everyday life in medieval england

Everyday Life in Medieval England This page intentionally left blank Everyday Life in Medieval England Christopher Dyer Hambledon and London London and New York Hambledon and London 102 Gloucester Avenue London, NW1 8HX 838 Broadway New York NY 100034812 First Published 1994 This Edition 2000 85285 201 (paper) 85285 112 (cased) Copyright © Christopher Dyer 2000 The moral rights of the author have been asserted All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyrights reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book A description of this book is available from the British Library and from the Library of Congress Printed on acid-free paper and bound in Great Britain by Cambridge University Press Contents Acknowledgements Illustrations Tables Preface Introduction vi vii viii ix xi Power and Conflict in the Medieval English Village 'The Retreat from Marginal Land': The Growth and Decline of Medieval Rural Settlements 13 Deserted Medieval Villages in the West Midlands 27 Dispersed Settlements in Medieval England: A Case Study of Pendock, Worcestershire 47 Changes in Diet in the Late Middle Ages: The Case of Harvest Workers 77 The Consumption of Freshwater Fish in Medieval England 101 Gardens and Orchards in Medieval England 113 English Peasant Buildings in the Later Middle Ages (1200-1500) 133 Wages and Earnings in Late Medieval England: Evidence from the Enforcement of the Labour Laws (with Simon A.C Penn) 167 10 The Social and Economic Background to the Rural Revolt of 1381 191 11 The Rising of 1381 in Suffolk: Its Origins and Participants 221 12 Towns and Cottages in Eleventh-Century England 241 13 The Consumer and the Market in the Later Middle Ages 257 14 The Hidden Trade of the Middle Ages: Evidence from the West Midlands 283 15 Were there any Capitalists in Fifteenth-Century England? 305 Index 329 Acknowledgements The following essays first appeared in the following publications and are reprinted by the kind permission of the publishers D Hooke (ed.), Medieval Villages, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology (monograph no 5, 1985), pp 27-32 M Aston, D Austin and C Dyer (eds), The Rural Settlements of Medieval England (Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp 45-57 Economic History Review, 2nd series, 35 (1982), pp 19-34 Medieval Archaeology, 34 (1990), pp 97-4 21 Agricultural History Review, 36 (1988), pp 21-37 M Aston (ed.), Medieval Fish, Fisheries and Fish Ponds in England, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 182 (1989), pp 27-38 Jardins et vergers en I'Europe occidental (VIIe-XVHIe siecles), Centre Culturel de 1'Abbaye de Flaran, 9e journe"es internationales d'histoire (1989), pp 115-32 Medieval Archaeology, 30(1986), pp 18-45 Economic History Review, 2nd series, 43 (1990), pp 356-76 10 T.H Aston and R.H Hilton (eds), The English Rising of 1381 (Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp 9-24 11 Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History, 36 (1988), pp 274-87 12 H Mayr-Harting and R.I Moore (eds), Studies in Medieval History Presented to R.H.C Davis (The Hambledon Press, London, 1985), pp 91-106 13 Economic History Review, 2nd series, 42 (1989), pp 305-26 14 Journal of Historical Geography, 18 (1992), pp 141-57 15 J.Kermode (ed.), Enterprise and Individuals in Fifteenth-Century England (Alan Sutton, Stroud, 1991), pp 1-24 Illustrations Fig 4.1 Location of Pendock, Worcestershire, showing surrounding parishes, relief and selected features 53 Pendock before the Middle Ages, showing the fieldwalked areas and prehistoric and Romano-Britishfinds 55 Medieval landscape and settlements, before and after desertion: Pendock 60 Fig 4.4 Medieval settlement earthworks at Pendock 63 Fig 4.5 Pendock: land use 67 Fig 6.1 Supplies of freshwater fish to the household of Bishop John Hales, 1461 103 Map of buildings, settlements and manors 135 Fig 4.2 Fig 4.3 Fig 8.1 Fig 13.1 Purchases (valued) of Richard Mitford, bishop of Salisbury, 1406-7 259 Fig 13.2 Purchases by Halesowen Abbey, 1365-7, and by Sir William Mountford, 1433-4 268 Fig 13.3 Purchases of the Eyres of Hassop, Derbyshire, 1472-6 271 Fig 13.4 Peasant debts 272 Fig 14.1 Warwickshire and Worcestershire (pre-1974 modern boundaries), showing boroughs and markets pre-1500 and the trading places mentioned 286 Tables Table 5.1 Analysis (by value, in percentages) of foodstuffs consumed by harvest workers at Sedgeford, Norfolk, 1256-1424 82 Table 5.2 Food allowances at Sedgeford, Norfolk 83 Table 5.3 Expenditure on food at Thurlby, Lincolnshire 94 Table 6.1 Prices and valuations offish (each) in south Staffordshire in 1461 106 Table 7.1 Some peasant gardens 117 Table 7.2 Size of 'messuages' and 'cottages' : the plots within which buildings, yards and gardens were sited 117 Table 7.3 Tithes on horticultural produce 120 Table 7.4 Tithes on horticultural produce: some parishes in Suffolk, 1341 120 Table 9.1 Geographical mobility of wage-earners 176 Table 9.2 Rates of pay for different periods of time worked by labourers in Suffolk, 1360-4 184 Table 10.1 Average annual totals of court perquisites 208 Table 11.1 Analysis of tenants recognising new lords in Suffolk 223 Table 12.1 Place-names incorporating cot near early boroughs 248 Table 12.2 Money rents paid by bordars, cottars etc 249 Table 13.1 Cost of transporting wine by water and road, per tun, per mile (pence) 262 Preface This book aims to recapture the way of life of ordinary people in the middle ages The subjects covered include settlement, food, houses, gardens, wages and trade The essays also consider the relations between aristocrats and peasants, artisans and wage-earners, and the ways in which society changed The essays fall into four groups: settlement (chapters 1-4); standards of living (chapters 5-8); social relations (chapters 9-11); and the market (chapters 12-15) They are written by a historian relying mainly on documents, but they also use archaeological evidence, and employ some of the methods of archaeology and geography They are designed to reveal new aspects of the past by asking questions which have not been asked before, and by exploring old problems using different sources and approaches A number of the essays are focussed on the west midland region (mainly the historic counties of Gloucestershire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire), but three are concerned mainly with the south,-east and East Anglia All of them view the regional examples within a national or continental frame Christopher Dyer Birmingham 22 July 2000 322 Everyday Life in Medieval England century or in the decade or two after 1400 Some demesnes were let in fragments to a number of tenants, or en bloc to a village community, so that the land made modest additions to the relatively small resources of many peasant households The same may have occurred, without our knowledge, in cases where there was apparently one farmer, who had decided that subletting was the best way of exploiting the resources of the demesne Most demesnes seem to have been leased as single units, and occasional supplementary evidence, such as