Indian angles english verse in colonial india from jones to tagore

indian angles ENGLISH VERSE IN COLONIAL India FROM JONES TO TAGORE Mary Ellis Gibson Indian Angles Sri Ra¯ga, c 1595 From The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei Indian Angles English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore Mary Ellis Gibson Ohio University Press Athens Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 45701 www.ohioswallow.com © 2011 by Ohio University Press All rights reserved To obtain permission to quote, reprint, or otherwise reproduce or distribute material from Ohio University Press publications, please contact our rights and permissions department at (740) 593-1154 or (740) 593-4536 (fax) Printed in the United States of America Ohio University Press books are printed on acid-free paper ƒ ™ 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gibson, Mary Ellis, 1952– Indian angles : English verse in colonial India from Jones to Tagore / Mary Ellis Gibson p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-8214-1941-0 (hardcover : alk paper) — ISBN 978-0-8214-4358-3 (electronic) Anglo-Indian poetry—History and criticism Indic poetry (English)—History and criticism India—In literature Colonies in literature I Title PR9490.4.G53 2011 821.009'954—dc22 2010053693 for Sanjukta Dasgupta and Elizabeth K Helsinger Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments A Note on Names Introduction ix xi xv Part i Languages, Tropes, and Landscape in the Beginnings of English Language Poetry One Contact Poetics in Eighteenth-Century Calcutta Sir William Jones, Sir John Horsford, and Anna Maria 17 Two Bards and Sybils Landscape, Gender, and the Culture of Dispute in the Poems of H L V Derozio and Emma Roberts 63 Part ii The Institutions of Colonial Mimesis, 1830–57 Three Four Books, Reading, and the Profession of Letters David Lester Richardson and the Construction of a British Canon in India 101 Sighing, or Not, for Albion Kasiprasad Ghosh, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, and Mary Carshore 137 iii Nationalisms, Religion, and Aestheticism in the Late Nineteenth Century Part Five Six From Christian Piety to Cosmopolitan Nationalisms The Dutt Family Album and the Poems of Mary E Leslie and Toru Dutt 181 Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Aestheticism in Fin-de-Siècle London Manmohan Ghose, Sarojini Naidu, and Rabindranath Tagore 227 Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index 268 281 309 325 vii Illustrations Frontispiece: Sri Ra¯ga ii Old Fort Playhouse and Holwell’s Monument, Calcutta 16 Ruins near the Taj Mahal 62 Southwest view of the Fakir’s Rock in the River Ganges 79 David Lester Richardson 100 Kasiprasad Ghosh 136 Michael Madhusudan Dutt, with a portrait of Milton 155 Cover of The Dutt Family Album 180 Rabindranath Tagore Frontispiece to Gitanjali, by William Rothenstein 226 ix Piozzi, Hester Lynch, Bertie Greatheed, Robert Merry, and William Parsons The Florence Miscellany Florence, Italy: G Cam, 1785 Pollock, Sheldon “Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in History.” Public Culture 12 (2000): 591–625 ——— The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006 ———, ed Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003 Pope, Alexander The Complete Poetical Works of Pope Edited by Henry Walcott Boynton Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931 Pound, Ezra The Cantos of Ezra Pound London: Faber, 1987 ——— “Jodindranath Mawhwor’s Occupation.” Little Review (May 1917): 12–18 ——— Letters of Ezra Pound to Alice Corbin Henderson Edited by Ira Nadel Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993 ——— Pound/The Little Review: The Letters of Ezra Pound to Margaret Anderson; 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Calcutta: P S D’Rozario, 1848 ——— Literary Leaves; or, Prose and Verse Calcutta: Samuel Smith and Co., 1836 ——— Literary Recreations; or, Essays, Criticisms and Poems: Chiefly Written in India London: W Thacker and Co., 1852 ——— Selections from the British Poets from the Time of Chaucer to the Present Day Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, Circular Road, 1840  Bibliography ——— Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems, Partly Written in India Vol Cabinet Edition of British Poets London: Henry G Bohn, 1851 Richman, Paula Many Ra¯ma¯yan.as: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991 Roberts, Emma The East India Voyager; or, Ten Minutes Advice to the Outward Bound London: J Madden, 1839 ———, ed A New System of Domestic Cookery 66th ed London: John Murray, 1842 ——— Notes of an Overland Journey through France and Egypt to Bombay London: Wm H Allen, 1841 ——— Oriental Scenes, Dramatic Sketches and Tales Calcutta: N Grant, 1830 2nd ed published as Oriental Scenes, Sketches and Tales London: Edward Bull, 1832 ——— Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan, with Sketches of Anglo-Indian Society vols 1st ed London: W H Allen, 1835 Rocher, Rosane Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751–1830 Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, 1983 ——— “Sanskrit for Civil Servants, 1806–1818.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 122 (2002): 381–90 ——— “Weaving Knowledge: Sir William Jones and Indian Pandits.” In Objects of Enquiry: The Life, Contributions, and Influences of Sir William Jones, 1746–1794, edited by Garland Cannon and Kevin R Brine, 51–82 New York: New York University Press, 1995 Rodensky, Lisa, ed Decadent Poetry from Wilde to Naidu London: Penguin Classics, 2006 Roessel, David Ernest In Byron’s Shadow: Modern Greece in the English and American Imagination New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 Rogers, Charles The Modern Scottish Minstrel; or, The Songs of Scotland of the Past Century vols Edinburgh: Ballantyne, 1856 Roselli, John Lord William Bentinck: Making of a Liberal Imperialist London: Chatto and Windus for Sussex University Press, 1974 Rothenstein, William Men and Memories: Recollections, 1872–1938 Edited by Mary Lago Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978 Roy, Anuradha Nationalism as Poetic Discourse in Nineteenth Century Bengal Calcutta: Papyrus, 2003 Rutherford, Andrew, ed Early Verse by Rudyard Kipling, 1879–1889: Unpublished, Uncollected, and Rarely Collected Poems Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1986 Said, Edward W Culture and Imperialism New York: Knopf, 1993 ——— Orientalism New York: Pantheon Books, 1978 ——— The World, the Text, and the Critic Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983 Sanial, S C “Captain David Lester Richardson.” Calcutta Review 123 (1906): 70–89 Sanyal, Ram Copal Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Great Men of India, Both Official and Non-official, for the Last One Hundred Years Calcutta, 1894 Sargent, John Memoir of the Rev Henry Martyn, B.D.: Late Fellow of St John’s College, Cambridge, and Chaplain to the Hon East India Company London: J Hatchard, 1819 Sarkar, Sumit A Critique of Colonial India Calcutta: Papyrus, 2000 ——— Writing Social History New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999 Sarma, M N., and V A Shahane, eds The Flute and the Drum: Studies in Sarojini Naidu’s Poetry and Politics Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh: Osmania University, 1980 Schwab, Raymond The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680–1880 Translated by Gene Patterson-Black and Victor Reinking; foreword by Edward W Said New York: Columbia University Press, 1984 Bibliography  Scott, Walter Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: Consisting of Historical and Romantic Ballads, Collected in the Southern Counties of Scotland; with a Few of Modern Date, Founded upon Local Tradition vols London: James Ballantyne, 1802 Seely, Clinton B Introduction to The Slaying of Meghanada: A Ramayana from Colonial