Test bank for human physiology an integrated approach 7th edition by silverthorn

Answer: C Section: Cells of the Nervous System Learning Outcome: 8.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge 12 Interneurons are found 1.. E the temperature Answer: B Section: Electrical Signals in

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Human Physiology: 7th Edition Test Bank – Silverthorn

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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 7e, (Silverthorn)

Chapter 8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

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Learning Outcome: 8.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

3) Neurotransmitter is stored and released from

1 A) axon terminals only

2 B) axon varicosities only

3 C) dendritic spines only

4 D) cell bodies only

5 E) axon terminals and axon varicosities

4 D) afferent and sensory

5 E) sensory and efferent

5) The afferent and efferent axons together form the

1 A) central nervous system

2 B) autonomic division system

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3 C) somatic motor division of the nervous system

4 D) peripheral nervous system

5 E) visceral nervous system

6) The brain and spinal cord together compose the

2 B) autonomic division system

3 C) somatic motor division of the nervous system

5 E) visceral nervous system

7) Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the

2 B) autonomic nervous system

3 C) somatic motor division

5 E) enteric nervous system

Answer: B

Section: Organization of the Nervous System

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8) Autonomic motor neurons are subdivided into the

1 A) visceral and somatic divisions

2 B) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

3 C) central and peripheral divisions

4 D) visceral and enteric divisions

5 E) somatic and enteric divisions

3 C) excretion, particularly urination

4 D) the skeletal system

5 E) the endocrine system

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11) The cell body of neurons is generally

1 A) 90% of the cell volume

2 B) 50% of the cell volume

3 C) 10% of the cell volume

4 D) found in the same position on every neuron Answer: C

Section: Cells of the Nervous System

12) Interneurons are found

1 A) only in the brain

2 B) only in the spinal cord

3 C) only in the CNS

4 D) throughout the nervous system

5 E) only in spinal nerves

Answer: C

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13) The multiple thin, branched structures on a neuron whose main function is to receive incoming signals are the

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19) The term axonal transport refers to

1 A) the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the axon

2 B) the transport of microtubules to the axon for structural support

3 C) vesicle transport of proteins and organelles down the axon

4 D) the movement of the axon terminal to synapse with a new postsynaptic cell

5 E) None of the answers are correct

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1 A) only provide structural and metabolic support

2 B) only guide neurons during growth and repair

3 C) only help maintain homeostasis of the brain’s extracellular fluid

4 D) provide structural and metabolic support and help maintain homeostasis of the brain’s extracellular fluid

5 E) All of the answers are correct

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23) Glial cells communicate primarily using

1 A) electrical signals only

2 B) chemical signals only

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26) These glial cells may contribute to Lou Gehrig’s disease

27) The Nernst equation predicts

1 A) intracellular ion concentrations

2 B) extracellular ion concentrations

3 C) the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions

4 D) the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion

5 E) the threshold membrane potential

28) Which is the correctly written Nernst equation?

1 A) 61/z × log [ion]out/ [ion]in

2 B) 61/z × log [ion]in/ [ion]out

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3 C) log 61/z × [ion]in/ [ion]out

4 D) log 61/z × [ion]out/ [ion]in

1 A) the electrical charges of the ions

2 B) the permeabilities of the ions

3 C) the solubilities of the ions

4 D) the sizes of the ions

5 E) the temperature

Answer: B

Section: Electrical Signals in Neurons

30) The resting membrane potential results from

1 A) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only

2 B) differences in membrane permeability to Na+and K+

3 C) activity of the sodium/potassium pump only

4 D) uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+and K+

Answer: D

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33) Ion channel inactivation is

1 A) closing of the channel in response to decrease in the stimulus

2 B) closing of the channel even when the stimulus continues

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3 C) any type of channel closing

4 D) None of the answers are correct

Answer: B

34) The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to

1 A) the amplitude of the action potential

2 B) the length of the axon

3 C) the total number of action potentials

4 D) the amplitude of the graded potential

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36) The rising phase of the action potential is due to