inventories, shows that the lessee exploited the land himself, or that cultivation was left in the hands of a bailiff or a single subtenant The lessees included a good number of gentry, merchants and clergy, and they were most likely to have used indirect methods of management The majority of lessees, and probably a near totality of subtenants, were of peasant origin Usually we know no more about them than is written in the lease - their names, the assets conveyed, the length of the term and the rent, with clauses dividing responsibilities for the maintenance of buildings When additional information can be gathered, it can sometimes tell us of agricultural improvements, such as enclosure or conversion to pasture, or of the market orientation of lessees who had interests in towns or contacts with the wool and cloth trades The most innovatory of the farmers, the butcher graziers of the Midlands, used their lands as specialised pastures, often occupying large areas of former arable, including the whole of the field system of a deserted village They fattened animals for the urban markets, which were expanding because of high per capita incomes which brought regular meat-eating to a greater proportion of households.37 Not every lessee changed the management or technology of his demesne, but the arrival of the farmer marks three important and enduring developments in late medieval England Firstly, the management of agriculture slipped out of the hands of the landlords and their officials, to the advantage of a lower social stratum The lords still creamed off the profits, but left the lessees with the chance to make something for themselves Secondly, the character of the demesne was changed, because leasing detached them from the peasant holdings to which they had been closely linked for many centuries The demesne, instead of forming an integral part of a manor, became simply an area of land No longer would production be supported or cushioned by the rents and services of the peasantry To underline the growing divorce between demesne and village, some Midland farmers began that migration out into their fields which by the nineteenth century was to place the majority of farm buildings away from other settlements And thirdly the whole structure of estates was 37 R.H Hilton, 'A study in the pre-history of English enclosure in the fifteenth century', in The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1975), pp 161-73; Dyer, Warwickshire Farming, pp 17-22 Were there any Capitalists in Fifteenth Century England? 323 transformed The old estates had been based on the need in a premarketing age for scattered manors in different regions to give lords a balance of resources Many of the new lessees held only one demesne, and those who acquired a number took them from different lords and organised them on fresh principles, often seeking to hold farms in a compact group for ease of management, and acquiring lands of the same type so as to be able to specialise - for example, in pastoral farming.38 There were at least 5,000 farmers like Heritage, we can estimate, and they held as much as a fifth of the land in lowland England towards the end of the fifteenth century The gentry are worth considering as a second distinct group of possible fifteenth-century capitalists It was once thought that the magnates of the thirteenth century ran their estates on capitalist lines, but the revelation that they invested relatively little, and relied heavily on 'feudal' revenues even at the apex of their 'high farming' phase, combined with their readiness to abandon direct management during the fourteenth century, has led us to concentrate more on the smaller landowners Gentry sometimes continued after 1400 with the direct management of their demesnes, or took the demesnes of other lords on lease, or ran both their own lands and leaseholds simultaneously Notable examples are John Brome of Warwickshire, the Catesbys of Northamptonshire, Thomas Keble of Leicestershire, the Townshends of Norfolk, and the Vernons of Derbyshire.39 In many ways their activities are comparable with Heritage and the other non-gentry farmers They produced for the market, specialised in pastoral husbandry, employed wage labour, and could invest in technical changes such as enclosures We must, however, make some important reservations For the gentry, agricultural production formed only one part, and then often a minor part, of their incomes They could, and did, drop out of direct management of their estates, and resume it again when circumstances made it advantageous They were not as heavily committed to the sale of produce as the yeoman farmers, because they maintained well-fed households who ate a high proportion of the grain and stock from their manors For the yeomen farmers agricultural production was a way of life; the gentleman farmers regarded agriculture as a sideline, and were much more concerned with the usual aristocratic preoccupations of marriage, 3S H Thorpe, The lord and the landscape', in Volume jubilaire M.A Lefevre (Louvain, 1964), pp 97-101 39 Dyer, 'Small landowner', pp 1-14; idem, Warwickshire Farming, pp 18-21; E.W Ives, The Common Lawyers of pre-Reformation England (Cambridge, 1983), pp 345-53; K.J Allison, 'Flock management in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries', Econ Hist Rev., 2nd ser., 11 (1958), pp 98-112; S Wright, The Derbyshire Gentry in the Fifteenth Century (Derbyshire Record Society, 8, 1983), pp 19-21 For a general comment on the economic activities of gentry, see C Carpenter, 'The fifteenth-century English gentry and their estates', M.Jones (ed.), Gentry and Lesser Nobility in Late Medieval Europe (Gloucester, 1986), pp 36-58 324 Everyday Life in Medieval England patronage, government and the law Perhaps the main contribution that the gentry made to the development of capitalism lay in forming partnerships with yeoman farmers (like that between Belknap and the younger Heritage) in which the power of the lord was complemented by the entrepreneurial skills of the lessee to enhance profits for their mutual benefit Such a cooperative alliance became the basis of many subsequent advances in English agriculture A third group to be considered are the peasants who accumulated larger holdings They sometimes did this by taking all or part of a demesne on lease, but more commonly built up a complex holding by acquiring their neighbours' lands by marriage, purchase, or simply by taking on tenements that had been abandoned and 'lay in the lord's hands' To take an example, successive members of the Cubbell family of Coleshill and Eastrop (Berkshire) gathered to themselves or yardlands (60-80 acres) of land, together with pieces of pasture and a mill.40 They were able to run a hundred sheep, and employ three or four workers They raised enough money by sales of produce both to pay rents, which for them and for most peasants by the middle of the fifteenth century were levied entirely in cash, and to spend on their own consumption When the lord built houses for the Coleshill peasants his costs amounted to £7 or more on each building, which were equipped with stone walls and