Prehistoric Digital Poetry MODER N A N D CON T EMPOR A RY POET ICS Series Editors Charles Bernstein Hank Lazer Series Advisory Board Maria Damon Rachel Blau DuPlessis Alan Golding Susan Howe Nathaniel Mackey Jerome McGann Harryette Mullen Aldon Nielsen Marjorie Perloff Joan Retallack Ron Silliman Lorenzo Thomas Jerry Ward Prehistoric Digital Poetry An Archaeology of Forms, 1959–1995 C T F U N K HOUSER T H E U N I V ERSI T Y OF A L A BA M A PR ESS Tuscaloosa Copyright © 2007 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Typeface: Minion ∞ The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Funkhouser, Chris Prehistoric digital poetry : an archaeology of forms, 1959–1995 / C T Funkhouser p cm — (Modern and contemporary poetics) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-1562-7 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-8173-1562-4 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-5422-0 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-8173-5422-0 (pbk : alk paper) Computer poetry—History and criticism Computer poetry—Technique Interactive multimedia Hypertext systems I Title PN1059.C6F86 2007 808.10285—dc22 2006037512 Portions of I-VI by John Cage have been reprinted by permission of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, pp 1, 2, 5, 103, 435 Copyright © 1990 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College To my comrades in the present and to cybernetic literary paleontologists of the mythic future “The poem is a machine,” said that famous man, and so I’m building one Or at least I’m having it built, because I want something big and impressive and automatic You see, people will stand in front of it and insert money, dimes or quarters, depending upon the poem’s locus Yes the whole thing will clank and hum and light up and issue a string of words on colored ticker-tape Or maybe the customers will wear ear-phones and turn small knobs so the experience will be more audile-tactile than old fashioned visual In any case they will only get one line at a time, This being the most important feature of my design which is based on the principle that, In poetry, “one perception must immediately and directly lead to a further perception,” And therefore the audience will be compelled to feed in coin after coin Now I admit that the prototype model that you see on display is something of a compromise, as it has a live poet concealed inside But I assure you that this crudity will eventually be eliminated Because each machine, I mean each poem, is to be fully computerized And so able to stand on its own feet —Lionel Kearns, “Kinetic Poem” (1968) Contents List of Illustrations Foreword xi xv A Chronology of Works in Digital Poetry, 1959–1995 Introduction: Evolving Circuits of Digital Poetry Origination: Text Generation 85 150 Alternative Arrangements for Digital Poetry Techniques Enabled: (Pro)Fusions after Poetry Computerized Appendix A: Codeworks 257 Appendix B: Holography 265 Acknowledgments Notes 275 Bibliography Index 271 325 341 31 Visual and Kinetic Digital Poems Hypertext and Hypermedia xix 199 221 Bibliography / 335 Lyotard, Jean-Franỗois The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge Trans Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1984 Machado, Arlindo Máquina e imaginỏrio: O desaÔo das poộticas tecnolúgicas (Machine and Imaginary: The Challenge of Technological Poetics) Trans Jorge Luiz Antonio Sao Paulo: EDUSP, 1996 Machine Language and Permutations Calculated cinema program Accessed July 22, 2004 Mac Low, Jackson 42 Merzgedichte in Memoriam Kurt Schwitters Barrytown, NY: Station Hill P, 1994 Representative Works: 1938–1985 New York: Roof Books, 1986 Maillard, Claude Editorial. Trans Nicole PeyraÔtte Alire CD-ROM Villeneuve dAscq: MOTS-VOIR, 1995 Malloy, Judy Its Name Was Penelope Diskette Watertown, MA: Eastgate, 1993 Mann, Ron Poetry in Motion Video and CD-ROM New York: Voyager, 1985 (Video), 1994 and 1995 (CD-ROM) Masterman, Margaret, and Robin McKinnon Wood “Computerized Japanese Haiku.” Reichardt 54 Matthews, Harry, and Alastair Brotchie Oulipo Compendium London: Atlas P, 1998 McCaffery, Steve “Discussion Genesis Continuity: Some Re®ections on the Current Work of the Four Horsemen.” Kostelanetz, Text-Sound Texts 277–80 “Voice in Extremis.” Close Listening: Poetry and the Performed Word Ed Charles Bernstein New York: Oxford UP, 1998 162–77 McCauley, Carole Spearin Computers and Creativity New York: Praeger, 1974 “Once upon a Computer ” Ahl 109–11 McGovern, Tammy Presentation E-Poetry 2003 West Virginia U, Morgantown, WV April 24, 2003 McHugh, Heather “Electronic Literature Organization: Comments by Heather McHugh.” Accessed Aug 13, 2005 Melo e Castro, E M Algorritmos: Infopoemas São Paulo: Musa Editoria, 1998 Antologia Efémera: 1950–2000 Rio de Janeiro: Lacerda, 2000 Infopoemas Videotape São Paulo: Philbus, 1998 Poética dos meios e arte high tech Lisboa: Vega, 1988 “Videopoetry.” Kac, New Media Poetry 140–49 Mencia, Maria Birds Singing Other Birds Songs Accessed Sep 26, 2003 Home page Accessed Sep 28, 2003 Milic, Louis T “Computer Poetry.” Preminger and Brogan, New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics 230–31 “The Possible Usefulness of Poetry Generation.” The Computer in Literary and Linguistic Research: Papers from a Cambridge Symposium Ed R A Wisbey Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1971 169–82 Moles, Abraham Art et ordinateur Paris: Casterman, 1971 336 / Bibliography Morgan, Edwin “Note on Simulated Computer Poems.” Reichardt 57 Morris, John “How to Write Poems with a Computer.” Michigan Quarterly Review 6.1 (1967): 17–20 Nelson, Ted Computer Lib/Dream Machines: New Freedoms through Computer Screens—a Minority Report Chicago: Hugo’s Book Service, 1974 Literary Machines 93.1 Sausalito: Mindful P, 1992 “Opening Hypertext: A Memoir.” Literacy Online: The Promise (and Peril) of Reading and Writing with Computers Ed M C Tuman Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1992: 43–57 Nettime.org Home page Accessed Aug 11, 2004 Newman, Michael “Poetry Processing.” Byte 11.2 (1986): 221–28 Nichol, bp First Screening: Computer Poems Diskette Toronto: Underwich Editions, 1984 Nielsen, Jakob Hypertext and Hypermedia San Diego: Academic P, 1990 O’Donnell, Richard M Rice Wine Diskette Montreal: Guernica Editions, 1983 Olson, Charles The Maximus Poems Berkeley: U of California P, 1983 “Projective Verse.” Allen and Tallman 147–58 Padgett, Ron, ed The Handbook of Poetic Forms New York: Teachers and Writers, 1987 Padín, Clemente Email to Christopher Funkhouser July 2004 Online biography Accessed Jan 27, 2006 “Stability.” Unpublished visual poem, 1992 Papp, Tibor “Cent mille milliards de poèmes.” Alire CD-ROM Villeneuve d’Ascq: MOTS-VOIR, 1995 Paul, Christiane Unreal City Diskette Watertown, MA: Eastgate, 1996 Perloff, Marjorie Radical ArtiÔce: Writing Poetry in the Age of Media Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991 Pestana, Silvestre Email to Christopher Funkhouser Jan 2006 Povo-Ovo (Computer program for ZX81 machine) PoemograÔas Ed S Pestana and F Aguiar Lisbon: Ulmeiro, 1980 Petchanatz, Christophe Prepare. Trans Nicole PeyraÔtte Alire CD-ROM Villeneuve d’Ascq: MOTS-VOIR, 1995 “Prolix.” Trans Nicole PeyraÔtte Alire CD-ROM Villeneuve dAscq: MOTS-VOIR, 1995 Pinsky, Robert “The Muse in the Machine; or, The Poetics of Zork.” New York Times Review of Books March 19, 1995: 3–4 Plaza, Julio, and Monica Tavares Processos criativos com os meios eletrônicos: Poéticas digitais Trans Jorge Luiz Antonio and Christopher Funkhouser São Paulo: FAEP-Unicamp Editora Hucitec, 1998 “The Pocketa, Pocketa School.” TIME, May 25, 1962: 99 Polkinhorn, Harry Bridges of Skin Money La Farge, WI: Xexoxial Endarchy, 1986 Bibliography / 337 Polly, J A SurÔng the Internet: An Introduction Version 2.0.3. Accessed June 17, 2006 Popper, Frank, ed Art of the Electronic Age New York: Henry Abrams, 1993 Pound, Ezra ABC of Reading New York: New Directions, 1960 Make It New London: Faber and Faber, 1934 “A Retrospect.” Allen and Tallman 36–48 Preminger, Alex, and T V F Brogan, eds The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics 3rd ed Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1993 Reichardt, Jasia, ed Cybernetic Serendipity: The Computer and the Arts London: Studio International (special issue), 1968 Retallack, Joan, ed MUSICAGE: Cage Muses on Words, Art, Music (John Cage in Conversation with Joan Retallack) Hanover, NH: Wesleyan UP, 1996 Riding the Meridian “Sound/Text Hypertext Text/Text: A Letter from the Editors.” Accessed March 8, 2005 rjs Energy Crisis Poems Cleveland, OH: Ground Zero, 1974 Rosenberg, Jim The Barrier Frames and Diffractions Through Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext 2.3 Diskette Watertown, MA: Eastgate, 1996 “A Conversation with Jim Rosenberg.” Interactive Art Conference on Arts Wire (Jan 1996) Accessed June 12, 2006 Email to Christopher Funkhouser May 1997 “The Interactive Diagram Sentence: Hypertext as a Medium of Thought.” Kac, New Media Poetry 102–17 Intergrams Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext 1.1 Diskette Watertown, MA: Eastgate, 1993 “Making Way for Making Way: Co-striation Act Topographer of the Mingle Scriptor Transform Dance.” Accessed Dec 12, 1996 “Navigating Nowhere / Hypertext Infrawhere.” Accessed Feb 22, 2005 “Notes Toward a Non-linear Prosody of Space.” Accessed April 6, 1996 “Poetics and