The masculine self in late medieval england

The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England DEREK G NEAL The University of Chicago Press chicago and london d e r e k n e a l is assistant professor of history at Nipissing University in North Bay, Ontario, Canada His research interests include gender, sexuality, and religion in late medieval and early modern Britain as well as the role of fictional literature in historical analysis The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2008 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved Published 2008 Printed in the United States of America 15 1 09 08 isbn-1 3: 978-0-226-56955-0 (cloth) isbn-1 3: 978-0-226-56957-4 (paper) isbn-1 0: 0-226-56955-1 (cloth) isbn-1 0: 0-226-56957-8 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neal, Derek G The masculine self in late medieval England / Derek G Neal p cm Includes bibliographical references and index isbn-1 3: 978-0-226-56955-0 (cloth : alk paper) isbn-1 3: 978-0-226-56957-4 (pbk : alk paper) isbn-1 0: 0-226-56955-1 (cloth : alk paper) isbn-1 0: 0-226-56957-8 (pbk : alk paper) Masculinity—England—History—To 500 Men—England—Social life and customs England—Social life and customs—1 066–1 485 England—Social conditions—1066–1 485 I Title HQ1 090.7.E85N43 2008 305.38 821 00902—dc22 2008009929 ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1 992 In memory of Helen Waddington (1968–2003) whose own interest in gender nourished her lifelong concern for others Contents Acknowledgments Note on Primary Sources Introduction xi xiii false thieves and true men 13 Masculine Identity Formation in a Society of Stresses The Unknown Majority Manhood in the Towns Livelihood, Reputation, and Conflict False Thieves The Language of the Common Voice (and Fame) True Men Ideal and Reality The Legal Rhetoric of Masculinity 13 14 20 25 30 36 42 45 47 husbands and priests 57 Husbandry (I): Pollers, Extorcioners, and Adulterers Substance Pollers and Extorcioners Polling, Cutting, and Loss of Substance Adulterers 57 58 62 66 68 Husbandry (II): The Household from Inside Adulteresses Wives and Servants Priests versus Husbands, Priests as Husbands Clergy in English Society Conflict The Social Meaning of Celibacy The Rector and the Bailiff Clergymen and the Household Blaming the Friars Celibacy and Gender Identity: What Was the Real Problem? 72 73 82 89 91 95 100 102 105 114 118 sex and gender: the meanings of the male body 123 From Physiology to Personality Medieval Maleness: Form and Meaning Manliness and Attractiveness From Phallus to Penis (or Vice Versa?) Husbandly Sexuality An Incomplete Husband The Male Body in Action The Uses of Misrule Dress The Dangers of the Tongue 124 125 130 132 140 142 150 156 166 175 toward the private self: desire, masculinity, and middle english romance 187 History, Fiction, and Literature The Literary Subject The Romance of Masculinity All Her Fault The Dangers of Desire Narcissistic Masculinity and the Rape of Melior Mothers Lovers Invisible and Unspeakable Fathers Unknown and Forbidden The Father Unknown: Bevis of Hampton Better the Nightmare You Know: Lybeaus Desconus 188 189 192 195 197 200 201 207 213 215 217 Father Forbidden, Father Created: Of Arthour and of Merlin Emplotted Desire: Sir Perceval of Galles Desire and Dread: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beyond Narcissism? Ywain and Gawain Conclusion What Has This Historian Done with Masculinity? 