slate roofs Presumably the peasants, who normally paid for their own buildings, also bought expensive materials and hired skilled labour Some of the buildings, such as barns, represent considerable investments, and we know also of peasants who consolidated their holdings and enclosed their lands As with the gentry, but for different reasons, there are difficulties in using the term 'capitalist' to describe the Cubbels and their like Their large holdings were not always cultivated very effectively, and they often broke up after a short period The Cubbells paid modest rents of 6d per acre, and very low entry fines on acquiring new holdings; land could be obtained cheaply, and because of labour shortages and low prices, did not yield high profits Wealthy peasants were inhibited in changing their techniques by the pressures of the community with whom they had to co-operate They were unable to employ many workers because of the expense of wages Their sources of labour were either the life-cycle servants (young people gaining work experience before going on to a more independent way of life) or smallholders earning wages part-time We can recognise the capitalist potential of the Cubbells and the many thousands of comparable yeomen It was from their ranks that the Heritages and their like emerged And yet we must wonder, in view of the failure of many villages to polarise sharply between a few yeomen and numerous landless 40 R Faith, 'Berkshire: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries', in P.D.A Harvey (ed.), The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England (Oxford, 1984), pp 116-17, 146-9, 152-74 Were there any Capitalists in Fifteenth Century England? 325 labourers, how many of the peasant elite really broke out of the economic and mental restraints of their communities.41 Fourthly, there were the merchants Of course they can be regarded as capitalists in the sense that they risked large sums of money in buying goods, in order to sell them at a profit There was nothing new about this in the fifteenth century; the merchant class had an ancestry of at least five centuries, and it was in the fourteenth century that English merchants extended their role in foreign trade and government finance Although their mercantile activity resulted in high profits from long-distance trade and money-lending, they were neither specialised nor adventurous, even if some of them called themselves merchant venturers Their business techniques, for example, in accounting, lagged behind those of the continent, and especially the Italians They traded in manufactured goods, but took little interest in industry Their close social and cultural links with the landed gentry shows that they were not cut off from the aristocracy by a special mentality.42 One section of the merchant class deserves mention because they did emerge as a significant group for the first time in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries These were the clothiers, the entrepreneurs who orchestrated the various cloth-making processes, and sold the finished products They were often based in small towns or the rural areas in which woollen cloth was made James Terumber, for example, rose from obscurity as a Bristol fuller to become a major figure in the 1460s in the Wiltshire industry from his base at Bradford-on-Avon, selling as many as 236 cloths in one year.43 He was not untypical in his specialisation, not just in the trade in woollen cloth, but in particular types of cloth Clothiers sometimes acquired sheep pastures and fulling mills, showing their aim of gaining an interest in all stages of the lengthy production process Indeed some clothiers, especially in East Anglia, in parallel with continental entrepreneurs, took the first tentative steps towards an early form of industrial capitalism, because they owned spinning houses and dye pans, and were employing workers on their own premises rather than merely coordinating the separate activities of artisans working in a state of semiindependence at home.44 As is clear from the many qualifications needed in discussing the various groups of capitalists, proto-capitalists and those caught up in a capitalist 41 Hilton, English Peasantry, pp 37-53 S Thrupp, The Merchant Class of Medieval London (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1948), pp 234-87 43 E.M Carus-Wilson, The woollen industry before 1550', Victoria County History of Wiltshire, iv, pp 128-47 44 E Power, The Paycockes ofCoggeshall (London, 1920); D Dymond and A Betterton, Lavenham: 700 years of Textile Making (Woodbridge, 1982); A Derville, 'L'heritage des draperies medievales', Revue du Nord, 69 (1987), pp 715-24 42 326 Everyday Life in Medieval England tendency, on one could allege that England in the fifteenth century had a capitalist economy The aristocracy still lived largely from rents that were fixed by custom, not by market forces, and their culture of chivalry and 'good lordship' influenced the thinking and behaviour of the rest of society The middling peasantry survived in sufficient numbers to refute any notion of a generally polarised peasant society, or of wholesale removal of the peasants from the land Wage labour seems not to have grown in use during the fifteenth century, and the preponderance of young servants and part-time smallholding labourers in the workforce prevents us from identifying a proletariat of any significant size Although the fifteenth century saw much individual wealth, and industries such as iron and cloth expanded to satisfy the rising demand, there was no upward spiral of consumption and production The generation of new industries and a decisive extension of home comforts for the middling sort came in the sixteenth century Social attitudes were shifting - for example, a more corrective attitude to poverty was gaining ground, but this was still not enough to shatter the old community cohesion, even in the most commercially-minded districts.45 The pace of change was slow We cannot sum up a complex society like that of fifteenth-century England in a single phrase It retained many traditional characteristics, but society was open and varied enough to contain the likes of Heritage, the Cubbells and Terumber In conclusion, two supplementary questions require at least brief discussion Was the fifteenth century an important period for the emergence of capitalists? And what were the mechanisms of social change? On chronology it is of course true that the urban and commercial growth of the ninth to thirteenth centuries provided the preconditions for a future world dominated by exchange, in the sense that an urban hierarchy and a market network were then established However, the crises of the fourteenth century broke the continuity in the economy The thirteenth century ended in stagnation Many of the smaller markets disappeared and some larger towns declined The aristocracy were shaken by falling incomes, rising costs, war and rebellion The social structure of village communities was disrupted by the combination of famine, epidemics and migration Of the groups identified above as showing capitalistic characteristics, the merchants and gentry can be traced back before 1300 There were peasants with large holdings who profited from the expanding market of the thirteenth century, but they were less numerous and their holding generally smaller than those of their fifteenth-century successors And their accumulations of land were even more fragile A numerous body of 45 M.K Mclntosh, Autonomy and Community: The Royal Manor of Havering, 1200-1500 (Cambridge, 1986), pp 221-63 Were there any Capitalists in Fifteenth Century England? 