Make Data Work strataconf.com Presented by O’Reilly and Cloudera, Strata + Hadoop World is where cutting-edge data science and new business fundamentals intersect— and merge n n n Learn business applications of data technologies Develop new skills through trainings and in-depth tutorials Connect with an international community of thousands who work with data Job # 15420 Mapping Big Data A Data-Driven Market Report Russell Jurney Mapping Big Data: A Data-Driven Market Report by Russell Jurney Copyright © 2015 O’Reilly Media, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com) For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com Editor: Shannon Cutt Production Editor: Dan Fauxsmith September 2015: Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Randy Comer Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest First Edition Revision History for the First Edition 2015-09-01: First Release The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc Mapping Big Data: A Data-Driven Market Report, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is sub‐ ject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights 978-1-491-92783-0 [LSI] Table of Contents Mapping Big Data Questions About Relato The Role of Hadoop in Big Data Defining the Market Ranking Hadoop Platform Vendors Segmenting the Market Conclusion 2 15 20 v Mapping Big Data This report will analyze the “big data” market space, using social network analysis (SNA) of the network of partnerships among ven‐ dors It’s the first of its kind—this market report is entirely data driven In this report, we collect data from the Web, analyze it to produce insight, and interpret insight to produce market intelligence Our data comes from partnership pages on vendor websites The pri‐ mary analytic tool in our toolbox is social network analysis The primary tenet of network analysis is that the structure of social relations determines the content of those relations —Social Network Analysis: Recent Achievements and Current Controversies Please note that many of the images in this report are complex and difficult to view in print We encourage you to download the free ebook version of this report, where you can zoom-in and view each figure in detail Questions In this report, we’ll ask and answer the following questions: • Who are the major players in the big data market? • Who is the leading Hadoop platform vendor? • What sectors make up big data, what are their properties, and how they relate? • Which partnerships are most important? Who is doing business with who? About Relato This report was created by Relato Founded in January 2015 by CEO Russell Jurney, Relato maps markets to drive sales and marketing by discovering new leads and unexplored market segments The Relato platform lets you explore the markets you sell in to discover new opportunities The Relato platform is powered by your Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system and delivers new leads that convert and new sectors to go after You can see Relato in action in Figure 1-1 A demo of our leadgeneration platform is available at http://demo.relato.io Figure 1-1 the Relato platform (interactive version at http:// demo.relato.io) The Role of Hadoop in Big Data Big data has become a term that can mean almost anything, but if we focus on what is disruptive about the emergence of the trend toward large-scale data retention and processing, a definition becomes clearer Big data is a market that arose from movements toward large-scale data collection, aggregation, and processing that resulted directly from the development of Hadoop at Yahoo | Mapping Big Data Hadoop was originally made up of the Hadoop Distributed File Sys‐ tem (HDFS) and its execution engine, MapReduce Based on pub‐ lished work from Google, Hadoop was the first popular system capable of cheaply storing and processing petabyte-scale data With Hadoop, for the first time, vast quantities of data could be cheaply stored on commodity PC hardware and processed rapidly with MapReduce Large-scale disk systems existed before HDFS, but the cost per gigabyte of optical and network-attached storage sys‐ tems was much higher, and I/O was severely bottlenecked HDFS made storing and processing big data feasible, and the big data mar‐ ket emerged as a result In the market today, Spark is eclipsing MapReduce by offering faster data processing at scale But this actually makes HDFS more impor‐ tant than ever It is the high availability and high input/output of HDFS, resultling from the use of local disks, that makes Spark possi‐ ble Defining the Market In this report, we define the entire big data market as