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bodies of, 131 , 50–51 ; and life stage, 20–21 ; misrule among, 62; as subordinate males, 23, 24, 73 Aristotle, 128, 29, 140 asceticism, 1 9, 20 See also celibacy Ashley, Kathleen, 272n76 assault, 65, 85, 98, 99, 02 See also fighting; domestic abuse attractiveness, 31, 69 Augustine of Hippo, 46 Austen, Jane, 45 autonomy: and desire, 203, 207, 21 ; as fantasy, 134; and narcissism, 99; premodern vs modern concepts, 23; and privacy, 152; and self, 200, 277n28 baldness, 130 Bardsley, Sandy, 75, 274n1 41 Bartholomew the Englishman, 28, 129, 130, 40, 270n24 Bartlett, Robert, 74 Bateson, Mary, 94–95 beards, 128, 32, 136 Beattie, Cordelia, 259n62 bed-sharing, 1 7, 152–53 Benedictines, 95 Benjamin, Jessica, 226 Bennett, Judith, 242, 255n2, 256nn8–9, 276n3 Bevis of Hampton, 196, 203–4, 21 5–1 7, 231 , 278n66, 279n83 Birksted-Breen, Dana, 270n29, 278n62 Black Death, impact of, 6–20, 247–48 295 296 index Blanchard, Ian, 20, 257n1 Blos, Peter, 278n64 body, 8–9, 23–86; clerical attitudes toward, 90; and discourse, 150; of fathers, 21 4; female, 77; form vs function of, 50; in historical analysis, 24, 86; in literary evidence, 37; metaphoric/symbolic, 69, 75, 86, 24, 57, 68–69; relationship to psyche, 59, 71 , 82–86, 231 ; and sexuality, 91; and social status, 65, 66–67 Book of Physiognomy, 29, 30, 36 Boose, Linda E., 274n141 Borris, Kenneth, 270n39 Bowker, Margaret, 265n1 04 boyhood, 22 boys: education of, 51 –52, 153–54, 58–59; future clerics as, 91 ; gender identity of, 202, 221 ; as victims, 1 Brandes, Stanley, 99, 251 , 264n67, 267n1 54 Braswell, Mary Flowers, 238, 278n50, 280n100 Bray, Alan, 52 Brearley, Denis, 94 Breen, Dana See Birksted-Breen, Dana Brentano, Mary, 272n72 Brewer, Derek: critical framework of, 89; on father imagery, 21 4, 21 6, 233; ideas as psychoanalytic, 93, 94, 280n1 01 Brown, Judith K., 264n69 Brundage, James A., 270n40 burgesses, 57, 38 Burkholder, Kristen M., 274n1 25 Burrow, J A., 259n78 Burson, Malcolm, 93, 257n1 3, 265n1 02, 265n1 04, 266n1 24 Butler, Judith, 25, 83, 208 Butler, Sara, 76, 80, 85, 263n62, 264n79, 264n83 Bynum, Caroline Walker, 276n21 Cadden, Joan, 27, 30, 268n1 82 Caesarius of Heisterbach, 120 Campbell, Bruce, 257n1 9, 265n1 1 Campbell, Jacquelyn, 264n69 Capp, Bernard, 259n62 castration, 36; symbolic, 212, 21 7; as threat, 21 4, 221 , 233 Castrianus, 51 celibacy, 8, 89–91 , 92, 00–1 05, 07 Cely, Richard, Jr., 60 Cely family, 73, 60 Chancery, petitions to: concerning assault, 85–87, 109; involving clerics, 96, 1 3, 63–66; rhetorical features of, 47–50, 64–66, 69; concerning thieves, 37–38, 41 chaplains: as archdiocesan agents, 145; and households, 05; misbehavior among, 98; in secular life, 94; as witnesses, 77, 78, 146 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 23, 124, 131, 71 ; Canterbury Tales, 131 ; Friar, 131 ; Monk, 31 ; Pardoner, 31–32, 269n23, 270n39; Parson, 70–71 , 174; Reeve, 131 ; “Reeve’s Tale,” 123–24; Summoner, 131 Chaytor, Miranda, 261n3 Cheuelere Assygne, 204–5 children, 73, 83, 84, 105; illegitimate, 159–60, 80 chivalry, 172, 226–27, 230–31 , 236–37 Chodorow, Nancy, 200, 236, 277n28 church, as institution, 92, 93, 98 Cicero, 54–55 Clark, George, 274n1 44 Clark, Robert L A., 272n76 classical antiquity, values of, 154–55 clergymen and clerics, 66, 89–1 22; in cathedral communities, 94; in minor orders, 21 ; regular, 95; secular, 94, 1 8; sexual behavior, 77, 89–91, 106, 108–14, 63–65, 81 , 223; social relations with laymen, 90, 95–1 6; and women, 07–16 See also abbots; chaplains; friars; monks; priests; priors clothing See dress Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome, 