G p lainsbury the carver chronotope contextualizing raymond carver studies in major literary authors 2003

THE CARVER CHRONOTOPE MAJOR LITERARY AUTHORS VOLUME 23 STUDIES IN MAJOR LITERARY AUTHORS edited by William E.Cain Wellesley College A ROUTLEDGE SERIES OTHER BOOKS IN THIS SERIES: HENRY JAMES AS A BIOGRAPHER A Self among Others Willie Tolliver JOYCEAN FRAMES Film and the Fiction of James Joyce Thomas Burkdall JOSEPH CONRAD AND THE ART OF SACRIFICE Andrew Mozina TECHNIQUE AND SENSIBILITY IN THE FICTION AND POETRY OF RAYMOND CARVER Arthur F.Bethea SHELLEY’S TEXTUAL SEDUCTIONS Plotting Utopia in the Erotic and Political Works Samuel Lyndon Gladden “ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE” Dramatic Sensibility in Mary Shelley’s Novels Charlene E.Bunnell “THOUGHTS PAINFULLY INTENSE” Hawthorne and the Invalid Author James N.Mancall SEX THEORIES AND THE SHAPING OF TWO MODERNS Hemingway and H.D Deirdre Anne (McVicker) Pettipiece WORD SIGHTINGS Visual Apparatus and Verbal Reality in Stevens, Bishop and O’Hara Sarah Riggs DELICATE PURSUIT Discretion in Henry James and Edith Wharton Jessica Levine GERTRUDE STEIN AND WALLACE STEVENS iii The Performance of Modern Consciousness Sara J.Ford LOST CITY Fitzgerald’s New York Lauraleigh O’Meara SOCIAL DREAMING Dickens and the Fairy Tale Elaine Ostry PATRIARCHY AND ITS DISCONTENTS Sexual Politics in Selected Novels and Stories of Thomas Hardy Joanna Devereux A NEW MATRIX FOR MODERNISM A Study of the Lives and Poetry of Charlotte Mew and Anna Wickham Nelljean McConeghey Rice WHO READS ULYSSES? The Rhetoric of the Joyce Wars and the Common Reader Julie Sloan Brannon NAKED LIBERTY AND THE WORLD OF DESIRE Elements of Anarchism in the Work of D.H.Lawrence Simon Casey THE MACHINE THAT SINGS Modernism, Hart Crane, and the Culture of the Body Gordon Tapper T.S ELIOT’S CIVILIZED SAVAGE RELIGIOUS EROTICISM AND POETICS Laurie J.MacDiarmid THIS COMPOSITE VOICE The Role of W.B.Yeats in James Merrill’s Poetry Mark Bauer PROGRESS AND IDENTITY IN THE PLAYS OF W.B.YEATS Barbara A.Seuss CONRAD’S NARRATIVES OF DIFFERENCE Not Exactly Tales for Boys Elizabeth Schneider THE CARVER CHRONOTOPE Inside the Life-World of Raymond Carver’s Fiction G.P.Lainsbury ROUTLEDGE New York and London Published in 2004 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 www.routledge-ny.com Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lainsbury, G.P., 1962– The Carver chronotope: inside the life-world of Raymond Carver’s fiction/by G.P.Lainsbury p cm.—(Studies in major literary authors; v 23) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-415-96633-7 (alk paper) Carver, Raymond—Criticism and interpretation Postmodernism (Literature)— United States Working class in literature Middle class in literature I Title II Series PS3553.A7894 Z75 2003 813'.54–dc21 2002155713 ISBN 0-203-49802-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-57848-1 (Adobe eReader Format) Contents Acknowledgments viii Chapter One: Introduction Critical Context Chapter Two: The Cultural and Aesthetic Construction of the Writer in a Depressed America 11 The Figure of the Writer in the Carver Chronotope 11 The Writer as Apprentice 14 Wilderness and the Natural in Hemingway and Carver: Degradation of the Idyll 24 Wilderness and the Natural 24 The Wilderness Idyll in Hemingway’s Stories 26 Carver Rewriting Hemingway: Idyllic Wilderness in “Pastoral”/ “The Cabin” 35 Treatment of the Wilderness Idyll in Other Stories by Raymond Carver 43 Supplement: A Brief Consideration of the Wilderness Idyll in Raymond Carver’s Poetry 58 Chapter Four: Alienation and the Grotesque Body in the Fiction of Franz Kafka and Raymond Carver 63 Chapter Five: The Function of Family in the Carver Chronotope 95 Introduction: Family Life 92 Relations between Children and Parents 97 Relations between Parents and Children 118 Coda: Writer and Wife 137 Afterword: Carver Studies Since 1996 140 Notes 152 Chapter Three: vii Bibliography 172 Index 184 Acknowledgments This work is dedicated to Christine Frederick, who brought home a copy of What We Talk About When We Talk about Love from her job as a bookstore slave one evening in the mid-1980s, and who later suggested that I write on Carver when I had lost interest in my original dissertation topic in the early 1990s Her support throughout the long and arduous process of writing was essential to its completion I would also like to acknowledge the support received from the members of the English Department who served on my dissertation committee at Simon Fraser University: Peter Buitenhuis (chair), Jerald Zaslove, and Tom Grieve, along with M.D.Fellman from the History Department and Michael Zeitlin, from the University of British Columbia Any deficiencies in the style and presentation of the last chapter here is the result of not having the benefit of this group’s collective editorial genius at my disposal in 2002 Finally, I would like to thank the folks at the Canadian Review of American Studies, who published an earlier version of my first chapter here, as well as the estate of Raymond Carver, which through the offices of International Creative Management, Inc., has allowed me to cite Carver’s work so extensively here The chronotope is “a formally constitutive category of literature…[within which] spatial and temporal indicators are fused into one carefully thoughtout, concrete whole Time, as it were, thickens, takes on flesh, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time, plot and history.” —M.M.Bakhtin, “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel” 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY Carlile, Henry “Fish Stories.