New technologies, development and application

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 42 Isak Karabegović Editor New Technologies, Development and Application Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Volume 42 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNNS Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new challenges in, Networks and Systems The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks, spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems, Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other Of particular value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid dissemination of research output The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control, complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary and applied sciences, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social, and life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them Advisory Board Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil e-mail: gomide@dca.fee.unicamp.br Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: okyay.kaynak@boun.edu.tr Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China e-mail: derong@uic.edu Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada and Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: wpedrycz@ualberta.ca Marios M Polycarpou, KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus e-mail: mpolycar@ucy.ac.cy Imre J Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest Hungary e-mail: rudas@uni-obuda.hu Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong Kowloon, Hong Kong e-mail: jwang.cs@cityu.edu.hk More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179 Isak Karabegović Editor New Technologies, Development and Application 123 Editor Isak Karabegović Technical Faculty Bihać University of Bihać Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ISBN 978-3-319-90892-2 ISBN 978-3-319-90893-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90893-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942170 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Interdisciplinary Research of New Technologies, their Development and Application The content of this book is very interesting and important as it covers a wide range of technologies and technical disciplines including complex systems such as: robotics, mechatronics systems, automation, manufacturing, cyber-physical systems, autonomous systems, sensor, networks, control systems, energy systems, automotive systems, biological systems, vehicular networking and connected vehicles, effectiveness and logistics systems, smart grids, nonlinear systems, power systems, social systems, economic systems and other The papers included in this content have been presented at the international conference New Technologies, Development and Application, held in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 28–30 June 2018 Majority of organized conferences are usually focusing on a narrow part of the issues within a certain discipline while conferences such these are rare There is a need to hold such conferences The value of this conference is that various researchers, programmers, engineers and practitioners come to the same place where ideas and latest technology achievements are exchanged Such events lead to the creation of new ideas, solutions and applications in the manufacturing processes of various technologies New coexistence is emerging, horizons are expanding, and unexpected changes and analogies arise Best solutions and applications in technologies are critically evaluated The first chapter begins with robots, robotic systems, modelling of compressor systems, mechatronic systems, automation of manufacturing processes and advanced production The first article offers an analysis of automation of welding processes using industrial robots The following article in this chapter analyses the modelling of multiphase twin screw machines, commonly used for pumping fluids which often contain gas, liquid and solid particles, and are of exceptional importance to industry and ecology The following article in this chapter analyses the influence of injection moulding process parameters on part quality The last article offers a power and control system of knee and ankle powered above knee prosthesis The second chapter is intended to innovative and interdisciplinary applications of advanced technologies (IATs) It is based on the analysis (IoT) of technological tools as an opportunity to use new technologies in the development of society as a whole v vi Interdisciplinary Research of New Technologies, their Development and Application The first article is devoted to the cybersecurity capacity building planning within organizations The final article offers application of weighted particle swarm optimization to imbalanced data in software defect prediction The third chapter is intended to transport systems, logistics and intelligent transport systems The first article gives an analysis of cooperative control in traffic and transportation technology The second article provides a solution to traffic control in urban areas, while the final article offers the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in logistics processes The fourth