218, 231 , 234 combat See fighting competition, 92, 97, 1 2, 34, 172, 178 complexion, medieval discourse of, 127–29, 43 compurgation, 76, 09 conjugal debt, 77, 39 Connell, R W., 182, 244, 255n3 consciousness, 184–85 Constantinus Africanus, 28 Cooper, Kate, 268n181 Coss, Peter, 257n1 8, 257n29 Counts, Dorothy Ayers, 264n69 courtesy literature, 151–56, 176, 271 n57 courts of law: civic, 76, 83, 84; common, 76, 82; ecclesiastical, clerics in, 105, 1 2–1 3; ecclesiastical, jurisdiction of, 165; index ecclesiastical, manipulation of, 97, 266n1 22; ecclesiastical, and marriage, 73, 42; ecclesiastical, practice and process in, 32, 54–55, 82; ecclesiastical, records of, 28–29; ecclesiastical, and sexual matters, 70, 145, 78, 263n49; manorial, 93; secular or temporal, 96, 97, 99–1 00, 1 2–13, 65 cowardice, 21 9, 220 craft guilds, 62 See also urban orders Crane, Susan, 93, 237, 238, 278n66, 278n72 Craun, Edwin C., 274n1 26, 275n1 47 credit, 71, 72, 81, 82, 21 Crouzet-Pavan, Elizabeth, 273n96 cuckoldry: in Chaucer, 123–24; and control, 69–70; male fear of, 74, 79, 41 cuckolds: as historiographical preoccupation, 73–74; in romance literature, 223; St Joseph as, 46–47, 271 n52 Cullum, P H., 89, 98, 1 8, 21 –22, 265n1 07 Cummings, Nina, 264n68 Cutler, Robert, 60 Dabhoiwala, Faramerz, 259n62 Daniel, Walter, 20 Davis, Fred, 67, 71 , 273n1 03 Davis, Isabel, 269n3 Davis, Natalie Zemon, 88, 261 n1 Davis, Norman, 272n90 Davis, Virginia, 93, 22, 265n1 06 defamation: of clerics, 96, 97, 99, 09, 1 –1 2, 266n1 22; as extorcion, 64; general patterns in, 30–35, 63; and husbandry, 67, 81 , 09; legal treatment of, 32, 36–37, 54, 249; of married women, 82–83; penalties for, 82; and sexual behavior, 72, 09, 78, 80; and social self, 28, 93; as speech offense, 175; strategic responses to, 52–53 deference, dependency, 74, 09, 21 , 201 , 21 desire, 0, 90–91 , 190, 206–36; concepts and definitions, 97, 201 –2; as dangerous, 97, 98–200, 21 ; and masculine identity, 203; representations of, 196; sexual, 1 9, 20, 225–26; sodomitical, 52–53; unconscious, 209 Devereux, George, 6, 256n1 (Intro.), 258n43 297 DeWindt, Edwin Brezette, 256n7 Diamond, Michael J.: on fathers, 278n62, 278n64, 279n86; on mothers, 277n36; on narcissism, 201 , 279n89 Dinshaw, Carolyn, 234 Disciplina Scolarium, 155 discipline See punishment discourse, 27, 34 Dives and Pauper, 98 divorce See marital separation; annulment Dobson, E J., 257n31 Dobson, R B., 266n1 domestic violence, 76, 78–80, 84, 88–89, 264nn69–70 See also marital cruelty dominance, 1, 7, 23 Donahue, Charles, Jr., 30 double discourse, 6, 26 “double standard” (sexual), 70 dress, 8–9, 166–75; of clerics, 95, 103, 05, 63; evidence for, 70 Dronzek, Anna, 272n76 Dr Strangelove, 262n33 drunkenness, 62 Dunlop, Fiona, 272n78, 273n1 Dyer, Christopher, 256nn4–7, 256nn1 –1 2, 257n20, 257n30, 274n1 23 Edelson, Marshall, 86, 191 , 260n1 4, 265n1 01 , 275n162 education, 51 See also schools; students; universities Edward IV, king of England, 32, 33 effeminacy, 90, 09, 69, 74 Eger and Grime, 238 Elliott, Dyan, 265n100 Elliott-Binns, Leonard, 266n1 28 “emasculinity,” 90, 1 embodiment, 65, 125, 127, 37 See also body Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 45 English society: contrasted with Mediterranean societies, 45, 79–80, 251 ; distinctive sex and gender regime, 21 , 74, 1 3, 157, 251 –52; nature of, 13 Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh, 275n1 61 erections, 90 essentialism, 182, 86 evidence, 87–88; legal records as, 29–30, 73, 41 , 89; literature