Bengal, by Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 3–67 Translated by Clinton B Seely New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 Sen, Krishna, and Tapati Gupta, eds Colonial and Post Colonial Perspectives: Context Text Intertext Kolkata: Dasgupta, 2007 Sen, Kshiti Mohan “In Remembrance of Kali Mohan Ghosh.” Visha Bharate Newsletter, April 1971, 298–300 Sen, Nabaneeta “The ‘Foreign Reincarnation’ of Rabindranath Tagore.” Journal of Asian Studies 25 (1966): 275–86 Sen, Sudipta Distant Sovereignty: National Imperialism and the Origins of British India New York: Routledge, 2002 Sengupta, Anjali Cameos of Twelve European Women in India, 1757–1857 Calcutta: R.ddhi-India, 1984 Sharma, Alpana “In-Between Modernity: Toru Dutt (1856–1877) from a Postcolonial Perspective.” In Women’s Experience of Modernity, 1875–1945, edited by Ann L Ardis and Leslie W Lewis, 97–110 Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 Shaw, Graham W “Printing at Mangalore and Tellicherry by the Basel Mission.” Libri 27, no (June 1977): 154–64 ——— Printing in Calcutta to 1800: A Description and Checklist of Printing in Late 18th-Century Calcutta London: Bibliographical Society, 1976 Sinclair, May “The ‘Gitanjali’; or, Song-Offerings of Rabindranath Tagore.” North American Review 197 (May 1913): 659–76 Smith, George Bishop Heber, Poet and Chief Missionary to the East, Second Lord Bishop of Calcutta, 1783– 1826 London: J Murray, 1895 Smyth, T W Ella, or A Tale of the Waldensian Martyrs; and Other Poems Calcutta: Calcutta Schoolbook Society Press, 1843 Speaight, Robert William Rothenstein: The Portrait of an Artist in His Time London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1962 Staves, Susan Married Women’s Separate Property in England, 1660–1833 Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993 Stewart, Tony K., and Edward C Dimock “Kr ttiba¯sa’s Apophatic Critique of Ra¯ma’s Kingship.” In Questioning Ra¯ma¯yan as: A South Asian Tradition, edited by Paula Richman, 243–64 Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 Stubbs, Francis W History of the Organization, Equipment, and War Services of the Regiment of Bengal Artillery: Compiled from Published Works, Official Records, and Various Private Sources London: Henry S King and Co., 1877 Symons, Arthur Arthur Symons: Selected Letters, 1880–1935 Edited by Karl Beckson and John Murchison Munro Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1989 ——— Images of Good and Evil, 1899 Poole, UK: Woodstock Books, 1996 ——— The Memoirs of Arthur Symons: Life and Art in the 1890s Edited by Karl Beckson University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977 ——— Silhouettes, 1896, and London Nights, 1897 Oxford, UK: Woodstock Books, 1993 ——— The Symbolist Movement in Literature London: W Heinemann, 1899 Tagore, Rabindranath “Ban˙ga Vı¯r.” In Ma¯nası¯ in Rabı¯ndra-racana¯valı¯ 1:312-15 Dhaka, Bangladesh: Aitihya [registered English name: Oitijjhya], 2004 ——— The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, vol 1, Poems Edited by Sisir Kumar Das New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1994  Bibliography ——— Gitanjali (Song Offerings) Introduction by W B Yeats London: Macmillan, 1913 ——— The Home and the World Translated by Surendranath Tagore; introduction by Anita Desai London: Penguin Books, 1985 ——— The Lover of God Translated by Tony K Stewart and Chase Twichell Port Townsend, WA: Copper Canyon Press, 2003 ——— Lover’s Gift and Crossing London: Macmillan, 1918 ——— My Reminiscences New York: Macmillan, 1917 ——— Particles, Jottings, Sparks: The Collected Brief Poems of Rabindranath Tagore Translated by William Radice New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers India, 2000 ——— Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore Edited by Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 ——— Selected Writing on Literature and Language Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001 ——— Talks in China New Delhi: Rupa, 2002 Talookdar, Byram The Poetry of Toru Dutt Bombay: Longmans Green, 1936 Teignmouth, John Shore Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Correspondence of Sir William Jones Edited by Samuel Charles Wilks London: J W Parker, 1835 Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson The Poems of Tennyson Edited by Christopher B Ricks Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987 Thoburn, J M My Missionary Apprenticeship New York: Phillips and Hunt, 1887 Thornton, R K R., and Ian Small, eds The Book of the Rhymers’ Club and the Second Book of the Rhymers’ Club Oxford, UK: Woodstock Books, 1993 Tod, James Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, or the Central and Western Rajput States of India, by Lieut Col James Tod Edited by William Crooke vols London: Oxford University Press, 1920 Topham, Edward, and Della Crusca The British Album, Containing the Poems of Della Crusca, [Robert Merry], Anna Matilda, Benedict, the Bard, Etc Which Were Originally Published under the Title of The Poetry of the World Dublin: Bernard Dornin, 1790 Trench, Richard Chenevix Sabbation; Honor Neale; and Other Poems London: Edward Moxon, 1838 Trumpener, Katie Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997 Van Remoortel, M “The Secret Life of the Della Cruscan Sonnet: William Gifford’s Baviad and Maeviad.” Modern Language Review 102 (2001): 311–25 Viswanathan, Gauri Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India New York: Columbia University Press, 1989 Von Schlegel, August Wilhelm Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature Translated and edited by John Black and A J W Morrison London: G Bell and Sons, 1886 Walkowitz, Rebecca L Cosmopolitan Style: Modernism beyond the Nation New York: Columbia University Press, 2006 Webster, Tony “An Early Global Business in a Colonial Context: The Strategies, Management, and Failure of John Palmer and Company of Calcutta, 1780–1830.” Enterprise and Society (2005): 98–133 Wilde, Oscar Reviews London: Methuen, 1908 Wilkinson, M Sketches of Christianity in North India London: Seeley, Burnside and Seeley, 1844 Williams, Patrick “‘Simultaneous Uncontemporaneities’: Theorising Modernism and Empire.” In Modernism and Empire Edited by Howard J Booth and Nigel Rigby, 13–38 Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000 Wilson, Horace Hayman Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus Calcutta: V Holcroft, 1826 Winford, Donald An Introduction to Contact Linguistics Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003 Bibliography  Woodfield, Ian Music of the Raj: A Social and Economic History of Music in Late Eighteenth-Century AngloIndian Society New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 Wordsworth, William The Poems Edited by John O Hayden vols New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977 Yeats, W B Introduction to Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali (Song Offerings) London: Macmillan, 1913 Yule, Henry, A C Burnell, and William Crooke Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial AngloIndian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1968  Bibliography index Accademia dell Crusca, 287n45 Ackermann, Louise-Victorine, 210, 298n18 Act of Union (Ireland) 1801, 5–6 Act of Union (Scotland) 1707, 5, 78 Adams, Matthew, 111–12 Addison, George, 24–25; fate of library, 110; literary friendships, 117; Moofussil Magazine, 29, 283n17; publishing in manuscript, 135 advertising: annuals advertised in newspapers, 105, 106, 108; auction advertisements, books in, 108, 110; books advertised in newspapers, 23, 109; bookseller’s advertisements, 108, 116; newspapers advertised in annuals, 108 aestheticism, 12, 246, 301n14; avant gardes, 232, 234; formulas for, 250–52 affiliation, 185, 234, 255–67, 267; in dedications, 143; opposed to filiation, 230 See also friendship, cross-cultural agency, 137, 219, 299n31 Ahmed, A F Salahuddin, 151 Andrews, C F., 184 