1 A) Na+flow into the cell only

2 B) Na+flow out of the cell only

3 C) K+flow out of the cell only

4 D) K+flow into the cell only

5 E) Na+flow out of the cell and K+flow into the cell

37) The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to

1 A) Na+flow in the cell only

2 B) Na+flow out of the cell only

3 C) K+flow out of the cell only

4 D) K+flow into the cell only

5 E) Na+flow out of the cell and K+flow into the cell

Answer: C

38) The point during an action potential when the inside of the cell has become more positive than the outside is known as the

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39) Choose all of the items that are incorrectly matched

1 A) inactivation gate — closed at rest

2 B) activation gate — open at rest

3 C) inactivation gate — closed during repolarization

4 D) activation gate — opens during depolarization

5 E) All of the answers are incorrectly matched

40) The absolute refractory period of an action potential

1 A) only ensures one-way travel down an axon

2 B) only allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first

3 C) only prevents summation of action potentials

4 D) ensures one-way travel down an axon and allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first

5 E) ensures one-way travel down an axon, allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the first, and prevents summation of action potentials

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41) In order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become

1 A) higher in amplitude only

2 B) more frequent only

3 C) longer-lasting only

4 D) higher in amplitude and more frequent

5 E) higher in amplitude and longer-lasting

Answer: B

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

42) All of the following must occur before a second action potential can begin, EXCEPT

1 A) the Na+and K+ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments

2 B) the Na+inactivation gate must open and the Na+activation gate must close

3 C) the absolute refractory period must occur

4 D) the Na+and K+ions that moved in/out of the cell must move back to their original compartments; the Na+ inactivation gate must open; and the Na+ activation gate must close

43) Voltage-regulated channels are located

1 A) within the cytosol only

2 B) in the membranes of dendrites only

3 C) in the membranes of axons only

4 D) on the neuron cell body only

5 E) in the membranes of dendrites, in the membranes of axons, and on the neuron cell body

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44) The sodium-potassium exchange pump

1 A) must re-establish ion concentrations after each action potential

2 B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization

3 C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization

4 D) moves sodium and potassium in the direction of their chemical gradients

5 E) requires ATP to function

45) The all-or-none principle states that

1 A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials

2 B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude

3 C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential

4 D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials

5 E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials

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46) When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open,

1 A) Na+enters the neuron

2 B) Na+leaves the neuron

3 C) the neuron depolarizes

4 D) Na+enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes

5 E) Na+leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes

47) When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open,

1 A) K+enters the neuron

2 B) K+leaves the neuron

3 C) the neuron depolarizes

4 D) K+enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes

5 E) K+leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes

48) In the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open,

1 A) Cl- ions enter the cell

2 B) Cl- ions leave the cell

3 C) the cell becomes depolarized

4 D) Cl- ions enter the cell and the cell becomes depolarized

5 E) Cl- ions leave the cell and the cell becomes depolarized

Answer: A

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50) Action potentials are primarily associated with the membranes of

1 A) dendrites only

2 B) cell bodies only

3 C) axons only

4 D) dendrites and axons

5 E) cell bodies and axons

51) Which of the following will best increase the conduction rate of action potentials?

1 A) Increase the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage

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2 B) Increase the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage

3 C) Decrease the diameter of the axon, decrease the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage

4 D) Decrease the diameter of the axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage

1 A) length of the axon

2 B) presence or absence of a myelin sheath

3 C) diameter of the axon

4 D) presence or absence of nodes of Ranvier

5 E) whether axon is sensory or motor

53) Graded potentials may

1 A) initiate an action potential

2 B) depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage

3 C) hyperpolarize the membrane

4 D) be called EPSPs or IPSPs

5 E) All of the statements are true

Answer: E

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54) Some neurotoxins work essentially the same way as some local anesthetics, which is to

1 A) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter only

2 B) bind to Na+channels and inactivate them only

3 C) prevent depolarization by blocking Na+entry into the cell only

4 D) inactivate the enzyme that destroys the neurotransmitter and bind to Na+channels and inactivate them

5 E) bind to Na+channels and inactivate them and prevent depolarization by blocking Na+entry into the cell

55) The major determinant of the resting potential of all cells is

1 A) Ca2+concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid

2 B) Na+concentration in the blood and interstitial fluid

3 C) K+gradient between the blood and interstitial fluid

4 D) K+concentration inside cells

5 E) Na+concentration inside cells

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56) The term hyperkalemia specifically indicates too much potassium in which fluid

58) Which type of synapse is most prevalent in the nervous system?