as, 88–95; problems of, 73, 26–27, 39, 41, 56, 57 Ewan, Elizabeth, 275n1 48 298 index extorcion and extorcioners, 63–66, 67, 86, 09, 1 4; defined, 63 facial expressions and looks, 29–30, 53 falseness: as category, 38–39; of clerics, 93, 97, 99, 00, 1 ; and guile, 64; and husbandry, 67, 81 , 23; in masculine conflict, 53–54; symbols of, 32; and unmanliness, 41 fama, 36, 75 family, 205 fantasies: conscious, 212; in family life, 1 5, 34; of fatherhood, 224; phallic, 201 ; sexual, 90, 98; in social world, 51 , 62, 68 fashion, 67, 68, 70, 73–75; evidence for, 68 Fast, Irene, 279n89 fatherhood, 8, 84, 21 , 159, 223 fathers, 60, 83, 21 3–36; desire for, 21 3–1 4; identification with, 21 4, 232; pre-Oedipal, 21 4, 224; psychological representations of, 214, 21 7, 233 Faversham, 94 Fellows, Jennifer, 205, 21 fiction, 9–1 , 29–30, 88–89; in legal evidence, 49–50, 76, 80, 98, 46–47 fighting: celibacy as, 1 9–20; by clerics, 90, 96, 98, 63, 66; evidence about, 31 ; and rebellious masculinity, 62; in romance literature, 237–38 fornication, 70, 72, 1 See also sexual behavior Foster, Thomas, 39–40 Foucault, Michel, 4–5, 29 Foyster, Elizabeth, 5, 259n62 Franklin, Benjamin, 45 Frantzen, Allen J., 268n179 Freud, Sigmund: on anal zone, 220–21 ; and classical psychoanalysis, 4, 82, 200, 236; on desire for father, 21 3, 224; on desire for mother, 202; on linguistic nature of unconscious, 91 ; on paranoia, 209; on reintegration, 236; on romance, 93; on splitting of desire, 204 friars, 93, 97, 00, 1 4–1 8, 31, 40–41 Frosh, Stephen, 277n34 Gabbard, Glen O., 275nn1 59–62 Gamelyn, 44, 61 , 278n66 gender, as dynamic, 25–26; relation to sex, 25, 41 gender identity, 6, 90, 1 8–22, 148, 186; core, 82–83; and society, 247 gender theory, 125 genitals, 70–71 See also penis; testicles gentry, 59, 94, 42, 44–45, 48–49 Gerald of Wales, 1 Germany, 62 gesture, 52, 155–56 giants, 230–31 Gieben, Servus, 271 n58 Gilmore, David, 72, 255n3 girls, 156, 271 n62, 272n76 Goldberg, P J P., 5, 256n3, 257n21 , 257n26, 271 n49 gossip, 76, 176 Gottfried of Straßburg, 167 governance See husbandry; self-command Gowing, Laura, 258n54, 259n62 Greatrex, Joan, 266n1 Green, Richard Firth, 42–43, 45, 259n84, 260n1 08, 261 n1 24 Green, Thomas A., 258n53 Gregorian reforms, 20–21 Groebner, Valentin, 264n79 Gutmann, M C., 255n3 guile, 39, 44, 64, 124, 31 Hadley, D M., 280n1 Haigh, Christopher A., 258n54 hair, 66, 130, 31 –32; on body, 26, 36; facial, 26; pubic, 26 See also beards Hale, Rosemary Drage, 271 n52 Hampden, Edward, 87 Hanawalt, Barbara, 257n26, 257n34 Hanna, Ralph, 276n3 Hanning, Robert, 92, 194 Hartman, Mary S., 252, 257n27, 263n54 Harvey, Karen, 241 , 242, 244, 255n1 Haskett, Timothy S., 261n1 Heath, Peter, 267n1 39, 267n1 66 Helmholz, Richard H., 142, 258n51, 259nn58–59, 259n68, 263n57, 267n151 hierarchy, 34, 153, 77 Hilton, Rodney, 257n20 historiography: feminist, 242; of gender, 5–6; of the Middle Ages, 5; Protestant, 101 Hoccleve, Thomas, 69 homicide, 76, 80, 85, 98 index homoeroticism, 2, 270n39, 271 n66 homosexuality, 1 7, 139, 21 homosocial relations, 67, 68, 71, 72, 1 3, 34; and courtesy, 51 –54; dress in, 72; and heterosexuality, 236–37; involving clerics, 93–1 4; and rebellious masculinity, 243; and regulation, 62, 249; and social self, 250 honesty, 7, 43–55, 86, 100, 243 honor: men’s, 42, 76, 79–80, 82; women’s, 72 Hood, Robin, 45 Horrox, Rosemary, 23–24 horses: as phallic symbols, 227; as stolen goods, 34–36, 39 Hoskin, Philippa, 271 n51 hostility: and desire, 202; toward fathers, 214, 21 6, 229, 235; toward mothers, 