Anglo-Burmese War, 110 Anglo-Indian poetry: female poets and, 139, 250; names for, 3, 4; Henry Meredith Parker and tropes of, 129, 130; Persian tropes in, 149, 251; picturesque in, 190, 204, 209; principal tropes of, 7–8, 10, 20, 63–64, 74, 89, 92, 228, 276–77; satire and, 63, 104–5, 269, 273, 277, 308n14 Anglo-Sikh War, 171 Anglophilia, 257; Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 154, 156; Dutt family’s, 183 Anglophone Poetry in Colonial India, 1780-1913, Anna Maria (pseud.), 22, 28, 53–61, 103; Della Cruscan poets, 11, 54, 103; education, 28; literary sociality, 19; subscribers’ list, 24 Anna Maria (pseud.), works of: “Adieu to India,” 55, 59; “Invocation to the Muse,” 57; “Ode Inscribed to Della Crusca,” 58; “Ode to Suicide,” 56 annuals, 11, 119, 289n9, 292n3; associated with feminine sentimentalism, 108; lasting impact on Indian literary culture, 105, 106, 108; Letitia Landon as editor of, 65, 82, 88; produced in London, 106; David Lester Richardson as editor of, 102, 106, 107, 117, 138; vehicle for poetry, 84, 107 anti-imperialism, 232 anxiety, 52–53, 57, 116, 117 Aravamudan, Srinivas, 289n4; on phases of orientalism, 228, 229, 248 Archer, Mildred, 40 arcolect, 289n4 Arnold, David, 88, 89 Arnold, Matthew, 114, 139, 238, 298n22, 301n19; influence on Govin Chunder Dutt, 190–91; influence on Manmohan Ghose and Laurence Binyon, 234–35; On the Study of Celtic Literature, 240; “Resignation,” 236 Arts and Crafts movement, 232, 243 Asiatic Society, 1, 18, 19, 30, 36–37, 80; John Horsford’s celebration of, 46, 48, 282n4, 287n43; Sir William Jones as founder of, 18; Horace Hayman Wilson as secretary of, 106, 143 Atkinson, James, 271; City of Palaces, 270 auctions, 108–12 Aurobindo [Sri Aurobindo; Aurobindo Ghose], 233, 301n20; revolutionary activities, 241 authenticity, 234, 238, 267; claimed through maternal metaphors, 229; fictive, as effect of nationalism, 228; maternal metaphors for, 229; shaping canon of Indian poetry, 228; Tagore as authentically Indian, 256 authoress, 56, 169–70, 204, 210 See also poetess authority of poets, 64, 67, 140, 172, 231; female poets, 170, 173; oriental knowledge and, 141, 145, 171, 172, 293n10 auto-orientalism, 141 avant garde, 232, 234, 244, 262; Sarojini Naidu’s relationship to, 244–45; Rabrindranath Tagore as poet of, 244, 261 babu (Bengali babu), 140, 153, 178; Kipling’s griffin-babu, 275–76; Tagore’s satire of, 268–75 babu English, 264 Bader, Clarisse, 209 badhralok, 68 Bandyopadhyay, Hemchandra, 271 Bangla (Bengali language), 6, 28, 121; Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 12, 116, 137–38, 154, 158–68; Toru Dutt, 212–23; fin-de-siècle poets, 223–24; Mary Eliza Leslie, 200; printing and publishing in, 103, 105, 153, 154; Rabindranath Tagore, 255–56, 260–65, 271, 279–80 bankruptcy, 110–11 Banks, Joseph, 36, 285n34 Baptists, 12, 66, 78, 154, 290n26; Bengal connections to United States, 201; Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, 66, 78; Andrew and Mary Eliza Leslie, 12, 200, 201, 207, 297n15; Henry Page, 121–23; second generation in Bengal, 154; W T Smyth, 11, 119 bard, 264, 267; as guru, 232, 257, 267; as troubadour, 257, 259, 260; Celtic, 240; Toru Dutt’s notions of, 218; gender of, 64, 170, 218; tragic, 144; Welsh, 32, 70 bardic nationalism, 4, 64, 70, 71, 76; and Babylonian captivity, 78; and Robert Burns, 131; Toru Dutt’s questioning of, 218; Indian patriotism as form of, 123; mediating unhomeliness, 231; parody of, 104; poetic identity in, 98; radical forms, 77; Scottish, 72, 131; Tagore as last gasp of, 256 See also bard; Celticism; harp Basu, Buddadev, 262  Basu, Lotika: on Kasiprasad Ghosh vs India, 147; on Vaishnava poetry, 150 Bayly, C A.: on oral and literary Indian culture, 103 Beattie, James: influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 142 Beckson, Karl, 244 Beerbohm, Max, 257 Bengal: culture of dispute, 64; partition, 255 Bengal Annual, 63, 106, 107, 108, 138; reviews of, 107, 152, 186 Bengal Club, 113 Bengali babu See babu (Bengali babu) Bengal Renaissance, 69 Benhabib, Seyla, 13; on hospitality, 230 Bentham, Jeremy, 118 Bentinck, William, 94; abolition of sati, 156; dedicatee of Kasiprasad Ghosh’s poems, 143 Benveniste, Émile, 230 Bethune, John Drinkwater: advice to Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 158; offended by David Lester Richardson, 124 Bhabha, Homi, 7; mimesis as revenge, 139; mimicry, 139; shadowed mutuality, 230 bhakti, 9, 267 Bhattacharya, Tithi, 20–21 Binyon, Laurence: editing Primavera, 234; forewords, 232; friendship with Manmohan Ghose, 12; friendship with William Rothenstein, 257 Binyon, Laurence, works of: “The Garden of Criticism,” 227; Koya San, 235; “Youth,” 236 Bird, W H., 24 Bishop’s College, 125, 158 Blake, William, 167 Blavatsky, Helena, 258 Bloch, Ernst, Boehmer, Elleke, 4, Bogle, George, 35, 285n33 Bolivar, Simon, 129 Bombshell, Rory (pseud.), 104, 105 book clubs, 22, 289n13 books: collected in India, 111, 135, 143, 174, 187, 283n12; for ladies, 258–59; prices, 211, 283n14 booksellers, 23, 106–9, 112, 118, 283n12; Brahmo Samaj, 12, 69, 219, 233, 252, 300n5; Nilmoni Dutt, 187; Tagore family, 233 British Library, Calcutta, 110, 112 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 210, 213, 297n13; in Calcutta Public Library, 114; “The Dead Pan,” 297n13; “The Wine of Cypress,” 297n18 Browning, Robert, 278 Buckingham, James Silk, 288n1 Buddhism, 233, 235 Bulwer, Henry, 81 Bunyan, John, 191, 206 Burns, Robert, 6, 21, 67, 72, 75, 131; Henry Louis Vivian Derozio’s imitations of, 75; Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s imitations of, 164; in Indian curriculum, 109, 127; memorial in Edinburgh, 106 Byron, George Gordon Lord, 70, 72, 80, 160; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, 80, 144; Derozio’s imitations of, 72, 81; “Destruction of Sennacharib,” 176; “The Giaour,” 160, 164; influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 142, 144; influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 163; on  “Lakers,” 153; sales in Calcutta, 110; Spenserian stanza, 148; support for Greek independence, 274 Bysack, Gour, 115, 157, 163, 294n23 Calcutta: capital moved to New Delhi, 255; City of Palaces, 134; intellectual climate, 20–21, 24, 68, 290n27; multiple languages spoken and read in, 20–21; nineteenth-century demographics, 20, 282n6; relationship to mofussil, 25; representation of commerce in, 134; theater, 282n12; vs metropole, 104 Calcutta Christian Book and Tract Society, 211 Calcutta Circulating Library, 23 Calcutta Literary Gazette, 106, 107–8, 110–11, 138, 283n12 Calcutta Lyceum, 113 Calcutta Public Library, 113–15 Calcutta School Book Society, 126 Calcutta School of verse, 104 Calcutta University, 124–25 Calvinism, 67; and the Dutt family, 191; Kasiprasad Ghosh’s response to, 150 Cambridge University, 67; women’s education in, 184, 210–11, 243 Campbell, Thomas, 70, 72, 81 Cannon, Garland, 36, 38 canon of probate book lists, 111–12 Carey, William, 78 Carey Library, Serampore, 119 Carlyle, Thomas, 5; advice to David Lester Richardson, 137; irony and mimicry, 167; Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s imitations of, 167; Past and Present, 167; Sartor Resartus, 167 Carshore, Mary Seyers, 169–75; bardic harp, 176; calls herself “authoress,” 169; Catholicism, 154; claim for local knowledge, 171; criticism of David Lester Richardson, 172; death at Jhansi, 12, 138; dedication of poems to Empress Eugenie, 170; early life, 28, 154; influenced by Letitia Landon, 173; poems as children, 177; quarrel with Thomas Moore, 170–71 Carshore, Mary Seyers, works of: “The Beara Festival,” 173–74; “The Ivied Harp,” 175, 177; “Lines to a Withered Shamrock,” 175–76; “Poetical Letter to Mrs V ”, 174; Songs of the East, 138; “A Tale of Cashmere,” 170; “To Annie,” 174; “To Clarence in His Grave,” 175 caste, 6, 68, 119, 233, 290n27, 294n20; Toru Dutt’s critique of, 219–20; Sarojini Naidu and cross-caste marriage, 243 casuarina tree: Bangla, belai jhau¯, 222; poems about, 223, 227, 299n35 Catullus, 50, 52, 239 Cawnpore in Sepoy Rebellion, 70, 201–2 Celticism, 231, 240; Gitanjali analog of, 256; Arthur Symons as fiery Celt, 246 Century Guild, 232, 234 Chakravari, Ajit Kumar, 261 Chakravarty, Gautam, 204 Chamberlin, John, 200 Chandidas, 259 Chapman and Hall, 118 Charnock, Job, 92 Chattopadhyay, Bankimchandra, 271 Chaudhuri, Rosinka, 2, 64, 65, 67, 81, 82; Dutt family’s “loyal hours,” 199; on Dutts’ Anglophilia, 183; gentlemen poets, 112; theory of colonial poetic failure, 138; Young Bengal defined, 118, 119 Index Cheem, Aliph (pseud.), 270, 275 Chiswick Press, 232, 258 Christian Book and Tract Society, 297n20 Christianity, 282n8, 298n2, 300n5; developing evangelical tone of, 181–82; Dutt family’s view of, 183–88, 296n11; forming social identity, 182, 199, 213; shaped by British nationalism, 182, 199, 213 Church Missionary Society, 182 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 52 citation as form of repetition, citizenship, 98 class, 30, 65–66, 70, 79, 154; language dependent upon, 6, 20, 21, 46; middle-class readers, 109, 116; racism interacting with, 67, 76; religion linked to, 119, 157, 184, 214; social connections shaped by, 233, 236; workingclass aesthetic, 76 classical languages, 6, 279; educated audience for poetry, 52; in nineteenth-century Bengal, 21; and orientalist scholarship, 27; Sanskrit, 34; women as learners of, 28 Clive, Robert, 32 Clough, Anne, 210 code switching, 271 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1, 71; “Dejection, An Ode,” 133; “Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” 40; “This Lime Tree Bower My Prison,” 299n34 Collegins, John (pseud of John Horsford?), 282n4 colonized other, 139 Committee of Public Instruction, Calcutta: Macaulay’s influence in, 126; Richardson’s textbook commissioned for, 126 commodity, poems as, 90, 107; books purchased rather than borrowed, 110; in literary annuals, 107; mail order books, 117; vs patronage economy, 139 concerts by subscription, 282n14 Congress Party, 228 contact language, 28 contact poetics, 31 convention, poetic, copyright law, 289n7; Indian, 106 Cornwall, Barry, 114 cosmopolitanism, 12, 67, 228, 229; vernaculars in, 245 Cowley, Hannah (pseud Anna Matilda), 54 Cowper, Wlilliam, 223 Cripps, Arthur, 299n8 Cromwell, Oliver, 275, 306n10 culture of dispute, 64, 67 Cymmrodorion Society, 30 See also bard; Celticism; harp Della Cruscans, 54–55 Derozio, Francis, 65 Derozio, Henry Louis Vivian, 2, 3, 4, 10–12, 24; abolitionist movement, 81; accusations of atheism, 65; and British romanticism, 75; East Indian identity and politics, 74, 78–80, 78–89; education, 66, 67, 76; elegy by Henry Page, 122; “father” of Indian English poetry, 2; friendship with Emma Roberts, 10–11, 63–67, 69, 70, 82; friendship with Henry Meredith Parker, 67; and Greek war of independence, 81; and languages, 66; pseudonyms, 71, 287n4; published in Richardson’s Selections from the British Poets, 127; quarrel with Robert Adair McNaghten, 287n2; religion, 12, 66; Young Bengal, 119 See also bardic nationalism; harp Derozio, Henry Louis Vivian, works of: “Don Juanics,” 72, 73–74, 75; The Fakeer of Jungheera, 80; “The Fakeer of Jungheera,” 92, 93–94; “The Harp of India,” 77–78; “The Maniac Widow,” 92; “On the Abolition of Suttee,” 93; “The Poet’s Grave,” 71, 81; “Song of the Hindoostanee Minstrel,” 81; “To My Brother in Scotland,” 74 Derozio, Sophia, 65 Derrida, Jacques, 13, 230 De Souza, Eunice, devanagari, 282n7 Dharma Sabha, 151 diacritics, representation of, 145, xv diaspora, 5, 69 dictionaries, 103, 112, 269, 277, 284n23, 293n11 domesticity, 12, 169, 173–74, 198; conflated with Christianity, 198; and women poets, 168, 176–77, 218, 220 Dow, Alexander: History of Hindostan, 164 Dower Act of 1833, 95 D’Rozario, P S., bookseller, 109 Drummond, David, 67, 68, 282n8; Academy of, 65; permanent expatriate, 79; poet, 75; teacher of H L V Derozio, 65 Duff, Alexander, 67, 68, 69; Calvinist beliefs of, 67; editor of Calcutta Review, 123; Free Church Institution, 123 Dunciad, The (Alexander Pope), 33 Dunn, Theodore Douglas, 130 Dutt, Aru, 210; contributions to A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, 209 Dutt, Frederick Milton, 166 Dutt, Govin Chunder, 188; assistance in publishing Toru Dutt’s work, 211; career and family life, 210; Christianity, domesticity and alienation, 189, 198; death of son Abju, 191; and Victor Hugo, 215; influenced dak bungalow, 294n28 by Matthew Arnold, 190; influenced by Milton, 190; Dalhousie Institute, 113 influence on Toru’s poetry, 209 dancer as modernist trope, 151, 248–49 Dutt, Govin Chunder, works of: “The Hindu Convert Daniell, Thomas and William, 87, 288n14; Oriental Annual, to His Wife,” 188; “Home,” 189; “Lines,” 190; “Sonnet, 83; Oriental Scenery: Twenty-Four Views in Hindoostan, 83 Written on the Fly-leaf of New Testament,” 191 darshan, 266 Dutt, Greece Chunder (Girish), 183 Darwinism, 69 Dutt, Hur Chunder, 183; Fugitive Pieces, 185 Das, Sisir Kumar, 4, 261; on Tagore’s self-translation, 264 Dutt, Kishen, 187 De Beauvoir, Simone, 139 Dutt, Michael Madhusudan: admiration for David Debussy, Claude, 247 Lester Richardson, 157; Bangla poetry, 12, 158; Bengali Decadents, 247; and nationalism, 247; Naidu’s nationalism and, 139; Bishop’s College student, 158; connection to, 244 Thomas Carlyle’s influence on, 166–68; considers defenses of poetry, 139 missionary vocation, 294n21; conversion Della Crusca (pseud of Robert Merry), 54 to Christianity, 12, 157; debts, 116; early life, 154–56; Index  Dutt, Michael Madhusudan (cont.) exile, 8; heroes as English oaks, Indian lions, 161–62; Hindu College, withdrawal from, 158; language study, 158; library patron, 115; marriage, 157, 163, 294n23; Milton and, 166; reading Moore’s Life of Byron, 157; reviews of his poetry, 116; romantic readings of epic, 140; self-naming, 165; sonnets in Bangla, 158; translations of, 166–67 Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, works of: “The AngloSaxon and the Hindu,” 167; The Captive Ladie, 115, 158, 162; “The Captive Ladie,” 163, 164–65; “I Sigh for Albion’s Distant Shore,” 156; “King Porus,” 160, 161; Meghanadavadha kavya (Slaying of Meghanada), 158, 166; Tilottama sambhava kavya, 159; “The Upsori,” 160 Dutt, Nilmoni, 187 Dutt, Omesh Chunder, 185, 213 Dutt, Rasamoy, 187 Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 69 Dutt, Shoshee Chunder, 183; caught between Hindu and Christian pictures of India, 194; critique of Afghan wars, 296n11; inadvertant restoration of Hindu pantheon, 198; influence of Milton on, 196; opposition to women’s education, 298n19 Dutt, Shoshee Chunder, works of: “Address to the Ganges,” 194, 195; “Indian Ballads,” 194; “Lays of Ancient Greece,” 296n11; Miscellaneous Verses, 185, 193; “My Native Land,” 195; “Science,” 195; A Vision of Sumeru, 191, 193, 194, 196 Dutt, Shuteesh, 199 Dutt, Toru: allusions to Milton, Keats, and Wordsworth, 222, 223; Bengali sensibility, 219; compares herself to Letitia Landon and Felicia Hemans, 298n25; domesticity, 188, 218; family religious divisions, 183, 184, 188; France, 212, 213; international context for poetry, 184; literary influences on, 215, 227; modern, 217; multilingual, 12, 209, 217, 218; oral and folk narratives, 216, 217; parents addressed in her poems, 211; poetic canon, 4; politics, 213, 216; prefaces and paratexts, 210–11, 213; publishing history of, 200n2, 209, 211, 228, 297n16, 299n27; on Tennyson’s In Memoriam, 215; as translator, 212, 213 Dutt, Toru, works of: “À mon Père,” 221; Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan, 209, 210, 213, 216, 228; Bianca, 209; “Buttoo,” 219-20; “France, 1870,” 216; “Jogadhya Uma,” 220; Le journal de Mlle d’Arvers, 209; “The Lotus,” 223, 227; “On the Fly-leaf of Erckmann-Chatrain’s Novel,” 216; “Our Casuarina Tree,” 221, 227; “The Royal Ascetic and the Hind,” 219; A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, 209, 210, 