The Works of George Santayana Volume VI, Book One Marianne S Wokeck, Editor William G Holzberger, Textual Editor Kristine W Frost, Associate Editor Johanna E Resler, Assistant Editor David E Spiech, Assistant Textual Editor Herman J Saatkamp Jr., Founding and Consulting Editor This volume is dedicated, with thanks, to Mairi Santayana’s drawing from Immanuel Kant’s Kritik der Reinen Vernunft Image used by permission of the Houghton Library, Harvard University AC9 Sa591 Zz878k George Santayana’s Marginalia A Critical Selection Book One: Abell — Lucretius Edited and with an Introduction by John McCormick Kristine Walters Frost, Associate Editor The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology “Introduction,” John McCormick All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopy, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Santayana, George, 1863–1952 George Santayana’s marginalia : a critical selection / edited and with an introduction by John McCormick v — (The works of George Santayana ; v 6) Includes bibliographical references Contents: Bk Abell–Lucretius — bk McCord–Zeller ISBN 978-0-262-01629-2 (v : hardcover : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-262-01630-8 (v : hardcover : alk paper) Philosophy I McCormick, John, 1918– II Title B945.S2 2011 191—dc22 2010052839 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48 1984 ∞ ™ The Santayana Edition Marianne S Wokeck Kristine W Frost Martin A Coleman Johanna E Resler David E Spiech Elizabeth Garmen John Joachim Director and Editor Assistant Director and Associate Editor Associate Editor Assistant Editor Assistant Textual Editor Graduate Intern Graduate Intern Editorial Board Hugh J Dawson Matthew C Flamm Morris Grossman Angus Kerr-Lawson John Lachs Richard C Lyon Douglas M MacDonald John M Michelsen Andrew J Reck Beth J Singer Glen Tiller Henny Wenkart Consultants Herman J Saatkamp Jr William G Holzberger The Works of George Santayana I II III IV V Persons and Places: Fragments of Autobiography, 1986 The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outlines of Ỉsthetic Theory, 1988 Interpretations of Poetry and Religion, 1989 The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel, 1994 The Letters of George Santayana Book One: 1868–1909, 2001 Book Two: 1910–1920, 2002 Book Three: 1921–1927, 2002 Book Four: 1928–1932, 2003 Book Five: 1933–1936, 2003 Book Six: 1937–1940, 2004 Book Seven: 1941–1947, 2006 Book Eight: 1948–1952, 2008 VI George Santayana’s Marginalia: A Critical Selection Book One: Abell — Lucretius, 2011 Book Two: McCord — Zeller, 2011 Contents Book One: Abell — Lucretius Introduction Editorial Practice List of Authors xi xv xix MARGINALIA George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:481 15 p 122fn1, underlined and marked ||The Jewish source gives the ancestry of Joseph, then of Jesus.|| La vraie leỗon, prộộvangộlique, est surement: Joseph engendra Jộsus, appelộ Christ.1 The canonical Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom Jesus was born, annuls toute signification of the genealogy matérièlle, mais on tenait a la signification légale Ils étaient juifs.2 The true lesson, which is pre-evangelical, is surely, “Joseph engendered Jesus, called Christ.” Material, but one holds to the legal meaning They were Jews 16 p 183, underlined ||Loisy writes that the conclusion of Luke XXIV, 34,|| is quite unintelligible: for the equilibrium of the story, it is the disciples of Emmaus who had to say to the others, “The Lord has truly risen, and he has appeared to us.” This is captious Quite naturally the disciples from Emmaus find their news anticipated by other apparitions A risen Lord could appear anywhere it[?] liked 17 p 313, underlined When Paul wrote to the Thessalonians (I, 9–10): “You have been converted from idolatry to God in order to serve the true and living God, and to await his Son, ( qu’il a ressuscité des morts, Jésus, ) and who will save us from the ^ ^ to come, […] ^^ anger This clause gives the eschatology a historical starting-point and makes it Christian Jesus, whom He has revived from the dead Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Prose Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow London: 1852 Waterloo No marginalia Hermann Lotze System der Philosophie: Metaphysik Drei Bücher der Ontologie, Kosmologie, Psychologie, Zweite Auflage Leipzig: 1884 Wells College Library [See Paul Grimley Kuntz’s edition of Santayana’s Ph.D dissertation, Lotze’s System of Philosophy (Bloomington, Indiana, and London: 1971) Appendix: “Santayana’s Reading of Lotze’s Logik and Metaphysik Revealed in Marginalia,” pp 95–105.] 