those compa‐ nies having published partnerships directly with one of the hadoop platform vendors, or indirectly with a partner of the hadoop plat‐ form vendors: Cloudera, Hortonworks, MapR This represents a snowball sample and a 2-hop network A snowball sample is where you start with one node and find the nodes it links to Then you repeat the process on those connected nodes You repeat this process until you have a large enough sample A 2-hop network means a node, its connections, and its connection’s connec‐ tions, or two hops out from the original node(s) Our dataset is a snowball sample, and a 2-hop network This means we started with the four Hadoop vendors, and mapped their partnerships, then starting with these partners, we mapped the partners’ partnerships This data was collected and validated from company web partner‐ ship pages Data collection occured between April and June 2015 This includes 13,991 unique companies, with 20,645 partnerships between them This sample was then paired down, using k-core decomposition and structural role extraction, to a set of the 307 most-important big data vendors These vendors have 3,428 part‐ nerships between them Defining the Market | Ranking Hadoop Platform Vendors There are three Hadoop platform vendors: Cloudera, Hortonworks, and MapR While we focus on these three, we also include metrics for Pivotal when they are illustrative Pivotal adopted the Horton‐ works Data Platform (HDP) as the core of its Hadoop distribution in February 2015 Pivotal HD is now based on HDP It may make sense to combine metrics for Horton‐ works and Pivotal, but it is not clear how this should be done and so metrics are listed seperately Hadoop Commercial History Hadoop was invented, founded, and developed by researchers at major players in the consumer Internet space that struggled to pro‐ cess a new class of data called web-scale data In the beginning there were two academic papers from researchers at Google: The Google Filesystem in October 2003 followed by MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters in December 2004 Struggling with processing the data generated by its vast online presence, Yahoo read the work of Google, and got to work on Hadoop in early 2006, as an open source project governed by Apache and started by Doug Cutting The Apache license is com‐ mercially permissive, and was essential to Hadoop’s commercial suc‐ cess Facebook was an early adopter of and contributor to Hadoop when scaling its Oracle data warehouse became cost-prohibitive Facebook developed a high-level language (SQL) tool for Hadoop called Apache Hive, which was a complement to Yahoo’s high-level tool Apache Pig Natural language search startup Powerset devel‐ oped HBase on top of Hadoop, based on a November 2006 paper from Google researchers: Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data The first Hadoop company was Cloudera, founded in October 2008 by Yahoo, Facebook, Google, and Oracle alumni Cloudera contrib‐ uted to the open source development of Hadoop and related projects, and developed the first commercial Hadoop distribution, Cloudera Distribution Including Apache Hadoop (CDH) CDH included Cloudera Manager, a management tool with a commercial | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-2 In-degree centrality, in-degree = In-degrees of the hadoop platform vendors are shown in Table 1-2 Table 1-2 Hadoop vendor in-degree centrality Company In-Degree Cloudera 176 Hortonworks 147 MapR 124 Pivotal 51 Cloudera leads with 176 in-bound partnerships, followed by Hor‐ tonworks with 147 and MapR with 124 For comparison, Pivotal trails with 51 This approximates the relative standing, reputation, and prestige of the Hadoop platform vendors in the big data market In the network diagram in Figure 1-3, the in-degree centralities of the major players in the big data market are color-coded from low to high from white to red You can zoom in repeatedly on this PDF to Ranking Hadoop Platform Vendors | read the company names from the larger image Figure 1-4 shows a zoomed-in view of the hadoop vendors Figure 1-3 In-degree centrality | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-4 Hadoop platform vendors in-degree centrality Closeness Centrality Closeness centrality considers the connections of a node to all other nodes in the network Closeness centrality is an indicator of a com‐ panies’ prominence in terms of communication efficiency, or how easily a company can communicate with the broader market Higher closeness scores mean more efficient communication with the rest of the market Efficient communication with the market indicates a higher standing