327 yeomen, farmers and clothiers were produced by the peculiar combination of low population, falling landlord incomes and expanding rural clothmaking that occurred after 1348/9 and especially after 1400 The thirteenth century had been a period of high economic pressure, in which any innovation might have been dangerous In the fifteenth century there was more opportunity and incentive for lords, tenants and entrepreneurs to experiment But the disadvantages of the fifteenth-century economy for market production are manifest It was a hard school, in which profitmaking was only possible for those who judged the market carefully, and made the most efficient use of expensive labour On the sources of social change, the idea that the growth of commerce would in itself lead to capitalism is not supported by the English experience of the thirteenth century, when serfdom and other seigneurial institutions were strengthened by the rising market Brenner believes that the key episode in the later Middle Ages was the expropriation of the peasantry to create larger units of production There is insufficient evidence that this happened on a general scale Brenner was right to see the formation of larger farms as an important trend, but he misunderstood the cause Weakened lordship and cheap land provided the environment for the engrossing of holdings The landlords who expelled tenants in the decades around 1500 were merely tidying up and completing a process that had been begun by the peasants themselves Brenner underestimated the capacity of peasants to run their own lives, and to take the initiative in reorganising their holdings Was the birth of capitalism painless, then? Engrossing was easy when peasants voluntarily abandoned their holdings, or when, if they were pushed out, they could obtain land elsewhere; the agony came in future generations when their more numerous sixteenthcentury successors found that the old holdings were not available for new tenants, and that the enclosure of common fields and pastures was irreversible To sum up, capitalists and potential capitalists lived in fifteenth-century England The appearance of these people was made possible by the earlier commercial revolution, and the crises of the fourteenth century Structural change, especially in rural society, preceded the enclosure movement and the voyages of discovery Early capitalists appeared in a context of struggle and adversity, not because they depended on the expulsion of the weak and poor, but because they had to organise production in the midst of a market recession Index Abbess Roding, Essex, 194 Abetot family, 62, 66, 72 Abingdon, Berkshire, 248, 250 accounts, household, 99, 103-10, 128-9, 258-70, 275, 276 — manorial, 71,77-92, 94, 101-2, 113, 115-16, 125, 146-7, 149-50, 152-3, 168, 182, 184, 207-9, 275 Acton, Suffolk, 266 Adisham, Kent, 212 agriculture, xiii, 9, 14-26, 30-6, 40-3,45, 66-71, 77-98, 114, 120, 141-3, 153, 162-4, 172-85, 196,213,226,261,315-25 —, arable, 4, 14-19, 20-1, 23-5, 30-1, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40-1, 45, 59, 66-71, 78-98,250, 317-18 —, pastoral, 4, 10, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 32-4,40-3, 45,51,74,98,208,317-23 Ail worth, in Naunton, Gloucestershire, 31 Albury, Hertfordshire, 209 Alcester, Warwickshire, 289, 291, 293 Aldeby, Norfolk, prior of, 210 Aldham, Suffolk, 204, 238 Allington, Dorset, 246, 249 Alrewas, Staffordshire, 108 Alfred, king, 58 Alvechurch, Worcestershire, 17 Alveston, Warwickshire, 298 Appledram, Sussex 80, 88, 89, 90, 96 archaeology, xvi, 1, 14-19, 28, 34, 51-75, 77, 101, 118, 121, 125, 130, 133, 136, 140, 154-64, 244, 255, 276, 292, 293 Archer, Robert, 178 architecture, 140, 148, 152, 158-9, 162-4, 290, 292 Arden, forest of, Warwickshire, 23-5, 143, 286 aristocracy, xii-xiii, 2-3, 7, 20, 30, 34-9, 39-41, 80-1,84,89,96, 102-11, 114-16, 122, 126, 128-9, 130, 136-7, 146-7, 194-5, 202-16, 218, 223-39, 255, 257-69, 274-7, 280, 301, 307, 312,326 Arkesden, Essex, 207 Arundel, Thomas, bishop of Ely, 105, 106, 238, 261 Ashby St Ledger, Northamptonshire, 40, 104, 105, 277 Ashow, Warwickshire, 273 Ashwell, Hertfordshire, 243, 255 assarting, 14-15, 17, 19, 22, 30, 31,49, 62, 74, 243 Aston, Hertfordshire, 207 Aston, Little, in Aston Blank, Gloucestershire, 31 Atherstone, Warwickshire, 289 Atherstone-on-Stour, Warwickshire, 14In Avon, river and valley, Warwickshire, 14, 23, 55, 57,297 Axbridge, Somerset, 172 Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, 263, 318 Babergh Hundred, Suffolk, 222 Baddesley Clinton, Warwickshire, 101-2 Badmondisfield, Suffolk, 198 Baker, Walter, 299, 230 Bakewell, Derbyshire, 270 Baldwyn, Thomas, 10 Bampton, John, 216 Barcheston, Warwickshire, 40 Barking Abbey, Essex, 194n., 216 Barstable Hundred, Essex, 198 Barton Blount, Derbyshire, 34, 142 Bath, Somerset, 172,249 Battle Abbey, Sussex, 80, 209, 246, 253, 264, 280 Baud, Richard, 197 Bawdsey, Suffolk, 232 Beauchamp family, see Warwick, earls of Beaudesert, in Longdon, Staffordshire, 104 Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire, 115 Beccles, Suffolk, 245, 266 Bedale, Yorkshire, 152, 159 Bedford, duke of, 35 Beere, Devon, 159 Belknap, Edward, 36, 315, 321 —, Robert, 216 —.William, 315 Bengeworth, Worcestershire, 297 Benton, Richard, 295 Beoley, Worcestershire, 20n Berkeley, Gloucestershire, 20n Berners Berwick, Essex, 216 Berrow, Worcestershire, 57 and n., 59 Bette, William, 198 Bewdley, Worcester, 262, 293, 298 Bickley in Knighton-on-Teme, Worcestershire, 34 Bidfield, in Miserden, Gloucestershire, 32 Bigot, Roger, 245, 251 Billesley Trussell, Warwickshire, 35n Bilsdale, Yorkshire, 15 Birdbrook, Essex, 203, 205 Birmingham, Warwickshire, 23, 289, 295, 297 Birtsmorton, Worcestershire, 59, 68 bishops (and bishoprics), 15,44, 102, 104-6, 109, 115,210,217,245,260-3,287 Bishop's Clyst, Devon, 149 Bishopsgate, Middlesex, 246, 249, 250 Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, 267 Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire, 121 Bisley, Gloucestershire, 142 Black Death (of 1348-9), 13, 14, 24-5, 31,41-2, 71, 82, 84, 90-1, 94, 95, 131, 136, 154, 167, 176, 179-89,316,318 Blickling, Norfolk, 180 Blockley, Gloucestershire, 270, 272 Blore, Staffordshire, 107 Bloxwych, Thomas, 145 Boarhunt, Hampshire, 90 Index Booking, Essex, 209, 227 Bollton, Richard, 276 Bonde, John, 145 Bordesley Abbey, Worcestershire, 294 Borel, Robert, 210 boroughs, see towns Boston, Lincolnshire, 105, 263, 266, 267, 274 Bosworth, Leicestershire, 295 Bottisham, Cambridgeshire, 265 Bourton-on-the-Hill, Gloucestershire, 275n Boxted, Essex, 159 Bozoun, Thomas, 270 Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire, 