1:482 George Santayana’s Marginalia Hermann Lotze System der Philosophie: Erster Theil, Drei Bücher der Logik, Zweite Auflage Leipzig: 1887–88 Wells College Library Marginalia, but uncounted and unavailable to this editor Robert Lowell The Mills of the Kavanaughs New York: 1951 Waterloo Eight marginalia p 5, underlined Persephone—illusory, perhaps, Yet her renewal, no illusion, for this air Is orgied, […] p 12, underlined She sees the flurries blind The barren Christmas greens, as winter dusks The double window, […] Abuse of nouns as verbs Lucian [Lucianus Samosatensis] Lucian’s True History Translated by Francis Hickes London: 1902 Waterloo No marginalia Lucretius [Titus Lucretius Carus] T Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex with notes and a translation by H A J Munro London: [1886], reprinted 1900, notes, 1903 Georgetown 323 marginalia [Latin text, Volume I; Explanatory notes, Volume II; Translation, Volume III Many pages of Santayana’s own translations, written between the lines of the Latin text of Books I–IV are not here considered as true marginalia, nor so tallied.] [Book III, cover:] G Santayana Prescott Hall Cambridge [Latin text, Book I Santayana translated lines 1–49, ll 61–101, ll 249–64, ll 717–23, ll 728, ll 731–33, ll 921–50, ll 1110–17 Book II: ll 1–63, ll George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:483 1090–1121, ll 1130–74 Book III: ll 1–21 Book IV: ll 1159–69 He also translated a large number of words or phrases throughout.] [From Volume I.] Book I, ll 803–29, marked Try a version of this Cf my note to Munro’s translation [See Munro’s translation at p 19, Book I, ll 779–822.] Book II, ll 415–17, marked ||Lucretius describes the atoms relating to the sense of smell.|| […] et cum scena croco Cilici perfusa recens est araque Panchaeos exhalat propter odores; […].1 [Santayana was moved by the passage describing the smells arising from the burning of “taetra cadavera,” foul cadavers.] Heart-rending pungency of this image Fancy the half-shaded theatre, the crowd, the sprinkled perfumes and the smoking altar As when the stage is sprinkled with Cilician saffron / And the altar nearby smells of Panchaean scent Book III, l 22 ||Describing snow:|| […] integit, et large diffuso lumine rident inviolate, and bathed largely in floods of laughing light.1 An improvement on W E Leonard’s “ever, unclouded sky / O’er roofs, and laughs with far-diffused light.” (Everyman’s edition, 1921.) Book IV, ll 364–78, marked ||On how light or darkness affects the eyes.|| Example of the power to describe splendidly a common natural marvel Book IV, ll 890–903 ||Lucretius describes walking as taking place first in an image, or idol, in the mind before the body moves.|| This does not show why the resulting motion is like the idol that started it Obviously the “idol” is the incipient motion itself Book IV, ll 1159–69 [A part of Lucretius’s famous, or notorious, passage on women and on sexual love.] nigra melichrus est inmunda et fetida acosmos, caesia Palladium, nervosa et lignea dorcas, parvula, pumilio, chariton mia tota merum sal, magna atque inmanis, cataplexis plenaque honoris 1:484 George Santayana’s Marginalia balba loqui non quit, traulizi, muta pudens est; at flagrans odiosa loquacula Lampadium fit ischnon eromenion tum fit, cum vivere non quit, prae macie; rhadine verost iam mortua tussi at tunida et mammosa, Ceres est ipsa ab Iaccho, simula Silena ac saturast, labeosa philema [Santayana writes in between the lines:] Is she swarthy, call her Olive—foul and fetid? negligée, cat-eyed? She’s a little Pallas.