chapter is intended to electric power systems with different spectrum of topics from turbulence analysis of wind power plants, pico power plants, high energy efficiency to analysis of combustion technologies with the aim of achieving ecological standards The fifth chapter is intended to new methods in agricultural culture of a broad spectrum of topics: modelling the extraction process of sage, effects of sage extract, from occurrence of apple powdery mildew to application of multivariate statistic to classify blueberry fruits, and in addition the detection of heavy metals in hair colours by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the content of heavy metals in “PET” bottles of drinking water and its electrical conductivity, microbiological analysis of surface waters and research of antimicrobial resistance of clinical important multiresistant gram-negative bacterial isolates The sixth chapter focuses on new technology in civil engineering, education, control quality and other The first article focuses on nanotechnology in civil engineering In next article, information about parametric vector analysis of available resources for minimization of project duration is given The last article in this chapter considers education at universities The whole content of this book is intended to a wide range of technical systems; different technical disciplines in order to apply the latest solutions and achievements in technologies and to improve manufacturing processes in all disciplines where systemic thinking has a very important role in the successful understanding and building of human, natural and social systems We hope this content will be the first in a series of publications that are intended to the development and implementation of new technologies in all industries Isak Karabegović Contents New Technologies in Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy, Mechatronics, Robotics and Embedded Systems Automation of the Welding Process by Use of Industrial Robots Isak Karabegović and Riaz Mirza Modelling of Multiphase Twin Screw Machines Ahmed Kovacevic, Sham Rane, and Nikola Stosic 18 Influence of Injection Molding Process Parameters on Part Quality Janez Gotlih, Miran Brezočnik, Igor Drstvenšek, Timi Karner, and Karl Gotlih 33 Numerical Analysis of Material Fatigue Impact on Bicycle Frame Safety in Accordance with EN 14764 Nermina Zaimović-Uzunović, Ernad Bešlagić, and Almir Porča The Influence of the Tool Geometry on the Quality of the Weld in FSW Process Aleksandra Koprivica, Nikola Šibalić, Milan Vukčević, and Mirjana Jokanović Dimension Measurement of Injection Moulded Toybricks Samir Lemeš and Anel Baručija Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) – A New Advance in Manufacturing Nikola Knezović and Angela Topić Analysis of the Type and Chemical Content of the Inclusion on SEM of the Stainless Steel With and Without the Addition of Zr and Te Derviš Mujagić, Aida Imamović, Mirsada Oruč, and Sulejman Muhamedagić 41 50 57 65 72 vii viii Contents Strength and Deformation Calculation of Flat O-Springs Ivan Balashev, Mariel Penev, Ivan Stoyanov, and Radoslav Balashev Prototype Apparatus for Calibration Contact Sensors for Measuring the Temperature of a Solid Surface Edin Terzić, Raif Seferović, and Narcisa Jarović-Bajramović 80 86 Automatic Control of Tube Hydroforming Process in Experimental Conditions 101 Edina Karabegović, Edin Šemić, and Safet Isić Analysis and Determination of Friction in Hydroforming Process of Cross Tube 107 Mehmed Mahmić, Edina Karabegović, and Ermin Husak Science of Metals Through Lens of Microscope 113 Belma Fakić, Adisa Burić, and Edib Horoz Increase of Performance of Grinding by Plate Circles 121 Tonkonogyi Vladimir, Yakimov Alexey, and Bovnegra Liubov Analysis of Torsional Vibration of the Engine Connected with Propeller Through Pair of Gears 128 Ermin Husak and Erzad Haskić FEM Model of Misaligned Rotational System with Rotating Looseness 135 Emir Nezirić, Safet Isić, Isak Karabegović, and Avdo Voloder Application of Explosives in Metal Forming 144 Darko Šunjić and Stipo Buljan Application of Iterative Methods to Solve Inverse Kinematics Problem of Robot 149 Avdo Voloder Parameter Fitting for Soft Dielectric Elastomer Actuator 156 Timi Karner, Janez Gotlih, Boštjan Razboršek, and Karl Gotlih Timber Construction and Robots 163 Salah-Eldien Omer Conceptual Solution of the Robotic Arm/Plotter 170 Milena Djukanovic, Rade Grujicic, Luka Radunovic, and Vuk Boskovic Robot for Cleaning Ventilation Ducts 180 Milos Bubanja, Marina Mijanovic Markus, Milena Djukanovic, and Mihailo Vujovic Cloud Robotics 191 Samir Vojić Contents ix Vibration Analysis of Motorcycle Handles 196 Zlata Jelačić and Boran Pikula Acoustic Diagnostics of Lever Mechanisms with Subsequent Processing of Data on Neural Networks 202 Sergiy Kovalevskyy, Olena Kovalevska, and Raul Turmanidze Power and Control System of Knee and Ankle Powered Above-Knee Prosthesis 211 Miljan Rupar, Zlata Jelačić, Remzo Dedić, and Adisa Vučina Computer Science, Information and Communication Technologies, e-Business Cyber Security Capacity Building Planning Within Organisations 219 Ramo Šendelj and Ivana Ognjanović New Method of Sequences Spiral Hybrid Using Machine Learning Systems and Its Application