325 Bradley, in Stock and Bradley, Worcestershire, 146 Brailes, Warwickshire, 37, 291, 293 Bramfield, Suffolk, 239 Brancaster, Norfolk, 79 Brandon, Suffolk, 197, 204, 213, 216, 224, 230, 237-8 Bray, Henry de, 158 bread, see diet Bredfield, Suffolk, 206, 223, 229 Bredon, Worcestershire, 57 Bretford, Warwickshire, 291 Bridgnorth, Shropshire, 262, 298 Bridgwater, Somerset, 94, 172, 266, 267 Bridport, Dorset, 94, 246, 247, 249, 269 Brightwold, Juliana, 284 —, Robert, 225, 234, 235 Brigstock, Northamptonshire, 107 Bristol, 118, 122, 126, 241, 242, 260, 262, 263, 266, 267, 268, 325 Broadway, Warwickshire, 291 Brocton, in Baswich, Staffordshire, 145 Brome.john, 101,323 Bromefeld.John, 146 Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, 140, 290, 294 Bronnewen, John, 210 Brookend, in Chastleton, Oxfordshire, 32 Brotherton, Thomas, see Norfolk, earl of Broughton, Huntingdonshire, Broun,John,284 —, Margery, 235 Bryene, Alice de, 266, 275 Buckingham, 248, 251, 252, Buckingham, Anne, duchess of, 108, 110, 264 —, Humphrey duke of, 108, 262, 276 buildings, see houses Burcbt, Herefordshire, 248 Burgh, Elizabeth de, 237 Burton Dassett, Warwickshire, 36-7, 292-3, 301, 302,315-21 Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire, 269 Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 224, 226, 243-4, 253 —, abbey, 80n., 88,115,195, 214, 216, 222,224, 225-8,231,232,274 Calcutt, in Grandborough, Warwickshire, 35, 36 Calcutt, Wiltshire, 249 Caldecote, Buckinghamshire, 248, 250 —, Hertfordshire, 163 —, Kent, 248 Caldecotes, Cumberland, 248 Caldecott, Berkshire, 248 329 Cambridge, 108, 247, 248, 253, 260-1, 263, 265, 269, 275 Canterbury, 245, 248, 263, 264, 284 —, archbishopric of, 122, 194, 245, 246 cathedral priory (Christ Church, Canterbury), 208, 209, 212, 253 —, St Augustine's Abbey, 212, 245 capitalism, xvi, 41, 163-4, 305-27 Carlisle, Cumberland, 248 —, bishop of, 261 Carlton, Lincolnshire, 179 Carrant Brook, Worcestershire, 57 Carter, John, 231 Castle Combe, Wiltshire, 300 Castlemorton, Worcestershire, 52, 58, 71 Castleton, Derbyshire, 270 Catesby, family, 40-1, 265-6, 323 —, John, 33, 37,104,105, 277 —, Thomas, 36 Catton, Norfolk, 90-1 Cavendish, Sir John, chief justice of King's Bench,193,197, 214, 216, 223,224,231, 239 Cestersover, Warwickshire, 34, 35n Chaceley, Gloucestershire, 58, 71, 73n Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire, 9, 295-6 Champeneys, William, 183 Channdeler, Henry, 147 chapel, 293-5 Chapel Ascote, Warwickshire, 35n., 37-8,42, 43, 44 Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire, 269 Chapman, Simon, 226 charters, xiii, 11, 14, 17, 29, 57-9, 61, 296, 299 Chartham, Kent, 207 Chatteris, Cambridgeshire, 150 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 79, 111 Chelmsford, Essex, 210, 214, 264, 280 Chepstow, Monmouthshire, 265 Chester, 263 Chesterfield, Derbyshire, 269, 270 Chesterton, Cambridgeshire, 247 —, Warwickshire, 35 Chevington, Suffolk, 151, 195n., 208, 228, 229, 232 Chilbolton, Hampshire, 88-9,93 Childerditch, Essex, 194, 199 Chiltern Hills, 106 Chippenham, Cambridgeshire, 237 Chippenham Hundred, Wiltshire, 172 Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, 270, 273 Chipping Dassett, see Burton Dassett Chirch, Robert atte, 204 church, 5-6, 61, 90, 244, 245, 291, 294, 319 Churcheman, William, 43 Cistercian order, 19, 29-30 Clapcot, Berkshire, 248 Clare, Suffolk, 114,125,253 Claret, Essex, 208 Cleeve, de, family (also called atte Cleeve), 62, 69,70 Clench, John, 210 Clergue family, Coates in Winchcombe', Gloucestershire, 123, 248 Cofton Hackett, Worcestershire, 17 330 Everyday Life in Medieval England Coggeshall Abbey, Essex, 199 Cok, John, 193,213 Colchester, Essex, 245, 279 Cole, Joan, 236 —.John, 193,213,235-6 —, William, 235 Coleshill, Berkshire, 149, 324 —, Warwickshire, 264, 266, 289, 290 Colsterworth, Lincolnshire, 181 Combe, Hampshire, 88, 93 community, see village Compton Verney, Warwickshire, 35, 35n., 36, 42,43,107 Conyn, Alice, 210 Cook, Walter, 294 Cookham, Berkshire, 247 Corby, Lincolnshire, 181 John,181 Corse, Gloucestershire, 59 Corviser, Henry, 298 Cosford Hundred, Suffolk, 222 Coten End, in Warwick, 249, 250, 297 Cote, in Warwick, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252 Coton, Cambridgeshire, 248,250, 265 —, Shropshire, 248 —, Staffordshire, 249 Cotswold Hills, Gloucestershire, 21, 28, 30-2,42, 55,142,155, 263, 273 cottages and cottagers, 19, 32, 36, 64, 70, 74, 116-18,141,142,147,149,151, 158, 162, 181,206,243-55,292-3,297 Cottlescombe in Elkstone, Gloucestershire, 141 Cotton End, Northamptonshire, 248 Couper, John, 273 courts and court records, borough, 170 —, of Justices of Peace, 170-85, 198, 216, 230 —, of King's Bench, 169, 214-16,223, 231 —, manorial, xv, 3-10, 35-8,42-3, 137-43, 149-52,155-8,170, 191-214, 217-18, 227-39, 273, 293-7 Covent Garden, London, 114,126 Coventry, Warwickshire, 34, 105, 110, 186, 241, 244, 262, 263, 266, 267, 273, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,297, 298, 302, 316,318 —, priory of, 35, 297 Coventry and Lichfield, bishopric of, 104-6, 262 Coveshurst,John, 196 Cowley, Nicholas, 41 crafts, see industry Cranbrook, Kent, 152n Crane, John, 181 Craycombe in Fladbury, Worcestershire, 33,40 Creake, Thomas, 212 Cretingham, Suffolk, 151 Crondon in Stock, Essex, 117, 204 Croumere family, 69 Cubbell family, 324, 326 Cuxham, Oxfordshire, 79, 87-8, 89,90, 91,92 D'Abetot, Urse, 57,59, 62 Dalby, Richard, 41 Danyel family, 70 Dartmoor, Devon, 15, 155 Dassett Southend, see Burton Dassett Dean, Forest of, Gloucestershire, 16, 70 demography, see population Denays, David, 186 Dengie, Essex, 193, 194 deserted villages, see villages, deserted Despencer, Henry, bishop of Norwich, 234 Devizes, Wiltshire, 259-60, 261 Didcot in Beckford, Gloucestershire, 58, 59 diet,xiii, 15, 77-99, 101-11, 115-31 ,167-8, 183-6, 290, 294-5 Ditchford, Middle, in Blockley, Gloucestershire, 35,36 Ditchford, Upper, in Blockley, Gloucestershire, 33 Ditchhampton, Wiltshire, 246 Domesday Book, 14, 23, 25, 29-30, 57, 59, 61, 64, 69, 75, 226, 241-55, 284, 291, 297 Downham, Suffolk, 120 Downham Market, Norfolk, 299 Draper, Thomas, 217, 225,235 —, William, 217, 235 Drinkstone, Suffolk, 204 Driver, Henry le, 79 Droitwich, Worcestershire, 146, 247, 251, 287, 289, 297 Dryver, Richard, 210 Dryvere, John, 205 Dudley, Worcestershire, 266 Duggleby, Yorkshire, 142 Dumbleton, Gloucestershire, 34 Dunmow Hundred, Essex, 215 Dunster, Somerset, 266 Durham Priory, 115, 126, 261,263, 274, 275 Earl Soham, Suffolk, 202, 207, 210, 223, 229 East Bergholt, Suffolk, 117 East Dereham, Norfolk, 299 East Farleigh, Kent, 208 East Hanningfield, Essex, 152,193, 198, 202, 206,212,213,215,277 Eastnor, Herefordshire, 68 Eastrop, Berkshire, 324 Eaton, Norfolk, 117 Eccleshall, Staffordshire, 104, 107 Edward the Confessor, king, 58, 226, 244 Edward IV, 36,110 Eldersfield, Worcestershire, 58,64 Elenesfenne, Thomas, 238 Elmdon, Essex, 198 Elmley Castle, Worcestershire, 298 Elton, Huntingdonshire, Ely, 108, 269 bishop of, 105,116, 126, 216, 238, 261 Isle of, 105 priory of, 211, 222,224 Epping, Essex, 151 Erdington, Warwickshire, 119 Erl family, 217, 235 —, Henry, 235 