211, 214 Dutt family: comparing colonization of Scotland and India, 183; conversion to Christianity, 186–88, 296n7; family “nest,” 190; fascination with Mughal/Rajput conflict, 183; and production of A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, 209; social circle based in church, 295n5; theology, 191 Dutt Family Album, 209; “The Caves of Elephanta, 193; epigraphs, 185; “Lines Written While on a Visit to Kalighat,” 192; material text, 185; poems as sites of conflict, 183; “To Lord Canning, during the Mutiny,” 199 East India Company, 2, 3, 10, 67, 138, 154; administration of, 67, 201, 291n32; culture of officials, 22, 23, 26, 52, 66, 269  East Indians, persons of mixed ethnicity, 2, 3, 71, 79; Henry Page and W T Smyth as, 1234; political rights of, 75 education, 69; access to multiple language, 169; Derozio on, 74; female, 151 eisteddfod, 70 See also bard: Welsh Eliot, T S., 249, 262 English language in India, nineteenth-century, 6, 19–20, 109, 152; dialects of, 27, 28 English language poetry in India, position of, 1–4, 7, 10 English revolution, 274 Enlightenment, 66, 94, 97, 194 Eurasian See East Indians, persons of mixed ethnicity evangelicals, 94; attitudes toward literature, 118; and criticism of empire, 184; John Peter Grant, 119; growth in importance of, 154; influence on belles lettres, 156; W T Smyth, 119 Evans, Thomas, 200 exile, 22, 82, 89, 278; Thomas Carlyle on, 137; Mary Carshore’s “Lines to a Withered Shamrock,” 175; cottage as trope for Britain, 131, 132; and the death of children, 176; Govin Chunder Dutt’s version of, 189; Madhusudan Dutt as, 138, 159, 160; Manmohan Ghose’s double, 237; vs home, 190; homesickness, 131; Henry Meredith Parker’s poems on, 129; David Lester Richardson on, 130, 135; syntax of, 279; Victor Hugo in, 215–16 Falk, Toby, 41 famine, 228, 277 Fanon, Franz, 139 Feldman, Paula, 55 feminization of colonial subject: Bengali “babu,” 140; tropes of racial subordination, 139 feminization of poetry, 292n3; by gender or vocation, 139; woman poet’s search for authority, 173; Wordsworth as namby-pamby, 153 See also authoress; poetess fictive ethnicity, 229, 300n1 Fisher, H and R Fisher, 83 Fisher’s Drawing Room Scrap-book, 65 Fort William College, 66 Franco-Prussion War, 216 Franklin, Michael, 30, 33, 36, 39 Free Church Institution, 125 Free Church of Scotland: increasing influence midnineteenth century, 154 freethinking, 37, 69, 70, 219, 233; at Hindu College, 65–70; Andrew Leslie as a youth, 200; opposed to evangelicals, 154 friendship, cross-cultural, 12, 228, 266; between Manmohan Ghose and Laurence Binyon, 235; between Sarojini Naidu and Arthur Symons, 243–45; between Rabindranath Tagore and William Rothenstein, 257–67; professional relationships, 232; shadowed mutuality, 231, 253, 256 Fry, Roger, 256, 257 Ganges a metonymy of India, 146 Garibaldi, Guiseppe, 306n8 Gay, John, 33, 284n29 gender, 94, 219, 231, 232, 244; education of women, 71, 103, 168–69, 177–78; mimicry and, 139–40; poetry, 70, 116, 218; reading and, 116 Index Genette, Gérard, 21 ghazal, 51; parody of, 105 Ghose, Aravinda or Aurobindo See Aurobindo Ghose, Barindra Kumar, 233; revolutionary activities, 241 Ghose, Krishna Dhan, 233; admiration for Matthew Arnold, 234 Ghose, Manmohan, 278; advised to write prose, 239; difficulty writing Bangla, 234, 239; double exile, 237; early life, 233, 237; friendship with Laurence Binyon, 12; Greek and Latin classics, 235; influenced by Arnold, 236, 240; influenced by Keats, 239, 240; love for Wales, 240; reception of poetry in London, 238, 242; Rhymers’ Club, 239, 240, 301n17; vina vs harp, 293n11; wife’s serious illness, 241 Ghose, Manmohan, works of: “Exile,” 240; “The Lonely Road,” 301n21; “Mentem Mortalia Tangunt,” 238; Perseus, the Gorgon-Slayer, 241; Primavera, 234; “Sapphics,” 239; “Tis my twentieth year,” 236 Ghosh, Kasiprasad, 12; Brahmin family, 141; British poetic influences on, 141, 142; education, 138, 292n9; first Hindu poet writing in English, 142; friendship with Horace Hayman Wilson, 230; Hindu Intelligencer, editor of, 138; Hindu religious identity, 140; influenced by British romantic poetry, 292n8; natonalisms and, 139, 141, 144; opposition to reform, 151; paratexts, 141, 143; poetic experimentation, 8, 141, 142, 150; poetic influences on, 141; published in Richardson’s Selections from the British Poets, 127; reception of poems, 151–54, 229; religious practices, 151; representation of Krishna, 149 Ghosh, Kasiprasad, works of: “Janmáshtami,” 148; “Jhulana Yátrá,” 149; “Káli Pujá,” 149; poems on Hindu festivals, 147; “The Sháïr,” 142–44; The Shaïr, and Other Poems, 138, 141, 142; “The Viná,” 145 Gladwin, Francis, 24 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 200 Gosse, Edmund: friendship with Sarojini Naidu, 243; preface to Toru Dutt’s Ancient Ballads, 209, 217 Gothic, 71, 88 Grant, Dr (John Peter Grant), 290n17; contempt for “mediocre” poets, 119; criticisms of young Indian poets in English, 118; identity of, 123; racisim, 118; reviewing David Lester Richardson, 118 Grant, John, 76, 79; editor of India Gazette, 71 graves, 84–87; children’s, 175; Letitia Landon’s, 176; poets’, 176 Gray, Thomas, 42, 45 Greatheed, Bertie, 54 Greek independence, 80, 82; analogy with French opposition to Louis Napoleon, 214; Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s depictions of, 161; Henry Meredith Parker on, 129 Greene, G A., 240 Grewal, Inderpal, 299n35 griffin, 3, 269–70, 275–76, 279 guru English, 229, 256 Ha¯fiz, 49, 50; Derozio’s imitations of, 73; parody of, 104; translations by Sir William Jones and John Horsford, 50; translated by Henry Meredith Parker, 129 Haileybury College, 66 Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, 103, 284n26 Index Hardy, Thomas, 241 Hare, David, 65, 69, 282n8; “poisonous streams” of skepticism, 200; social class, 78 harp, 77, 78, 79, 82, 90, 122, 265; as vina, 144–46; Henry Louis Vivian Derozio’s, 77, 81, 145, 192, 231, 265; Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s lyre, 163; Kasiprasad Ghosh and, 141; Letitia Landon’s, 176 Hastings, Anna Maria, 55 Havelock, Henry, 201 Hawkesworth, John (pseud for John Horsford?), 281n4 Hay, John, 41 Hayley, William, 46, 47 Heber, Reginald, 278; “An Evening Walk in Bengal,” 181; ecumenical broad-mindedness, 182; “From Greenland’s Icy Mountains,” 295n2; poem of exile, 182 hegemony, 282n22 Heinemann, William, 252 Hemans, Felicia, 131 Herbert, George, 205 Hesiod, 34 Highland Society, 281n1 Hindu College, 67, 80; Academic Association, 65; criticized by John Peter Grant, 118; H L V Derozio as teacher, 65; examination questions, 125; informal curriculum, 125; limited to Hindu students, 157; recitation of poetry in, 140 Hindu Muslim conflict, 81 Hindustani, 282n7 Hobby Horse, 232 Hood, Thomas: satiric verse, 105 Horace, 52; Odes, citation of, 165 Horney, Karen, 139 Horsford, Sir John (pseud John Rover), 45–53; adoption of pseudonym, 46; biracial children, 48, 53; John Collegins, Esq pseud for, 282n4; liaison with Sahib Jaun, 286n40; Oxford fellowship, 10; Poems in Three Parts, authorship of, 281n3; subscribers’ lists, 24; translations of Sir William Jones, 19, 46; and war, 48 Horsford, Sir John (pseud John Rover), works of: “The Art of Living in India,” 48, 286n41; Collection of Poems Written in the East Indies, 46; “Epistle to Sir William Jones,” 47–48; “Ode to My Infant Daughter Eliza Howrah,” 286n41; “A Persian Ode,” 49; Poems in Three Parts, 19, 48; “The Prospect,” 47 Horwitz, Henry, 95 hospitality, 266, 267; and unhomeliness, 234; hospes / hostes, 231; including hostility, 230; opposed to ethnonationalism, 230 Howrah Orphanage, 286n41 hudibrastic satire, 102 Hueffer, Ford Madox, 257 Hugo, Victor: influence on Toru Dutt, 210; L’année terrible, 214; Les châtiments, 214 Hume, David, 67 Hunt, Leigh, 295n4; appealed to by David Lester Richardson, 132 hybridity, 69, 253; performance of, 137; vs authenticity, 228 identity, colonial subjects’, 137 Ilbert Bill, 228 