—dry & stringy, a Gazelle, willowy dumpy, dwarfed—one of the graces—que salero1— huge and monstrous—and fecund fate & Juno-like tongue-tied & stammering—lisping—speechless—modest & reserved, the spit fire, odious gossip—is yet bright! maigre passionée2 when leanness wastes her Frail, when consumptive and half-dead with cough swollen and baggy—a luscious Rubens type A monkey—mischief borne elf—thick-lipped, Baisée.3 How sexy Slight of passion Obscene phrase; politely: replete with love-making Book IV ll 1160–66, marked Good: but oh, what Roman brutality! Cf Plato’s more cultivated—if less quotable—list Book V, ll 194–234, marked Cf with final causes elsewhere Book V, ll 271–72 ||Among Lucretius’s geological passages.|| […] convenit, inde super terras fluit agmine dulci qua via secta semel liquido pede detulit undas [Santayana translates the motions of the waters in one word:] Bubbling! [From Volume II.] p 30, marked [Note to Book I, ll 41–43:] ||Lucretius was writing four years before his death; historical background.|| [Taken together, Santayana’s paraphrases, which follow, amount to a reading of Lucretius’s poem.] George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:485 Book I, ll 102–45, marked Dangers of backsliding Book I, ll 146–48, and ll 159–214, marked Ex nihilo nihil.1 Nothing from nothing Book I, ll 215–64, marked Matter indeterminable Book I, ll 329–69, marked The void needed Book I, ll 483–502, marked Atoms indestructible & solid Book I, ll 551–76, marked Ultimate constants are needful in any mechanism Book I, l 599, marked Atoms have parts that are only limits Book I, l 635, marked Fire not ultimate 10 Book I, l 645, marked Substance must be permanent, as fire is not 11 Book I, ll 690–92, marked The senses true but not final No arbitrary choice of senses to be substance 12 Book I, ll 705–7, marked Not four elements Empedocles 13 Book I, ll 763 ff, marked Atoms must be neutral (To senses like ours) (To a sense that perceived them, the things we see would be only collections.) 14 Book I, l 782, marked Phenomenal substances results [sic] 15 Book I, l 803, marked Things feed on things 16 Book I, ll 830–74, marked Anaxagoras 1:486 George Santayana’s Marginalia 17 Book I, ll 875–96, marked Reputation of Anaxagoras 18 Book I, ll 897–920, marked Sensation of new bodies is readjustment of old particles 19 Book I, ll 921–50, marked Invocation Cf 1–43 20 Book I, ll 958–87, marked Infinity of nature 21 Book I, l 988, marked Space infinite 22 Book I, l 1008, marked Matter infinite in quantity 23 Book I, ll 1052–82, marked No centre of gravity in the infinite 24 Book I, l 1083, marked No natural layers of different substances 25 Book I, ll 1114–17, marked Ex pelle Herculeam1 From the skin of Hercules [Hercules wore a lion’s skin.] 26 Book II, ll 62–79, marked Flow of matter 27 Book II, ll 80–141, marked Momentum and impact The forces of nature 28 Book II, ll 142–64, marked Atoms swifter than light (which is an impelled stream of them.[)] 29 Book II, ll 184ff, marked No natural places for things, but all find their station mechanically 30 Book II, l 216, marked Declension of the atoms 31 Book II, ll 225ff, marked All things equally rapid in the void George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:487 32 Book II, l 251 Hence free will 33 Book II, l 294, marked No general condensation or dispersion of things 34 Book II, ll 308–32, marked Illusion of stability 35 Book II, ll 333–80, marked Things are different in reality 36 Book II, ll 381–97, marked Difference in the texture of substances 37 Book II, ll 398–407, marked Affinities of things to our organs due to their fine texture 38 Book II, ll 408–43, marked The smooth is pleasant (unless not stimulating enough.) 