Solution manual for essentials of corporate finance 7th edition by ross download

Solution Manual for Essentials of Corporate Finance 7th Edition by Ross CHAPTER Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without significant loss in value It’s desirable for firms to have high liquidity so that they can more safely meet short-term creditor demands However, liquidity also has an opportunity cost Firms generally reap higher returns by investing in illiquid, productive assets It’s up to the firm’s financial management staff to find a reasonable compromise between these opposing needs The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be “booked” when the revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected or bills are paid Note that this way is not necessarily correct; it’s the way accountants have chosen to it Historical costs can be objectively and precisely measured, whereas market values can be difficult to estimate, and different analysts would come up with different numbers Thus, there is a tradeoff between relevance (market values) and objectivity (book values) Depreciation is a non-cash deduction that reflects adjustments made in asset book values in accordance with the matching principle in financial accounting Interest expense is a cash outlay, but it’s a financing cost, not an operating cost Market values can never be negative Imagine a share of stock selling for –$20 This would mean that if you placed an order for 100 shares, you would get the stock along with a check for $2,000 How many shares you want to buy? 2-1 More generally, because of corporate and individual bankruptcy laws, net worth for a person or a corporation cannot be negative, implying that liabilities cannot exceed assets in market value For a successful company that is rapidly expanding, capital outlays would typically be large, possibly leading to negative cash flow from assets In general, what matters is whether the money is spent wisely, not whether cash flow from assets is positive or negative It’s probably not a good sign for an established company, but it would be fairly ordinary for a start-up, so it depends For example, if a company were to become more efficient in inventory management, the amount of inventory needed would decline The same might be true if it becomes better at collecting its receivables In general, anything that leads to a decline in ending NWC relative to beginning NWC would have this effect Negative net capital spending would mean more long-lived assets were liquidated than purchased 2-2 If a company raises more money from selling stock than it pays in dividends in a particular period, its cash flow to stockholders will be negative If a company borrows more than it pays in interest, its cash flow to creditors will be negative 10 The adjustments discussed were purely accounting changes; they had no cash flow or market value consequences unless the new accounting information caused stockholders to revalue the company 11 The legal system thought it was fraud Mr Sullivan disregarded GAAP procedures, which is fraudulent That fraudulent activity is unethical goes without saying 12 By reclassifying costs as assets, it lowered costs when the lines were leased This increased the net income for the company It probably increased most future net income amounts, although not as much as you might think Since the telephone lines were fixed assets, they would have been depreciated in the future This depreciation would reduce the effect of expensing the telephone lines The cash flows of the firm would basically be unaffected no matter what the accounting treatment of the telephone lines Solutions to Questions and Problems NOTE: All end-of-chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet Many problems require multiple steps Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem Basic The balance sheet for the company will look like this: Current assets Net fixed assets Total assets Balance sheet $2,170 Current liabilities 9,300 Long-term debt Owner's equity $11,470 Total liabilities Equity 2-3 $1,350 3,980 6,140 & $11,470 The owner’s equity is a plug variable We know that total assets must equal total liabilities & owner’s equity Total liabilities and equity is the sum of all debt and equity, so if we subtract debt from total liabilities and owner’s equity, the remainder must be the equity balance, so: Owner’s equity = Total liabilities & equity – Current liabilities – Long-term debt Owner’s equity = $11,470 – 1,350 – 3,980 Owner’s equity = $6,140 Net working capital is current assets minus current liabilities, so: NWC = Current assets – Current liabilities NWC = $2,170 – 1,350 