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 150–60 Carlin, Warren “Just Talking: Raymond Carver’s Symposium.” Cross Currents 38/1 (Spring 1988):87–92 Carver, Raymond All of Us: The Collected Poems Ed William L.Stull New York: Vintage, 2000 ——— At Night the Salmon Move Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1976 ——— Call If You Need Me: The Uncollected Fiction and Other Prose Ed William L.Stull New York: Vintage, 2001 ——— Cathedral New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1983 ——— Cathedrals Rome: Leconte, 2002 [with Tess Gallagher] ——— Dostoevsky: A Screenplay Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1985 [with Tess Gallagher] ——— Fires: Essays, Poems, Stories [Two separate editions published by Vintage under the same name The first (1984) is the original Capra Press edition of 1983 The Vintage Contemporaries edition was published in 1989 ] ——— Foreword On Becoming a Novelist By John Gardner New York: Harper and Row, 1983 xi–xix ——— Foreword We Are Not in This Together By William Kittredge Washington: Graywolf Press, 1984 vii–x ——— Furious Seasons Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1977 ——— A New Path to the Waterfall New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989 ——— No Heroics, Please: Uncollected Writings Ed William L.Stull New York: Vintage, 1992 ——— “Pastoral.” Western Humanities Review 17/1 (Winter 1963):33–42 ——— Ultramarine New York: Vintage, 1986 ——— What We Talk About When We Talk about Love New York: Vintage, 1989 [1981] ——— Where I’m Calling From: New and Selected Stories New York: Atlantic Monthly Press 1988 ——— Where Water Comes Together With Other Water New York: Vintage, 1986 ——— Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978 Champion, Laurie “‘What’s to Say’: Silence in Raymond Carver’s ‘Feathers.’” Studies in Short Fiction 34 (1997):193–201 Chekhov, Anton Lady with Lapdog and Other Stories Trans David Magarshack Markham, Ont.: Penguin, 1964 Chenetier, Marc “Living On/Off the Reserve: Performance, Interrogation, and Negativity in the Works of Raymond Carver.” Critical Angles: European Views of Contemporary American Literature Ed Marc Chenetier Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1986 164–90 Clark, Billy “Stylistic Analysis and Relevance Theory.” Language and Literature 5/3 (1996):163–78 Clark, Miriam Marty “After Epiphany: American Stories in the Postmodern Age.” Style 27 (1993):387–94 ——— “Raymond Carver’s Monologic Imagination.” Modern Fiction Studies 37/2 (Summer 1991):240–47 BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 Clarke, Graham “Investing the Glimpse: Raymond Carver and the Syntax of Silence.” The New American Writing: Essays on American Literature Since 1970 Ed Graham Clarke New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990 99–122 Cochrane, Hamilton E “Taking the Cure: Alcoholism and Recovery in the Fiction of Raymond Carver.” University of Dayton Review 20/1 (Summer 1989):79–88 Coles, Robert “American Light.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 215–24 ——— “Compassion from Carver, Male Swagger from Altman.” Soul Barnacles By Tess Gallagher Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2000 113–18 ——— “Teaching Raymond Carver.” American Poetry Review 22/1 (January/February 1993):23–25 Conrad, Joseph Heart of Darkness Ed Paul O’Prey Markham, Ont.: Penguin, 1983 [1902] Cushman, Keith “Blind, Intertextual Love: ‘The Blind Man’ and Raymond Carver’s ‘Cathedral.’” D.H.Lawrence’s Literary Inheritors Eds Keith Cushman and Dennis Jackson New York: St Martin’s Press, 1991 155–66 Cushman, Philip “Why the Self Is Empty: Toward a Historically Situated Psychology.” American Psychologist (May 1990):599–611 Dana, Robert “Carver Country: An Ikonography of the Beloved.” The North American Review 277/2 (March/April 1992):42–43 Davis, Alan “The Holiness of the Ordinary.” The Hudson Review 45/4 (Winter 1993): 653–58 Debord, Guy Society of the Spectacle Detroit: Black and Red, 1983 [1967] Deemer, Charles “Short Cuts: The Los Angelesation of Raymond Carver.” Creative Screenwriting, 4/3 (Fall 1997):11–17 Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature Trans Dana Polan Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1986 [1975] Dickstein, Morris “The Pursuit of the Ordinary.” Partisan Review 58/3 (Summer 1991): 506–13 Doherty, Paul C “A Note on the Function of Language in ‘Cathedral.’” Religion and the Arts 2/3 (1998):337–42 Donahue, Peter J “Alcoholism as Ideology in Raymond Carver’s ‘Careful’ and ‘Where I’m Calling From.’” Extrapolation 32/1 (1991):54–63 