Test bank for human learning pearson etext with loose leaf version access card package 7th edition

Instant download and all chapter: Test bank for Human Learning, Pearson eText with Loose-Leaf Version Access Card Package 7th Edition CLICK HERE CONTENTS Introduction to the Test Bank 1 Perspectives on Learning 2 Learning and the Brain Behaviorist Principles and Theories Applications of Behaviorist Principles Social Cognitive Theory 52 Introduction to Cognitivism 69 Basic Components of Memory 78 Long-Term Memory Store and Retrieval Processes 90 The Nature of Knowledge 109 10 Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives 125 11 Sociocultural Theory and Other Contextual Perspectives 135 12 Metacognition, Self-Regulated Learning, and Study Strategies 154 13 Transfer, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking 168 14 Motivation and Affect 187 15 Cognitive Factors in Motivation 205 1-15 Integrative Essay Questions 223 iii INTRODUCTION TO THE TEST BANK The items in this test bank include many items that appear in test banks for previous editions of Human Learning Items that are no longer relevant to the book’s content have been deleted Other items have been revised to enhance clarity or reflect new research in the field And there are numerous new items that reflect modifications and additions to the sixth edition of the book For the most part, items are written to emphasize comprehension and application, rather than knowledge learned in a rote manner Separate sets of multiple-choice and essay questions are presented for each chapter of the book In a final section are additional essay questions that require integration of material from two or more chapters Multiple-Choice Questions Each multiple choice question has only one correct answer Students sometimes like to have an opportunity to defend the alternatives they choose Jeanne Ormrod recommends that you may want to consider allowing students to write defenses on the back of the answer sheet; in her experience, this procedure minimizes the extent to which students try to make after-the-fact arguments for incorrect choices Essay Questions Some essay questions are relatively structured; others are more open-ended You may wish to provide additional structure for responses—for example, by specifying maximum or minimum response lengths or by describing grading criteria Ormrod usually tells students that she will not read between the lines: They must present a logical train of thought and be precise in their statements For many students, such logic and precision are skills that take time to develop Chapter – Perspectives on Learning CHAPTER PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING Multiple Choice Questions Human beings undoubtedly learn more during the course of a lifetime than any other species on earth The major result of this capacity to learn is that: a New instincts begin to emerge b Human thought becomes less logical with each generation c Humans can benefit from their experiences d Humans are the only species whose behavior cannot be analyzed in terms of stimuli and responses Three of the following are examples of learning Which one is not? a Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble b After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political practices he has previously opposed c Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact “24 ÷ = 6” is related to the multiplication fact “6 x = 24.” d David has been running away from German shepherds ever since he was bitten by a German shepherd two years ago Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in kindergarten, but she can it quite well by the time she is in second grade Is this an instance of learning? a Yes, because her behavior has changed b No, because the circumstances are too dissimilar c Maybe, although the change may simply be due to physiological maturation d Maybe, but only if she is being reinforced for tracing accurately Chapter – Perspectives on Learning Three of the following illustrate various ways that learning might be reflected in a person’s behavior Which one of the following changes does not necessarily reflect learning? a Although it’s a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his usual bedtime As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult to concentrate on what he’s doing b Even as a young child, Jerry could tell you that his grandparents immigrated to the United States from Ireland But after a conversation with his grandmother, he can now describe the circumstances of the family’s immigration in considerable detail c Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skills (shooting, dribbling, etc.) on a basketball court at a local park With each practice session, his movements become faster and smoother d