Hypertext: Where Are the Hypertext Poets?” Online posting, Dec 1, 1991 alt.hypertext Accessed Sep 30, 2003 Rothenberg, Jerome, and Pierre Joris Poems for the Millennium: The University of California Book of Modern and Postmodern Poetry Vol 1, From Fin-de-Siècle to Negritude Berkeley: U of California P, 1995 Rühm, Gerhard “The Phenomenon of the ‘Wiener Group’ in the Vienna of the Fifties and Sixties.” Accessed Aug 9, 2004 338 / Bibliography Sanford, Christy ShefÔeld Home page Accessed March 27, 2001 Saper, Craig J Networked Art Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001 Schwartz, Lillian Email to Christopher Funkhouser Jan 2006 Schwitters, Kurt pppppp: Poems, Performance Pieces, Proses, Plays, Poetics Ed Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993 Sherwood, Kenneth “Audio Resources.” Close Listening: Poetry and the Performed Word Ed Charles Bernstein New York: Oxford UP, 1998 379–84 Shirley, Robin “Computers, Poetry, and the Nature of Art.” Accessed July 22, 2004 “Cosmic Poems.” Trans Jorge Luiz Antonio Barbosa and Cavalheiro, Syntext Silverstein, Cathy “Writers and Computers: An Interview with Carole Spearin McCauley.” Ahl 108 Simanowski, Roberto “Automatisches Schreiben.” Accessed July 23, 2003 Sitney, P Adams Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde, 1943–1978 New York: Oxford UP, 1979 Slatin, John M “Hypertext and the Teaching of Writing.” Text, Context, and Hypertext: Writing with and for the Computer Ed Edward Barrett Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1988 111–29 “Is There a Class in This Text? Creating Knowledge in the Electronic Classroom.” Sociomedia: Multimedia, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Knowledge Ed Edward Barrett Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 1992 27–51 Slattery, Diane Alphaweb Accessed Feb 19, 2005 SOFTWARE: Information Technology: Its New Meaning for Art Exhibition catalog Jack Burnham, curator N.p., 1970–71 Solt, Mary Ellen Concrete Poetry: A World View Bloomington: U of Indiana P, 1970 Sondheim, Alan Email to Christopher Funkhouser July 2004 “Grounds for a Procedural Semiotics: Calculator Programming and an Outline of an Analysis of Marxism in Relation to The Structure of Reality.” Selfpublished, April 1978 “Internet Text (Philosophy and Psychology of the Internet).” Accessed March 30, 2005 “Introduction: Codework.” American Book Review 22.6 (2001) Accessed Sep 20, 2006 Meta Providence, RI: self-published, 1971 Personal interview June 2003 “W (world-particle).” Criss-Cross Art Communications 7, 8, Ed Fred Worden and others Boulder, CO: Criss-Cross Foundation, 1979 10–15 Sondheim, Alan, and Florian Cramer, eds Wryting Internet listserv and archive Accessed Jan 24, 2006 Bibliography / 339 Sondheim, Alan, and Geralyn Donohue Texts Irvine: U of California, 1979 Souza, Erthos Albino de “Ninho de Metralhadoras.” Barbosa, A ciberliteratura 145–46 Stefans, Brian Kim the dreamlife of letters Accessed June 8, 2006 Fashionable Noise: On Digital Poetics Berkeley, CA: Atelos, 2003 “Re®ections of Cyberpoetry.” Stefans, Fashionable Noise 41–59 Stiles, Kristine, and Peter Selz Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists’ Writings Berkeley: U of California P, 1996 Stone, Andrew “The IndraNet.” Accessed March 8, 2005 1, and Brian Thomas Haiku Master Version 2.2 Diskette 1988–89 Strehovec, Janez “Text as Loop: On Visual and Kinetic Textuality.” Afterimage (July-Aug 2003) Accessed March 1, 2005 Strickland, Stephanie The Ballad of Sand and Harry Soot Sep 13, 2006 N.p.: Word Circuits, 1999 V: WaveSon.nets/Losing L’Una New York: Penguin, 2002 Swiss, Thomas “Music and Noise: Marketing Hypertexts.” Postmodern Culture 7.1 (Dec 14, 1996) Accessed June 12, 2006 Terrell, Carroll F A Companion to “The Cantos” of Ezra Pound Berkeley: U of California P, 1980 TextWorx Toolshed Home page Accessed April 27, 2004 Transitoire Observable Home page Accessed March 28, 2005 Truck, Fred “Conversations with Fred Truck.” Interactive Art Conference on Arts Wire (Jan 1995/Sep 1995) Accessed July 22, 2004 UbuWeb Home page July 22, 2004 Accessed June 17, 2006 Valentine, Rudolph, and Doug Rogers MERZ poems Version 3.1 Diskette Selfpublished, 1992 Vallias, André Email to Christopher Funkhouser Dec 2004 “IO.” Kac, International Anthology of Digital Poetry “We Have Not Understood Descartes.” Kac, New Media Poetry 150–57 Van Mechelen, M Vincent “Computer Poetry.” April 1992 Accessed April 27, 2004 Vos, Eric “New Media Poetry—Theory and Strategies.” Kac, New Media Poetry 214–33 Vuillemin, Alain “Poésie et informatique, les approaches critiques.” doc(k)s datas débats Accessed July 28, 2003 340 / Bibliography Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds The New Media