Downes, Margaret J “Narrativity, Myth, and Metaphor: Louise Erdrich and Raymond Carver Talk About Love.” MELUS 21/2 (Summer 1996) Duffy, Edward “Word of God in Some Raymond Carver Stories.” Religion and the Arts 2/3 (1998):311–36 Dunn, Robert “After Minimalism.” Mississippi Review 40/41 (Winter 1985): 52–56 ——— “Fiction That Shrinks from Life.” New York Times Book Review (30 June 1985): 1, 24–25 Eck, Jonathan Daniel “An Aesthetics of ‘Idealized Human Desire’ and an Ethos of Human Communication, Communion, and Personal Growth: A Reading of Raymond Carver’s Stories as Semiopen Texts.” Dissertation: Michigan State U, 1998 Engel, Monroe “Knowing More Than One Imagines; Imagining More Than One Knows.” Agni 31/32 (1990):165–76 Fachard, Vasiliki “What More Than Rita Can We Make of Carver’s Parts in ‘Fat’?” Journal of the Short Story in English 33 (1999):25–48 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY Facknitz, Mark A.R “Missing the Train: Raymond Carver’s Sequel to John Cheever’s ‘The Five-Forty-Eight.’” Studies in Short Fiction 22/3 (Summer 1985):345–47 ——— “Raymond Carver and the Menace of Minimalism.” CEA Critic 52/1–2 (Fall 1989–Winter 1990):62–73 ——— “Raymond Carver and the Rediscovery of Human Worth.” Studies in Short Fiction 23/3 (Summer 1986):287–96 Fawcett, Brian “Something Is Wrong with Alice Munro.” Unusual Circumstances, Interesting Times, and Other Impolite Interventions Vancouver: New Star Books, 1991 68–74 Federman, Raymond “A Short Note on Minimalism.” Mississippi Review 40/41 (Winter 1985):57 Fiedler, Leslie Love and Death in the American Novel New York: Stein and Day, 1966 [1961] Fisketjon, Gary “Normal Nightmares.” The Village Voice 18 September 1978 132 Flower, Dean “Fiction Chronicles.” Hudson Review 29/2 (Summer 1976):270–82 Fontana, Ernest L “Insomnia in Raymond Carver’s Fiction.” Studies in Short Fiction 26/4 (Fall 1989):447–51 Ford, Ford Madox Henry James New York: Octagon Books, 1964 [1913] Freud, Sigmund “Remembering, Repeating, and Working-Through.” Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works Vol XII London: Hogarth Press, 1958 147–56 Fukuyama, Francis “The End of History.” National Interest 16 (Summer 1989): 3–18 Gallagher, Tess “European Journal.” Antaeus 61 (Autumn 1988):165–75 [also in Soul Barnacles] ——— Foreword No Heroics, Please: Uncollected Writings By Raymond Carver Ed William L.Stull New York: Vintage, 1992 11–16 [also in Soul Barnacles] ——— Introduction Carver Country New York: Scribner’s, 1990 8–19 [also in Soul Barnacles] ——— Soul Barnacles: Ten More Years with Ray Ed Greg Simon Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2000 Gardner, John On Becoming a Novelist New York: Harper and Row, 1983 ——— On Moral fiction New York: Basic Books, 1978 Gass, William H “A Failing Grade for the Present Tense.” New York Times Book Review (11 October 1987):1, 32–38 Gearhart, Michael “Breaking the Ties That Bind: Inarticulation in the Fiction of Raymond Carver.” Studies in Short fiction 26/4 (Fall 1989):439–46 Gentry, Marshall Bruce “Women’s Voices in Stories by Raymond Carver.” CEA Critic 56/1 (Fall 1993):86–95 Gentry, Marshall Bruce and William L.Stull (Eds.) Conversations with Raymond Carver Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 German, Norman and Jack Bedell “Physical and Social Laws in Raymond Carver’s ‘Popular Mechanics.’” Critique 29/4 (Summer 1978):257–60 Goodheart, Eugene “The Fiction of Raymond Carver.” Boston Review 9/1 (February 1984):25 Gornick, Vivian “Tenderhearted Men: Lonesome, Sad and Blue.” New York Times Book Review (16 September 1990):1, 32–35 Gorra, Michael “Fiction Chronicles.” Hudson Review 37/1 (Spring 1984):152–57 Graham, Peter W “Metapathography: Three Unruly Texts.” Literature and Medicine 16/1 (Spring 1997):70–87 BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 Hallett, Cynthia J.Whitney “Minimalism—The Short Story: Raymond Carver, Amy Hempel, and Mary Robison.” DAI 57/3 (September 1996):1137 U of Southern Florida ——— Minimalism and the Short Story: Raymond Carver, Amy Hempel, and Mary Robison Studies in Contemporary Literature No 28 Edwin Mellen Press, 1999 Halpert, Sam “Glimpses: Raymond Carver.” Paris Review 118 (Spring 1991): 260–303 ——— When We Talk About Raymond Carver Layton, UT: Peregrine Smith, 1991 Harbaugh, Jim “Literature (and Other Arts): What We Talk About When We Talk about Spirituality and Recovery.” Dionysos 11/1 (2001):35–46 Haslam, Thomas J “‘Where I’m Calling From’: A Textual and Critical Study.” Studies in Short Fiction 29/1 (Winter 1992):57–65 Hathcock, Nelson “The Possibility of Resurrection: Re-Vision in Carver’s ‘Feathers’ and ‘Cathedral.’” Studies in Short Fiction 28/1 (Winter 1991):31–39 Hemingway, Ernest The Complete Short Stories: The Finca Vigia Edition New York: Scribner’s, 1987 Henning, Barbara “Minimalism and the American Dream.” Modern Fiction Studies 35/4 (Winter 1989):689–98 Henry, Patrick “Raymond Carver and Tess Gallagher.” Philosophy and Literature 22/2 (October 1998):413–16 Herzinger, Kim A “Introduction: On the New Fiction.” Mississippi Review 40/41 (Winter 1985):7–22 Holquist, Michael Introduction