21 3; toward sons, 280n96; toward women, 98 household: children in, 83; and clerics, 01, 02, 03, 05–1 5; and masculine identity, 7–8, 72–73; servants in, 88–89; sexual behavior within, 76, 61 –63; women in, 74, 81 ; and youth, 4–1 See also husbandry Hudson, William, 256n9 Hugh of Lincoln, 20 Hugh of St Victor, 55 Huot, Sylvia, 208, 209, 21 0, 278n59 husbandry: clerical, 05–8; defined, 58; and masculine identity, 7–8; and sexual behavior, 40–50, 60; violations of, 63, 67–69, 81 , 86–89; and women, 72–78, 82, 56 husbands, 58, 69–80, 1 4, 156 identity, 3, 92–93; and desire, 201 ; and narcissism, 208; chivalric, 228–29 Idley, Peter, 68–69 impotence, 35, 38, 41 –50 individuality, 5, 8, 18, 245 infidelity See adultery inheritance, 59, 61 , 21 5, 217, 223 insults, 36–42; and clerics, 96, 97, 1 4; “cuckold,” 31 , 74, 96, 1 0; “harlot,” 38; impact of, 46; “knave,” 22, 53, 88, 96; as provocation, 258n43; sexual, 30–32; “thief,” 25, 27, 32–33, 39, 43, 46, 87, 97, 1 4; “thief,” as condensation, 91; “whore,” 41 , 82, 88, 89, 07; “whoremaster,” 97, 06–7, 1 , 1 4; 299 “whoremonger,” 32, 06, 1 –1 2, 1 3–1 4; “whoreson,” 32, 67, 97, 00, 1 2, 1 See also defamation interiority, 6, See also under self: private Isidore of Seville, 28 jealousy, 78, 80 Johnson, Michael, 262n33 Johnson, Samuel, 45 Johnston, Mark D., 274n1 26 journeymen, 21 , 23, 62 Justice, Steven, 256n1 Kandel, Eric, 85 Karras, Ruth Mazo: on apprentices, 131 , 258n40; on courtesy books, 271 n57; on education, 272n85; on knights, 271n66, 273n1 8; on male genitals, 270n33; on manhood, 23; on masculinity, 5, 257n32; on prostitution, 277n41 ; on servants, 264n86, 265n98; on sexual behavior, 70, 263n41, 270n37; on students, 57; on subordinate males, 62, 257n26, 268n1 91; on violence, 273n101; on youth, 257n35, 272n78 Kempe, Margery, 273n1 Kermode, Jennifer, 257n23 Kettle, Ann J., 266n1 Kowaleski, Maryanne, 256n3 knights, in romance literature, 61 –62, 236–37 Kruger, Steven F., 269n23 Kubrick, Stanley, 262n33 Lacan, Jacques, 134, 93, 201 , 208, 21 language, 1 4–1 6, 134, 43, 46, 86; and desire, 21 2; figurative, 91; and subjectivity, 90, 91 See also defamation; insults; speech Laqueur, Thomas, 275n1 63 Latini, Brunetto, 176 laughter, 76 law and legal procedure, 80, 82, 43, 144; canon, 41 See also courts of law lawsuits, 27–28, 30, 89, 97, 102; as defensive strategies, 36–37, 52–54, 74, 1 0–1 Lay Folks’ Catechism, 64 Layton, Lynne, 201 , 277n31, 277n35 LeDoux, Joseph, 275n1 60 Lesnick, Daniel R., 260n1 300 index Leyser, Conrad, 20, 268n1 81 , 268n183 liberality, 60, 61 , 57 life stage, 60, 65, 1 3, 62, 225 See also age literary subject, 0, 89–90; defined, 90 livelihood, 33, 59, 64, 99 Logan, F Donald, 266n1 7, 268n1 75 lovesickness, 98–99 Lybeaus Desconus, 21 7–21 MacKinnon, Catherine, 29 Maddern, Philippa, 37, 41 , 50, 51 , 256n1 maleness, 24, 203 man, as concept, 26–27 manhood, as concept, 27, 61, 250 Mankind, 74 manliness, as concept, 1 6, 250 Mann, Jill, 267n1 71 , 269n22 Manne, Perrine, 67 manners, 151 –55; relation to morals, 54–55 marital cruelty, allegations of, 77, 81 marital separation, 74, 75 marriage: breakdown of, 74, 76, 263n44; evidence about, 73; and life stage, 6, 74; and sexual behavior, 1 3, 39, 58, 252; and social self, 8, 24, 67, 73, 121 ; and trueness, 43–44 masculinity: crisis of, 6, 89; discourses of, 78–79, 97, 08–9, 1 , 136, 181 ; hegemonic, 201 , 244; historical change in, 6–20, 241–42; as historical subject, 3–5; multiple models of, 22, 244; narcissistic, 224 masters, 84–87, 89, 01 , 03, 07 maturity, 22–23, 25–26, 162, 