Reader Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 2003 Weiner, Norbert The Human Use of Human Beings New York: Avon, 1967 “Why APL?” Accessed July 22, 2004 Whyte, Ryan “New List: Wryting.” Listserv posting May 28, 2000 Nettime.org Accessed March 30, 2005 Wildman, Eugene Anthology of Concretism Chicago: Wild P, 1970 Williams, Emmett, ed An Anthology of Concrete Poetry New York: Something Else P, 1967 Williams, William Carlos Paterson New York: New Directions, 1963 Wilson, William S “And/Or: One or the Other, Or Both.” Sequence (con) Sequence Ed Julia Ballerini New York: Aperature, 1989 11–31 The Wonderful World of Usenet News Fall 1992 supplement to The Amateur Computerist Accessed Jan 24, 2005 Xexoxial Endarchy Catalog La Farge, WI: Xexoxial Endarchy, 1991 Young, Karl “The Visual Poetry of bpNichol; a Brief Sketch” (1989) Light & Dust Anthology of Poetry Accessed June 12, 2006 Zervos, Komninos Cyberpoetry Accessed Feb 14, 2005 Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations Aarseth, Espen, 82, 154, 194, 241, 243, 276n10, 277n21, 294n59, 309n20, 312n35, 320–21n19 Adrian, Marc, 85, 91, 95, 96, 97, 102, 108, 148, 296n9–10 Adrian, Robert, xxi, 199 Agra, Lucio, 234 A.L.A.M.O., xxii, 77–78, 293n56, 294n57, 299n24 Alchemist, The, xxi, 113, 136, 283n25, 300n26, 300n29 Aldridge, Adele, 102, 103 Alire, xxiii, 53, 78, 112, 127–28, 129, 130, 131–37, 141, 142, 146–47, 155, 158, 159, 160, 162–63, 175, 176, 177, 189, 228, 252, 282n22, 299n24, 303n39–40, 305n43, 310n26 ALT-X, 202, 313–14n8 Amato, Joe, 201 America Online, 209, 313n1, 314–15n19 Amirkhanian, Charles, 215, 217, 317n29 aND, mIEKAL, xxiii, 72–73, 86, 189– 90, 216, 237, 251, 315n23 works: PataLiterator, xxiii, 72, 73, 81, 190, 293n52, 319n8; Internalational Dictionary of Neologisms, xxiii, 72, 189–90, 191; Zaum Gadget, xxiii, 158, 216 Anderson, Laurie, xxiv, 309–10n22, 314n9 Andrews, Jim, xxiii–xxiv, 109, 145, 219, 258, 299n22, 317n28, 322n1 animated poetry, xxii, 23, 86, 93, 131, 157, 222, 267, 295n5 See kinetic poetry Antin, David, 16, 90, 317n30 Antonio, Jorge Luiz, 22–24, 105, 250, 276n11, 278n24, 295n4, 299n22 Antunes, Arnaldo, xxiv, 234, 301n31 APL, 12, 26, 35, 61–62, 102, 276n6, 288n39 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 10, 12–13, 87, 99, 102 Apple Macintosh computers, 21, 26–27, 72, 92, 110, 152, 216, 225, 229, 278n6, 287n36, 292n49, 298n18, 300n29, 301n35, 307n5, 308n12, 310n27, 319n8 ARPAnet, 27 Art Com Electronic Network (ACEN), 200, 208, 212 ARTEX, 199 ASCII, 128, 202, 209–12, 254, 277n14, 282n22 Ascott, Roy, 199 Astuy, Yolanda, 228 audio poetry, 2, 17, 131, 196, 199, 215–20, 228, 232, 243, 247, 317n27–32 “Auto-Beatnik,” xix, 42–43, 81, 281n17 Autodesk, 127, 152 AWOPBOP, xxiii, 206, 214–15 342 / Index Azevedo, Wilton, 228, 234, 301n32, 307n52, 319n10 Baczewska, Christine, 218 Bailey, Richard W., Computer Poems (ed.), xxi, 9–12, 28, 54, 57, 58, 79–80, 99, 100, 101, 107, 110, 147, 259, 260, 261, 275n3, 283n26, 297n15 Baldessari, John, Some Words I Mispronounce, 91 Baldwin, Sandy (Charles), 165, 214, 232, 245, 246, 277n22, 317n27, 321n20–21 Balestrini, Nanni, 51, 63, 81 works: “Tape Mark I,” xix, 12, 41–42, 278n3, 280n15, 282n22; “Tape Mark II,” xx Balpe, Jean-Pierre, xxi, xxiv, 51, 54, 62, 78, 83–84, 178, 227, 232, 246–47, 281n16, 286n31–32, 289n41, 290n42, 294n57, 294–95n60, 299n24 works: “The Temptations of Tantalus,” 55– 56; “Autobiographie,” 160, 161, 162 Barbosa, Pedro, 12, 31–32, 38, 50, 62, 106, 232, 250, 254, 280n11–12, 280n14, 282n22, 288–89n40, 289–90n41 works: “Porto,” 40–41; “Cityman Story,” 51–53 Barros, Lenora de, xxii, xxiv, 116, 234 BASIC, xxii, 12, 26, 35, 93, 113, 127, 261, 275n6, 285n28, 300n29, 302n37 bbs, 200, 202, 205, 209, 240, 313n1, 315n20, 315n23, 317n25 See also WELL Beat Experience, The, 304–5n41 Beiguelman, Giselle, 245–46, 247, 269, 307n52, 321n20 Bell, Bill, 269 Bénabou, Marcel, 61–62, 282n22, 288– 89n40 Bense, Max, 32, 37, 78, 278n7 Bergman, Ingmar, 89–90 Bernstein, Charles, 152, 202, 206, 216, 218, 236, 313n5 Bernstein, Mark, 153, 308n8 Berrigan, Ted, 54 Berry, Jake, 86, 216, 316n25 Betalab, 257 Blair, David, 203 Blake, William, 13, 152 Blaser, Robin, 238, 320n14 Block, Friedrich, xxiv, 31–32, 277n22, 297n14, 307n52 blogs See weblogs Bolter, Jay David, 12, 14, 19, 132, 150, 153, 239, 261, 307n2, 322n2 Boole, George, 97 Bootz, Philippe, xxi–xxii, 12, 31, 78, 91, 127, 135, 137, 146, 232, 252, 294n57, 299– 300n24, 301–2n37, 302–3n38, 303n39– 40, 321n20 works: “À bribes abattues,” 305n43; “Amour,” 128, 129; “Voeux,” 133; “Hymne la femme et au hasard,” 133–34 Borroff, Marie, 54, 62, 283–84n26 Brathwaite, Kamau, 298n18 Brodnitz, Dan, 218 Broughton, James, 90 Brown, Lee Ann, 131, 210, 315n22 Buddhism, 43, 188, 311n31 