The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays By M.M Bakhtin Trans Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist Austin: Texas UP, 1981 xv–xxxiv Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W.Adorno Dialectic of Enlightenment Trans John Cumming New York: Herder and Herder, 1972 [1944] Horn, Nicholas “Seeing Double: The Two Lives of Raymond Carver.” a/b: Auto/ Biography Studies 13/2 (Fall 1998):271–97 Howe, Irving (Ed.) The Idea of the Modern New York: Horizon Press, 1967 ——— “Stories of Our Loneliness.” New York Times Book Review (11 September 1983): 1, 42–43 Hughes, Kirk T “Ethics in the First Person: New American Confessions by Carver, Wojnarowicz, and Winfrey.” Dissertation U of Pennsylvania, 1997 James, Henry “Preface to the New York Edition.” The Portrait of a Lady New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1975 [1908] James, William Pragmatism Ed Bruce Kuklick Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1981 [1907] Jameson, Fredric Foreword The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge By Jean-Francois Lyotard Trans Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1984 vii–xxi ——— The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Socially Symbolic Act Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981 ——— Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism Durham, North Carolina: Duke UP, 1991 ——— “Regarding Postmodernism—A Conversation.” Social Text (Fall 1987): 29–54 Jansen, Reamy “Being Lonely: Dimensions of the Short Story.” Cross Currents 39/4 (Winter 1989–90):391–401, 419 178 BIBLIOGRAPHY Jauss, Hans Robert “The Literary Process of Modernism from Rousseau to Adorno.” Cultural Critique (Winter 1988–89):27–61 Jenks, Tom “Short Cuts: Robert Altman Shoots the Stories of Raymond Carver.” Esquire (September 1993):103–09, 157 Johnson, Greg “Three Contemporary Masters: Brodkey, Carver, Dubus.” The Georgia Review 43/4 (Winter 1989):784–94 Johnson, Robert “‘Where I’m Calling From’: Inside the Loop.” Journal of the Short Story in English 33 (Autumn 1999):49–57 Kaar, Jay “The Most Unhappy Man.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 26–30 Kafka, Franz The Complete Stories Ed Nahum N.Glatzer New York: Schocken Books, 1946 Karlsson, Ann-Marie “The Hyperrealistic Short Story: A Postmodern Twilight Zone.” Criticism in the Twilight Zone: Postmodern Perspectives on Literature and Politics Ed Danuta Zadworna-Fjellstad Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiskell, 1990 144–53 Kaufmann, David “Yuppie Postmodernism.” Arizona Quarterly 47/2 (Summer 1991): 93–116 Kelly, Lionel “Anton Chekhov and Raymond Carver: A Writer’s Strategy of Reading.” Yearbook of English Studies 26 (1996):218–31 Kennedy, J.Gerald “From Anderson’s Winesburg to Carver’s Cathedral: The Short Story Sequence and the Semblance of Community.” Modern American Short Story Sequences: Composite Fictions and Fictive Communities Cambridge UP, 1995 194–215 Kermode, Frank Editorial “Dirty Realism: New Writing From America.” Granta 10 (1983): Kittredge, William “Bulletproof.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 85–95 Kittredge, William and Steven M.Krauzer “Writers of the New West.” TriQuarterly 48 (Spring 1980):5–14 Kostelanetz, Richard (Ed.) The Avant-Garde Tradition in Literature Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1982 Kubal, David “Fiction Chronicles.” Hudson Review 34/3 (Autumn 1981):458–61 Kundera, Milan The Art of the Novel Trans Linda Asher New York: Harper and Row, 1988 Kuzma, Greg “Ultramarine: Poems that Almost Stop the Heart.” Michigan Quarterly Review 27/2 (Spring 1988):355–63 Lainsbury, G.P “The Carver Chronotope: Contextualizing Raymond Carver.” DAI 58/5 (November 1997):1710 Simon Fraser U ——— “A Critical Context for the Carver Chronotope.” Canadian Review of American Studies 27/1 (1997):77–91 Lasch, Christopher The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1979 ——— The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times New York: W.W Norton and Co., 1984 Lawler, Roxanne “Carver’s World.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stull Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 169–76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 Lazar, David “On Mentorship.” Ohio Review 51 (1994):25–33 LeClair, Thomas “Fiction Chronicles.” Contemporary Literature 23/1 (Winter 1982): 86–89 Lehman, Daniel W “Raymond Carver’s Management of Symbol.” Journal of the Short Story in English 17 (Autumn 1991):43–58 Lentricchia, Frank “The American Writer as Bad Citizen—Introducing Don DeLillo.” South Atlantic Quarterly 89/2 (Spring 1990):239–44 ——— “Libra as Postmodern Critique.” South Atlantic Quarterly 89/2 431–53 Lonnquist, Barbara C “Narrative Displacement and Literary Faith: Raymond Carver’s Inheritance from Flannery O’Connor.” Since Flannery O’Connor: Essays on the Contemporary American Short Story Eds Loren Logsdon and Charles W.Mayer Macomb: Western Illinois UP, 1987 142–50 Lukács, Georg The Theory of the Novel Trans Anna Bostock Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971 [1920] Lyotard, Jean-Francois The Postmodern Condition Trans Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1984 [1979] ——— The Postmodern Explained Eds Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1992 Magee, John “Carver’s ‘Chef’s House.’” Explicator 55/2 (Winter 1997):111–12 ——— “Carver’s ‘They’re Not Your Husband.’” Explicator 53/3 (Spring 1995): 180–81 Malamet, Elliot “Raymond Carver and the Fear of Narration.” Journal of the Short Story in English 17 (Autumn 1991):59–74 Maniez, Claire “Quote-Unquote: Raymond Carver and Metafiction.” Journal of the Short Story in English 33 (Autumn 1999):9–23 ——— “What’s in a Title? Au seuil des nouvelles de Raymond Carver.” QWERTY (October 1999):155–61 Marcus, Morton “All-American Nightmares.