages in the United Kingdom grew from 159 million to 1.42 billion In 2003, the average user in the Philippines sent 2,300 messages, making it the world's most avid texting ... to the end-user as well as society since supportive law would need to be implemented in many countries Nonetheless, in mobile infrastructure in developing countries, privacy/security and authentication...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... success in developing countries unless some basic issues are addressed Basic issues Poverty is a major factor in the development of AMR in developing countries [19] Poverty encourages the patronage ... to their clients The effect of such antibiotic-laced concoctions would be to accumulate in the system of the recipients at sub-therapeutic doses, increasing the chances of resistance developing ... enforcement of international laws governing drug production and export Other approaches would include the retention of prescriptions by the pharmacies, training drug-sellers, and regulating the kind of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... characteristics of the RBC formed on that day The seven columns on the right show the haematological findings in the blood as would be found in a standard haematological report folate; in developing countries, ... 11.7 11.7 The rows in normal print show the levels with normal haemopoiesis; the rows in bold print show the changes in levels during iron-deficiency The columns marked with a * show the characteristics ... adequate supply of iron, the output of the model corresponds to the findings in normal blood When iron is deficient the hitherto unexplained changes appear The model also explains why people with...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 23:20

... reduction in the transfer of information and online transactions However due to a lack of infrastructure in most developing countries, the The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries ... states: “there are insufficient numbers of people in developing countries trained in appropriate technologies…training opportunities are also straining to meet needs” The low rates of literacy in developing ... another revealing and so can continue Ciborra (2005) uses this framework when describing the use of e-government in developing countries; where the focus of technology is the ordering of the relationship...

Ngày tải lên: 03/10/2014, 20:32

Ngày tải lên: 09/06/2015, 16:05

... evaded, innovating firms and firms that use formal finance are more likely to be net victims The findings point to the challenges facing innovators in developing countries and the role of banks in ... Maksimovic (forthcoming) for highlighting the importance of thinking about innovation broadly in developing countries 11 Informal Financing which is a dummy variable that takes the value if the firm reported ... to innovate in three ways They can self-finance using retained earnings net of taxes, or obtain external financing from either a bank or from informal sources Firms face a trade-off in going...

Ngày tải lên: 21/04/2016, 07:15

... those findings by demonstrating the inefficiency of policies implemented by the international community and countries themselves in trying to reach the MDGs These concerns are increasingly being ... Pact (see Turrini, Buiter, and Graf for overviews), it is new in developing countries in the context of the search for an increased role of the private sector in the financing of the infrastructure ... co- financing effort by the international community in favor of the lowest- income countries to ease their catching up and accelerate the reduction in poverty.8 Public versus private financing...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2016, 08:07

... network will help in furthering the knowledge in the area of environment Resource Sharing networks in the developing countries face problems of financial resources In developed countries there is no ... given in Figure1 The Network is being developed in stages At first stage, the model of Resource Sharing includes the following: - Inter-linking between National & International /Organisation in the ... disseminating the same among all the institutes in India listed for conducting training and research in Environmental Economics by the Baseline Survey, conducted by MSE in 1998 Abstracting and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/09/2016, 14:08