39 Book II, ll 444–77, marked All differences are of texture 40 Book II, ll 478–521, marked The kinds of atoms finite—for to increase their limiting points would increase their size in infinitum; and goods and evils might also be limitless, which really recur within certain bounds 41 Book II, ll 522–68, marked Infinite number of atoms of each sort 42 Book II, ll 569–80, marked Balance of life & death (Pathos of naturalism) cf 43 Book II, ll 581–99, marked Richness of the earth 44 Book II, ll 600–660, marked Harmless, if comprehended, myths about the earth 45 Book II, ll 661–99, marked interfusion & communication of substances 46 Book II, ll 700–729, marked But each organism selects its proper food from all that is offered 1:488 George Santayana’s Marginalia 47 Book II, ll 730–56, marked Colour a secondary quality 48 Book II, ll 757–87, marked Colour produced by change of structure 49 Book II, ll 788–94, marked The colourless can be the ground of colour as well as the differently coloured 50 Book II, ll 795–816, marked Light a condition of colour 51 Book II, ll 817–22 Colour, if it were primary, ought to be efficacious in producing the appearance of colours: but shape alone is efficacious; the supposed original colour is therefore irrelevant.—shreds are colourless: empirical proof 52 Book II, ll 842–64, marked The colourless may subsist Other secondary qualities 53 Book II, ll 865–85, marked Sense a property of non-sensitive matter, in certain collocations 54 Book II, ll 886–930, marked If only the sensitive could produce life, there must be life resident everywhere 55 Book II, ll 944–62, marked Life which can be stopped by physical processes—as by blows—must reside in them [processes] 56 Book II, ll 963–72 Pleasure & pain express processes—they cannot belong to the elements of the process 57 Book II, ll 973–90 If elements must have sense, why not every form of thought & feeling? 58 Book II, ll 991–1022 Heaven & earth the sources of life—but heaven & earth are material George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:489 59 Book II, ll 1048–66 Plurality of worlds 60 Book II ll 1067–76 Men & beasts like our [sic] in other worlds, because made of similar atoms 61 Book II, ll 1077–89 Everything is but one of its kind 62 Book II, ll 1090–1104 Infinity too much for any god to survey: or else he would desire to interfere in the parts 63 Book II, ll 1105–74 Worlds to feed on one another 64 Book III, ll 1–30 Praise of Epicurus Cf I, II 65 Book III, ll 31–33 The soul and the fear of death, or rather of life after death This the source of great evils 66 Book III, ll 94–135 The mind and the soul (vicious system) is a part of the body, and a comparatively independent part (not a function or cause of all its life) 67 Book III, ll 136–60 animus = soul: anima = animal spirits 68 Book III, ll 161–76 Both bodily since affected by the motions of the body 69 Book III, ll 177–230 The soul (animus) a subtle fluid, like the flavour of wine 70 Book III, ll 231–57 The soul a compound of (1) aura or spiritus—USJZ%RF (2) calor (3) aer (4) FNXVMYNPTSM 71 Book III, ll 258–322 calor gives passion, spiritus nimbleness, aer placidity 72 Book III, ll 323–49 Life the interplay of soul & body 1:490 George Santayana’s Marginalia 73 Book III, ll 350–57 The body sensitive (reactive) as well as the soul 74 Book III, ll 359–69 Eyes not door, but seats of vision 75 Book III, ll 370–95 Soul not pervasive 76 Book III, ll 396–416 Animus the essential core of animal life, animal is diffused substance [From Volume III.] [A prose translation Santayana’s notes to the Latin text are mainly verbal, linguistic; but his comments on the translation tend to be editorial and critical.] p 8, Book I, ll 288–333, marked Yet all things must consist of a bodily nature […] Implied description of body: what can operate p 11, Book I, ll 424–67, underlined For whatever things are named, you will either find to be properties linked […] conjuncta ius duobus rebus = results of combination inseparable p 12, Book I, ll 467–509, marked […] the hardness of gold is broken up and dissolved by heat […] N.B The atoms objects for understanding L joins enthusiasm for intellect with enthusiasm for mechanical nature p 15, Book I, l 601–4, underlined […] ||of the atom|| since it is in itself a part of that other; and so a first and single part and then other and other similar parts in succession fill up in close serried mass the nature of the first body; […] The atom is a minimum of extension, its parts being only limits Were there no minima there would be no real scale p 17, Book I, l 695ff, marked […] chief of whom is Agrigentine Empedocles […] he hardly seems born of mortal stock […] (Try a version of this) George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:491 p 19, Book I, ll 779–822 ||A part of the discourse on the four elements.