1 A) chemical

2 B) electrical

3 C) mechanical

4 D) processing

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1 A) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude)

2 B) send action potentials with longer durations

3 C) send action potentials with higher frequency

4 D) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect

Answer: C

Section: Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Nervous System

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4 D) GABA and glycine

Answer: D

62) The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS, GABA and glycine, act by opening channels

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64) Which of the following is NOT a known drug effect on synaptic function?

1 A) interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis

2 B) alter the rate of neurotransmitter release

3 C) prevent neurotransmitter inactivation

4 D) prevent neurotransmitter binding to receptors

5 E) change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle Answer: E

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66) Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell’s membrane, what happens next?

1 A) Ion channels open, allowing ions to enter or exit

2 B) The membrane permeability is altered

3 C) A second messenger is activated on the inside of the cell

4 D) Any of these actions could happen next

2 B) release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

3 C) release of a neurohormone into the blood

4 D) Any of the above could happen next

68) Calcium is important in the synapse because it

1 A) is necessary for acetylcholine synthesis

2 B) signals the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter

3 C) binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening ion channels, and triggering graded potentials

4 D) leaves the axon terminal, hyperpolarizing the cell

Answer: B

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69) In response to binding a neurotransmitter, a postsynaptic cell can

1 A) only open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials

2 B) only close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses

3 C) only regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell

4 D) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the

postsynaptic cell

5 E) open chemically gated ion channels, causing graded potentials known as fast synaptic potentials, close ion channels via G proteins and second messenger systems, producing slow responses, and regulate protein synthesis and affect the metabolic activities of the postsynaptic cell

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72) Identify the FALSE statement

1 A) EPSPs that reach threshold can initiate an action potential

2 B) The trigger zone is the integrating center of the neuron

3 C) IPSPs depolarize the membrane

4 D) All of the statements are true

73) An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

1 A) depolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential

2 B) hyperpolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential

3 C) depolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential

4 D) hyperpolarizes a neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential

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74) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

1 A) result in local depolarizations

2 B) result in local hyperpolarizations

3 C) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions

4 D) prevent the escape of potassium ions

5 E) prevent the escape of calcium ions

Answer: B

Section: Integration of Neural Information Transfer

75) When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone, which of the following could happen?

1 A) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out

2 B) Two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur

3 C) Two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability

4 D) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out and two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur

5 E) An excitatory and inhibitory signal can cancel each other out; two excitatory stimuli may be additive, and summation could occur; and two inhibitory stimuli may be additive, resulting in lower excitability

Answer: E

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76) Presynaptic facilitation makes a pathway

1 A) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons

2 B) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons

3 C) capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning

4 D) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons and capable

of alteration, just through training and conditioning

5 E) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons and capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning

77) Spatial summation refers to

1 A) electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space

2 B) multiple graded potentials arriving at one location simultaneously

3 C) repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other

4 D) suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra large

78) If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar

magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what is most likely to occur?

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1 A) An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual

2 B) Nothing They will cancel each other out

3 C) The cell becomes hyperpolarized

4 D) The cell becomes easier to excite

5 E) The cell dies

Answer: B

79) When multiple, possibly even conflicting signals reach a neuron, the neuron evaluates the signals and may respond or not This property is called

80) When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have

disappeared, what occurs?

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82) During childhood, growth and development of the brain PRIMARILY occurs by increasing

1 A) neuron numbers only

2 B) neuron size only

3 C) number of dendrites and synapses only

4 D) neuron numbers and neuron size

5 E) neuron size and number of dendrites and synapses

Answer: E

83) The rearrangement of connections at synapses, which occurs throughout life, is termed

1 A) elasticity

2 B) intelligence

3 C) plasticity

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85) Repair of damaged neurons can be assisted by certain neurotrophic factors secreted by the

1 A) cell body only

2 B) axon only

3 C) dendrites only

4 D) Schwann cells only

5 E) axon and dendrites

Answer: D

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Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found

1 central nervous system

2 peripheral nervous system

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92) astrocytes

Answer: A

Match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once)

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100) cells that myelinate several axons

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