203, 243; as normative, 249 McAlpine, Monica E., 269n23 McHardy, Alison, 266n1 30 McIntosh, Marjorie: on defamation, 260n1 04; on impact of Black Death, 256n5, 257n1 7; on male tithing groups, 257n13; on misbehavior, 248; on servants, 264n83; on speech, 274n1 28; on women’s labor, 280n16 McNamara, JoAnn, 89, 1 McSheffrey, Shannon, 70–72, 263n44, 270n40 Mead, George, 28 medical sources, 27–30 medieval history, Menuge, Noel, 278n66 metaphor, 46, 69, 84, 99, 1 4, 124; body as, 35 methodology, 6–7, 25–26, 242–43, 245 Miller, William Ian, 273n1 “Mirror of the Periods of Man’s Life, The,” 62 misogyny, 51 , 198, 219 misrule, 156–66 moderation: as classical ideal, 1 9; as masculine ideal, 58, 78, 62, 243; in gesture, 53–54; in sexual activity, 138; and social self, 62 See also self-command monasteries, 94, 95, 63–66 money, 60, 68 monks, 91 , 20, 31, 63–66 moralist discourse, 64, 157, 163, 74–75 Moreton, C E., 266n1 Morris, Colin, 276n21 mothers, 201 –7, 21 , 21 2, 213, 250, 277n36 Munro, Alice, 235 murder See homicide Murray, Jacqueline: on body, 27; on clerics, 1 9, 120, 265n1 00, 268n187; on impotence, 270n46; on male sexuality, 138, 264n63, 270n36, 272n81; on masculinity as concept, 280n1 4; on phallic pride, 273n1 Myers, Alec R., 259n71 nakedness, 86, 1 7, 30, 73 narcissism, 0, 206, 21 , 21 2; defensive, 247; defined, 99–200 narrative, 65, 47, 64–65 See also fiction Neal, Derek, 255n9, 280n15 neighbors, 79, 81 , 58 neurology, 84, 275n1 62 Nicholls, Jonathan, 271 nn57–58, 271 n67 noses, 77, 82 Notary, Julian, 38 oaths, 44, 46, 51 , 62, 99 occupational status, 20, 132; clerical careers as, 92–95, 98, 07, 121 Oedipal concepts, 202, 203, 204, 21 3, 21 5, 222 Of Arthour and of Merlin, 221 –26 Olson, Sherri, 18, 256n8, 256n10 (chap 1), 256n1 , 257n1 index Orme, Nicholas, 265n1 02 Owst, G R., 69, 262n1 0, 262n23, 273nn1 1 –1 Paglia, Camille, 1 paranoia, 209 Parrot, Andrea, 264n68 Partner, Nancy, 5, 82, 276n1 Partonope of Blois, 61 , 87, 95–97, 205–6, 207–1 , 21 Paston, Edmond II, 60–62 Paston, John I, 60, 01 Paston, John II: as commentator, 20, 32, 33, 134; husbandry of, 60, 62; and self-knowledge, 245 Paston, John III, 60, 07–8, 32, 34, 160, 161 Paston, Margaret, 41, 60, 62–63, 93, 1 8, 245 Paston, Walter, 1 Paston, William I, 97 Paston family: and clerics, 01 , 08; and household order, 60–63; letters of, as evidence, 50, 59, 85; and liberality, 62; and marriage, 73; and tenants, 43, 63 pastoral literature, 64, 70, 81 Patterson, Lee, 86, 269n23, 270n39 patriarchy, 1, 3, 9, 84, 238–39 patrimony See inheritance Payer, Pierre J., 272n84 peasants, 4–20 peer groups, 7–1 See also homosocial relations penance, 76 penis, 32–37, 38, 41–50, 59 Perfetti, Lisa, 274n1 35 personality, 25 phallic concepts and symbols, 2–3; dress as, 71 , 72; desire as, 1 6; limits of, 35; narrative as, 96; pride as, 31; words as, 78 phallus, 34–35, 59, 21 Phillips, Susan, 274n132 physiology, 25, 27–30, 43 piety, 246 Pigg, Daniel F., 269n2 Pinker, Steven, 275nn158–59 Piponnier, Franc¸oise, 67 Pitt-Rivers, Julian, 264n66 pleasure, 2–3, 90–91, 156, 66, 237 pledging, 7–1 Plumpton, Robert, 63 301 Plumpton, William, 51 –52, 01 Plumpton family, 51 , 59, 62, 64, 101 pollers and polling, 62, 66–67 Poos, L R., 4–1 5, 257n1 7, 258n54, 259n60, 263n58 poverty, 71 See also substance power, 1–2, 34 premodernity, Preston, Kathleen, 258n49 pride, 123–24, 31, 37, 171 priests, , 66, 97; chantry, 94, 98, 00, 179; as confessors, 99, 107, 08; parish, 93, 94, 96, 06, 79 priors, 66, 63, 65 privacy, 52 property See substance prostitutes and prostitution, 