NWC = $820 The income statement starts with revenues and subtracts costs to arrive at EBIT We then subtract out interest to get taxable income, and then subtract taxes to arrive at net income Doing so, we get: Income Statement Sales $585,000 Costs 273,000 Depreciation 71,000 EBIT $241,000 Interest 38,000 Taxable income $203,000 Taxes 71,050 Net income $131,950 The dividends paid plus addition to retained earnings must equal net income, so: Net income = Dividends + Addition to retained earnings Addition to retained earnings = $131,950 – 36,000 Addition to retained earnings = $95,950 Earnings per share is the net income divided by the shares outstanding, so: EPS = Net income / Shares outstanding EPS = $131,950 / 40,000 2-4 EPS = $3.30 per share And dividends per share are the total dividends paid divided by the shares outstanding, so: DPS = Dividends / Shares outstanding DPS = $36,000 / 40,000 DPS = $0.90 per share To find the book value of assets, we first need to find the book value of current assets We are given the NWC NWC is the difference between current assets and current liabilities, so we can use this relationship to find the book value of current assets Doing so, we find: NWC = Current assets – Current liabilities Current assets = $130,000 + 710,000 = $840,000 2-5 Now we can construct the book value of assets Doing so, we get: Book value of assets Current assets $ 840,000 Fixed assets 2,800,000 Total assets $ 3,640,000 All of the information necessary to calculate the market value of assets is given, so: Market value of assets Current assets $ 825,000 Fixed assets 6,200,000 Total assets $ 7,025,000 Using Table 2.3, we can see the marginal tax schedule The first $50,000 of income is taxed at 15 percent, the next $25,000 is taxed at 25 percent, the next $25,000 is taxed at 34 percent, and the next $175,000 is taxed at 39 percent So, the total taxes for the company will be: Taxes = 0.15($50,000) + 0.25($25,000) + 0.34($25,000) + 0.39($275,000 – 100,000) Taxes = $90,500 The average tax rate is the total taxes paid divided by net income, so: Average tax rate = Total tax / Net income Average tax rate = $90,500 / $275,000 Average tax rate = 3291 or 32.91% The marginal tax rate is the tax rate on the next dollar of income The company has net income of $275,000 and the 39 percent tax bracket is applicable to a net income up to $335,000, so the marginal tax rate is 39 percent To calculate the OCF, we first need to construct an income statement The income statement starts with revenues and subtracts costs to arrive at EBIT We then subtract out interest to get taxable income, and then subtract taxes to arrive at net income Doing so, we get: Income Statement 2-6 Sales Costs Depreciation EBIT Interest Taxable income Taxes (35%) Net income $19,570 9,460 2,130 $7,980 1,620 $6,360 2,226 $4,134 2-7 Now we can calculate the OCF, which is: OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes OCF = $7,980 + 2,130 – 2,226 OCF = $7,884 Net capital spending is the increase in fixed assets, plus depreciation Using this relationship, we find: Net capital spending = NFAend – NFAbeg + Depreciation Net capital spending = $2,040,000 – 1,725,000 + 321,000 Net capital spending = $636,000 10 The change in net working capital is the end of period net working capital minus the beginning of period net working capital, so: Change in NWC = NWCend – NWCbeg Change in NWC = (CAend – CLend) – (CAbeg – CLbeg) Change in NWC = ($1,230 – 905) – (1,015 – 905) Change in NWC = $180 11 The cash flow to creditors is the interest paid, minus any net new borrowing, so: Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid – Net new borrowing Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid – (LTDend – LTDbeg) Cash flow to creditors = $91,500 – ($1,530,000 – 1,375,000) Cash flow to creditors = –$63,500 12 The cash flow to stockholders is the dividends paid minus any new equity raised So, the cash flow to stockholders is: (Note that APIS is the additional paid-in surplus.) Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends paid – Net new equity Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends paid – (Commonend + APISend) – (Commonbeg + APISbeg) Cash flow to stockholders = $140,000 – [($145,000 + 2,900,000) – ($135,000 + 2,600,000)] Cash flow to stockholders = –$170,000 2-8 13 We know that cash flow from assets is equal to cash flow to creditors plus cash flow to stockholders So, cash flow from assets is: Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to stockholders Cash flow from assets = –$63,500 – 170,000 Cash flow from assets = –$233,500 2-9 We also know that cash flow from assets is equal to the operating cash flow minus the change in net working capital and the net capital spending We can use this relationship to find the operating cash flow Doing so, we find: Cash flow from assets = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending –$233,500 = OCF – (–$120,000) – (910,000) OCF = –$233,500 – 120,000 + 910,000 OCF = $556,500 Intermediate 14 a To calculate the OCF, we first need to construct an income statement The income statement starts with revenues and subtracts costs to arrive at EBIT We then subtract out interest to get taxable income, and then subtract taxes to arrive at net income Doing so, we get: Income Statement Sales $153,000 Costs 81,900 Other Expenses 5,200 Depreciation 10,900 EBIT $55,000 Interest 8,400 Taxable income $46,600 Taxes 16,330 Net income $30,270 Dividends $7,200 Addition to retained earnings23,070 Dividends paid plus addition to retained earnings must equal net income, so: Net income = Dividends + Addition to retained earnings Addition to retained earnings = $30,270 – 7,200 Addition to retained earnings = $23,070 So, the operating cash flow is: OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes OCF = $55,000 + 10,900 – 16,330 2-10 18 a Using Table 2.3, we can see the marginal tax schedule For Corporation Growth, the first $50,000 of income is taxed at 15 percent, the next $25,000 is taxed at 25 percent, and the next $14,000 is taxed at 34 percent So, the total taxes for the company will be: TaxesGrowth = 0.15($50,000) + 0.25($25,000) + 0.34($14,000) TaxesGrowth = $18,510 For Corporation Income, the first $50,000 of income is taxed at 15 percent, the next $25,000 is taxed at 25 percent, the next $25,000 is taxed at 34 percent, the next $235,000 is taxed at 39 percent, and the next $8,565,000 is taxed at 34 percent So, the total taxes for the company will be: TaxesIncome = 0.15($50,000) + 0.25($25,000) + 0.34($25,000) + 0.39($235,000) + 0.34($8,565,000) TaxesIncome = $3,026,000 b The marginal tax rate is the tax rate on the next $1 of earnings Each firm has a marginal tax rate of 34% on the next $10,000 of taxable income, despite their different average tax rates, so both firms will pay an additional $3,400 in taxes 19 a The income statement starts with revenues and subtracts costs to arrive at EBIT We then subtract interest to get taxable income, and then subtract taxes to arrive at net income Doing so, we get: Income Statement Sales $2,400,000 Cost of goods sold 1,425,000 Other expenses 435,000 Depreciation 490,000 EBIT $ 50,000 Interest 215,000 Taxable income–$165,000 Taxes (35%) Net income –$165,000 The taxes are zero since we are ignoring any carryback or carryforward provisions 2-16 b The operating cash flow for the year was: OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes OCF = $50,000 + 490,000 – OCF = $540,000 c Net income was negative because of the tax deductibility of depreciation and interest expense However, the actual cash flow from operations was positive because depreciation is a non-cash expense and interest is a financing, not an operating, expense 2-17 20 A firm can still pay out dividends if net income is negative; it just has to be sure there is sufficient cash flow to make the dividend payments The assumptions made in the question are: Change in NWC = Net capital spending = Net new equity = To find the new long-term debt, we first need to find the cash flow from assets The cash flow from assets is: Cash flow from assets = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending Cash flow from assets = $540,000 – – Cash flow from assets = $540,000 We can also find the cash flow to stockholders, which is: Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends – Net new equity Cash flow to stockholders = $400,000 – Cash flow to stockholders = $400,000 Now we can use the cash flow from assets equation to find the cash flow to creditors Doing so, we get: Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to stockholders $540,000 = Cash flow to creditors + $400,000 Cash flow to creditors = $140,000 Now we can use the cash flow to creditors equation to find: Cash flow to creditors = Interest – Net new long-term debt $140,000 = $215,000 – Net new long-term debt Net new long-term debt = $75,000 21 a To calculate the OCF, we first need to construct an income statement The income statement starts with revenues and subtracts costs to arrive at EBIT We then subtract out interest to get taxable income, and then subtract taxes to arrive at net income Doing so, we get: Income Statement Sales $19,780 Cost of goods sold 13,980 2-18 Depreciation 2,370 EBIT $ 3,430 Interest 345 Taxable income $ 3,085 Taxes (35%) 1,080 Net income $ 2,005 2-19 b