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 53–67 Martone, Michael “Selling Stories Short.” Mississippi Review 40/41 (Winter 1985): 58–61 Matsuoka, Naomi “Murakami Haruki and Raymond Carver: The American Scene.” Comparative Literature Studies 30/4 (1993):423–38 Max, D.T “The Carver Chronicles.” New York Times Magazine (August 9, 1998) May, Charles E “‘Do You See What I’m Saying?’: The Inadequacy of Explanation and the Uses of Story in the Short Fiction of Raymond Carver.” Yearbook of English Studies 31 (2001):39–49 ——— The New Short Story Theories Athens: Ohio UP, 1994 McCaffery, Larry and Sinda Gregory “An Interview with Raymond Carver.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L Stull Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 98–116 McInerney, Jay “Raymond Carver: A Still, Small Voice.” New York Times Book Review (6 August 1989):1, 24–25 ——— “Raymond Carver, Mentor.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 119–26 180 BIBLIOGRAPHY Meyer, Adam “Now You See Him, Now You Don’t, Now You Do Again: The Evolution of Raymond Carver’s Minimalism.” Critique 30/4 (Summer 1989): 239–51 ——— Raymond Carver Twayne’s American Author Series No 633 1995 Miltner, Robert-Francis “Sounds Like the Story of a Life.” DAI 60/1 (July 1999): 131 Mirarchi, Steve “Conditions of Possibility: Religious Revision in Raymond Carver’s ‘Cathedral.’” Religion and the Arts 2/3 (1998):299–310 Moffet, Penelope “Publishers Weekly Interviews Raymond Carver.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stull Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 238–42 Mullen, Bill “A Subtle Spectacle: Televisual Culture in the Short Stories of Raymond Carver.” Critique 39/2 (Winter 1998):99–114 Nayman, Ira “The Adaptable Altman.” Creative Screenwriting 4/3 (Fall 1997): 84–96 ——— “The Final Stitch: Raymond Carver and Metaphor.” Profils-Americain (1993): 21–27 Nesset, Kirk “Insularity and Self-Enlargement in Raymond Carver’s Cathedral.” Essays in Literature 21 (Spring 1994):116–28 ——— “The Stories of Raymond Carver.” DAI 52/11 (May 1992):3930A University of California, Santa Barbara ——— The Stories of Raymond Carver: A Critical Survey Athens: Ohio UP, 1995 ——— “This Word Love: Sexual Politics and Silence in Early Raymond Carver.” American Literature 63/2 (June 1991):292–313 Newman, Charles “The Postmodern Aura: The Act of Fiction in an Age of Inflation.” Salmagundi 63/64 (Spring-Summer 1984):3–199 ——— “What’s Left Out of Literature.” New York Times Book Review (12 July 1987):1, 24–25 Nussey, Kent “Raymond Carver Revisited.” Brick 68 (Fall 2001):102–10 O’Connell, Nicholas “Raymond Carver.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stull Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 133–50 O’Connor, Flannery The Complete Stories New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1985 O’Neill, Eugene “Long Day’s Journey Into Night.” Complete Plays: 1932–1943 Ed Travis Bogard New York: The Library of America 713–828 [1941] Plath, James “‘After the Denim’ and ‘After the Storm’: Raymond Carver Comes to Terms with the Hemingway Influence.” The Hemingway Review 13/2 (Spring 1994): 37–51 ——— “When Push Comes to Pull: Raymond Carver and the Popular Mechanics of Divorce.” Notes on Contemporary Literature 20/3 (May 1990):2–4 Powell, John Gaylan “Raymond Carver and the Aesthetics of Menace: Theme and Technique in the Short Stories and Poetry.” DAI 56/12 (June 1996):4775 U of Southwestern Louisiana Pynchon, Thomas Slow Learner: Early Stories Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1984 Race, William H “Some Visual Priamels from Sappho to Richard Wilbur and Raymond Carver.” Classical and Modern Literature 20/4 (2000):3–17 Robbe-Grillet, Alain “Nature, Humanism, Tragedy.” For a New Novel: Essays on Fiction Trans Richard Howard New York: Grove Press, 1965 49–75 Runyon, Randolph Paul “Altman’s Short Cuts: Three Unacknowledged Sources.” QWERTY 9:(October 1999):163–67 ——— Reading Raymond Carver Syracuse UP, 1992 BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 Saltzman, Arthur M Understanding Raymond Carver Columbia: South Carolina UP, 1988 Sartre, Jean-Paul Being and Nothingness Trans Hazel E.Barnes New York: Philosophical Library Sawyer, David “‘Yet Why Not Say What Happened?’ Boundaries of the Self in Raymond Carver’s Fiction and Robert Altman’s Short Cuts.” Blurred Boundaries: Critical Essays on American Literature, Language, and Culture Eds Klaus H Schmidt and David Sawyer Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1996 195–219 Scheweizer, Harold “Robert Altman’s Short Cuts: A Phenomenology of Reading.” QWERTY (October 1999):169–75 ——— “The Very Very Short Stories of Raymond Carver.” College Literature 21 (June 1994):126–31 Schulte-Sasse, Jochen Foreword: Theory of Modernism versus Theory of the AvantGarde Theory of the Avant-Garde By Peter Buerger Trans Michael Shaw Minneapolis: Minnesota UP, 1984 Schumacher, Michael “After the Fire, into the Fire: An Interview with Raymond Carver.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stall Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 214–37 Scobie, Brian “Carver Country.” Forked Tongues? Comparing Twentieth-Century British and American Literature Eds Ann Massa and Alistair Stead New York: Longman, 1995 273–87 Scofield, Martin “Closer to Home: Carver versus Altman.” Studies in Short Fiction 33 (1996):387–99 ——— “Negative Pastoral: The Art of Raymond Carver’s Stories.” The Cambridge Quarterly 23/3 (1994):243–62 ——— “Story and History in Raymond Carver.” Critique 40/3 (Spring 1999): 266–80 Scott, A.O “Looking for Raymond Carver.” The New York Review of Books (12 August 1999):52–59 Shute, Kathleen Westfall “Finding the Words: The Struggle for Salvation in the Fiction of Raymond Carver.” The Hollins Critic 24/5 (December 1987):1–9 Siebert, Hilary “‘Outside History’: Lyrical Knowledge in the Discourse of the Short Story.” Creative and Critical Approaches to the Short Story Ed Noel Harold Kaylor, Jr., Edwin Mellen Press, 1997 35–45 Simmons, Philip E “Minimalist Fiction as ‘Low’ Postmodernism: Mass Culture and the Search for History.” Genre 34 (1991):45–62 Simpson, Mona and Lewis Buzbee “Raymond Carver: The Paris Review Interview.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stull Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 31–52 Skenazy, Paul “Life in Limbo: Ray Carver’s Fiction.” Enclitic 11/1 (Fall 1988):77–83 Smith, Aaron “Raymond Carver, postmoderniste recalcitrant.” QWERTY (October 1999):181–86 Smith, Allan Lloyd “Brain Damage: The Word and the World in Postmodernist Writing.” Contemporary American Fiction Eds Malcolm Bradbury and Sigmund Ro London: Edward Arnold, 1987 39–50 Smith, Gavin “Faultlines of a Daydream Nation.” Film Comment 29/5 (September/ October 1993):36–37 Snyder, Megan D “Author as Ethnographer: The Merging of Genres in Raymond Carver’s and Thomas Pynchon’s Texts.” Dissertation U of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1999 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY Solotaroff, Ted “Raymond Carver: Going through the Pain.” American Poetry Review 18/ (March/April 1989):47–49 Steckline, Catherine Turner “Ideas and Images of Performed Witnessing: A Cross-Genre Analysis.” Dissertation Southern Illinois U at Carbondale, 1997 Stevenson, Diane “Minimalist Fiction and Critical Doctrine.” Mississippi Review 40/41 (Winter 1985):83–89 Stewart, Robert “Reimagining Raymond Carver on Film: A Talk With Robert Altman and Tess Gallagher.” New York Times Book Review (12 September 1993): 3, 41–42 [also in Soul Barnacles] Stull, William L “Beyond Hopelessville: Another Side of Raymond Carver.” Philological Quarterly 64/1 (Winter 1985):1–15 ——— Editor’s Preface No Heroics, Please: Uncollected Writings By Raymond Carver New York: Vintage, 1992 17–18 ——— “Matters of Life and Death.” Conversations with Raymond Carver Eds Marshall Bruce Gentry and William L.Stull Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1990 177–91 ——— “Raymond Carver: A Bibliographical Checklist.” American Book Collector 8/1 (January 1987):17–30 ——— “Raymond Carver Remembered: Three Early Stories.” Studies in Short Fiction 25/4 (Fall 1988):461–69 ——— “Visions and Revisions.” Chariton Review 10/1 (Spring 1984):80–86 Stull, William L and Maureen P.Carroll (Eds.) Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 ——— “Two Darings.” Soul Barnacles By Tess Gallagher Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2000 1–11 Swanger, David “No Blessed Calm.” Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver Eds William L.Stull and Maureen P.Carroll Santa Barbara: Capra Press, 1993 80–84 Toolan, Michael “Discourse Style Makes Viewpoint: The Example of Carver’s Narrator in ‘Cathedral.’” Twentieth-Century Fiction: From Text to Context Eds Peter Verdonk and Jean Jacques Weber New York: Routledge, 1995 126–37 Trussler, Michael “‘Famous Times’: Historicity in the Short Fiction of Richard Ford and Raymond Carver.” Wascana Review 28/2 (Fall 1994):35–53 ——— “Multiple Voices: The Short Fiction of Donald Barthelme and Raymond Carver.” Dissertation U of Toronto, 1993 ——— “The Narrowed Voice: Minimalism and Raymond Carver.” Studies in Short Fiction 31 (Winter 1994):23–37 Vander Weele, Michael “Raymond Carver and the Language of Desire.” Denver Quarterly 22/1 (Summer 1987):108–22 Verhoeven, W.M “What We Talk About When We Talk about Raymond Carver: Or, Much Ado about Minimalism.” Narrative Turns and Minor Genres in Postmodernism Eds Theo D’haen and Hans