Ermyte, Richard, Everard, William, 226 Evesham, Worcestershire, 246, 249, 251,253, 254,255, 270, 289,294, 297 —.abbey, 111,146 Ewell, Surrey, 119 Index Ewell, John, 215 Exeter, Devon, 263, 267 —, bishopric of, 149 Exmouth, Devon, 300 Exton, Hampshire, 120 Eye, Middlesex, 122 Eylof,John,9 Eyre family, 126, 269, 270, 271, 276 Fakenham, Norfolk, 299 famuli, see servants farming, see agriculture Faxton, Northamptonshire, 156, 162 Fecamp, abbot of, 243 Feckenham, Worcestershire, 20,107, 296 Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire, 17, 20, 23-5, 56 Feldon (district of Warwickshire), 23-5,42, 315-16,318 Felixstowe, Suffolk, 193, 213, 228 —, prior of, 235-6 Penman, Agnes, 205 fields, 4-5, 11, 15, 18,22-3, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40-3,45,47,49, 50,56, 68-9, 74, 75, 86-7, 118,125,129,287,316,321 Fillol, John, 213,215 Fingrith, Essex, 202, 206n., 211,212 Finham, in Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, 273 fish-ponds, xiv, 101-11 Flixton, Suffolk, 210 Fobbing, Essex, 198 food, see diet Ford, James atte, 198, 213, 214 forests, see woodland Forncett, Norfolk, 74, 151n., 176, 177, 178 Forth, John atte, 6, 232-3 Foscott, Buckinghamshire, 248 Fouke, Richard, 174 Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, 276 Foxearth, Essex, 196, 197, 205, 213, 216 Framlingham, Suffolk, 230, 265 Frampton, in Toddington, Gloucestershire, 43 Framsden, Suffolk, 216 Frisding, Essex, 201, 202, 206n Friston, Suffolk, 239 Frocester, Gloucestershire, 73 Fryerning, Essex, 194, 196,199 Fulbrook, Warwickshire, 32, 35, 41 Fulham, Middlesex, 21, 121, 122, 246 Fyfield, Essex, 159 Gamen, Katherine, 231, 239 Gardener, Richard, 210 gardens, xii, 21,90,113-31, 246, 250-1 Gardiner, Thomas, 213, 214,225, 230,236 Gauber High Fell, Ribblehead, Yorkshire, 17 Gawcott, Buckinghamshire, 248, 251 Geffrey, John, 193,198, 213, 277 gentry, 3, 38-9,62, 80,98,170, 200, 222,224, 225, 269-70, 278, 320, 322-4 Gerard, William, 238 Gere, John, pikemonger, 108 Gerneys, Edmund, 213, 237 —John, 237 Gernon, John, 226 331 Gibbes, William, 270, 272, 273 Gibbons, Richard, 318 Giffard family, 269 Gildeborn, William, 197n., 198 Glascote, Warwickshire, 249 Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset, 115, 128 Gloucester, 54, 55, 70, 118, 241, 242, 244, 298, 299 —, earls of, 54 Godhewe, Alice, 237 Godmanchester, Huntingdonshire, 127 Godwyn.Adam, 182 Goldicote in Alderminster, Warwickshire, 33, 40 Goltho, Lincolnshire, 156, 162 Gomeldon, Wiltshire, 155 Gonerby, Lincolnshire, 246 Gosbeck, Suffolk, 229 —, Ralph or Richard de, 229 Gosforth, Cumberland, Gower, John, 203 Grafton, in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, 139 Grantham, Lincolnshire, 121, 245, 246, 252 Great Barton, Suffolk, 228 Great Bromley, Essex, 193,195 Great Cressingham, Norfolk, 15In Great Leighs, Essex, 210 Grene, Thomas, 41 Grenstein in Tittleshall, Norfolk, 162 Hackney, Middlesex, 319 Hadleigh, Suffolk, 200, 232, 239 Halford, Warwickshire, 298 Hales, John, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 104-7,109 —, Robert, 193 Halesowen, Worcestershire, 4, 25, 157, 289, 291 —, abbey, Worcestershire, 105, 266, 267, 268 Hall, John, 273 Hammersmith, Middlesex, 126 Hamond, John, 207, 229, 230 Hampton-in-Arden, Warwickshire, 294 Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, 140 Hamwih (early medieval Southampton), 255 Hanbury, Worcestershire, 19, 28 Hangleton, Sussex, 155 Hanley Casde, Worcestershire, 70, 263 Haras, John, 237 —, Matthew, 237 Hardwick in Tysoe, Warwickshire, 39 Hardyng, Thomas, 216 Haresfield, Gloucestershire, 61 Harford, in Naunton, Gloucestershire, 30-1 Harkstead, Suffolk, 239 Harlestone, Northamptonshire, 115, 158, 162 Harlow, Essex, 117,123 Hartlepool, co Durham, 275 Harwell, Berkshire, 158 Harwich, Essex, 239 Hassop, Derbyshire, 269 » Hastings, Sussex, 243, 249, 264 Hastyng, John, 37 Hatton-on-Avon, Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, 32, 35n Havering atte Bower, Essex, 20, 196, 202, 217, 277 332 Everyday Life in Medieval England Haw, in Tirley, Gloucestershire, 298 Haywood, Staffordshire, 104,107 Headbourne Worthy, Hampshire, 247 Heathcote, Warwickshire, 41 Hednesford, Staffordshire, 104 Helmingham, Suffolk, 120 Hemingford Abbots, Huntingdonshire, 150, 151 Henbury-in-Salt-Marsh, Gloucestershire, 117 Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire, 293 Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 266 Henne, John, 202 Henry III, 110 Henry IV, 229 Herde, John, 213 Hereford, 248 Heritage, John, 321, 324 —, Roger, 315-21, 323, 324, 326 Hermar, John, 196 Herringswell, Suffolk, 151, 237 Hert, Roger, 185 Hervy, family, 227 —, Roger, 226, 233 Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, 270 Highnam, Gloucestershire, 147 Hilcot in Withington, Gloucestershire, 32 Hill in Fladbury, Worcestershire, 33 Hill, Thomas, Hillpool in Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire, Hindolveston, Norfolk, 87, 88 Hobbyn, Thomas, 270, 272, 273 Hodnell, Warwickshire, 35n Hogyn.John, 179 Holborn, London, 116, 122, 126, 249, 261 Holme, Norfolk, 120 Holne Moor, Devon, 15 Holwell, Hertfordshire, 194, 218 Holworth, Dorset, 159 Holywell, in Oxford, 124, 246, 253 Hood, Robin, 232 Horewell, in Earl's Croome and Defford, Worcestershire, 298 Hornchurch, Essex, 21 horticulture, see gardens Houndtor, Devon, 15 houses and buildings, xi, 28, 34, 36-9,49-50, 62-6,69, 71-2,86-7,90, 115, 116, 123, 124, 133-65, 208-9,211, 222, 228-9, 241-2, 290, 293 320, 324 Hoxne Hundred, Suffolk, 224 Hull, Yorkshire, 109, 263 Hullasey in Coates, Gloucestershire, 142 Hundon, Suffolk, 228 Hunstanton, Norfolk, 88 Huntingdon, 243, 244 Idlicote, Warwickshire, 34 Iken, Suffolk, 204-5, 223, 229 industry, 25,44,51, 75, 79,95-6,172-5,197, 200,222, 251, 254-5,277, 285, 289,290, 294-5, 300-1, 302-3, 306-8, 310, 314, 325-6 Ingatestone, Essex, 6,151,196, 201, 203,206, 208,209,211,213 Ipswich, Suffolk, 224, 232, 239, 245, 250,263, 266, 274, 284 Itchington, Long, Warwickshire, 28 Iveri, Roger of, 245-6 John of Gaunt, 193, 216, 237 Joyberd, William, 204 Keble, Thomas, 323 Kellingworth, William de, 297-8 Kempley, Gloucestershire, 32 Kempsford, Gloucestershire, 181 Kensington, Middlesex, 126 Kersey, Suffolk, 214, 238-9 Kett's rebellion, 224 Kibworth Harcourt, Leicestershire, 158, 162 Kidderminster, Worcestershire, 123,290, 294 Kineton, Warwickshire, 290, 318 King, Gregory, 114 Kingbridge Hundred, Wiltshire, 172 King's College, Cambridge, 260-1, 263, 265, 269 King's Hall, Cambridge, 275 Kingshurst, Warwickshire, 267 King's Langley, Hertfordshire, 193, 194 King's Lynn, Norfolk, 79, 105, 176, 178, 260, 263, 269 King's Norton, Worcestershire, 295, 303 Kingsthorpe, Northamptonshire, Kingston in Chesterton, Warwickshire, 33, 35n., 41,42, 107 Kinwardstone Hundred, Wiltshire, 172 Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincolnshire, 273 Knapwell, Cambridgeshire, 265 Knebworth, Hertfordshire, 194 Knight, Edward, 38 —.John, 38,43 Knowle, Warwickshire, 15, 101-2, 294-5, 303 Kyng, Ralph, 180 Ladbroke, Warwickshire, 37 Lakenheath, Suffolk, 90, 108, 129, 155, 158, 197, 225, 231, 238, 239 Lakenheath, John, 195, 224 Lambeth, Surrey, 21,122 Lammermuir Hills, Scotland, 