in the market Closeness centrality results are in Table 1-3: Table 1-3 Hadoop vendor in-degree centrality Company Relative Closeness Cloudera 559 MapR 527 Hortonworks 501 Pivotal 467 Ranking Hadoop Platform Vendors | Raw closeness scores have been divided by the maxi‐ mum closeness score to give relative closeness Scores are a fraction of the maximum closeness score in the network Cloudera leads MapR and Hortonworks by a slim margin, with Piv‐ otal trailing slightly behind This measure indicates that all vendors communicate well with the market—no one vendor outvoices another by much Closeness centrality is visualized in Figure 1-5 and Figure 1-6 Figure 1-5 Closeness centrality 10 | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-6 Hadoop platform vendors closeness centrality Betweenness Centrality Betweenness centrality indicates the influence a node exerts over the interactions of other nodes In this case, betweenness centrality measures the effect one vendor has on the dealflow of other ven‐ dors Betweenness centrality values are in Table 1-4 Table 1-4 Hadoop vendor betweenness centrality Company Relative Closeness Cloudera 1.00 MapR 477 Hortonworks 432 Pivotal 110 Betweenness centrality for the Hadoop vendors differs substantially from in-degree and closeness centrality Cloudera is well ahead of MapR and Hortonworks, which are similar It may be said that Clou‐ dera exerts influence on the deals of Hortonworks and MapR more Ranking Hadoop Platform Vendors | 11 than they influence deals with Cloudera Pivotal’s influence on other company’s deals is minimal Betweenness centrality is visualized in Figure 1-7 and Figure 1-8 Figure 1-7 Betweenness centrality 12 | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-8 Hadoop platform vendors betweenness centrality Centrality Conclusion We ranked Hadoop platform vendors by three centrality measures: in-degree, closeness, and betweenness centrality In-degree central‐ ity indicated Cloudera leads Hortonworks which leads MapR in terms of reputation Closeness centrality indicated near parity among the three vendors in terms of communicating with the mar‐ ket Finally, betweenness centrality indicated Cloudera has a com‐ manding lead in terms of influencing deals Taken along with the traditional metrics, this gives a more nuanced understanding of who leads the Hadoop market Cloudera leads in all categories save customer count, with Hortonworks and MapR fighting for second place In-degree and closeness centrality indicate neck-and-neck competition for influence Betweenness centrality indicates Cloudera is the go-to vendor when considering a Hadoop platform Examining Partnerships We can reach a better understanding of Hadoop platform vendors by examining their partnerships We used a measure called disper‐ sion to rank a vendor’s connections by their importance Ranking Hadoop Platform Vendors | 13 Dispersion measures the degree to which a node’s neighbors have overlapping networks of their own In other words, dispersion measures how connected a company’s connections are to one another More shared connections results in a lower dispersion score, whereas fewer connections results in a higher dispersion score Higher dispersion means more potential in the partnership because it opens new market share to the participants Using disper‐ sion, we can examine the most important partnerships between companies in the big data space Listed in Table 1-5 are the top 10 partners for each Hadoop platform vendor, ranked by dispersion from high to low Table 1-5 Top partnerships by Hadoop vendor Vendor Top 10 Partnerships Hortonworks Pivotal, MongoDB, Teradata, DataStax, Tableau, Actuate, Informatica, CSC, Splunk, Rackspace Cloudera MongoDB, Teradata, Canonical, Tableau, Cognizant, EPlus, Eucalyptus, DataStax, World Wide Technology, CSC MapR Amazon Web Services, Tableau, MongoDB, Teradata, Talend, Canonical, OnX, Jaspersoft, NetApp, Actian MongoDB, Tableau, Teradata, and DataStax rank highly for all ven‐ dors MongoDB, Cassandra (DataStax), and Teradata are comple‐ mentary technologies to Hadoop Tableau connects the Hadoop vendors to the broader Analytics Software market segment (we’ll discuss market segmentation below) Hortonworks’ values for Pivo‐ tal (which recently adopted Hortonworks HDP) and Teradata are essentially endorsements of these strategic partnerships Overall dispersion scores for the Hadoop platform vendors are depicted in Figure 1-9 14 | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-9 Overall dispersion scores with Hadoop vendors Partnership Network Overlap The extent to which nodes share neighbors is a metric for determin‐ ing