21 , 71, 204 psychoanalytic theory: and body-mind connection, 182, 84–86; in historical analysis, 0, 90–91; and literary criticism, 134; object relations school, 200–201 psychology, 9–1 , 90; cognitive, 84–86 puberty, 26–27, 36 punishment, 84, 85, 104, 105, 234 Putter, Ad, 280n1 03 quantitative analysis, 30 Raftis, Ambrose, 17, 8, 256n7, 257nn16–1 Rank, Otto, 93 rape, 1 5, 1 8, 163, 77; accusations of, 50, 1 2–13; representations of, 195–96, 222 Razi, Zvi, 256n7 reason, 47, 79, 65 Reformation, 247, 248 regulation, 24–25, 62, 248–49 Reiss, Edmund, 193 relation, 99, 200, 220, 237 Renaissance, 247 representation, 91 , 238 reputation, 27, 36–54, 60, 91 ; and law courts, 249; and masculine competition, 88; sexual, 38; and speech, 34; women’s, 1 See also defamation; fama Riddy, Felicity, 227, 272n76 Rocke, Michael, 257n28, 270n39 Rolling Stones, 270n35 romance literature, 9–1 , 87–239, 280n103 Roper, Lyndal, 67, 89, 62, 171 , 182, 247 302 index Roper, Michael, 243 Rosenwein, Barbara, 185 Ross, Charles, 270n26 Ross, John Munder, 278n62, 278nn64–65 rural society, 4–20 Russe, John, 60 satire, 68–69, 267n1 71 Schmitt, J C., 55 schools, 67, 91 , 94, 51 , 58–59 Schultz, James, 67 scolding, 75 Scotland, 182 Secret of Secrets, 27–30 self: embodied, 59, 71 ; narcissistic, 201 , 220, 243; private, 48, 187–236; private, historical evidence for, 92; social, of clerics, 99, 00, 03, 21 ; social, described, 8; social, elements of, 72, 82, 84, 87, 88; social, formation of, 51 ; social, relation to private self, 46–47; social, symbolic size of, 53, 72 self-command: and anger, 04; and the body, 50–52, 153–56; celibacy as, 1 0, 1 9, 21, 243; of clerics, 64–66, 80, 81 ; as masculine ideal, 8, 9, 243; and sexual appetite, 38–39; and sexual behavior, 252; and speech, 76–77, 80 self-indulgence, 1 , 31, 56–66, 243 semen, 67, 28 sermon literature, 51 , 69 servants: and adult masculinity, 23; bodies of, 66, 50–51 ; as masters’ substance, 43, 73, 84–89, 06, 07; sexual behavior of, 09, 60–63; and social order, 69; treatment of, 02–5; and violence, 63; as youth, 4–1 6, 20 service, 23–24, 71 , 87, 01 , 22 sex difference, medieval theories of, 127–30 sexual behavior: and age, 57; boasting about, 80–81 ; as distinct from sexuality, 90–91 ; frequency of, 38; and gender identity, 89; in marriage, 40–50; outside marriage, 69–72, 76, 56–66, 223; quality of, 77–78; and reputation, 32, 53, 71–72, 38, 177–78; of subordinate males, 20, 1 3; and substance, 67 sexuality, concepts and definitions, 89–91 , 1 6, 40; gendered medieval attitudes to, 38; narcissistic, 201 ; parental, anxiety about, 222; psychoanalytic theories of, 202 shame, 74–76, 79, 80 Sharpe, J A., 258n54, 259n60, 261 n1 39 Shaw, David Gary: on apprentices, 257n24; on clerics, 265n103; on homosocial relations, 57; on insults, 261n1 37; on servants, 84, 86, 264n81 , 264n84; on social self, 28; on speech, 274n133; on substance, 262n6 Shepard, Alexandra, 5, 241 , 242, 244, 248, 259n62 Sir Amadace, 61–62 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 232–36 Sir Launfal, 21 –1 Sir Perceval of Galles, 226–32 Skelton, John, 1 6–1 slander See defamation Smelser, Neil, 258n42, 276n2 Smith, D Vance, 269n3 social constructionism, 183, 186 social status: and courtesy, 153; and dress, 172, 175; historical change in, 19; and husbandry, 67–68, 88; and marriage, 67, 75, 23; mobility, 68; and parenting, 21 5; and social self, 8, 247; and violence, 85, 86 sodomy, 24, 39, 53 Solomon, Michael, 136 Sopranos, The, 267n1 54 “Speculum Vitae,” 64 speech: of clerics, 99, 179–82; and