Burgaud, Patrick-Henri, xxiv, 248, 303n40 Bürger, Peter, 13 Burnham, Jack, 89 Burroughs, William S., 188, 215, 217, 305n41 Byrd, Don, 5, 202, 214, 315n22 Cabico, Regie, 206 Cage, John, xxii, 18, 54, 63–65, 66, 67–68, 71, 81–82, 95, 179, 200, 221, 253, 276n9, 293n52, 323n4 Calvino, Italo, 152, 294n57 Campbell, Ian, 218 Campos, Augusto de, xxii, xxiv, 13, 102–3, 116, 269, 320n12, 323n4 Campos, Haroldo, 101, 106, 147 Carmona, Angel, xxi, 50–51, 282n22 Cavalheiro, Abílio, 50, 282n22 Cayley, John, xvi, xxii–xxiii, 25, 146, 178–89, 197, 222, 227, 238, 267, 309n19, 310n25– 26, 312–13n36, 320n16, 321n20 works: Moods & Conjunctions, 178–85, 310– 11n29, 311–12nn30–31; Golden Lion, 179, 185, 188, 311n31; The Speaking Clock, 185–86, 187, 312n32; windsound, 229, 319n6–7; riverIsland, 109, 243–45, 295n1; Book Unbound, 185, 311–12n31 Index / 343 CD-ROM, xxiv, 2, 21, 25, 27, 117, 130–32, 146, 165, 195, 197, 213, 218, 232, 234, 237, 248, 269, 299n24, 301n32, 301n34, 303–5n41, 307n4, 308n11, 308n13, 309– 10n22, 317n27, 318n1, 322n25 Chisman, Margaret, 57–58, 62, 80, 284n26, 285n30 Chopin, Henri, 100, 102, 124, 215 Chua, Jose, 248–49 code, xix, 6, 12, 19–21, 24, 26, 28–29, 31, 35, 62, 71, 83, 86, 93, 124, 125, 126, 141– 43, 202, 224–25, 233, 235, 242, 246, 252, 254, 257–59, 261, 263–64, 276n7, 276n12, 281n16, 292n49, 293n52, 296n13, 298n17, 302n37 See APL Language, BASIC, Fortran, TRAC, Pascal codework (“code” poetry), 8, 23, 36, 233, 237, 257–64, 321n20, 322n22 Cohen, Ralph, 23 collaboration, 17, 26, 33, 63–64, 80, 93, 131, 133, 148, 151, 155, 189, 194, 199–200, 202– 3, 205, 208, 214, 219, 225, 228, 233, 250– 51, 267 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 16, 194 Collins, Billy, 245 collocation, 60, 178, 180, 184, 187, 311n30 Computer Aided Design (CAD), 92, 100, 261 computer art, xxi, 6, 22 Computer Poems See Bailey, Richard W computer poetry, 22–23, 31, 36, 76, 78–82, 135, 242, 259, 285n28, 286n34, 287n36, 288n37, 294n58–59 See text generation programs Concrete poetry, 9–11, 13, 23, 87–88, 95, 99, 100–103, 106–7, 110, 116–17, 120, 130, 147–48, 228, 236, 261, 263, 275n5, 279n10, 296n13, 297n14, 300n28, 301n32, 307n52, 320n12, 322–23n22 Cordeiro, Waldemar, xxi, 298n17, 298n19 CorelDraw, 92, 108–9 Cortázar, Julio, 152, 315n22 Couey, Anna, 199–201 Cramer, Florian, 114, 263 works: Permutations, 11–12, 231–32 Creeley, Robert, xvi, 313n7 Crew, Louie, xxiii, 291n47 cummings, e.e., 87, 295n6 Culver, Andrew, 64 Cybernetic Serendipity, 54, 56–57, 60–61, 96, 258–59, 278n3, 283n26, 288n37–38 Cybernetic Serendipity: The Computer and the Arts exhibition, xx, 28, 41, 56, 63–64, 95, 278n23, 280n14 cyberpoetry, 10, 22–24 cyberslam, 205–6 cybertext, 25, 240–52, 277n21, 320–21n19–20 Cyborgian poetry, 78 Dada (Dadaism), 5, 12–13, 17, 32–33, 69– 71, 73, 75, 79, 89, 95, 110, 131, 184, 206, 236, 275n5, 293n52, 319n8 Daly, Catherine, 25 Daniels, David, 105, 106, 286n30 database, 2, 12, 21, 23, 33, 37, 41, 44–45, 56–57, 59–62, 63, 71–73, 75, 77, 79–81, 95, 136, 171, 178, 189, 191, 202, 208, 246–50, 252, 285n28, 287n36, 288– 89n40, 294n58, 297n15, 305n44, 312n34, 314n17 Davey, Frank, 207 Davinio, Caterina, 92 Davis, Douglas, dbqp, xxiii, 110, 299n20, 299n23 deconstruction, 3–4, 18, 54, 86, 257 Descriptions of an Imaginary Universe, 204, 212, 316n24 Develay, Frédéric, 78, 91, 132–33, 303n40 DIASTEXT, xxiii, 28, 68–71, 292n49–50 Dibbell, Julian, 204–5 Dickey, William, xxiii, 19, 158 Dickman, Michael, 71–72 digital poetry: discussion of genre, xv– xviii, 1–14, 17–18, 20–26, 28–29, 54, 78– 84, 90, 219, 221–25, 234–35, 239–40, 250, 252, 254–55, 275n4; prehistoric context for, 5–7; in relation to written poetry, xv–xvi, 3, 11–21, 24, 28–30, 32, 34–35, 78–84, 87–89, 147–49, 222, 238– 39, 251, 262 Director (Macromedia software), 93, 112, 117, 319n10 diskette, xxii–xxiii, xxiv, 21, 126, 154, 190, 344 / Index 195–97, 213, 237, 293n52, 299n24, 300n29, 310n27 Doctorovich, Fabio, xxiv, 144–45, 214, 306n51 Döhl, Reinhard, 102 Donald, Archie, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263 Donguy, Jacques, 31–32, 216, 279n10, 293n56, 294n57 works: “TagSurfusion,” 135–36 DOS, xxiii, 50, 136, 277n18, 278n6, 282n22, 289n41, 319n8 Drake, Luigi Bob, 213, 216, 231 Drucker, Johanna, 87 Duchamp, Marcel, 12 DuPlessis, Rachel Blau, 228 Dutey, Jean-Marie, xxiv, 78, 129–130, 137, 141–42, 158–60, 226, 303n40 works: “The Text-Eater,” 129, 130, 245; “Voies de faits,” 141, 142; “Les mots et les images,” 158, 159, 160; “Les trios petits cochons,” 175, 176, 177; “Je t’amerai,” 306n49 Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext, xxiv, 153, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 233, 308n10, 309n15–17 Eastgate Systems, xxiv, 153, 193, 233, 307n3, 307n6, 308–9n15 Easton, Thomas A., 