to Engineering 227 Matej Babič, Isak Karabegović, Sanda Ipšič Martinčič, and Gyula Varga A Multifunctional Platform for Elders’ Assisting to Live Alone 238 Blerina Zanaj, Fatjon Shaba, Majlinnda Belegu, and Gerti Boshnjaku Economic Aspects of the Application of Cloud Computing 247 Mirha Bičo Ćar, Savo Stupar, and Elvir Šahić The Role of Hadoop Technology in the Implementation of Big Data Concept 254 Savo Stupar, Mirha Bičo Ćar, and Elvir Šahić Cybernetization of Industrial Product-Service Systems in Network Environment 262 Elvis Hozdić and Zoran Jurković Technology-Enhanced Systems in Idiopathic Scoliosis 3D Diagnosis and Screening 271 Saša M Ćuković, William R Taylor, and Ionuţ G Ghionea Contributions to Improve the Sustainability in Services Based Organizations 279 Mihail Aurel Titu, Bianca Alina Pop, and Stefan Titu Applying Weighted Particle Swarm Optimization to Imbalanced Data in Software Defect Prediction 289 Lucija Brezočnik and Vili Podgorelec 580 A Aldžić et al 12 10 R I S Chart Demonstration of antimicrobial resistance of isolated multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Discussion When it comes to Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, they show a high degree of sensitivity to carbapenems, that is imipenem, as well as to aminoglycosides and amikacin, while other antibiotics show resistance in almost 100%, which coincides with similar research, carried out in Croatia [10] Isolates of Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL were represented with 23.18% compared to the total number of bacterial isolates, i.e 16 isolates It should be noted that all isolates were multiresistant, i.e showed 100% resistance to almost all tested antibiotics, which coincides with a similar study conducted in Croatia [9] Isolates of Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter spp were represented with 15.94% compared to the total number of bacterial isolates [11] It should be noted that all isolates of Acinetobacter spp were multidirectional, i.e showed 100% resistance to out of tested antibiotics Acinetobacter spp has become one of the leading causes of hospital infections in all countries of the world, especially in intensive care units Recent litera‐ ture describes this microorganism as a hospitalised oxymoron that represents a threat to resistance to all pan-drug-resistant menace [4] Hospital-acquired infections caused by types of Acinetobacter spp most often affect the respiratory tract, but these types caused hospital infections of the urinary tract and wound infection, which can cross into septi‐ cemia [8] The percentage of colonisation with these bacteria is extremely high in hospi‐ talised patients, especially in those who were hospitalised for a long time and who received wide spectrum antibiotics [3] Isolates of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli were represented with 15.94% compared to the total number of bacterial isolates (i.e 11) It should be noted that all isolates were multiresistant, i.e showed 100% resistance to antibiotics, while the remaining antibiotics also showed high resistance (above 70%), which again coincides with similar research conducted in Croatia [9] Research of Antimicrobial Resistance 581 Isolates of Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa were represented with 15.94% compared to the total number of bacterial isolates (i.e 11 isolates) It should be noted that no single isolate showed 100% resistance to tested antibiotics, but anti‐ biotics (ciprofloxacin and gentamicin) showed a sensitivity of over 90% In a related study conducted in Croatia, the isolates showed a high degree of resistance to almost all tested antibiotics [7, 10] The next ones follows Enterobacter spp ESBL (8 isolates or 11.59%), Proteus mirabilis (5 isolates or 7.24%), Serratia spp (3 isolates or 4.34%), Citrobacter spp ESBL and Klebsiella oxytoca (2 isolates or 2.89%), which showed a high degree of resistance, which also coincides with similar research conducted in Croatia [10] Conclusion The results of the study showed that in relation to Gram’s differential colouring, a total of 69 isolates belonged to Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, or isolated types of Gram-negative bacteria Of the total of isolated and identified Gram-negative multi‐ resistant bacteria, the following isolates were most common: Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL (with 16 isolates or 23.18%), Escherichia coli ESBL, Acinetobacter spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with 11 isolates or 15.94%), Enterobacter spp ESBL (with isolates or 11.59%), Proteus mirabilis (with isolates or 7.24%) Serratia spp (with isolates or 4.34%), Citrobacter spp ESBL and Klebsiella oxytoca (with isolates or 2.89%) Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria have shown a high degree of sensitivity to carbapenems, that is imipenem, as well as to aminoglycosides and amikacin, while other antibiotics show resistance in almost 100% form References Bedenić, B., Sardelić, S., Ladavac, M.: Multirezistentne bakterije Medicinski fakultet Zagreb, Sveučilište u Zagrebu (2015) Bojić, A.: Praćenje rezistencije sojeva Pseudomonas aeruginosa na antibiotike u JU Kantonalna bolnica Travnik Master teza, Prirodno-matematički