Bertens Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995 41–60 Verley, Claudine “Narration and Interiority in Raymond Carver’s ‘Where I’m Calling From.’” Journal of the Short Story in English 13 (August 1989):91–102 Weber, Bruce “Raymond Carver: A Chronicler of Blue-Collar Despair.” New York Times Magazine (24 June 1984):36–50 Wilde, Alan “Shooting for Smallness: Realism and Midfiction.” Middle Grounds Philadelphia: Pennsylvania UP, 1987 104–30 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Williams, Gary “Raymond Carver.” Western American Literature 32/1 (Spring 1997): 25–31 Wolff, Tobias “Raymond Carver Had His Cake and Ate It Too.” Esquire (September 1989):240–48 Yagoda, Ben “No Tense Like the Present.” New York Times Book Review (10 August 1986):1, 30 Zverev, A.M “A Russian View of the American Chekhov.” Trans A.Boddy and P Henry Scottish-Slavonic Review 18 (Spring 1992):112–13 Index alcoholism, 78, 80, 102, 109, 113, 126, 129, 154, 168n26, 174n45 Aldridge, John W., Altman, Robert (and Short Cuts), 151–55, 158n11 Alves, Amelia Maria, Fernandes, 146 Anderson, Sherwood, 22–23, 145, 151 Atlas, James, authenticity, 12, 14, 31–32 autochthony, 26, 36 162n14, 164n34, 167n18, 168n3, 169n5, 171n19, 173n43 books, Cathedral, 77, 134 The Dostoevsky Screenplay, 141, 159n15 Fires, 45, 157n6 A New Path to the Waterfall, 154 No Heroics, Please, 15, 157n4 What We Talk About When We Talk about Love, 45, 48, 54 Where I’m Calling From, 45, 98 Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? 2, 21, 36, 48, 57, 83, 88 essays, “Fires,” 5–6, 12, 121–22, 128, 161n10 “My Father’s Life,” 7, 109–10, 112, 171n21 “No Heroics, Please,” 11, 15 “On The Dostoevsky Screenplay,” 22 “On Rewriting,” 15–16 “On Writing,” 12–13, 21, 159n9, 159n10, 161n8 Preface to Those Days, 22 “The Writer as Teacher,” 13, 15 poems, “Aspens,” 16 “The Author of Her Misfortune,” 142 “Balzac,” 16 Carver, Raymond poems (continued) “Bobber,” 111–12 “The Catch,” 61–62 “Cheers,” 171n29 “The Child,” 137 “The Current,” 62 “Deschutes River,” 60–61 “Drinking While Driving,” 171n20 “The Ducks,” 167n21 bad faith, 128, 150, 173n37 Bahktin, Mikhail, 7–8, 11, 25, 65–66 Banks, Russell, 112, 158n9 Barthelme, Frederick, 12, 157n3 Barthes, Roland, 11, 16, 68, 158n3 being-in-the-moment, 61 Bell, Daniel, 105 Benjamin, Walter, 66, 76, 166n7 Bethea, Arthur F., 145, 174 Boddy, Kasia, 4–5, 151–52, 157n5 Boxer, David and Cassandra Phillips, 83, 88–89, 161n8, 165n1, 166n12 Brown, Arthur A., 18, 21 Buerger, Peter, 68, 165n5, 168n24 Bullock, Chris J., 152–53 Buzbee, Lewis, 157n1 Campbell, Ewing, 6, 114, 162n13, 164n33, 167n18 Carlile, Henry, 164 Carver, Maryann, 104, 129, 141, 170 Carver, Raymond interviews, 5–7, 13, 20, 96–98, 101– 102, 119, 149, 158–59, 161n10, 184 INDEX 185 “From the East, Light,” 173n43 “Gravy,” 169n3 “Harley’s Swans,” 22 “Kafka’s Watch,” 166n8 “The Kitchen,” 101–02, 163n29 “The Mail,” 140 “Near Klamath,” 62–63 “Not Far From Here,” 172n29 “On an Old Photograph of My Son,” 127–28, 173n36 “Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-Second Year,” 112–13 “The Possible,” 159n12 “The Schooldesk,” 109 “Son,” 119–20 “Suspenders,” 110–11 “To My Daughter,” 105 “Wes Hardin: From a Photograph,” 174n3 “What Can I Do,” 116 “Where the Groceries Went,” 116 “Where Water Comes Together with Other Water,” 160n5 “Work,” 16 stories, “The Aficionados,” 15 “The Augustine Notebooks,” 19–20 “Bicycles, Muscles, Cigarets,” 106–09 “Boxes,” 118–21 “Bright Red Apples,” 15 “The Cabin,” see “Pastoral” “Call If You Need Me,” 155 “The Calm,” 162n22 “Careful,” 77–80, 167n16 “Cathedral,” 152–53 “Chef’s House,” 134 “Collectors,” 88–91, 169n8 “The Compartment,” 16, 134–37 “Distance,” 45–46, 163n26 “Dummy,” see “The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off” “Elephant,” 98, 137–40 “Errand,” 22, 141, 159n16 “Everything Stuck to Him,” see “Distance” “Fat,” 80–83, 167n18 “The Father,” 91–92, 132 “Feathers,” 167n23, 172n31 “Fever,” 134, 170n10 “Furious Seasons,” 15 “The Hair,” 15, 66–80, 91 “How About This?” 18–19, 106 “Intimacy,” 141–43 “Jerry and Molly and Sam,” 122–26, 137 “Kindling,” 16, 155 “Menudo,” 117–18 “Mr Coffee and Mr Fixit,” see “Where is Everyone?” “Night School,” 102–03 “Nobody Said Anything,” 48–54, 65, 100–02, 163–64 “One More Thing,” 131 “Pastoral,” 15, 36–44, 48, 59, 161–63 “The Pheasant,” 20–21 “Popular Mechanics,” 132–33 “Put Yourself in My Shoes,” 16–18 “Sacks,” 167n23, 169n7 “A Serious Talk,” 133–34, 173n43 “Sixty Acres,” 57–60 “So Much Water So Close to Home,” 46–48 “The Student’s Wife,” 103–04, 168n26 “Tell the Women We’re Going,” 130, 173n40 “They’re Not Your Husband,” 83–88 “The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off,” 54–57 “Vandals,” 158n7 “What Do You Do in San Francisco?” 169n6, 170n10 “What Is It?” 105–06 “What’s in Alaska?” 169n6 “What We Talk About When We Talk about Love,” 131, 167n15 “Where Is Everyone?” 126–31, 134, 137, 168n26, 172n34, 173n36 “Why, Honey?” 113–17, 171n24, 173n36 “Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?” 