|| ‘But plain matter of fact clearly proves’ you say ‘that all things grow up into the air and are fed out of the earth; and unless the season at the propitious period send such abundant showers that the trees reel beneath the soaking storms of rain, and unless the sun on its part foster them and supply heat, corn trees and living things could not grow’ [ Splendid vision of the process of life, the interchange of substance, the feeding of thing on thing, the mortality of particulars, the immortality of life.] 1 Compare Santayana’s brief comment to this passage on the Latin text: “Things feed on things.” p 20, Book I, ll 822ff Let us now examine the homoeomeria of Anaxagoras […] Anaxagoras wedded the homely Maria, etc p 28, Book II, ll 1–20 Eulogy on peace of mind The world cannot give it, save to those who despise the world [ Note the post-political, almost post-rational, character of this philosophy.] p 33, Book II, ll 198–237 Fire gravitates like all substance The declension (this comes of supposing an absolute down & an original equal diffusion of atoms.) 10 p 33, Book II, ll 238–41 No retardation in the void Happy guess! 11 p 35, Book II, ll 283–326, underlined […] power of free action has been begotten in us, since we see that nothing can come from nothing Strange contradiction! Nothing can arise but nothing may 12 p 43, Book II, ll 620–64 Paganism allegory and science each in its place 13 p 51, Book II, 951 Mind is a function of body The elements of minds, if mental, must be rational: else why not make mind as you make reason, by rearrangement of elements? 1:492 George Santayana’s Marginalia 14 p 57, Book III, ll 1–20 Peace on earth, gods in heaven, no fabled hell 15 p 64, Book III, ll 284–325 Some minds hot, others cold, others calm & temperate 16 p 66, Book III, ll 366–70, marked Again if our eyes are in the place of doors, in that case when the eyes are removed the mind ought it would seem to have more power of seeing things, after doors, jambs and all, have been taken out of the way Good joke And what some now think! 17 pp 67–77, Book III, ll 402–866 ||Concerning the soul.|| [p 67] The rarest substances are the most easily dissipated When loosed from the body, the soul is dissolved altogether It grows with the body It shares the troubles of the body even to unconsciousness What ever suffers can die Wine affects it [p 68] [p 69] Fits overcome it Greater dangers await the soul gone out of the body than assail it within It is restored with the body; an immortal thing could not be patched What changes will some day die It retreats piece-meal; without vivifying the part it retreats to Being an organic part of the body, the soul rots if separated 10 It has no function if disembodied [p 70] 11 If it continued to live, it would make the air an animate body 12 Fainting is almost death 13 The whole body is dissolved if the soul is withdrawn, which must have fled from the various parts [p 71] 14 It is felt to die by inches 15 It is bred in particular organs 16 The soul, to feel, needs the senses, and these their organs 17 It is divisible as the body is, (being diffused in it) Its parts can live, at least for a moment [p 72] George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:493 18 We not remember pre-existence; but a break in memory makes a new soul 19 If infused at birth, it would not be sympathetic with the body [p 73] 20 If infused, it is transformed and digested by the body 21 If at death, a part of the soul is left, it is divisible; if not, whence the worms? 22 If souls make bodies, why they any thing so foolish? [p 74] 23 And how [ having no instruments ] they make bodies? 