Image, Selwyn, 234 imitation, 137  India, A Poem in Three Cantos, 117 Indian Civil Service (ICS), 300n9 Indian ecumene, 103 Indian patriotism, 123 India Society, 258 indigo industry, 110 Indo-Anglian, as name for English poetry in India, Indo-Anglian poetry, institutions of sociality, 22 internal colonialism, 4, 257 Ireland, 255; Home Rule, 256 Irigaray, Luce, 139 Irish Harp Society, 106 J A N (pseud.), 270 Jaggana¯tha, temple of, 192 Ja¯mı¯, 51 Javanese dancers, 247 Jeffrey, Francis, 153 Jesus, 196; represented as Christian Krishna, 150 Johnson, Lionel, 239, 240 Johnson, Richard, 29, 40, 41 Jones, Anna Maria Shipley, 30; botany, 35; distinguished from “Anna Maria” (pseud.), 55; in Sir William Jones’s poetry, 31–33 Jones, Sir William: accomplishments, 19; American friends, 30, 52; Asiatic Society, 24, 282n15; echoes of Latin poets, 286n42; influence on European letters, 18, 29, 284n27; influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 141; invention of orientalist poetics, 10; pandits, 282n24; poems as cultural translation, 37; proof copies, 285n30; publishing Asiatick Researches, 24; radical Whig, 10, 30; religious views, 184, 281n3, 286n39; theory of Indo-European languages, 30; translation, 48, 282n25, 284n27; Wales and Welsh culture, 30 Jones, Sir William, works of: “Botanical Observations,” 36; “The Enchanted Fruit,” 33–36, 38, 45; “First Charge to the Grand Jury,” 37; Hitopadesha, 18; hymns to Indian deities, 28, 37–45; “Hymn to Camdeo,” 36, 37; “Hymn to Gangá,” 39, 43, 44; “Hymn to Indra,” 39; “Hymn to Náryena,” 38, 59; “Hymn to Sereswaty,” 38, 40, 42, 43–44; “Hymn to Súrya,” 39; Laws of Manu, 18, 275; “On the Musical Modes of the Hindus,” 41, 42, 43; “Plassey-Plain,” 31–33, 181; S´akuntala¯ , 7, 18 Jones, Steven: on namby-pamby poets, 153 Joshi, Priya, 113; fiction in Indian libraries, 112 juvenilia, 178, 269 Kabir, 259, 261 Kachru, Braj, 28 Kalighat, 192 Kapur, Geeta, 263 Kaye, John William, 117; editor of Calcutta Review, 117 Keats, John: “The Eve of St Agnes,” 148, 160; influence on Manmohan Ghose, 234; “Ode to a Nightingale,” 212; Spenserian stanza, 148 Keble, John, 205 Khan, Mofakhkhar Hussain, 103 Khan-e Arzu, Sirajuddin Ali, 282n7 Kiernander, John Frederic, 282n8 King, Bruce, 12  Kipling, Rudyard: Anglo-Indian prejudices, 276; cub reporter, 275; as griffin (neophyte in India), 269; knowledge of Anglo-Indian writing, 308n14; language, 268, 269; Nobel Prize, 255; possible influence on Ezra Pound, 308n13; satiric poetry, 13, 277; sympathy with ordinary man, 276; unenglishness of, 268 Kipling, Rudyard, works of: “The Ballad of East and West,” 275; “Certain Maxims of Hafiz,” 276; “Christmas in India,” 277; “Danny Deever,” 276; Departmental Ditties, 270, 275, 277; Early Verse, 276; “In Partibus,” 278, 308n16; “In Springtime,” 277, 278; Plain Tales from the Hills, 275; Quartette, 108, 275; “Recessional,” 276; Something of Myself, 268, 277; “The Sons of the Widow,” 276; “Tommy,” 276; “What the People Said,” 276 Krishna, compared to Jesus, 151 Lago, Mary, 255 Lal, Malashri, 216 Landon, Letitia [L E L.], 11, 65, 71, 72, 83; Mary Carshore’s elegy for, 176; death of, 65, 176; influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 163; influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 142, 144; paratexts, 173 landscape, 82; in Govin Chunder Dutt’s poetry, 190; European and Indian overlaid, 190; feminized, 91; graves, 84, 88–89; ideological constructions of, 102, 131–34; poetic depictions of, 71, 82; ruins, 84, 89, 91, 102 Lane, John, 232, 252, 257 Latin translations from Persian, 49 Lawrence, Honoria, 202 Lawrence, Sir Henry, 200–210 Leslie, Andrew, 200, 297n14 Leslie, Mary Eliza: allusions to Scotland, 208; Christian devotional poet, 183; Christianization of India, 204; daughter and granddaughter of missionaries, 200; family and religion, 12; gendered understandings of Christianity, 208; multiple languages, 200; parochialism, 183; quotations from Luther’s Bible, 207; reception for volumes of poetry, 205; response to Sepoy Rebellion, 183, 202–4; sabbatarianism, 205; sonnet sequece, 199; war poetry, 199; as writer of hymns, 183, 207 Leslie, Mary Eliza, works of: The Dawn of Light, 297n15; Eastern Blossoms, 297n15; “The Gathering Home,” 205; Heart Echoes from the East, 204; “I am alone, O Saviour,” 206; Sorrow, Aspirations, and Legends from India, 199, 207, 208 Leyden, John, 5, 271; on corruption in India, 281n2; and Sir William Jones, 5; “Ode to an Indian Gold Coin,” 13, 14, 270; Scenes of Infancy, Descriptive of Teviotdale, liberty, 275; in Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s poetry, 160; Victor Hugo on, 216; shifts in usage of in Bengal, 154 libraries, pubic, 7, 113–16 Linnaeus, Carl, 35 literacy in India, 6; nineteenth-century increase in English literacy, 104–5 literary societies, 106 Lokugé, Chandani, 216 London as stepmother of India, 107 London Missionary Society, 182 Lootens, Tricia, 217, 218; on Toru Dutt and selfpresentation, 210 Loretto Convent, 169 Index lotus, 144; as emblem of India, 224; as emblem of poetry, 146; and Lakshmi, 225 Lucknow, Seige of, 201 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 11, 296n11; Lays of Ancient Rome, imitated by Shoshee Chunder Dutt, 194; Minute on Indian Education, 102 Macaulay, Zachary, 156 Mackay, W S., 187 Macksey, Richard, 21 Maclean, George, 176 Macmillan Publishers, 258 Macpherson, James, 72, 301n19 Mahrotra, Arvind, Malcolm, Sir John, 6, 282n marriage, child, 151 married women’s property in Britain, 95 Marshman, John, 290n26 Martin, Mary, 188, 211 Martyn, Henry, 295n8 masculinist poetics: critique of colonial poets, 140; as defense against commodification, 139; Michael Madhusudan Dutt and, 168; “poetess,” 139; Yeats’s and Pound’s comments on Tagore as, 258 Masons, 22, 283n12 Mathews, Elkin, 232; Shilling Garland, 240 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 306n9; Young Italy, 119 McGann, Jerome, 54 McNaghten, Robert Adair, 64, 287n2 Merry, Robert (pseud Della Crusca), 54, 287n45; “Ode to Folly,” 58; “To Anna Matilda,” 58; “To Werther,” 58 Metcalfe, Charles, 289n6 Milton, John: influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 140, 159; influence on Toru Dutt, 216, 221; and Sir William Jones’s odes, 39; “Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity,” 148; Paradise Lost, 159, 168; Satan, interpretations of, 167 mimesis, 140; colonial subjects and, 137; domestic mimicry, 174; gendered and colonial, 140, 169; imitation of English verse forms, 154; layered, 142, 151, 154; metrical performance and, 151; as palimpsest, 162; paratexts as performances of, 140; poetic imitation as a form of, 168; poetic recitation as a form of, 140; recalcitrant, 145, 161; strategies of, 156 Minute on Indian Education, 102 missionaries, 182 Mitchell, W J T., 84 Mitra, Premendra, 262 Modernism, 262–64; crossed with nationalism, 262; defined as Eurocentric, 261–62; international, 264; and pseudo-translation, 304n44; Tagore’s, 261; translation in, 261 Moitra, Mohit, 105 Moore, George, 257 Moore, Thomas, 70, 77; bardic trope, 101; “The Harp That Once through Tara’s Halls,” 288n10; influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 142; Irish harpers, 78; Irish Melodies, 268; Lallah Rookh, 164, 170, 172; “To the Harp of Erin,” 76 mother India, 253, 254; biological and ideological mothers, 241; contradictory metaphors pertaining to, 229; exile as motherless, 237; metaphor as Index political resistance, 230; nationalist tropes, 122; vs denationalization, 237; as widow, 144 mother tongue, 229, 279; claims for Toru Dutt’s poems, 218 Mugs, 282n6 Mukherjee, Meenakshi, 216, 218 Müller, Max, 275 Murray, Lindley, 148, 294n15 Murray’s Handbook See Murray, Lindley Murray’s Home and Colonial Library, 118 Murshid, Ghulam, 157 music in Calcutta, 24 Mustafa (Hadjee Mustapha), 284n23 mutiny See Sepoy Rebellion mysticism, 258; popular view of Tagore as mystic, 255 Nadia, 284n25 Naidu, Sarojini: acquaintance with William