54, 285n29 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 210 Electronic Literature Organization, 314n14, 319n6 electronic mail, 28, 190, 199; as means for transmission of poetry 201–2, 209–13, 315n21, 315n23, 316n24 Electronic Poetry Center (EPC), xxiv, 89, 206, 211, 278n24, 295n4, 314n14, 316n23–24, 318n32, 319n4 Eliot, T S., The Waste Land, 12, 15, 17, 24, 152, 307n3 Englebart, Douglas, xx, 26, 152, 277n19, 307n1, 307n4 E-Poetry: International Festival of Digital Poetry, 28, 148, 237, 245–48, 251, 277n22, 294n60, 307n52, 321–22n21–22 Espinosa, Cesar, 148, 295n2, 307n53 Evans, Steve, 202 Falco, Ed, 195, 308n10 Fernbach-Flarsheim, Carl, xxi, 85, 97, 98, 99, 296–97n13 Filkins, Christopher, 257 ¤lm, in relation to digital poetry, 89–91, 96–97, 296n7, 296n11 Flash (Macromedia software), 112, 147, 198, 222, 225, 228, 252, 306n50 Fluxus, 188, 288n37, 299n20, 321–22n22 FORTRAN, 12, 35, 86, 93, 106, 275n6, 280n13, 288n37, 296–97n13 Foucault, Michel, xvii, Frampton, Hollis, Zorns Lemma, 90–91 Friedlander, Benjamin, 165, 202, 316n24 Funkhouser, Chris: “Moby-Dick,” 250, 322n23–24; MOO poems xxiv, 204, 314n11; “Proto-Anthology of Hypermedia Poetry,” 227, 236, 320n13; “Toward a Literature Moving Outside Itself,” 236–37; use of Merz poems, 77 See also, Descriptions of an Imaginary Universe, We Magazine, Issue 17, Purkinge Futurism, 13, 33, 73, 75, 89, 95, 158, 293n52 Galloway, Kit, 201, 313n3 Garber, Eugene, 131 Gaskins, Robert, 58–60, 287n36 Ginsberg, Allen, 5, 216, 276–77n13, 303n41, 316n24 works: “Howl,” 43, 152, 304– 5n41 Giorno, John, 216, 296n12 Gironda, Belle, 131, 315n22, 317n27 Glazier, Loss Pequeño, xvi–xvii, 3, 10, 21–22, 34, 36, 83, 88, 152, 165, 206, 212, 218, 227, 275n2, 275n5, 277n22, 278n24, 294n60, 318n32, 319n4, 321n20– 21 works: IO Sono at Swoons, 231 Goldsmith, Kenneth, 89, 278n24 Gomringer, Eugene, 101 gopher (Internet server), 154, 202, 206, 210–12, 316n24 Greeno, Noreen, 101–2 Grenier, Robert, 131, 152, 236 GRIST Online, xxiv, 212, 315–16n23, 317n27 Grumman, Bob, 86, 110, 295n2 Index / 345 Guyer, Carolyn, 203–4 Györi, Ladislao Pablo, xxiv, 173, 174, 175, 214, 245, 309n21, 310n23 Gysin, Brion, xix, 38–40, 101, 114, 188–89, 215, 217, 279n10 haiku: as form, 5, 9, 24, 34, 228; written by computers, 35, 55–56, 57, 58–60, 74– 77, 81, 83, 278n5, 286n34–35, 287n36, 294n57, 300n29, 319n8 Half-Life, 245 Hardiker, Amendent, 158, 293n52 See aND, mIEKAL Hardison, O B., 34, 278n1, 296n9 Hartman, Charles O., xxii–xxiv, 26, 31, 54, 56–57, 63, 67–68, 179, 206, 279– 80n10, 281n17, 284n26, 285n28, 291n45, 291–92n48, 292n49–50, 316n23 Hartnell, Tim, 59, 286n35 Heim, Michael, 15, 194, 227 Henry, Ben, 131, 317n25 Herbert, George, “Easter Wings,” 13, 88, 102 Higgins, Dick, xxi, 251, 288n37, 321n22 Holman, Bob, 200–201, 216 holographic poetry, 8, 23, 85, 142, 145, 155, 149, 173, 179, 222, 237, 265–70, 277n21, 323n1–4 HTML, 154, 198, 206, 214, 225, 236, 249, 253, 277n15, 302n37, 305n44, 316n24, 317n25 Huth, Geof, xxii–xxiii, 86, 110, 126, 127, 191, 258, 263, 299n23, 300n28–29, 301n35–36, 322n1 See also dbqp HyperCard software, xxiii, 27, 35, 55, 72, 76, 93, 131, 135, 153, 155, 158, 160, 165, 178, 187, 189, 191, 229, 237, 244, 293n52, 300n25, 307n5, 308n13, 310n27, 322n1 hypermedia, 6–8, 15, 23–24, 72, 86, 112, 128, 131, 137, 146, 150–51, 155, 157, 165, 194–95, 197, 207, 215–16, 232, 237, 252, 258, 293n52, 307n5, 308n15 hypertext, 2–3, 6–8, 14–17, 19, 22, 24, 131– 32, 150–198, 202–4, 213–14, 223, 225, 233, 235, 237, 239, 242–43, 252–53, 255, 266, 276n7, 277n19, 277n21, 293n52, 296n12, 300n29, 304n41, 305n44, 307n1, 308n9, 309n20, 310n25, 312n34, 314n9, 317n26, 322n22 See also HTML Hypertext Literature (listserv), 2, 202, 277n14 hypertext poetry, xxiii, 23–24, 153, 156, 160, 175, 195, 197, 199, 225, 227, 230, 236, 255, 307n5, 308n10, 309n15 IBM computers, xix–xx, 26, 35, 136, 276n6, 279n10, 280n13, 283n26, 298n17 I Ching, 64–65, 98 informatics, 134 Innis, Harold A., xviii Jarry, Alfred, 72 Java, 227–28, 231, 294n60, 309n18 JavaScript, 249–250 Jirgens, Karl E., 207–8 JODI, 257, 263 Jordan, Laura, 228 Joris, Pierre, 32, 235, 315n22 Joyce, James, 15, 152–53, 253 Joyce, Michael, 19, 21, 112, 150–54, 189, 198, 261, 308n7, 308n9, 309n20, 315n23, 317n26, 322n2 kabbalah, 157 Kac, Eduardo, xxii–xxiii, 117–18, 124, 148, 178, 255, 265, 267–70, 301n34, 308n12, 321n20 works: “Nao,” 117; “CAOS,” 117; “Accident,” 117; Storms, 147, 155– 57, 173; Adhuc 266, 267 See also holographic poetry Kaf ka, Franz, 37–38 Karpinska, Aya, 230, 231 Kearns, Lionel, 295n5 works: “Kinetic Poem,” vii, 221; “The Birth of God,” xx, 257, 258, 322n1 Kelly, Robert, 210, 315n22 Kendall, Robert, xxiii, 2, 136–38, 277n14, 306n45 works: A Life Set for Two, 163, 164, 165, 196–97, 308n14; “Hypertextual