The operating cash flow for the year was: OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes OCF = $3,430 + 2,370 – 1,080 = $4,720 c To calculate the cash flow from assets, we also need the change in net working capital and net capital spending The change in net working capital was: Change in NWC = NWCend – NWCbeg Change in NWC = (CAend – CLend) – (CAbeg – CLbeg) Change in NWC = ($3,280 – 2,160) – ($2,940 – 2,070) Change in NWC = $250 And the net capital spending was: Net capital spending = NFAend – NFAbeg + Depreciation Net capital spending = $16,340 – 13,800 + 2,370 Net capital spending = $4,910 So, the cash flow from assets was: Cash flow from assets = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending Cash flow from assets = $4,720 – 250 – 4,910 Cash flow from assets = –$440 The cash flow from assets can be positive or negative, since it represents whether the firm raised funds or distributed funds on a net basis In this problem, even though net income and OCF are positive, the firm invested heavily in fixed assets and net working capital; it had to raise a net $440 in funds from its stockholders and creditors to make these investments d The cash flow to creditors was: Cash flow to creditors = Interest – Net new LTD Cash flow to creditors = $345 – Cash flow to creditors = $345 Rearranging the cash flow from assets equation, we can calculate the cash flow to stockholders as: 2-20 Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to stockholders + Cash flow to creditors –$440 = Cash flow to stockholders + $345 Cash flow to stockholders = –$785 Now we can use the cash flow to stockholders equation to find the net new equity as: Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends – Net new equity –$785 = $550 – Net new equity Net new equity = $1,335 2-21 The firm had positive earnings in an accounting sense (NI > 0) and had positive cash flow from operations The firm invested $250 in new net working capital and $4,910 in new fixed assets The firm had to raise $440 from its stakeholders to support this new investment It accomplished this by raising $1,335 in the form of new equity After paying out $550 in the form of dividends to shareholders and $345 in the form of interest to creditors, $440 was left to just meet the firm’s cash flow needs for investment 22 a To calculate owners’ equity, we first need total liabilities and owners’ equity From the balance sheet relationship we know that this is equal to total assets We are given the necessary information to calculate total assets Total assets are current assets plus fixed assets, so: Total assets = Current assets + Fixed assets = Total liabilities and owners’ equity For 2009, we get: Total assets = $2,665 + 12,355 Total assets = $15,020 Now, we can solve for owners’ equity as: Total liabilities and owners’ equity = Current liabilities + Long-term debt + Owners’ equity $15,020 = $1,151 + 6,739 + Owners’ equity Owners’ equity = $7,130 For 2010, we get: Total assets = $2,824 + 12,917 Total assets = $15,741 Now we can solve for owners’ equity as: Total liabilities and owners’ equity = Current liabilities + Long-term debt + Owners’ equity $15,741 = $1,691 + 7,862 + Owners’ equity Owners’ equity = $6,188 2-22 b The change in net working capital was: Change in NWC = NWCend – NWCbeg Change in NWC = (CAend – CLend) – (CAbeg – CLbeg) Change in NWC = ($2,824 – 1,691) – ($2,665 – 1,151) Change in NWC = –$381 c To find the amount of fixed assets the company sold, we need to find the net capital spending, The net capital spending was: Net capital spending = NFAend – NFAbeg + Depreciation Net capital spending = $12,917 – 12,355 + 3,367 Net capital spending = $3,929 2-23 To find the fixed assets sold, we can also calculate net capital spending as: Net capital spending = Fixed assets bought – Fixed assets sold $3,929 = $5,616 – Fixed assets sold Fixed assets sold = $1,687 To calculate the cash flow from assets, we first need to calculate the operating cash flow For the operating cash flow, we need the income statement So, the income statement for the year is: Income Statement Sales $39,870 Costs 19,994 Depreciation 3,367 EBIT $16,509 Interest 624 Taxable income $15,885 Taxes (40%) 6,354 Net income $ 9,531 Now we can calculate the operating cash flow which is: OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes OCF = $16,509 + 3,367 – 6,354 = $13,522 And the cash flow from assets is: Cash flow from assets = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending Cash flow from assets = $13,522 – (–$381) – 3,929 Cash flow from assets = $9,974 d To find the cash flow to creditors, we first need to find the net new borrowing The net new