Butler Yeats, 245; and British Romantic poetry, 243; compared to Buddha, 247; dress, western aesthetic and Indian, 246, 247; early life and education, 233, 243, 245, 302n25; fictional autobiography, 244; friendship with Arthur Symons, 245; idealization of India, 249; Indian Congress Party, 12; influenced by Edward Fitzgerald, 249; marriage, 243; mockingbird vs nightingale, 254, 302n22; nationalism, 10, 250; oratory, 250; paratexts, 249; praise for William Morris, 243; praise for Swinburne, 243; Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 249; Urdu and Persian translations, 249, 251 Naidu, Sarojini, works of: “Alul,” 246; “At Twilight,” 251; The Bird of Time, 248, 250; The Broken Wing, 246; “The Call to Evening Prayer,” 252; “Farewell,” 252; The Golden Threshold, 245, 247; “Indian Dancers,” 278; “An Indian Love Song,” 25o; “In Salutation to Eternal Peace,” 252; “The Menace of Love,” 254; “The Royal Tombs of Golconda,” 245; “Songs of My City,” 250; “The Temple,” 253; “To a Buddha Seated on a Lotus,” 245; “To India,” 245 Naipaul, V S., 139 namby-pamby school of poets, 153 names, conventions for transliteration, xv Napoleon, 216 nationalism, 250; art thought to transcend, 257; authenticity as a form of, 228; communal discourse in, 250; double discourse in India with the “modern,” 263; Toru Dutt and, 217, 227; familiar metaphors for, 229; as form of modernism, 262; Greek, 72; Naidu’s programmatic poetry of, 247 National Library, Calcutta, 110 newpapers, English language in India, 7; literary controversy in, 106; poetry in, 106; reprinting from British and Indian press, 107 Nisbet, James, 205 nostalgia, 299n35 Nugent, Lady Maria, 88 ode, 47, 51, 57; Sir William Jones’s hymns to Indian deities, 38 Oriental Asylum for Fugitive Pieces, Oriental Masonic Muse, Oriental Miscellany, orientalism, 228; romantic, 228; satirized, 275; translation as feature of, 260  Orientalist/Anglicist debate, 102, 112 orientalist poetry, 63, 69, 70, 92, 95, 250; British thought superior to Indian, 152; elements in “A Vision of Sumeru,” 196; Kasiprasad Ghosh’s practice of, 140 See also Oriental tale Oriental tale, 71, 94, 102, 217; Mary Seyers Carshore’s version of, 172; Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s imitations of, 164; and Thomas Moore, 171 Ossian See Macpherson, James Ovid, 59; Amores, 52 Page, Henry, 11; education of, 121; harp of India, 122; “Land of Poesy,” 121, 122; praise for Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, 122 Page, Henry, Sr., 121 Paine, Thomas, 65, 67, 68 Paranajape, Makarand, 249 paratexts, 60, 64; allusions and citations, 20, 31, 48, 171; dedications, 56; endnotes and footnoes, 37, 94, 144, 288n6, 290n22; epigraphs, 249; epigraphs in foreign languages, 200; feminine apology, 168; forms of colonial mimesis, 140; Gérard Genette on, 21; illustration as, 283n10; ironic juxtaposition with text, 71; mediating unhomeliness, 231-32; translations as, 283n10 Paris Exposition of 1889, 247 Parker, Henry Meredith: on abolition of the East India Company, 291n32; Board of Customs, Salt and Opium, 103; dedicatee for Kasiprasad Ghosh’s poems, 144; education, 65; friendship with H L V Derozio and Kasiprasad Ghosh, 129, 292n6; poems in Bengal Annual, 107; satirizing students at Hindu College, 128 Parker, Henry Meredith, works of: “Decline and Fall of Ghosts,” 128; “The Draught of Immortality,” 141; The Draught of Immortality, 129; “The Indian Day,” 129–30, 144; “The Indian Lover’s Song,” 130; “The Widow of Mysore Hill,” 129; “Young India: A Bengal Eclogue,” 128 Parliament of World Religions, 258 partition of Bengal, 228 Pascoe, Judith, 54 pastiche of multiple languages, 165 Petrarch, Francesco, 58 Phillips, Stephen, 235, 300n7 picturesque, 71, 82, 94; Mary Eliza Leslie on the, 204 Pindaric ode, 42 See also ode Piozzi, Hester Thrale, 54 Pips (pseud.), 270 Plarr, Victor, 239 poetess, 254 See also authoress poetic forms: anapestic tetrameter, 176; ballad, 8, 31, 32, 275; Bangla versification, 260; blank verse, 159; as cross-cultural tour de force, 8, 148; experimental oddities, 176; ghazal, 50; irregular ode, 196; octosyllabic couplets, 250; parody, 103–05, 269; prose poetry, 256, 261; prosody, 148; Sapphics, 261; satire, 269; Spenserian stanza, 148 See also ode; Oriental tale poetic identity, 98; social class in, 112 poetry See poetic forms Poets of John Company, Pollock, Sheldon, 6; cosmopolitanism of vernaculars, 245 polyglossia, 19–22, 21, 67, 271, 279; cultural moment in 1840s Bengal, 138; in Sir William Jones’s poetry, 33  Positivism, 69 Pound, Ezra: Cantos, 38; Cathay, 264; Certain Noble Plays of Japan, 264; “Certain Poem of Kabir,” 261; friendship with Tagore, 256; “Jodindranath Mawhor’s Occupation,” 264; Kabir translations as model for Chinese, 261; meets Mary Fenellosa through Sarojini Naidu, 303n43; Noh, or Accomplishment, 264; rejects India for China, 262; self-characterization as Native American, 260; on Tagore as troubadour, 259; on Tagore’s religion, 303n41 Powers, Harold, 40 Pratt, Mary Louise, 48 press restrictions, 288n6 Priestman, Martin, 34, 37 printing, development of in India, 25; access to print, 103; Calcutta publications, 26; contrasted to oral culture, 103; explosion of in mid-nineteenth century, 102; increase in vernacular publishing, 103 private clubs, libraries of, 113 prose poetry, 256 Proser (pseud.), 1–4 publishing, 279; collector’s limited editions, 232; demands for “Indian” content, 186; economics of in India, 7, 25, 102, 109; middle-class readers, 109; patronage in, 102 publishing technology, puja, 295n9 Quiz (pseud.), 72, 271; The Grand Master; or Adventures of Qui Hi, 270 R (pseud.): “Written on Leaving England for India,” 131 racism: Ilbert Bill inflames, 228; race equated with nation, 229; race thinking in transperipheral literary relationships, 235; race thinking ridiculed, 275 radicalism, 78 radical romanticism, 61, 68 Radice, William, 264, 305n48 raga, 40 ra¯gama¯la¯ painting, 40 ra¯gas, ra¯gin.is, 42 Ra¯ma¯yan.a, 168, 294n25 Raychaudhury, Tapan, 68 readers, women, 289n14 recitation in India, 140 repertoire, 8, 268 revision, 8, 224 revolution, 216; American, 30, 274; English, 125; French, 69; Greek, 81 Rhymers’ Club, 239, 240; First Book of the Rhymers’ Club, 240; Sarojini Naidu excluded from, 244 Rhys, Ernest, 240 Richardson, David Lester, 11; acquaintance with James Silk Buckingham, 288n1; anxiety for success in England, 103; Mary Carshore’s quarrel with, 172; depictions of children, 131, 291n34; dismissed from Hindu College, 123–24; homesickness, 132; influence of Wordsworth on, 133–34; influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 157; later life, 291n36; poetry curriculum of, 124, 126, 127, 291n38; publishing impresario, 102, 106; quarrel with John Drinkwater Bethune, 290n24; reception of poems in London, 229; relationships to other Calcutta poets, 138, 182 Index Richardson, David Lester, works of: “Arrival in England,” 132; “England and Bengal,” 131; Literary Chit-Chat, 109; Literary Leaves, 130; Literary Recreations, 130; “London, in the Morning,” 132; Selections from the British Poets, 125; “Sonnet: On Hearing Captain James Burns Sing His Father’s Songs,” 131; “Sonnets by a British-Indian exile to his distant children,” 132; “Stanzas on a Late Attempt to Shoot the Queen,” 128; “View of Calcutta,” 134; “The Warrior’s Farewell to the Family Bard,” 101 Risorgimento, 274 Rivers, Anna Maria (Derozio), 65 Roberts, Emma, 278; caretaker for family, 96; dedication of poems to Lady Bentinck, 143; editor of United Services Gazette, 65; education, 28; friendship with H L V Derozio, 6, 230; opinions of the Indian book trade, 111, 116; sati, 164 Roberts, Emma, works of: The East India Voyager; or Ten Minutes Advice, 65; “Indian Graves,” 84, 85–86; “The Moosalmaun’s Grave,” 84; Notes of an Overland Journey to Bombay, 65; Oriental Scenes, Dramatic Sketches and Tales, 64, 83; poems in Bengal Annual, 107; poems in British annuals, 84; “The Rajah’s Obsequies,” 