Dynamics in A Life Set for Two, 163; “SoftPoems” 136–38, 165; “Writing for the New Millennium,” 213, 308n11 346 / Index Kenner, Hugh, xxii, xxiv, 63, 67, 81, 95, 181, 290n44, 292n50 Kerouac, Jack, 43, 251–52, 305n41 Khlebnikov, Velimir, 158 kinetic poetry, xxiii, 2–3,13, 23, 85–86, 89, 93–94, 112, 115, 132, 134–37, 145–46, 149– 50, 155, 162–63, 173, 196, 199, 215, 223, 240, 247, 295n1, 300n29 See animated poetry Kirke, Alexis, 227 Kittler, Friedrich, xviii Knowles, Alison, xx, 60–61, 323n4 Knowlton, Ken, 93, 102–3, 104, 148–49, 189, 296n11, 298n17, 307n1 Kostelanetz, Richard, xxi–xxii, 88, 91– 92, 109, 216, 228–29, 290n43, 295n2, 295n6, 301n31, 315n23 works: TextSound Texts (ed.), 39, 215, 279n9, 317n29; holography, 265, 267, 268, 269–70, 323n1–2, 323n4 Krauss, Rosalind, 92 Kuszai, Joel, 202, 313n5, 313n7 Landow, George, 14–15, 18 works: Remedial Reading Comprehension, 90–91 Language poetry, 10, 184, 188, 275n5 Lanham, Richard, 14, 110 Larsen, Deena, xxiv, 191–92, 193, 194, 308n13 Layzer, Arthur, 86, 229, 252, 254, 296n11 Lehto, Leevi, 319n10 Ley, Jennifer, 219 listservs, xxiv, 7, 201–2, 208–9, 212, 237, 240, 277n14, 313n5, 315n23 Little Magazine, The, xxiv, 130–32, 165, 189, 197, 214, 308n14, 317n27 Loef®er, Carl, 200 Luoma, Bill, 131 Lutz, Theo, xvii works: “Stochastische Text:” xix, 37–38, 42, 63, 78, 81, 278n8 Lyotard, Jean-Franỗois, Mac Low, Jackson, xvi, 18, 33, 6768, 78, 82, 170, 179, 216, 218, 285n28 works: PFR-3; poems, xx, 43–45, 281n18–19; 42 Merzgedichte in Memoriam Kurt Schwitters, 25, 68–71, 76, 278n5 Machado, Arlindo, 106–7, 269 Magritte, René, 158–60 mail-art 17, 108, 189, 299n20, 322n22 Maillard, Claude, 78, 127, 137, 303n40 Mallarmé, Stéphane, 11, 87, 106–7, 119, 161, 275n3, 294n57 Malloy, Judy, 200, 310n28 Markov table, 71 Masterman, Margaret, 56, 57, 81, 83, 189, 286n33 Matthews, Harry, 34, 294n57 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 89 McCaffery, Steve, 217–18 McCauley, Carole Spearin, 38, 102, 103, 104, 147, 253–54, 277n16, 281n18, 283– 84n26, 296n11, 297–98n16 McGovern, Tammy, 248 McHugh, Heather, 229 McLuhan, Marshall, xviii, 65, 120, 251, 253 McVeigh, Dan, 201 Melo e Castro, Ernesto de, 14, 109, 112, 122–24, 125, 229, 252, 290n 43, 301nn33–34 works: Signagens, xxiii, 121; “Videopoetry,” 119, 196; Roda Lume: xx, 118–19, 120, 121; “Objectototem,” 122–23 Mencia, Maria, 248, 249 Menezes, Philadelpho, 89, 228, 301n32 MERZ poems, 33, 73–75, 76, 77, 293n55 mesostics, 64–66, 178 Mezei, Leslie, 99, 100, 110 Microsoft Word, 69, 109, 298n18 Milic, Louis T., xxi, 32, 36, 54, 81–82, 284n26, 294n58 Minitel, xxii, 78, 93, 117, 299n24 Moe, H D., 131 Mohammad, K Silem, 319n10 Moles, Abraham, 38, 62–63 Monach, Greta, 107, 108 Montfort, Nick, 278n2, 307n4, 321n20 MOO, xxiv, 202–5, 219, 245, 314n11–12 Moore, Marianne, 17 Morgan, Edwin, 41, 257, 259, 280n15, 297n15 Morris, John, 58–59, 80–81, 83, 278n5, 286n34, 287n36 MUD, 202–203 Index / 347 Murphy, Merilene M., 201 Myst, 248 Naropa Institute, Nelson, Jason, 319 Nelson, Theodor (Ted), 197, 228, 237, 296n12 works: Xanadu, 194, 307n1; “Opening Hypertext,” 150, 194–95, 312n34; Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 22, 26, 35, 92–93, 150, 152, 197, 275–76n6, 276n12, 307n1, 320n15; Literary Machines, 152, 238 Nichol, bp, xxii, 113–15, 229, 300n25–29 Noll, Michael, O’Donnell, Richard, 136, 300n29 See The Alchemist Olson, Charles, 13, 21, 88, 152, 221, 276n8 oral poetry, 14, 187, 225, 251 O’Rourke, Joseph, xxii, xxiv, 63, 81, 290n44 Oulipo, xix, 33–34, 61–63, 77–78, 178, 188, 278n1–2, 293n56, 293–94n57 Padgett, Ron, 20 Padín, Clemente, xxiii, 91, 108, 109, 299n20, 299n22 Papp, Tibor, 78, 137, 155, 302n37, 303n40, 310n24 Pascal, 47, 63, 68, 71, 292n49 PennSound, 319n10 Perl, 231 Perloff, Marjorie, 13–14, 16, 64–66, 85, 110, 221–22, 276n9, 276n13, 318n1 permutation, 11, 36, 38–41, 50, 231 personal computers (PC): 1–2, 14, 26–27, 86, 88, 92, 109, 165, 202, 218–19, 231, 254, 282n22, 308n12 Pestana, Sylvestre, xxii, xxiv, 124, 125, 126, 301n34 Petchanatz, Christophe, “Prolix,” 53–54, 78 Photoshop, 92, 109 Pignatari, Décio, 147, 263, 269 Pinsky, Robert, xxii, 206 Pinto, Luiz Angelo, 147, 263 Plaza, Julio, xxii, 115–16, 245, 269, 298n17, 301n30–31 POETICS listserv, xxiv, 202, 313n5–7 Poetry in Motion (CD-ROM), 303–304n41 Poetry Project, The, 17 Polkinhorn, Harry, xxii, 110, 111, 126, 295n2 Popper, Frank, 313n3 Potter, Roddy, 204–5 Pound, Ezra, 2, 9, 12–13, 17, 88, 152, 184– 85, 255 Purkinge, 131, 206, 215, 320n16 Queneau, Raymond, 34, 155, 232, 294n57 QuickTime, 124, 144 Rabinowitz, Sherry, 201, 313n3 Reichardt, Jasia, 95, 278n23 renga, 40, 42, 55, 281n16, 294n57 RIF/T, xxiv, 211–12, 315–16n23, 317n27 rjs, Energy Crisis Poems, xxi, 31, 54, 255, 284–85n27 Rogers, Doug, 33, 