borrowing is the difference between the ending long-term debt and the beginning long-term debt, so: Net new borrowing = LTDEnding – LTDBeginnning Net new borrowing = $7,862 – 6,739 Net new borrowing = $1,123 2-24 So, the cash flow to creditors is: Cash flow to creditors = Interest – Net new borrowing Cash flow to creditors = $624 – 1,123 = –$499 2-25 The net new borrowing is also the difference between the debt issued and the debt retired We know the amount the company issued during the year, so we can find the amount the company retired The amount of debt retired was: Net new borrowing = Debt issued – Debt retired $1,123 = $1,690 – Debt retired Debt retired = $567 23 To construct the cash flow identity, we will begin cash flow from assets Cash flow from assets is: Cash flow from assets = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending So, the operating cash flow is: OCF = EBIT + Depreciation – Taxes OCF = $111,866 + 54,576 – 48,137 OCF = $118,305 Next, we will calculate the change in net working capital which is: Change in NWC = NWCend – NWCbeg Change in NWC = (CAend – CLend) – (CAbeg – CLbeg) Change in NWC = ($58,159 – 26,978) – ($46,108 – 24,012) Change in NWC = $9,085 Now, we can calculate the capital spending The capital spending is: Net capital spending = NFAend – NFAbeg + Depreciation Net capital spending = $406,311 – 344,426 + 54,576 Net capital spending = $116,461 Now, we have the cash flow from assets, which is: Cash flow from assets = OCF – Change in NWC – Net capital spending Cash flow from assets = $118,305 – 9,085 – 116,461 Cash flow from assets = –$7,241 2-26 The company spent $7,241 on its assets The cash flow from operations was $118,305, and the company spent $9,085 on net working capital and $116,461 in fixed assets The cash flow to creditors is: Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid – New long-term debt Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid – (Long-term debtend – Long-term debtbeg) Cash flow to creditors = $19,296 – ($152,000 – 136,800) Cash flow to creditors = $4,096 2-27 The cash flow to stockholders is a little trickier in this problem First, we need to calculate the new equity sold The equity balance increased during the year The only way to increase the equity balance is to add addition to retained earnings or sell equity To calculate the new equity sold, we can use the following equation: New equity = Ending equity – Beginning equity – Addition to retained earnings New equity = $285,492 – 229,722 – 34,833 New equity = $20,937 What happened was the equity account increased by $55,770 Of this increase, $34,833 came from addition to retained earnings, so the remainder must have been the sale of new equity Now we can calculate the cash flow to stockholders as: Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends paid – Net new equity Cash flow to stockholders = $9,600 – 20,937 Cash flow to stockholders = –$11,337 The company paid $4,096 to creditors and raised $11,337 from stockholders Finally, the cash flow identity is: Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors stockholders –$7,241 = $4,096 + + Cash flow –$11,337 The cash flow identity balances, which is what we expect Challenge 24 Net capital spending = NFAend – NFAbeg + Depreciation = (NFAend – NFAbeg) + (Depreciation + ADbeg) – ADbeg = (NFAend – NFAbeg)+ ADend – ADbeg = (NFAend + ADend) – (NFAbeg + ADbeg) = FAend – FAbeg 2-28 to 25 a The tax bubble causes average tax rates to catch up to marginal tax rates, thus eliminating the tax advantage of low marginal rates for high income corporations b Taxes = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + 0.39($235K) = $113.9K Average tax rate = $113.9K / $335K = 34% The marginal tax rate on the next dollar of income is 34 percent For corporate taxable income levels of $335K to $10M, average tax rates are equal to marginal tax rates Taxes = 0.34($10M) + 0.35($5M) + 0.38($3.333M) = $6,416,667 Average tax rate = $6,416,667 / $18,333,334 = 35% 2-29 The marginal tax rate on the next dollar of income is 35 percent For corporate taxable income levels over $18,333,334, average tax rates are again equal to marginal tax rates c At the end of the “tax bubble”, the marginal tax rate on the next dollar should equal the average tax rate on all preceding dollars Since the upper threshold of the bubble bracket is now $200,000, the marginal tax rate on dollar $200,001 should be 34 percent, and the total tax paid on the first $200,000 should be $200,000(.34) So, we get: Taxes = 0.34($200K) = $68K = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + X($100K) X($100K) = $68K – 22.25K = $45.75K X = $45.75K / $100K X= 45.75% 2-30