24 If alien it would not unite with the body when made 25 If souls were independent, any soul might inhabit any body 26 What is changed, can die [ To be the sport of circumstances is as bad as to be their creature: they might change you altogether ] 27 What grows together, is born together [p 75] [p 76] 28 Souls would have to fight and race for bodies 29 Nothing can exist without its proper habitat; so the soul not without the body, and a particular part of the body 30 A mortal and an immortal thing cannot be yoked together 31 The soul is full of fear for itself, and with good cause 32 If the soul survived, it would not be our soul Ideality is for consciousness [p 77] 33 A body reformed would not have the same mind 18 p 78, Book III, 11 867–903 Illusion of experiencing death 19 p 78, Book III, 11 867–903 For when any one in life suggests to himself that birds and beasts will rend his body after death, he makes moan for himself: he does not separate himself from that self, nor withdraw himself fully from the body so thrown out, and fancies himself that other self and stands by and impregnates it with his own sense 1:494 George Santayana’s Marginalia [ This is not correct We not bemoan our future feeling, but the future fact in its ideality distresses us now ] 20 p 78, Book III, 11 867–903 With life goes the love of life 21 p 79, Book III, 11 930–42 If life was good be thankful: if it was precious, be glad 22 p 81, Book III, 11 980–1023 Hell is the soul on fire 23 p 82, Book III, ll 1024–1063 The greatest must die 24 p 83, Book III, 11 1063–end Foolish restlessness of the ignorant 25 p 90, Book IV, 11 242–84 Grotesque theory of perceiving distance 26 p 95, Book IV, 11 454–74 No sceptic need be heard 27 p 101, Book IV, 11 734–38 Mental images old or spontaneous idols floating about 28 p 102, Book IV, 11 738–78 Since sensations are idols, ideas must be [ Good argument Cf the idealistic reversal of it: since ideas are only mental, sensations are so too ] [ In truth only the act of them is mental, the matter is material in both cases.] 29 p 103, Book IV, 11 785–91 What again are we to say, when we see in sleep idols advance in measured tread and move their pliant limbs, when in nimble wise they put out each pliant arm in turn and represent to the eyes over and over again an action with foot that moves in time? Psychology of dreams 30 p 107, Book IV, 11 949–89 Dreams This passage is disappointing in the text 31 p 108, Book IV, 11 990–1040 ||Dreams of urination cause the sleeper to urinate in the bed.|| De rebus veneris usque ad finem libri.1 Concerning matters of love, and so to the end of the book George Santayana’s Marginalia 1:495 32 p 116, Book V, 11 1–29 Incomparable value of an enlightened mind 33 p 119, Book V, 11 113–57 [ Consider the pathetic intensity of our concern about breath and life, in contrast to “consciousness” It is not wholly inappropriate to give the name of soul to the basis of consciousness.] 34 p 119, Book V, 11 113–57 This too you may not possibly believe, that the holy seats of the gods exist in any parts of the world: the fine nature of the gods far withdrawn from our senses is hardly seen by the thought of the mind; and since it has ever eluded the touch and stroke of the hands, it must touch nothing which is tangible for us; for that cannot touch which does not admit of being touched in turn [The gods of Democritus (like those of James) are fine material influences ] 35 p 120, Book V, 11 157–97 The gods too good and happy to be creators 36 p 121, Book V, 11 198–240 The world not made for man 37 p 126, Book V, 11 404–47 Natural origin of nature 38 p 129, Book V, 11 533–71 Earth the natural nucleus of the cosmos 39 p 133, Book V, 11 694–735 The moon may reflect the sun; or revolve, one half being ignited; or be made up every night afresh in a regular series of forms Why decide? [No marginalia in Book VI.] ... this volume are noted at the end of the list Book Two of George Santayana s Marginalia contains an appendix with a complete listing of all of the works known to have been in George Santayana s... reader of authors of books in Santayana s personal library which the editor has included in this volume, whether or not they contained marginalia Authors of books in Santayana s library which are... Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Santayana, George, 1 863 –1952 George Santayana s marginalia : a critical selection / edited and with an introduction by John McCormick v — (The works