Lewis occasionally asks for help when he has difficulty with his classwork, but most of the time he just struggles quietly on his own After his teacher assures him that asking for help is not a sign of weakness or inability, he begins asking for help much more frequently _ research examines learning in tightly controlled settings and _ research examines learning in real-world settings a Applied; Basic b Basic; Qualitative c Qualitative; Applied d Basic; Applied A principle of learning can best be characterized as: a A description of the results of a particular research study b A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning c The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular situation d An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs A theory of learning can best be characterized as: a A description of the results of a particular research study b A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning c The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular situation d An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs Chapter – Perspectives on Learning Three of the following are principles of learning Which one is a theory of learning rather than a principle? a A behavior that is followed by punishment decreases in frequency b People learn by making mental associations between new information and their existing knowledge c A response that is rewarded every time it occurs increases more rapidly than a response that is only occasionally rewarded d Students tend to remember more of a lecture if they take notes on the lecture’s content Which one of the following common sayings best reflects the concept of introspection? a “Where there’s a will, there’s a way.” b “Nothing ventured, nothing gained.” c “A penny for your thoughts.” d “Old habits die hard.” 10 Which one of the following common sayings best reflects the basic premise underlying social learning theory? a “Monkey see, monkey do.” b “Spare the rod and spoil the child.” c “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” d “A rolling stone gathers no moss.” 11 Which one of the following statements provides the most credible explanation for the fact that human beings seem to surpass all other animal species in their thinking and learning capacities? a Only human beings have the capability to make tools b Humans communicate regularly with one another and, in doing so, pass along what they’ve learned to future generations c Human beings have a huge repertoire of instinctual behaviors from which they can draw when they encounter new experiences d Human brains are smaller than those of other intelligent species (e.g., elephants, dolphins) and therefore can transmit messages more quickly and efficiently Chapter – Perspectives on Learning 12 Behaviorists and cognitivists tend to focus on different aspects of learning Which one of the following statements best describes this difference? a Behaviorism focuses on temporary changes; cognitivism focuses on relatively permanent changes b Behaviorism focuses on relatively permanent changes; cognitivism focuses on temporary changes c Behaviorism focuses on internal mental changes; cognitivism focuses on external behavioral changes d Behaviorism focuses on external behavioral changes; cognitivism focuses on internal mental changes 13 Theories are advantageous in several ways Three of the following describe advantages of learning theories Which one does not? a Theories enable objective, unbiased reporting of research findings b Theories help to condense large bodies of information c Theories help practitioners design interventions that facilitate learning d Theories provide an impetus for new research 14 Which one of the following statements is most accurate statement regarding theories of learning? a They have been proven to be true b They will eventually be replaced by physiological explanations of how learning occurs c They are often modified as new data emerge d Any theory can be used to explain virtually every instance of learning 15 The textbook’s perspective regarding various theories of learning is that: a Behaviorist theories are probably more accurate b Cognitivist theories are probably more accurate c There is currently no “right” theory, but one will eventually be developed d Different theories may be applicable in different situations Essay Questions Sometimes we know learning has occurred because the learner engages in a new behavior—one that he or she has never before exhibited But other kinds of behavior changes may also indicate that learning has taken place Describe three additional ways in which behavior might change as a result of learning Give a concrete example to illustrate each one Chapter – Perspectives on Learning Distinguish between principles and theories of learning, and