fakultet Sarajevo (2010) Bonten, M.J., Slaughter, S., Ambergen, A.W., Hayden, M.K., Van Voorhis, J., Nathan, C.I., Weinstein, R.A.: The role of “Colonization pressure” in the spread of vancomycin resistant enterococci Arch Int Med 158, 1127–1132 (1998) Davey, P., Brown, E., Fenelon, L., Finch, R., Gould, I., Holmes, A., Ramsay, C., Taylor, E., Wiffen, P., Wilcox, M.: Systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals Emerg Infect Dis 12, 211–216 (2006) Falagas, M.E., Karageorgopoulos, D.E.: Clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (ECCMID) - 18th European congress Drug resistance among gram negative and grampositive bacteria Drugs 11, 409–411 (2008) Fridkin, S.K., Pear, S.M., Williamson, T.H., Galgiani, J.N., Jarvis, W.R.: The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 17, 150–158 (1996) 582 A Aldžić et al Kalenić, S.: Rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike Zavod za kliničku i molekularnu mikrobiologiju, Klinički bolnički centar Zagreb (2000) Karlowsky, J.A., Draghi, D.C., Jones, M.E., Thornsberry, C., Friedland, I.R., Sahm, D.F.: Surveillance for Antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001 Antimicrob Agents Chemoth 47(5), 1681–1688 (2003) Tambić Andrašević, A., Tambić, T., Kalenić, S., Katalinić-Janković, V., Payerl Pal, M.: Osjetljivost i rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike u Republici Hrvatskoj 2008 g Akademija medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske, Zagreb (2008) 10 Tambić-Andrašević, A., Jelić, M., Gužvinec, M., Butić, I., Bukovski, S.: Rezistentne enterobakterije u Hrvatskoj – uloga praćenja rezistencije na antibiotike na nacionalnoj razini Klinika za infektivne bolesti dr Fran Mihaljević, Zavod za kliničku mikrobiologiju, Zagreb (2012) 11 Tambić-Andrašević, A.: Otpornost bakterija na antibiotike - vodeći problem medicine u 21 stoljeću Klinika za infektivne bolesti dr Fran Mihaljević, Zavod za kliničku mikrobiologiju, Zagreb (2007) New Technologies in Civil Engineering, Education, Control Quality Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering Merima Šahinagić-Isović ✉ , Marko Ćećez, and Fuad Ćatović ( ) “Džemal Bijedić” University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina {merima.sahinagic,marko.cecez,fuad.catovic}@unmo.ba Abstract Nanotechnology is a way forward, not only in civil engineering, but in other industries as well Much effort is being given to these research, and main focus is in improving existing materials, in terms of their properties In this paper brief information of nanotechnology applied and investigated in civil engineering will be given Most of the presented research include enhancement of concrete, as the most used material in civil engineering, thus silica fume, fly ash and red mud are presented, as well as carbon nanotubes, which are a great leap forward in this field Keywords: Carbon nanotubes · Silica fume · Fly ash · Red mud Introduction Investigation and exploitation of internal characteristics of materials on nano scale with the aim to obtain exceptional materials’ performance is today one of the most attractive scientific fields In the last 15 years, these investigations gained a lot of attention, and it is to believe that nanotechnology would be next industrial revolution Nanotechnology deals with materials’ manipulation on nano scale and in that level affects material char‐ acteristics that would be explored in practice Civil engineering sector was one of first to recognize the promising roll of nano‐ technology in application But in the last years, civil engineering is falling behind in these investigations compared to other industries Most of the research is focused on new materials, materials characteristics and materials enhancement Also, the consump‐ tion of natural materials is one of the topic in focus today, and researchers are turning to nano scale in order to replace natural resources with appropriate replacing materials In this paper some brief insight of the research in this field will be given Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Carbon nanotubes are one of the most investigated nano materials today Discovered in 1991, carbon nanotubes are still considered as wonder material with great potential They have increased mechanical, magnetic and electronic properties with great resil‐ ience CNT have only 17% of steel weight, but they have 100 times greater tensile strength [1] With radius of only one nanometer these tubes can be used for strengthening almost every material Even though they have small radius, length can be much greater, © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 I Karabegović (Ed.): NT 2018, LNNS 42, pp 585–589, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90893-9_68 586 M Šahinagić-Isović et al up to thousand microns Carbon nanotubes can be produced by twisting the graphite sheet Sheets can be twisted in many ways Graphite modulus of elasticity is one of largest for any known material Thus, CNT have extremely high modulus of elasticity as high as TPa (TeraPascal), giving it high tensile strength [2] Also, high elongation is observed, as high as 18%, with low coefficient of thermal conductivity In civil engineering CNT (Fig 1) can be used for strengthening of