17 Lancaster, duke of, 193, 237 —, earl of, 109 landlords, see aristocracy landscape, xii, 18,42,47-76, 118, 200, 287,288, 315-16 Langland, William, 129, 185, 232 Langley, Oxfordshire, 31 —, Henry, 267, 275 Langport, Somerset, 172 Lasborough, in Weston Bin, Gloucestershire, 32 Lawling, Essex, 201 Layham, Suffolk, 202n lay subsidies, see taxation Leadon, river, 52 Ledbury, Herefordshire, 54, 115 Ledgemore, in Horsley, Gloucestershire, 32 Lee, Benedict, 41 Leicester, 109, 123,245, 293 Leland, John, 293, 295 Lenton Fair, Nottinghamshire, 269 Lewys, Robert, 273 Lichfield, Staffordshire, 104-5, 262,266,296, 297 Index —.John, 41 Lighthorne, Warwickshire, 38,43 Lincoln, 177, 178, 244, 253, 279 —, bishop of, 245 —, earl of, 116 Little Barningham, Norfolk, 176, 177 Little Barton, Suffolk, 213, 214, 236-7 Little Raveley, Huntingdonshire, 150 Littleton in Dumbleton, Gloucestershire, 34 London, 21, 34, 108, 110, 116, 122, 125, 126, 17, 192, 200, 217, 241, 242, 246, 249, 250, 251, 258-64, 266, 268, 274, 276, 279, 280, 284 —, bishopric of, 204 Longbridge Deverill, Wiltshire, 300 Longdon, Worcestershire, 52, 58, 59, 70, 71, 73n lords, see aristocracy Loxley, Warwickshire, 140 Lullington, Sussex, 80, 89 Luttrell, family, 266, 267 —, Hugh, 265, 266, 267, 269 Luttrell Psalter, 78 Lynn, see King's Lynn Lyon, Joan, 210 — William, 210 Maddy, Henry, 178 Magdalen College, Oxford, 39 Malmesbury, Wiltshire, 251 Malvern, Little, 57 —, —, priory, 62, 72 Malvern Chase (Forest), 52, 62 Malvern Hills, 52, 54,68 Malvern Wood, 143 Manningtree, Essex, 204, 216 manorial records, see accounts; courts Mansion, Roger, 212 Manydown, Hampshire, 89, 92, 93 Marham, Norfolk, 121 markets, xiii, 21, 23, 25,40-1, 55, 70, 105, 107, 118,126-7, 136, 144-5, 176, 202, 206-7, 254, 275,278-9, 281, 288, 291-6, 303, 307, 316, 318, 326-7 Marlborough, Wiltshire, 107 Martham, Norfolk, 87, 88 Maxstoke Castle, Warwickshire, 262, 265 Maxstoke Priory, Warwickshire, 128 Mayheu, John, 231 Melton, Suffolk, 224, 239 Meopham, Kent, 208 Merton College, Oxford, 87, 90,129, 158, 263, 266, 269, 300 Mervyn, Nicholas, 24 Messing, Essex, 208 Messingham, Lincolnshire, 179,181 messuages, 33, 36,62, 69, 70, 71, 73,116-18, 138-41,148,152,153,162, 292, 299 Metefeld, William, 197, 225, 237-8 Methwold, Norfolk, 151, 237 Mettingham College, Suffolk, 266 Middleton, Warwickshire, 297-8 Midsummer Hill, Worcestershire, 54 migration, xiv, 24, 31,42,43, 72, 79,160,175-8, 188,203-4,253 333 Mildenhall, Suffolk, 80n., 88, 89, 115, 225-8, 231,233 Minehead, Somerset, 267 Minster in Thanet, Kent, 212 Mistley, Essex, 214, 216 Mitford, Richard, bishop of Salisbury, 106, 107, 259-60, 261, 263, 264, 275 monasteries, 19, 29-30, 58-9, 80, 91, 94, 102, 107, 114-16, 122, 128, 185, 222, 224, 225-7, 275, 280, 292, 297 Monk's Kirby, Warwickshire, 2% Monkton Deverill, Wiltshire, 300 Montaillou, France, More, Alexander de, 229 —, atte, family, 69, 70 —, Richard de, 229, 230 —, William, prior of Worcester, 108 Morkyn, William, 211 Moulsham, Essex, 197 Mountford, family, 266, 267 —, Sir William, 266, 267, 268 Mowere, John le, 230 Moy.John, 179 Moze, Essex, 193, 213 Napton-on-the-Hill, Warwickshire, 296 Naunton in Toddington, Gloucestershire, 43 Nayland, Suffolk, 300 Netherton, Worcestershire, 34 Newbo, abbot of, Lincolnshire, 185 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 126, 263 Newmarket, Suffolk, 274 Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, 248, 250 Newton, Cumberland, 120 Norbury, Sir John, 315 Norcot, Berkshire, 248, 250 Noreford.John, 199 Norfolk, countess of, 204, 217, 265 earl of, 210 Northcourt, Berkshire, 248, 250 Northfield, Worcestershire, 140 Northampton, 107, 248 Northumberland, earls of, 108, 115 Norton Subedge, Gloucestershire, 270, 272 Norwich, 122, 123,126, 243, 244, 253, 263, 265, 266, 284 —, bishop of, 210, 217, 234-5 —, Cathedral priory, 80, 81, 116, 122 —, Katharine de, 106, 265, 266 Nottingham, 243, 244, 269 Nuneaton, Warwickshire, 289, 293 —, priory of, 37 Oakham, Rutland, 278 Old Swinford, Worcestershire, 295 Olyve, Thomas, 226 Ombersley, Worcestershire, 19n., 111 Ook, Thomas atte, 216 Oriel College, Oxford, 319 Osmerley, Worcestershire, 29-30 Oswaldslow hundred, Worcestershire, 54 Overbury, Worcestershire, 57-9,61,62 Oxford, 121,124,127,131,245-6,253, 260, 266 —, earl of, 105, 238 Oxhill, Warwickshire, 141 334 Everyday Life in Medieval England Packington, Warwickshire, 144n Palgrave, Suffolk, 117 Panyman, Geoffrey, 214 —.Godfrey, 214 parks, xii, 20, 29-30, 34, 35, 101,110-11,197 Parvus, Roger, 30 Paston family, 265, 266, 276 Patemore, Sir John de, 209 Pattingham, Staffordshire, 145, 294 Patyl, Edmund, 211 Peak District, Derbyshire, 15 peasants, xii-xiii, xvi, 3, 7-11, 20-5,42-4,69-72, 80,92-3,98,102,116-21,124,130,133-65, 171, 180, 186, 196-219, 221-39, 270, 272-4, 276, 277, 280-1,285, 294, 307, 310, 313, 316-19,322,324-7 Pembridge, Herefordshire, 172 Pembroke, earl of, 198, 231 Pendock, Worcestershire, 51-75 Pendock, de, family, 62,64,69, 72 —.John,69 Percy family, see Norhumberland, earls of Pershore, Worcestershire, 289 —, abbey, 58 Persones, John, 70 Persons, John, 175 Perys, William fitz, 195 Peterborough, abbot of, 125 Petworth Sussex, 115 Peyto.Jbhn, 35 Phelipp John, 197,213 —.Juliana, 213 —, William, 205 Philip, Christiana, 238 — John 213, 237-8 —, Thomas, 238 Phypps family, 33 Pibel, Ralph, 174 plague, see Black Death; population Polesworth, Warwickshire, 296 poll-tax, see taxation Polstead, Suffolk, 6, 209,232-3, 238 Pontefract, Yorkshire, 123 population, xv, 10, 13-14, 23-5, 27, 28, 31-45, 49,64,71, 75,90-1,95-8, 136,154, 167-8, 221-2, 242, 252,283-5,289, 302, 310-11, 327 Potterne, Wiltshire, 107,259-60,275 Preston, Gloucestershire, 32 Prittlewell, Essex, 213 Pye, Geoffrey, 181 Pyrton, John, 40 Quinton, Warwickshire, 39,43 Radbourne, Warwickshire, 33, 35n., 40-1 Radcot and Grafton, Oxfordshire, 31 Ramsbury, Wiltshire, 300 Ramsey Abbey, Huntingdonshire, 149-51 Reading, Berkshire, 248,250, 266 Redditch, Worcestershire, 293-4,301, 302 Redgrave, Suffolk, Redlingfield Suffolk, 230 Redmarley D'Abetot, Gloucestershire, 59,62 rents, 20-1,23, 25,33, 35,38-41,69-70,107, 123,125-6,137,150,194,196,199,206, 208-9, 212, 228, 238, 246, 249, 251, 254, 287, 297,301,307,312,317,324 Reve,John,43 Rickling, Essex, 208 Rimpton, Somerset, 115 Ripple, Worcestershire, 57, 298 roads, 54, 64-6, 71, 262-3, 264, 292-8, 301 Robynsone, Alice daughter of John, 180 Rockingham Forest, Northamptonshire, 56 Roel, Gloucestershire, 40, 73, 147 Rogge, Adam, 238, —, Elena, 238 —, John, 238 —, Matilda, 238 Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, 172 Rotherham, Yorkshire, 126, 269 Rous, John, 34-5 Rugby, Warwickshire, 292, 302 Rugeley, Staffordshire, 300, 301 Rybode, John, 278 St Albans, Hertfordshire, 243,252 —, abbey, 192n., 193 St Augustine's Abbey, see Canterbury St Ives, Huntingdonshire, 263, 269 St Radegund's Priory, Cambridge, 269, 276 St Swithun's Priory, Winchester, 80 Saffron Waldon, Essex, 267, 275, 281 Salbrugge, John, 39 Salisbury, Wiltshire, 259-60, 263 —, bishop of, 106, 259-60, 275 Saltfleethaven, Lincolnshire, 300 Sambourn, Warwickshire, 143 Sampson, John, 238 —, Thomas, 195-6, 197n., 214-15, 225, 