courtesy, 51 , 55; and homosocial relations, 134; as misrule, 75–82 See also defamation; gossip; insults; oaths Stanley, Kimberley, 258n49 stealth, 40, 41 , 76 Stein, Robert M., 276n3 Stoller, Robert, 182, 83, 275n1 56, 277nn36–37 Stonor, William, 87 Stonor family, 57, 59, 00 Storey, R L., 1 2–13 students, 155, 157 Sturges, Robert S., 269n23 strength, 129 subjectivity: and body, 125, 86; evidence for, 9–1 0, 93, 252; as historical subject, 9; and privacy, 28; and sexuality, 138 subordinate males, 65, 86, 1 3, 21 , 157, 60–63 See also apprentices; servants; boys; youth index substance: defined, 58; and masculine self, 63, 66–68, 71 –72, 75; property as, 58–62, 1 2; and sexual behavior, 09; wives as, 81–83 Sutton, Anne, 273n1 03, 273nn1 9–20, 274n1 24 Swanson, Heather, 257n26 Swanson, R N., 89, 90, 1 8, 265nn1 04–5, 265n1 08 Tanner, Norman P., 265n1 03 Taylor, Andrew, 274n1 44 Taylor, Regan, 260n1 tenants, 63, 64 testicles, 36, 38, 42 theft, as allegation, 33–35, 59, 68, 71, 82, 87 thieves, 64, 66, 83, 23, 29 Thompson, A Hamilton, 270n31 Thrupp, Sylvia, 257n25, 261n1 33 tithes, 97, 1 tithing groups, 7, tonsure, 66, 91 , 1 Tosh, John, 247, 255n4, 260n1 1 Townshend, Eleanor, 94 Training of Novices, 155 Trevisa, John, 28, 29, 30, 140, 270n24 Trilling, Lionel, 45, 260n1 05, 260n1 Tristan und Isold, 67 “true man,” 42, 45 trueness, 50, 87, 1 trust, 81 , 109, 1 truth, 42, 44, 249 Tyson, Phyllis, 275n1 56, 278n65 Tyson, Robert L., 275n1 56, 278n65 unconscious, 90, 91 , 84–85, 91 , 92, 212 universities, 95 unmanliness, 80, 86, 90, 31 urban orders, 20–22, 51 , 62 See also apprentices Vaughan, Susan C., 275n1 62 violence, 66, 234 See also assault; domestic abuse; fighting; punishment 303 virginity, female, 79 Vitalis, Orderic, 74 Wack, Mary Frances, 98, 200, 202, 203 Wacquant, Loic, 120 Walker, Garthine, 259n62 Wallerstein, Robert, 258n42, 276n2 Wallis, Faith, 262n28 Ward, Jeanne, 264n68 Wayte, William, 63, 96 wealth, 59, 68–69, 21 , 21 See also money; substance weapons, 98, 04, 23, 63, 166 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 276n8 Westen, Drew, 275nn1 59–62 White, Hayden, 88, 276n4 Wiesner, Merry E., 162, 257n26 William of Malmesbury, 174 William of Saliceto, 36–37 William Rufus, king of England, 174 Williams, John, 260n1 wives, 68, 74, 78, 79–81 , 85, 1 4; instructions to, 56; and marital sexuality, 40–41 womanhood, contrasted to manhood, 23 women: and carnality, 98; as dangerous to men, 99; dress of, 73–74; as lovers of clerics, 1 3; hair, 73; labor of, 252, 280n16; power of, 199, 204, 21 2; as shaping masculinity, 249–52; social contact with clergy, 94, 1 2; social contact with men, 21; social selves of, 172; social status of, 204, 251 ; speech of, 75, 251 ; voices of, 63 See also cuckolds; domestic abuse; mothers; prostitutes and prostitution; rape; sexual behavior; wives women’s history, 3–4 Woods, Marjorie, 272n85 Wunderli, Richard, 258n50 youth, 1 3, 56–57, 62, 243 Ywain and Gawain, 206–7, 236–38 Zakim, Michael, 260n109 Zizek, Slavoj, 193, 278n59 .. .The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England DEREK G NEAL The University of Chicago Press chicago and london... that the answer did not lie in one of the chief ways masculinity has been apprehended in historical terms: the recurring idea that societies, and/or the men in them (depending who is telling the. .. Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Neal, Derek G The masculine self in late medieval England / Derek G Neal p cm Includes bibliographical references and index isbn-1 3: 978-0-226-56955-0