concrete, by providing tensile strength and slowing crack propagation It can be used for replacement of steel where properties of steel are not sufficient Due to high chemical resistance, it can be used for constructions exposed to chemical attack Fig Structure of CNT Silica Fume Silica fume (amorphous electro filter SiO2 dust) is obtained as a secondary product in the production of ferosilicate and similar materials The silica fume is an industrial mineral additive by origin, and according to its characteristics it is a pozzolan Silica fume added to concrete is expected to improve hydration and produce CSH gel (calcium silicate hydrate) Silica fume is most active pozzolan with the highest pozzolanic activity It consists mainly of SiO2 with frequency ranges from 85 to 97% The silica fume particle size ranges from 0.01 to 0.3 μm (10–300 nm) (Fig 2) After being added to the concrete, the silica fume is initially inert Only when the Portland cement and water begin to react, i.e the beginning of hydration, silica fume is activated The chem‐ ical reaction creates two chemical compounds: calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium hydroxide (CH), which is still called free lime, serves only as a coating of concrete pores as a filer or drains out of concrete Pozzolanic reaction is taking place between the CH and silica fume, producing additional CSH in pores around hydrated cement This process leads to the creation of a much denser mixtures of concrete, at the expense of undesirable voids in the concrete Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering 587 Fig Silica fume in solid state (left) and comparation between cement and silica fume particle size (right) With the proper use of silica fume not only the mechanical properties can be improved, but also the durability of concrete Numerous studies have been carried out on use of silica fume as an additive for concrete, which confirm the improved properties of the concrete, primarily an increase in compressive strength and water resistance [3– 5] Also, small silica fume particles contribute to the fresh concrete behavior by improving the workability and increasing the cohesiveness and filling the inner structure because they are considerably smaller than the cement particles Fly Ash Flying ashes is an industrial mineral additive, and according to the characteristics it belongs to pozzolan because it actively participates in the process of hydration of cement It is obtained by combusting coal dust in coal-fired power plants and by separating the electrostatic filter equipment from waste gases The chemical composition and charac‐ teristics of flying ash depend on a large number of factors, and hence its ability to use Actively used in the manufacture of some types of cement and can be used directly in the concrete mixture [5] Particle size of fly ash is from 0.5 μm to 300 μm In practice, it is known that fly ash improves the performance and quality of concrete It has an impact on the improvement of plastic properties of concrete and workability, reduces the amount of water required, reduces segregation and bleeding and affects the reduction of the hydration heat In addition, it increases the strength of concrete, reduces permeability, reduces corrosion of reinforcing steel, increases resistance, and reduces the alkaline-aggregate reaction [6] 588 M Šahinagić-Isović et al Red Mud Red mud is a byproduct of industrial aluminum production Aluminum is commercially produced from bauxite in two steps In the first stage, aluminum is obtained by Bayer’s procedure, and in the second stage, aluminum is electrolysed to obtain metal for use In this process, insoluble residue is created That residue is known as red mud It is esti‐ mated that at t of produced aluminum, it creates 0.3 to 1.7 t of red mud [7] Red mud consists mainly of iron oxide, quartz, sodium aluminosilicate, calcium carbonate, tita‐ nium dioxide and sodium hydroxide Iron oxide is giving it recognizable red color (Fig 3) It has an average pH value of 10 to 12.5 and a particle size of less than 10 μm Red mud can not be fully considered artificial pozzolana, because it does not meet all the requirements However, its pozzolanic activity index is good Fig Dried red mud When used as an additive to concrete it can significantly increase durability of concrete, enhancing characteristics such as permeability, frost resistance etc., but it requires increased consumption of water and reduces mechanical properties [5] Conclusion In this paper brief insight of nanotechnology used in civil engineering is presented Much effort is being given in the research of material enhancement Since concrete is most used material in civil engineering, thus improvement of its’ characteristics is the most logical way Materials such as silica fume and fly ash are used in construction, but there is much more space for improvement in this field Besides them, a lot of other materials are being explored, such as red mud, but their application is still on hold References Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S.: Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, pp 137–162 (1998) Popov, V.N.: Carbon nanotube: properties and applications Mater Sci Eng R: Rep 43(3), 61–102 (2004) Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering 589 Jain, A., Pawade, P.Y.: Characteristics of silica fume concrete In: International Conference on Quality Up-gradation in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICQUEST2015), Maharashtra, India, pp 22–26 (2015) Shihada, S., Arafa, M.: Effects of silica fume, ultrafine and mixing sequences on properties of ultra high-performance concrete Asian J Mater Sci 2, 137–146 (2010) Šahinagić–Isović, M., Ćećez, M., Ćatović, F.: Properties of self-compacting concrete with the addition of silica fume and fly ash In: 6th International Scientific and Professional Conference “Civil Engineering - Science and Practice”, GNP 2016, 07–11 March 2016, Žabljak, Montenegro, pp 765–772 (2016) Bjegović, D., Štirmer, N., BanjadPečur, I.: By-products of the metallurgical industry as alternative raw materials in the construction industry In: 6th International Scientific and Professional Conference “Civil Engineering - Science and Practice”, GNP 2016, 07–11 March 2016, Žabljak, Montenegro, pp 679–687 (2016) Sawant, A.B., Kumthekar, M.B., Sawant, S.G.: Utilization of neutralized red mud (industrial waste) in concrete Int J Inventive Eng Sci (IJIES) 1(2), 9–13 (2013) Support Parametric Vector Analysis of Available Resources for Minimisation of Project Duration–Four Varieties of Conditions Omer Kurtanović1(&) and Lejla Dacić2 University of Bihac, 77000 Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina adsami@bih.net.ba University of Travnik, 72270 Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina lejla.dacic@gmail.com Abstract This paper considers the dependence of the project duration on available resources through the problem of parametric analysis (PA) Vector PA has been presented from the aspect of variants of perturbation directions and intensities for several different categories of resources that belong to the ‘work type’ category Four varieties of direction combination and selected change intensities are illustrated for m = resource categories Pi with constant avail0 able amounts ni ẳ ni tị and intensities ni ẳ ni ðtÞ ; i I; t T A general formulation of the mathematical model, solution algorithm, and an illustrative example, are given too The illustrative examples were solved using the MS Project software Keywords: Project minimisation Variants of conditions Á Software Á Available resources Á Parametric analysis Introduction Every optimisation problem requires analysing the sensitivity of the solution to the change of significant elements In the problem of linear programming (LP) with one criterion, two approaches to testing the value of criteria can be implemented [1–3] (1) A post-optimal analysis or sensitivity analysis of an optimal solution (AO) from the point of view of: (1) the criteria (the intervals of the coefficients changes with variables in order to maintain the optimal values of the variable), (2) the free members of constraints (the intervals of changes are determined in order to maintain the structure of the optimal solution, that is, the base of each variable), (3) technological matrices (the change intervals are determined for the characteristic coefficients to maintain the optimal solution structure), and (4) the combination with (1) to (3) (2) Parametric analysis of the model (PA), observing all the admissible values of the corresponding elements in cases (1) to (4) mentioned for the analysis (1) © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 I Karabegović (Ed.): NT 2018, LNNS 42, pp 590–596, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90893-9_69 Support Parametric Vector Analysis of Available Resources 591 Software packages for LP typically support analyses (1) and (2) under (1) More efficient versions allow (1) and (2) under (1) and (2) For example, the reference [4] details the application of DecisionSupportSoftware for OR/MS - OperationsResearch and ManagementScience (WinQSB) in the example of the transport task LP for AO and PA areas by applying a model with one criterion and more criteria, as well as a target programming model (CP) The same type of models shows the reference [5] on production examples In the field of project management (UP), the problem of project planning is usually reduced to minimising the duration, i.e duration and cost Of particular importance is the parametric analysis of project costs in various infrastructure branches (software development, construction, pharmaceutical industry, etc.) See, e.g [6] The minimisation of the project duration and the PA of the available resources was exposed the reference [7] in analogy to the problem of LP Further, the vector PA is more readily interpreted Types of Resources on the Project There is no project that does not require adequate resources For example, construction projects involve dozens of qualification structures of workers, many types of mechanisation, and hundreds of different materials for the execution of various significant works (electrical installations, water supply and sewerage, etc in cases of construction of a residential or business facility) [8] Two types of resources and their characteristics were discussed in details by reference [6] on a general project with activities marked to form a network diagram (MD) with activities in nodes (EvenOriented Network), j J ¼ f1; ; pg: Non-consumable or permanently present, i.e renewable resources Pi of “Worktype”, (are workers of necessary qualifications, working machines with certain characteristics, etc., i I ¼ f1; ; mg: They determine the time of the activities and the project Consumable or non-renewable resources Mk “Materialtype” are various types of materials, parts, and the like, used by Work type resources to perform certain activities, k K ¼ f1; ; qg: Generally speaking, it is assumed that the acquisition of the resources “Material” in sufficient quantities is required to carry out the project with the available resources of “Work” This is based on the most commonly used standard software packages for UP in our area (Primavera and MS Project) The resources of “Material” are baseline data for the total need for each activity that the software deploys during the period of its implementation by applying appropriate technological rules (uniformly or in some other way) The analyst plans to procure these resources (inputs) with which he will provide non-negative stocks (condition) to perform all planned activities on each day of the project (exit) The CA Super Project software supports the recording of purchases, inventory calculations and neutralisation of negative inventories (resource leveling of “Material” at the same time with the leveling of resources “Work” (see, e.g., [9]) If software is used without the abovementioned capability, it is necessary for the analyst 592 O Kurtanović and L Dacić to shift activities outside the period with negative stocks of “Material” resources and level the resources level of “Work” by using software [9–12] Resources of “Work” should be considered in more details, in accordance with the reference [12], which is partly transmitted below with the replacement of the activity and resource indexes The wider aspects of project planning from other references are taken into account It is convenient to use the following tags: TP ; t; v; T ¼ f1; TP gduration of the project, absolute time units (days) t T for analysis of project elements, their number and their set; Wij ;Ij -total amount of work (hours) Pi to perform Aj and an indexes’ set of resources types used, i Ij I; j J; wij ðtÞ; nij ðtÞ; aij ðtÞ-amount of work (intensity from the time point of view), planned number of units (intensity from the point of view of resources’ units) and daily working hours (hours) for Pi on Aj in t ; tij ; tj -duration (days) of engaging Pi on Aj and duration Aj In order to simplify the problem, let’s assume constant values for the following elements: wij ẳ wij tị; nij ẳ nij tị; aij ẳ aij ðtÞ; i Ij ; j J; t T: The relations (a) and (b) apply If Aj uses only one type of Pi ; then it is followed by tj = tij : Otherwise, for several types of resources, tj determines a longer tij (c)  wij ¼ aij nij ) nij ¼ wij =aij ; aij ¼ wij =nij ;  given wij and aij ; i Ij ; j J given wij and nij tij ẳ Wij =wij ẳ Wij =aij nij ị; i Ij ; j J tj ¼ Max ftij g ¼ Max fWij =wij g ¼ Max fWij =nij =aij g; j J i2Ij i2Ij i2Ij ðaÞ ðbÞ ðcÞ The general mathematical model of minimisation Tp ; considering the corresponding Gant’s diagram (GD), can be formulated by relations (1.1)–(1.3) Tp ðn; hÞ GD ð1:1Þ With limitations: X j2Ji nij tịhij tị  hij tị ẳ ; ni ðtÞ; i I; t T j Ji ; i I; t T ð1:2Þ ð1:3Þ (1.2) determines that the total needs of Ri at all Aj displayed in resources’ units, by observing each t; not exceed the available quantities ni ðtÞ: Binary variables hij ðtÞ have the purpose to identify those of Aj on MD that use Pi in t (1 if Aj is done in t and uses Pi ; otherwise) The set Ji consists of indexes for Aj used by the observed Pi ; j Ji J; i I: In (1.1) it is noted that TP function from the schedule Aj in time (on MD), of the available units’ numbers Pi in t (variable-quantity matrixes nm;v or column vector nm for constant quantities), and binary variables (matrix hm;v Þ: Minimum Support Parametric Vector Analysis of Available Resources 593 duration of a project Tpmin in (1.1) was found by the standard software for UP that supports the leveling of resources “Work”, that is, reducing them to the available limits PA of Maximum Resources “Work” in Minimising the Project Different values of ni ðtÞ for Pi in t affect the Tpmin model (1.1)–(1.3) A detailed examination of the consequences is allowed by the PA model (2.1)–(2.3), observing all the acceptable values of ni ðtÞ and the following elements: nÀ matrix or the original values vector ni ðtÞ; lÀ factor of permutation (a common indicator of changes); n 0i ðtÞ; n À directions with intensities of change for Ri both their matrix or vector; i I; t T: Tp n ỵ l n ; hÞ ð2:1Þ GD With limitations: X nij ðtÞhij ðtÞ ni tị ỵ l ni tị ; i I; t T 2:2ị hij tị ẳ ili 0; j Ji ; i I; t T ð2:3Þ j2Ji The PA algorithm is implemented in two steps: first it is required to determine the quantities ni tị ỵ l ni tị with which the corresponding project plan with the UP software is formed and determines Tp Depending on the characteristics of the concrete project, individual PA (each resource separately) can be performed or/and parametric PA (all resources or multiple selected resources), observing the project in full or appropriate periods Otherwise, the parametric PA allows a