87, 92, 95, 96; Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan, 64, 83; “Stanzas Written in a Pavilion of the Rambaugh,” 89–90; “The Taaje Mahal,” 84, 87; Views in India, China, and on the Shores of the Red Sea, 83 Roberts, Laura, 64 Robinson, Mary (pseudonyms: “Laura Maria” and “Julia”), 54 Rolleston, T W., 240 romantic poets, 1, See also individual poets romanticism, 70; orientalist late version of, 253, 255, 256 Roselli, John, 151 Rossetti, Christina, 205 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 257 Rossetti, William Michael, 257 Rothenstein, Alice, 257 Rothenstein, William, 13; failure to “orientalize” his subjects, 256; founder of India Society, 256; paintings of Indian subjects, 256; Paris circle, 303n35; portraits of Tagore, 260; promoting Tagore’s interests in London, 257 Roundheads and Cavaliers, 275 Roy, Rammohun, 69, 93, 219 Rushdie, Salman, 29, 217 Rutherford, Andrew, 275–82 Said, Edward, 230 Sanyal, R C., 151 Sappho, 58, 81; Kasiprasad Ghosh and, 144; translated by Sir William Jones, 51, 52 Saptahik Sambad Press, 211 Sargent, John Singer, 247 sati, 69, 91–98, 295n8; double, 164; evangelical opposition to, 156 satire, 269-70 Savoy, 232 schools, English-medium, Schwab, Raymond, 18 Scotland, 5, 105 Scots dialects, 6, 21 Scots poetry, 4, 72 See also Burns, Robert Scott, Walter, 70, 77, 217; bardic trope, 101; influence on Dutt Family Album, 183; “Lay of the Last Minstrel,” 73; Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, Index Scottish Enlightenment, 65; influence on H L V Derozio, 66 Seely, Clinton: on Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s name, 165; speculates on Michael Dutt’s conversion, 157 Selma, 301n19 Sen, Ksihiti Mohan, 261 Sen, Rajanikanata, 271 Sepoy Rebellion, 12; Dutt Family Album’s response to, 199; Mary Leslie calls “the Sorrow,” 201 shadowed mutuality See friendship, cross-cultural Shakespeare, William, 160 Sharma, Alpana, 217 Shaw, Graham, 7, 23, 26, 55 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1, 80, 277; and Milton’s Satan, 167; influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 163; Prometheus Unbound, 39–40; The Revolt of Islam, 148; Spenserian stanza, 148; “To Jane—An Invitation,” 174 Shipley, William, 30 Shore, John, Lord Teignmough, 31, 55 simultaneous uncontemporaneity, 7, 264 Sinclair, May, 258 skepticism See freethinking slavery, 81; in “On a Visit to Kalighat,” 192; shift from abolitionism to religious conversion, 192; vs liberty, 97 Smyth, T W., 11; Calcutta Bible Association, 119; Ella, or A Tale of the Waldensian Martyrs, 119; “On the Late Attemped Assassination of the Queen,” 120; radical Christian politics, 119 Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 282n8 Southey, Robert, 217; influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 163; influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 142 Spenser, Edmund, 32; imitations of, 160 St Andrews Library, Calcutta, 110 St Andrews Society, 22 Staves, Susan, 95 Strangeways, Arthur Henry Fox, 256 sublime, 71, 88; eschatological, 204; London as “Babel,” 134 subscribers’ lists: appended to books of poetry, 23; in books of engravings, 84 sybil vs bard, 98 Symons, Arthur, 240–44, 302n28; editor of The Savoy, 247; foreword to Sarojini Naidu’s poetry, 230; friendship with Sarojini Naidu, 12, 245; friendship with William Rothenstein, 257 Symons, Arthur, works of: Amoris Victimi, 245, 254; “Décor de Theatre,” 248; “Javanese Dancers,” 247; London Nights, 245, 248; Silhouettes, 247; The Symbolist Movement in Literature, 244 Tagore, Abindranath, 257 Tagore, Rabindranath: bardic nationalism, 256, 265; comparative translations of, 304n46–305n46; dress in London, 259; friendships in London, 12–13; inadequate English translations of, 305n47; modernist poet, 262; Nobel Prize, 10, 256, 259, 264; oral English inflection of poetry, 264; prose poetry, 262; reliance on folk traditions, 255; remaking modern Bangla, 255; satire of griffin-babus, 269; seen as guru, 258–59; selftranslation, 255, 259, 264; troubadour and saint in London, 257; Vaishnava poetry, 255; as “Wordsworth” to younger Bengali poets, 262, 263  Tagore, Rabindranath, works of: “Ban·ga Vı¯r” (“Bengali Heroism”), 269, 271–75; Gitanjali, 255, 258; Lekhan, 279; Lover’s Gift and Crossing, 304n46; Ma¯nası¯, 269, 275, 306n1; “Man mast tab kyon bole,” 263; My Reminiscences, 268; Nationalism, 304n45; S´es.er Kabita¯, 262 Taj Mahal, 87–89 Tasso, Torquato, 81, 287n4; Aminta, 34; cited by Mary Eliza Leslie, 200; influence on Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, 81; odes, 42 Tennyson, Alfred, 114, 215; “Maud,” 223; compared by Toru Dutt to Hugo, 215 Thacker, Spink and Co., 112 Theosophy, 256 Thompson, James, 56 Tighe, Mary, 1145 Todhunter, John, 239, 240 Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 247 tragic bard, 144 translation, 279; English poets writing as if making, 261; form of modernism, 261 transliteration, 286n34; as bilingual strategy, 147; diacritics in, 145 transperipheral imperial relationships, 4, 7, 76, 84; Mary Seyers Carshore’s Ireland in, 175; in the fin de siècle, 235 Trench, Richard Chenevix, 185 tropes of Indian English poetry See bardic nationalism; exile; landscape troubadour, 259–60 Trumpener, Katie, 4, 72, 77 Tulloch, W W., 281n1 Tulloh and Co., 110 unhomeliness, 7, 231, 259, 266, 278, 279; in fin-de-siècle Decadence, 244; thresholds, 265–66 utilitarianism, 69, 94; Macaulay’s, 69 Uttapara Public Library, 113 Vaishnava poetry, 260, 267; Kasiprasad Ghosh and, 148, 149 vernacular languages, 6, 271, 284n26; in nineteenth-century Bengal, 20, 27; vs learned or classical languages, 27 Victoria, Queen, 276; judgments on, 135; poems on attempted assasination of, 119, 120, 128; responsiblity for imperial violence, 122  Vidyasagar, Ishwar Chandra, 69, 93 violence, 134 Virgil, 58 Vivekananda, 258 Wales, 32, 70, 240 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 213 widow(s): as figure for poetry, 145; India as, 195; remarriage of, 151 Wilberforce, William, 155 Wilde, Oscar, 235; friendship with Manmohan Ghose, 229, 235; review of Manmohan Ghose, 238 Williams, Edward, 70 Williams, Patrick, wills See canon of probate book lists Wilson, Horace Hayman, 80; cited by Kasiprasad Ghosh, 145; influence on Kasiprasad Ghosh, 141, 143; orientalist, 69; poems in Bengal Annual, 107; possible proofreader for Kasiprasad Ghosh, 293n13 Wilson, Horace Hayman, works of: Mégha Dúta; or Cloud Messenger, 143; Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 143; Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus, 143 Wordsworth, William, 71; in Calcutta Public Library, 114; “Composed upon Westminster Bridge,” 133; influence on Michael Madhusudan Dutt, 140; influence on Toru Dutt, 221; “Ode, Intimations of Immortality,” 133 Yeats, John Butler, 246 Yeats, William Butler: dancers, 249; “Fairy Song,” 240; foreword to Gitanjali, 230; friendship with Tagore, 256; impressions of Tagore, 303n37; “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” 240; private symbolism, 250; promoting Tagore in London, 257; reading in Symon’s rooms, 245; Rhymers’ Club, 240; with Ezra Pound at Stone Cottage, 250 Yeldham, Walter See Cheem, Aliph (pseud.) Yellow Book, 232 Young, James, 144 Young Bengal, 118–19, 274; “hard-drinking and hardreading,” 135; Henry Page, 102 See also Young India Young India, 128 Index ... the drama of exile in the making of Indian English poetry As Bruce King has pointed out in Modern Indian Poetry in English, many of the Indian poets writing in English in the nineteenth century.. .Indian Angles Sri Ra¯ga, c 1595 From The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei Indian Angles English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore Mary Ellis Gibson... Poetry in English and to Sisir Kumar Das’s magisterial history of Indian English literature, published by the Sahitya Akademi Under the categories of Indian English, ” Anglo -Indian, or Indo-Anglian