73–75, 76, 77 Rosenberg, Jim xvi, 64, 146, 170–73, 178, 187–88, 267, 309n18, 320n16, 321n20 works: Intergrams, xxiii, 15, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172–73, 230, 309n16–17; “A Conversation with Jim Rosenberg,” 170; “Poetics and Hypertext,” 243 Rothenberg, Jerome, 32, 235, 303n41, 316n23 Rühm, Gerhard, 97, 279n10 Ruiz, Alice, xxii, 115–16 Sanders, Edward, 216 Sanford, Christy Sanford, 226–27, 236 Schwartz, Laurens, 102, 104, 105, 296n7 Schwartz, Lillian, 93, 102–3, 104, 148–49, 189, 295–96n7, 307n1 Schwitters, Kurt, 33, 69–71, 75 search engines, 7, 239, 312n34, 319n10 Shaw, Jeffrey, 214, 317n26 Sherry, James, 202 Sherwood, Kenneth, 206, 212, 216, 218 Shirley, Robin, 12, 51, 53, 283n24 Silliman, Ron, 202, 316n23 Simanowski, Roberto, 297n14, 307n52, 321n20 348 / Index Sinclair ZX81, 26, 124, 285n28 Sitney, P Adams, 90–91 Slatin, John M 16–18 Slattery, Diana, 226 SOFTWARE exhibition, 26, 28, 97, 98, 296n12, 317n30 Solt, Mary Ellen, 102, 296–97n13, 300n28 Sondheim, Alan, 232–33, 263, 282n20–21 works: “4320,” xxi, 138–39, 140, 141, 143, 173, 306n46–47; “TI59 Poems,” xxi, 45–47; “Iceland,” 47–50 sonnets, 5, 24, 34, 54–55, 78, 82, 213, 316n24 Souza, Erthos Albino de, xxi, 106, 107, 145, 298n19, 320n12 Spahr, Juliana, 202 Spicer, Jack, 238 Spinelli, Martin, 218 Stefans, Brian Kim: Fashionable Noise, xvi, 10, 22–24, 79, 82, 235, 240, 242, 277n17, 301n31, 314n12; the dreamlife of letters, 86, 222, 228–30, 252, 313n6 Stein, Gertrude, 45, 152, 286n32 Stone, Andrew, xxiii, 59, 227, 236, 287– 88n36 Storyspace, 153, 191, 195–96, 307–8n7, 308n8, 308n10, 309n15, 312n33, 322n2 Strehovec, Janez, 23–24, 228–29, 277n15, 321n20 Strickland, Stephanie, 233–34, 308n7, 319n11 Swift Current, xxi, 207–8 Swigart, Rob, 226 Swiss, Thomas, 153 Syntext, 40, 50–53, 61–62, 78, 254, 280n14, 280–81n15, 282n22, 286n35 Tardos, Anne, 216, 316n23 Tarn, Nathaniel, 131 Tenney, James, xx, 60–61 text generation programs, xvii, xix– xxi, xxiii, 6–8, 11–12, 18, 20, 23, 31– 86, 143, 182, 199, 223–25, 230–33, 235, 237, 239–40, 242, 247, 278n6, 283n24– 26, 285n29, 293n55, 296n13, 319n8 TI59 calculator, xxi, 45 TRAC Language, 12, 35, 56, 276n6 Transitoire Observable, 232 TRAVESTY, 28, 63, 67–69, 71–72, 79, 81–82, 179, 278n5, 290–91n44, 291n45, 291n48, 292n50 Truck, Fred, xxii, xxiv, 179, 200, 310n28 Turner-Suarez, Kathleen, 191 Tzara, Tristan, 33, 232 UbuWeb, 89, 218, 278n24, 295n3–4 UNIX, 208–9, 278n6, 314n18, 319n8 University at Albany, xxiii, 5, 214 See also AWOPBOP, The Little Magazine Usenet, 201–2, 208–11, 212, 313n2, 314n17 Valentine, Rudolph, 33, 73–75, 76, 77 Vallias, André, xxiii–xxiv, 18–19, 86, 148, 173, 214, 234, 257, 261–63, 277n22, 322n3 works: “IO,” 133, 142–43, 144, 306n50; “The Verse,” 261, 262 VAX, 208, 211, 277n22 videopoetry, xx–xxi, xxiii, 2, 14, 23, 85– 86, 91–92, 112–13, 118–124, 137, 142, 149, 228–29, 268–69, 277n21 Visual BASIC, 93, 163 visual poetry, xx, xxii, 2, 6–8, 13–14, 19, 23, 76–77, 85–149, 199, 206, 218, 223, 226, 229–30, 236, 253, 267, 276n8, 293n55, 295n2, 299n19 See animated poetry; Concrete poetry; kinetic poetry Vos, Eric, 18–19, 222 VRML, 173 Vuillemin, Alain, 294n57 Wah, Fred, 207 Waldman, Anne, 5, 303n41 Was, Liz, 72, 86 weblogs, 126, 204, 240, 258, 263, 314n10 Weiner, Norbert, 240–42 WELL, xxii, 200, 240, 313n1 We Magazine, Issue 17, xxiv, 209–11 Wershler-Henry, Darren, 235, 240, 314n12 West, Rosemary, 54, 285–86n30 Whitman, Walt, 80, 162, 258 wikis, 209, 239, 251, 320n17 Williams, Emmett, xx, 61, 288n37 Index / 349 works: An Anthology of Concrete Poetry (ed.), 13, 39, 100, 102–3, 147–48, 263, 279n9–10, 300n28; “IBM Poem,” xx, 179, 279n10 Williams, William Carlos, xvi, 12 Willmot, Rob, 155 Wilson, William S., Wood, Robin McKinnon, 56–57, 83, 189 World Wide Web (WWW), 1–3, 5, 7, 27, 29, 83, 86, 93, 154, 202, 237, 242; as in®uence on digital poetry, 145–46, 149, 195–99, 207, 211, 213, 218, 222, 225–28, 233–35, 239, 246, 251, 278n6, 310n22, 312n31, 312n34, 316n24,320n18 Xexoxial Endarchy, 72, 86, 110, 111, 216, 293n52, 299n20 XML, 239 Yahoo!, 315n20 Yates, Katie, 131, 315n22–23 Zervos, Komninos, 86, 228 Zuse Z22 computer, xvii, 35, 37 ... grounds of appreciation and reading of digital poetry rely on Glazier, Stefans, and others When I state that by contrast, Christopher Funkhouser’s Prehistoric Digital Poetry: An Archaeology of Forms, ... late 1950s Prehistoric Digital Poetry: An Archaeology of Forms, 1959–1995 provides an analysis of relevant works and examines encounters between poetry and computers prior to the advent of the World... “Virtual Poetry Prehistoric Digital Poetry Introduction Evolving Circuits of Digital Poetry Digital poetry is a new genre of literary, visual, and sonic art launched by poets who began to experiment