104–05 Champion, Laurie, 147–48 Chekhov, Anton, 4–5, 147, 157n3 Chenetier, Marc, 165n38, 172n34 chronotope, xi, 8, 25 186 INDEX Carver chronotope, 8, 9–10, 14, 22–23, 95, 107, 129, 140–41, 143, 149, 150–52, 156, 175n5 Clark, Miriam Marty, 7, 145 Clarke, Graham, 23, 171n18 Cochrane, Hamilton E., 161n9 Coles, Robert, 153, 170n10 Conrad, Joseph, 151, 160n3 Cushman, Philip, 162n17 Davis, Allan, 22 Deemer, Charles, 154 Deleuze and Guattari, 68, 88, 92–93, 165n5, 166n8 DeLillo, Don, 2–3 Dickstein, Morris, 14 determinism, 5, 62, 83, 112–13, 155 diminishment (and degradation), 9, 11, 37, 43, 50–51, 62, 65–67, 136–37 Doctorow, E.L., 14 Doherty, Paul C., 153 Donahue, Peter J., 79–80 Dowries, Margaret J., 149–50 Duffy, Edward, 153 Eck, Jonathan Daniel, 148 economics (and class structure), 7–10, 39, 69, 72–74, 93, 102–06, 109, 111, 123, 134, 138, 158n8, 170n14, 171n21 Fachard, Vasiliki, 148 Facknitz, Mark A.R., 160n2, 162n22 Fiedler, Leslie, 26–28, 30, 33–34 Fisketjon, Gary, 92 Flaubert, Gustav, 158n7 Flower, Dean, 36, 161n8 Ford, Richard, 156 Freud, Sigmund, 98 Gallagher, Tess, 154–56, 158 “A Nightshine Beyond Memory: Ten More Years with Ray,” 154 Foreword to No Heroics, Please, 12 Foreword to Short Cuts: The Screenplay, 154 Introduction to All of Us, 146, 158n2 Introduction to Carver Country, 20, 139–40, 171n25, 174n45 “Rain Flooding Your Campfire,” 155– 56 “Raymond Carver: 1938–1988,” 155 Gardner, John, 12–13, 15–16, 159n11 Goodheart, Eugene, 165n14 Graham, Peter, 152 Hallet, Cynthia J.Whitney, 146–47 Halpert, Sam, 104 Harbaugh, Jim, 153 Hathcock, Nelson, 172n31 Hemingway, Ernest, 15, 27, 36 “Big Two-Hearted River,” 27– 36 Hemingway, Ernest (continued) “Cross-Country Snow,” 32 “The Doctor and the Doctor’s Wife,” 34 “Fathers and Sons,” 28, 100, 161n7, 163n28 “Indian Camp,” 28 “The Last Good Country,” 32, 35–36, 160n4 “Now I Lay Me,” 33–34 “Summer People,” 34 Herzinger, Kim A., 13 Holquist, Michael, 7–8 Horn, Nicholas, 149 Howe, Irving, 161n8 Hughes, Kirk T, 152 ideology, critique of, 2, 3–4, 8, 14, 148–49 of bodies, 82 incomprehension, 6, 52, 56, 59, 62 Jameson, Fredric, 2, 157n3 Johnson, Robert, 148 Kaar, Jay, 23 Kafka, Franz, 66 “The Burrow,” 168n25 “A Hunger Artist,” 80–81 “In the Penal Colony,” 91 “Investigations of a Dog,” 72 “The Metamorphosis,” 66–70, 166n8 INDEX 187 Karlsson, Ann Marie, 23, 157n3 Kaufmann, David, 3–4, 82, 84–85, 88, 93, 168n24 Kelly, Lionel, 147 Kennedy, J.Gerald, 151 Kermode, Frank, Kittredge, William, 20, 142 Lasch, Christopher, 8–9, 62, 168n24 Lentricchia, Frank, 2–3, 121 Lish, Gordon, 21, 145–46 Lukács, Georg, 9, 67–68 Malamet, Elliot, 98–99 Maniez, Claire, 147 Marcus, Morton, May, Charles E., 150–51 metafiction, 16, 147, 150 McInerney, Jay, 6, 159nll Meyer, Adam, 172n34 minimalism, as contemporary realism, 3, 12, 23, 76, 147–49, 161n8, 161n9, 165n6 Carver’s, 3, 6, 76, 95, 165n6 definition of, 158n1 historical context of, 8–9, 147 methodology, 11–12, 23, 36 practitioners of, 1–2 relation to minor genres, 1, 4–5, 7, 88, 165n4 Mullen, Bill, 148–49 narrative strategy, 96, 99, 133, 140, 147– 49, 150 parataxis, 3, 36, 82, 84–85, 88 position of narrator and reader, 13, 96 tone, 98 Nesset, Kirk, 82–83, 99–100 novel, 5, 7–8, 9, 150–52, 175n5 Nussey, Kent, 156, 157n2 O’Connor, Flannery, 91 O’Neill, Eugene, 160n6 Plath, James, 161n10 Pound, Ezra, 12 Powell, Jon Gaylan, 146 psychology avoidance, 117–18 defense, 6, 136, 172n31 depression, 20 despair, 7, 100, 111, 123 guilt, 34, 116, 118, 120, 127, 142, 155, 172n36 identification, 96–97, 109 narcissism, 129 repetition, 97–98, 99, 169n4 resistance, 6, 98, 99, 140 voyeurism, 18, 87–88, 110 Pynchon, Thomas, 3, 5, 8, 152, 159n14 Race, William H., 174n3 realism, 157n3 catatonic, chronotopic, organic, 67–68, 76 Runyon, Randolph Paul, 158n11, 172n34 Saltzman, Arthur M., 38, 44, 54–55, 103, 114, 132, 134, 170n13, 173n40 Scobie, Brian, 149 Scofield, Martin, 149 Scott, A.O., 146, 156, 174n47 shock (aesthetic), 68, 77, 168n24 short story, 1, 5, 147, 150–52, 175n5 Siebert, Hilary, 150 Skenazy, Paul, 16 Smith, Allan Lloyd, 161n8 Snyder, Megan D., 152 Steckline, Catherine Turner, 152 Stevenson, Diane, Stull, William L., 15, 66, 77, 79, 91, 154, 161, 166n7 Toolan, Michael, 148 Trussler, Michael Lloyd, 150, 175n5 Unger, Douglas, 104, 129, 142, 157n2, 159n16, 167n16, 169n3, 173n43 utopia as counter ideology, 2, 93 relation to mythology of family, 95–96, 126, 134 traces, 63, 152 188 INDEX utopian critics (assumptions of), Vander Weele, Michael, 169n7 Verhoeven, W.M., 147 Wilde, Alan, 3, 5, 17–18 wilderness-time, 25–26, 35, 44–45, 55–56 Wolff, Tobias, 11–12, 15, 21 writing as communication, 11–14 as theft, 18, 159n16 as witnessing, 14, 152 habits of, 15–16 research-based, 22 revision, 16, 143 ... demonstrate the ways in which a cultural artifact fulfills a specific ideological mission, in legitimating a given power structure, in perpetuating and reproducing the latter, and in generating specific... photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers 10 Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Lainsbury, G. P. ,... for wanting to write reflects Carver s position during the period following the publication of Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? Carver had given up drinking and had gone through a long stretch