give a specific example of each Theories of learning have both advantages and disadvantages Describe at least two advantages and one disadvantage; in each case, explain the particular effect that the advantage or disadvantage has on the advancement of our understanding of human learning Chapter –Learning and the Brain CHAPTER LEARNING AND THE BRAIN Multiple Choice Questions Which one of the following is the best example of the central nervous system (rather than peripheral nervous system) at work? a Parts of the hindbrain are involved in regulating heart rate b Cells in the retina at the back of the eye transmit information about light c Some cells in the nose respond to certain kinds of chemicals d Some cells in the skin are sensitive to heat or cold Which one of the following statements most accurately describes a neuron’s threshold of excitation? a A neuron responds when it is stimulated by some of its neighboring neurons, but not when it is stimulated by other neighbors b A neuron fires only when its electrical charge reaches a particular level c A neuron is receptive to stimulation from other neurons only at points where there are gaps in its myelin sheath d A neuron will fire at a maximum rate of no more than once every three seconds Which one of the following best describes how neurons transmit messages to one another? a By stimulating the growth of surrounding glial cells b By attaching themselves to the same terminal buttons c By fusing the axon of one with a dendrite of the other d By sending chemical substances across a tiny gap between them Which one of the following is the best example of a reflex as psychologists define the term? a Going to sleep when you are tired b Feeling sad when a close relative dies c Pulling your foot away from a painful object d Jumping up and down for joy when you get a good grade Chapter –Learning and the Brain Three of the following describe methods what researchers commonly use to determine how the human brain probably functions Which one is not a commonly used method to study the brain? a Documenting the behaviors of people with various kinds of brain injuries b Recording brain activity through PET scans, CAT scans, and similar technologies c Measuring the levels of various hormones and other substances in the blood d Removing a certain part of an animal’s brain and observing the animal’s subsequent behaviors After a severe head injury, Mary has exceptional difficulty setting goals and in other ways planning her actions Without knowing anything else about Mary’s injury, you might reasonably conclude that it affected her: a forebrain b midbrain c hindbrain d reticular formation Given how the left and right hemispheres of the brain typically specialize, which one of the following activities would be most heavily dependent on the right hemisphere? a Writing a speech for a political campaign b Following the logic of a persuasive argument c Solving for x in a complex algebraic equation d Recognizing human forms in a Picasso painting Given the roles that the right hemisphere typically plays in language comprehension, which one of the following tasks would rely most heavily on the right hemisphere? a Hearing the rhyme in the words hypocrisy and democracy b Writing precise definitions of abstract words such as hypocrisy and democracy c Realizing that “That blonde is really hot” has as least two possible meanings d Translating Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace into English Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions d b a d c a d b c 10 c 11 a 12 b 13 c 14 c 15 a 16 a 17 c 18 d 19 b 20 a 21 d 22 b 23 b 24 c 25 a 26 d 27 d 28 a 29 c 30 a 31 c 32 d 33 d 34 c 35 b 36 d 37 c 38 b 39 b 40 c 41 a 42 c 43 d 44 b 45 a 46 c 47 b 48 d 49 a 50 d 51 b 52 b 53 d 54 a 55 c 56 d 57 b 58 d 59 b 60 d 61 c 62 b 63 c 64 b 65 a 66 a 67 c 68 a 69 c 70 a 71 d 231 Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions d b d c b a c b a 10 a 11 c 12 b 13 c 14 a 15 b 16 d 17 d 18 a 19 c 20 a 21 c 22 b 23 d 24 d 25 a 26 d 27 c 28 c 29 b 30 b 31 a 32 c 33 b 34 d 35 b 36 d 37 b 38 a 39 b 40 b 41 c 42 a 43 d 44 b 45 c 46 d 47 a 48 c 49 a 50 c 51 d 52 b 53 a 54 b 55 d 56 d 232 Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions c b d c b a c b a 10 a 11 c 12 b 13 d 14 c 15 a 16 b 17 d 18 a 19 c 20 d 21 b 22 a 23 d 24 c 25 d 26 c 27 a 28 a 29 b 30 c 31 c 32 d 33 b 34 a 35 c 36 c 37 b 38 c 39 d 40 b 41 d 42 d 43 c 44 a 45 b 46 d 47 a 48 d 49 c 50 b 51 a 52 c 53 d 54 b 55 a 56 c 57 a 58 d 233 Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions a c b b c d b b c 10 d 11 d 12 a 13 a 14 c 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 d 19 b 20 b 21 d 22 d 23 a 24 c 25 a 26 c 27 b 28 d 29 a 30 c 31 b 32 c 234 Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions c b c a d b c d a 10 b 11 a 12 c 13 a 14 b 15 c 16 b 17 c 18 d 19 a 20 a 21 b 22 c 23 d 24 b 25 c 26 a 27 d 28 c 29 b 30 a 31 d 32 d 33 c 34 c 35 b 36 d 37 a 38 a 39 b 235 Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions c a d b a c d b b 10 d 11 d 12 a 13 a 14 c 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 b 21 c 22 d 23 c 24 a 25 c 26 a 27 c 28 b 29 c 30 a 31 c 32 d 33 b 34 b 35 c 36 a 37 a 38 b 39 d 40 b 41 c 42 a 43 d 44 d 45 b 46 c 47 c 48 a 49 b 50 d 51 b 52 c 53 b 54 d 55 a 56 a 57 d 58 d 59 d 60 b 61 b 62 a 63 c 236 Chapter 15 — Cognitive Factors in Motivation Chapter Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions b a d c d d b c c 10 a 11 c 12 b 13 b 14 c 15 d 16 a 17 a 18 b 19 c 20 d 21 b 22 d 23 c 24 b 25 d 26 b 27 c 28 a 29 b 30 c 31 c 32 a 33 d 34 b 35 a 36 d 37 c 38 b 39 c 40 a 41 d 42 a 43 d 44 c 45 d 46 b 47 d 48 c 49 b 50 d 51 a 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 d 56 c 57 a 58 a 59 d 60 a 61 b 62 c 237 Chapter 10 Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions a b c d c d a d b 10 a 11 c 12 b 13 d 14 b 15 c 16 c 17 a 18 d 19 b 20 a 21 b 22 a 23 c 24 a 25 b 26 c 27 a 28 b 29 c 30 a 31 d 32 d 33 b 34 a 35 c 36 d 37 c 38 b 39 c 40 a 238 Chapter 10 Answer Key Essay Questions There are a number of possible answers to this question Following are five examples: (1) Infants are more competent than Piaget theorized For example, infants show evidence of object permanence at 2.5 months of age (2) Piaget may have underestimated elementary school children’s cognitive abilities For example, second graders show some understanding of proportions (3) Piaget may have overestimated adolescents’ cognitive abilities For example, only a small portion of adolescents and perhaps even adults use formal operational thinking (4) Training and specific experiences (e.g., formal education) can help children acquire cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget predicted For example, school aged children can solve problems that use formal operational thinking if they are taught relevant problem solving strategies (5) Cognitive development and children’s progression through Piaget’s stages depends on the cultural climate of the individual’s development For example, in many other non-Western cultures, conservation abilities appear later than in western cultures 239 Chapter 11 Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions d b a d c b a c d 10 c 11 a 12 c 13 b 14 d 15 a 16 c 17 b 18 a 19 c 20 d 21 a 22 d 23 d 24 a 25 d 26 c 27 c 28 c 29 a 30 d 31 d 32 b 33 c 34 a 35 d 36 a 37 b 38 a 39 d 40 c 41 c 42 b 43 b 44 c 45 d 46 c 47 c 48 d 49 c 50 d 51 b 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 d 56 a 57 b 58 c 59 a 60 a 61 d 62 b 63 a 64 d 65 a 66 c 67 a 68 d 240 Chapter 12 Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions c b b a c d d a d 10 b 11 c 12 c 13 d 14 a 15 a 16 d 17 b 18 b 19 a 20 c 21 a 22 d 23 c 24 d 25 b 26 a 27 b 28 c 29 d 30 b 31 a 32 a 33 c 34 d 35 d 36 d 37 c 38 b 39 b 40 c 41 d 42 c 43 a 44 d 45 c 46 b 47 d 48 a 241 Chapter 13 Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 44 c 45 c 46 d 47 b 48 a 49 d 50 a 51 a 52 c 53 b 54 a 55 d 56 b 57 b 58 d 59 c 60 b 61 c 62 a 63 b 64 a b c a d c c b d a 10 d 11 b 12 a 13 b 14 c 15 d 16 d 17 a 18 d 19 c 20 b 21 c 22 d 23 b 24 d 25 c 26 a 27 b 28 c 29 a 30 c 31 a 32 d 33 b 34 a 35 c 36 b 37 c 38 d 39 a 40 d 41 b 42 d 43 d 242 Chapter 14 Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 43 d 44 b 45 c 46 a 47 d 48 b 49 d 50 a 51 b 52 c 53 c 54 d 55 a 56 a 57 c 58 b 59 d 60 c a b c b c c a d a 10 a 11 c 12 b 13 d 14 a 15 c 16 d 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 a 21 d 22 a 23 c 24 b 25 d 26 b 27 a 28 c 29 d 30 a 31 b 32 b 33 c 34 a 35 d 36 a 37 b 38 b 39 b 40 a 41 c 42 c 243 Chapter 15 Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions b d a b a d c b a 10.c 11.c 12.b 13.c 14.d 15.a 16.a 17.c 18.b 19.a 20.d 21.c 22.a 23.a 24.a 25.b 26.d 27.c 28.d 29.d 30.c 31.a 32.b 33.c 34.a 35.b 36.d 37.c 38.d 39.d 40.a 41.b 42.b 43.c 44.d 45.c 46.c 47.a 48.b 49.d 50.a 51.d 52.b 53.b 54.b 55.a 56.c 57.d 58.c 59.d 60.a 61.c 62.b 63.d 64.a 244 Chapters 1–15 — Integrative Essay Questions 245 ... 223 iii INTRODUCTION TO THE TEST BANK The items in this test bank include many items that appear in test banks for previous editions of Human Learning Items that are no longer relevant... quietly before reinforcement begins b Reinforce the child for sitting still on some occasions, but not on others c Reinforce the child for sitting still and listening for only a minute, then for progressively... delay in reinforcement b He has used negative reinforcement instead of positive reinforcement c Free time is not an effective reinforcer for the students d The “reinforcer” is presented before the