the overlap of the connections between two nodes This tells us how similar the partnership networks of two companies are Hor‐ tonworks’ network overlaps with Cloudera and MapR’s network by 54% and 42%, respectively Hortonworks’ partners seem to span or bridge the partner networks of Cloudera and MapR, which are themselves more distinct Cloudera and MapR overlap each other and Hortonworks between 30% and 35% Segmenting the Market Market segmentation is a technique to understand the cohesive seg‐ ments or groups of companies that make up its distinct parts Seg‐ mentations are often done manually, using human observation and Segmenting the Market | 15 insight alone In this case, the market was segmented algorithmically via graph clustering The market split into the following groups: • Old Data Platforms • Servers (hardware and software components) • Analytic Software, New Data Platforms • Enterprise Software • Cloud Computing In Table 1-6, the top companies per market segment, ranked by pag‐ erank, illustrate the kinds of companies in that segment Table 1-6 Top companies per market segment by pageRank Cluster Company Old Data Platforms IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Dell, Netapp Servers Intel, SUSE, MSC Software, NVidia, Redline Trading Solutions Analytic Tools Tableau, Teradata, Informatica, Talend, Actian New Data Platforms Cloudera, Hortonworks, MapR, Datastax, Pivotal Enterprise Software HP, SAP, Cisco, VMWare, EMC Cloud Computing Amazon Web Services, Google, Rackspace, MarkLogic, New Relic The market as a whole, with segments applied, is shown in Figure 1-10: 16 | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-10 The big data market (interactive version at http:// demo.relato.io/oreilly) Market Relationships By measuring connectivity between segments of the market, we can determine how one market segment interacts with another This helps us understand the relationships between markets For instance, does a market segment connect more heavily to certain other segments? Is there a difference in how much two market seg‐ ments link back and forth? These measurements yield the following business insights: Segmenting the Market | 17 Figure 1-11 Enterprise computing market connections For instance, in Figure 1-11, focusing on Enterprise Software, we see the relative involvement of Enterprise Software with other markets As expected, Enterprise Software is still heavily invested in Old Data Platforms, but with solid links to all other industries as well This points to the maturation of New Data Platforms and Cloud Com‐ puting 18 | Mapping Big Data Figure 1-12 Cloud computing reciprical connections Figure 1-12 indicates that Cloud Computing links more to New Data Platforms and Enterprise Software than they link back, at a ratio of 1.7 and 1.6, respectively This represents cloud computing taking more notice of these two markets than they take back, as cloud computing is still an emerging market Segmenting the Market | 19 Figure 1-13 New/old data platforms and analytics Figure 1-13 shows that New Data Platforms link more heavily to Analytic Software than Old Data Platforms This indicates that newer data platforms are more data-driven, integrating with Ana‐ lytic Software and tools Conclusion In this report, we have used business partnerships to understand the structure of collaboration in the big data market This enabled us to produce new kinds of insight Through rigorous data collection, analysis, and interpretation, we have reached insights about the big data market in a way that has not been done before We look for‐ ward to your feedback, and to producing additional reports using this method 20 | Mapping Big Data About the Author Russell Jurney is CEO of Relato, a Bay Area startup that maps mar‐ kets to drive sales and marketing He is the author of the practical Big Data guide, Agile Data Science (O’Reilly 2013), and co-author of Big Data for Chimps (O’Reilly 2015) In addition, Russell is an Apache Committer on the Incubating DataFu project Russell is a full stack engineer ... Hortonworks Pivotal, MongoDB, Teradata, DataStax, Tableau, Actuate, Informatica, CSC, Splunk, Rackspace Cloudera MongoDB, Teradata, Canonical, Tableau, Cognizant, EPlus, Eucalyptus, DataStax, World... MapR Amazon Web Services, Tableau, MongoDB, Teradata, Talend, Canonical, OnX, Jaspersoft, NetApp, Actian MongoDB, Tableau, Teradata, and DataStax rank highly for all ven‐ dors MongoDB, Cassandra... of Relato, a Bay Area startup that maps mar‐ kets to drive sales and marketing He is the author of the practical Big Data guide, Agile Data Science (O’Reilly 2013), and co-author of Big Data for