consideration of individual Ps also, by setting up ns ðtÞ0 = i ni tị0 = for i 6ẳ s: The usefulness of the results of the vector PA depends on the correct definition of the directions and intensity of the changes in the amount of resources in order to fully or to a greater extent reflects the particularity of the project under consideration Changing the amount of certain resources’ categories can be mutually dependent For example, planning to provide more or less of Pi in the coming years may require appropriate changes of some other Pi This is remarkable for close degrees of expertise within the same qualification of workers (electricians, plumbers) and mechanisation (excavators of smaller and larger work performance) Generally, two shapes for directions (same or different) and two types of intensities (same or different) can be combined Four variants of combining routes and selected change intensities for m ¼ resource categories Pi with constant available quantities ni ẳ ni tị and intensities n0i ¼ ni ðtÞ ; i I; t T (Table 1) Remark It is required for ni to be whole numbers, so it is necessary to choose two sizes appropriately: Dl for growth l at intervals with the corresponding project elements and the starting value for ni : 594 O Kurtanović and L Dacić Table Variants of vector PA for m ¼ Directions Analysis P1 and P2 ; intensities n0i Same Different Analysis P1 to P3 ; intensities n0i Same: [1, 1, 0] Different: [2, 1, 0] P1 changes (grows/falls) times faster than P2 Same: [1, 1, 1] Different: [2, 1, 3] • P1 grows/falls times faster than P2 P3 grows/falls times faster than P2 Same: [1, −1, 1] Same: [1, −1, 0] • P1 and P3 grows/falls • P1 grows/falls • P2 inversely (falls/grows) • P2 inversely (falls/grows) Different: [2, −1, 0] Different: [2, −1, 1] P1 changes P1 changes: times faster than P2 in the opposite direction • times faster than P2 • in the opposite direction • times faster than P3 in the same direction Illustrative Examples A hypothetical project with activities from A1 to A9 and resources “Work” P1 to P3 has duration between Tpmin ¼ 100 i Tpmax ¼ 150 days Earliest start dates Aj determine Tpmin (a) (b) Tp Cp Chart (a) Project plan without resources constraints ½nmin = 100 i Š = [17, 19, 10] units and Tp days (b) Project duration and costs for all variants of ni Support Parametric Vector Analysis of Available Resources 595 and maximum needs ½nmax Š = [23, 19, 10] Leveling resources for Tpmin gives optimal i (minimal) quantities ½nmin i Š = [17, 19, 10] (Chart 1a) Further individual PA and the combination of results find all combinations of nmin (Chart 1b) determine minimal i Min values [nÀi ] = [10, 9, 8] za ni ; same with the highest nij on which Pi : n12 = 10, n25 = i n38 = are used Remark Start of the project 01 August 2016 and planned increase in initial unit resource costs ½ci Š = [2,00; 2,50; 3,00] currency units for 3% since 01 October 2016 and for an additional 5% at the beginning of 2017, determine the cost of the project between CpMin = 28.777,60 currency units and CpMax = 29.543,33 currency units (Chart 1b) PA is not done for Cp ; but for resources only Vector PA illustrates with ½ni Š = [23, 19, 10] i ½ni ẳ ẵ2; 1; 1, when ve solutions were determined (Table 2) Table Example of vector PA l Functions ni n1 ẳ 23 ỵ 2l n2 ẳ 19 1l n3 ¼ 10 À 1l Tp ni (nmin i ) 23 (23) 19 (19) 10 (10) 100 28.777,60 1; ni (nmin i ) 23 + 2Á1 = 24 (23) 19 + (−1)Á1 = 18 (14) 10 + (−1)Á1 = (8) 110 28.813,60 3; +/ Intolerably 23 + 2Á3 = 29 19 + (−1)Á3 = 16 – 10 + (−1)Á3 = < nmin −1; −3 ni (nmin i ) 23+2(−1) = 21 (17) −4; −5 ni (nmin i ) 23 + 2(−4) = 15 (13) −6; −6 ni (nmin i ) 23 + 2(−6) = 11(10) 19 + (−1)(−1) = 20 (19) 10 + (−1)(−1) = 11 100 28.792,00 (10) 19+(-1)(-4) = 23 (14) 10 + (−1)(−4) = 14 105 28.937,20 (10) 19 + (−1)(−6) = 25 (14) 10 + (−1)(−6) = 16 (8) 125 29.143,12 23 + 2(−7) = < nmin 19 + (−1)(−7) = 26 −7; −/ Intolerably 10 + (−1)(−7) = 17 – Cp – – Conclusion Two forms of analysis in optimisation problems and two types of resources on the project were discussed The hypothetical example was illustrated in detail by a parametric analysis of the available amount of resources “Work” in minimising the project References Journal Papers Geoggrion, A.M., Nauss, R.: Parametric and post optimality analysis in integer linear programming Manage Sci 23(5), 453–466 (1977) Kurtanović, O., Nikolić, N.: Parametarska analiza raspoloživih resursa za problem minimizacije trajanja projekta In: Zbornikradova, ICDQM 2016, 19 Međunarodnakonferencija–Upravljanjekvalitetomipouzdanošću, Prijevor, 29–30 June 2016 Hendrickson, C.: Project management for construction, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (2008) ... Switzerland Interdisciplinary Research of New Technologies, their Development and Application The content of this book is very interesting and important as it covers a wide range of technologies and. .. tools as an opportunity to use new technologies in the development of society as a whole v vi Interdisciplinary Research of New Technologies, their Development and Application The first article... industrial and service robots of the new generation The new generation of robots must be intelligent and autonomous, i.e to make independent decisions and communicate with people and machines The application