231, 238-9 Sandy, Robert, 69 Saxon's Lode, Worcestershire, 298 Scandinavian settlement, 15,22 Seasalter, Kent, 246,253 Sedgebrook, Lincolnshire, 185 Sedgeford, Norfolk, 78, 79,81-7, 88,90,91, 93,117 Sedgley, Staffordshire, 19n Sees, Thomas, 178 Sempringham Priory, Lincolnshire, 185 serfdom (and serfs), xii, 2,20, 37,44, 50,74, 134,179,196,198, 200, 204-5, 210,213, 222-3, 226,228-9, 236, 238,312-13 servants, 8, 78-80, 87,90, 92,95-7,110,124, 129,158,168,174-89,194,199,201, 209, 234, 239, 317 settlements, see villages Severn, river, 52,106,108, 262, 287, 298-9 —, valley, 42, 55, 57,265 Sewall, John, 215 Shardelowe, Sir John de, 237,239 sheep, see agriculture, pastoral Sheffield, Yorkshire, 126,269,270 Shelswell, Oxfordshire, 31 Sherborne, Dorset, 94,107 Shernborne, Norfolk, 174 Shifhal, Shropshire, 180 Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire, 273,274, 289, 291 Index Shirehampton, Gloucestershire, 140 Shouldham, Norfolk, 151 Shrewsbury, 248 Shuckburgh, Lower, Warwickshire, 10 Simy Folds, Yorkshire, 17 Skeyton, Norfolk, 181 Smyth, John, 236 —, William, 196 Snape, Yorkshire, 153 Solihull, Warwickshire 294, 298 Sompting, Sussex, 120 Soule, John, 210 South Eimham, Suffolk, 206n., 209-10, 217, 234-5 Southam, Warwickshire, 28 Southchurch, Essex, 151-2 Southcote, Berkshire, 248, 250 Southampton, 122,123, 244, 260, 261, 263, 280, 284 see also, Hamwih Southwark, Surrey, 122, 251, 261 Sowe, Warwickshire, 297 Spencer family, 319 Spenser, John, 41 Spryngefeld, Thomas, 202 Stafford, 249, 275n —, earl of, 146 —, see also, Buckingham, duke of Stamford, Lincolnshire, 94 Stanbury in Bradford, Yorkshire, 153 Stanley Pontlarge.Gloucestershire, 30 Stanlowe, John, 273 Stanton, Gloucestershire, 143,147 Statute of Cambridge, 168,175,176 —, of Labourers, 78-9,96, 168-88, 198, 203, 214-15, 224,230 —, of Winchester, 218 Staunton, Gloucestershire, 58 Stele, Richard, 273 Stepney, Middlesex, 21,117,122, 246,249, 250 Stevenes, Susanna, 296 Steventon, Berkshire, 158, 159, 162 Stodmarsh, Kent, 152 Stoneham, Hampshire, 120 Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, 140, 141, 147 ,148, 273 Stonor, family of, 106,109, 265-6 Stourbridge, Worcestershire, 295, 303 Stourbridge Fair, 260, 263,266, 267, 279 Stratford Abbey, Essex, 194 Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, 41, 123, 144, 289, 290, 297, 318 Sturminster Newton, Dorset, 157 Sturmy, William de, 229 Sudbury, Suffolk, 232 —, Simon, archbishop of Canterbury, 193, 204 Sudeley, John de, 293 Suffolk, earl of, 232 Simon Coldfield, Warwickshire, 294, 296,301 Swanborough Hundred, Wiltshire, 172 Takeley, Essex, 198, 213 Talbot family, 280 Tamworth, Staffordshire, 249, 287,289,291 Tanndy, William, 43 335 Tanshelf, Yorkshire, 243 Tanworth-in-Arden, Warwickshire, 144 Tardebigge, Worcestershire, 294 taxation, 4, 16, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30-3, 62n., 71, 145,157,172,181, 193, 215, 218, 219, 221, 223, 231, 239, 289, 293, 296, 302 Taylard.John, 37 —, William, 37 Taylor, Philip, 68 Temple Balsall, Warwickshire, 110, 145 Temple Guiting, Gloucestershire, 21 Temple, Peter, 321 —.Thomas, 319 Terumber, James, 325, 326 Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, 54, 70, 246-7, 298 Thames, river, 106,122, 247 Thanet, Kent, 212, 213 Thaxted, Essex, 168 Thetford, Norfolk, 214, 231, 245, 251 Thomasson, John, 270 Thornbury, Gloucestershire, 121 Thornton, in Ellington, Warwickshire, 33, 35n., 140, 141, 273 Thorrington, Essex, 197, 205, 213 Throckmorton family, 72 —, Robert, 41 Thurlby, Lincolnshire, 88,94 Thuxton, Norfolk, 155 Tillington, Staffordshire, 146, 147 tithes, 15, 33,34,35,119-20 Todenham, Gloucestershire, 32,275n Toddington, Gloucestershire, 43 Tolleshunt Major, Essex, 194 towns, xii, xiii, xv, 25, 70, 105, 108,121-4, 125, 126-7,130,131,144,172-3,186, 222, 232, 241 -55, 257-81,283-303, 311 -12, 314, 318, 326 Townshend family, 323 Toynton All Saints, Lincolnshire, 273 Tracey, Henry, 43 William, 43 trade, see market; towns Trent, river, 106 Trowbrug, Richard, Turweston, Buckinghamshire, 102 Tusmore, Oxfordshire, 18, 31 Twyford, Lincolnshire, 181 Tysoe, Warwickshire, 39-40 Underhill family, 69 Upper Hambleton, Rutland, 150 Upton, Norfolk, 175n., 182 Upton in Blockley, Gloucestershire, 32,162 Upton-on-Severn, Worcestershire, 298 Ushefeld, Roger, 238 Vere, John de, earl of Oxford, 105 —, Robert de, 238 Verney, Richard, 35, 39, 107 Vernon family, 323 village community, 3-11, 39,43-4,49-51, 71, 73, 97, 145,157/197-9,211-13, 218-19,226-7, 231-3, 273,, 324-5, 326 villages deserted, 10,18-19,24, 25, 27-45,49, 72,74,136, 142,159, 316, 321, 322 336 Everyday Life in Medieval England —, distribution of, 11, 18, 23, 47, 75, 316 —, origins of, 10-11, 29,48-9, 74 wages, 7-8, 78-98, 102, 116, 124-5, 146-8, 153, 154,167-89,198, 202, 207, 214-15, 224, 251, 306,308,317,326-7 Wakefield, Yorkshire, Walcot, Somerset, 249 Waldegrave, Richard, 239 Walditch, Dorset, 247 Walis, William, 108 Wallingford, Berkshire, 248 Walsham-Ie-Willows, Suffolk, 15In., 211 Walsall, Staffordshire, 20, 266, 281, 294 Waltham Abbey, Essex, 194 Walton, Oxfordshire, 245, 253 —, Suffolk, 204, 235-6 Walton in Haywood, Staffordshire, 146, 147 Walton Deyville, Warwickshire, 36 Wansford, Northamptonshire, 300 Wantage, Berkshire, 269 —.John de, 269 Warboys, Huntingdonshire, 150 Warkworth, Northumberland, 108 Warmale,John, 180 Warminster, Wiltshire, 264 Warwick, 41,120,121, 124, 246, 249, 252, 287, 289, 291, 293-4, 295, 297, 318 —, collegiate church of St Mary, 35 —, earls of, 37, 38, 294, 298 Wasp family, 70 Waupol.John, 70 —, family, 70, 72 Waver, Henry, 34 Weald, Kent and Sussex, 14, 16 Webbe, William, 273 Welcombe in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, 40 Welland, Worcestershire, 57, 70 Wells, Somerset, 172 Westcote in Tysoe, Warwickshire, 33, 35n., 40, 41 West Mersea, Essex, 194 Weston-juxta-Cherington, Warwickshire, 32, 36 Weston Subedge, Gloucestershire, 127, 269 Westminster, 107, 121, 122, 124, 126,169, 214, 246,249,251,253,299 —, abbey, 58, 76,101,114,243, 275n West Stow, Suffolk, 17 West Whelpington, Northumberland, 163 Wharram Percy, Yorkshire, 159, 162 wheat, see agriculture; diet Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, 208 Whetelee, Thomas, 205 Whitchurch, Shropshire, 280 White, William, 210 Whitgreave, Staffordshire, 146 Whittington, Worcestershire, 247 Whitwell, Cambridgeshire, 247, 248,250 Wibtoft, Warwickshire, 90 Wickhamford, Worcestershire, 146-7 wills, 152, 274, 316-20 Wilton, Wiltshire, 246 Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, 123, 248 — abbey, 123,241 Winchelsea, Sussex, 264 Winchester, Hampshire, 121, 125, 131, 241, 242, 244,247, 260, 263, 280, 284 —, bishopric of, 15, 115, 122 Windridge, Hertfordshire, 204 Winston, Suffolk, 204,211 Wisman, Roger, 205 Wistow, Huntingdonshire, 149 Witney, Oxfordshire, 318, 319 Witton, Worcestershire, 247, 251, 297 Wivenhoe, Essex, 218 Wod, Robert att, 152 Wodecock, Margery, 235 —, William, 235 Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, 294 Wondey in Bishop's Cleeve, Gloucestershire, 32, 39 Woodford, Northamptonshire, 270 —, Wiltshire, 260 woodland, 15, 16, 17, 18,19,20, 22, 24, 28,47, 50, 52, 56-76,143-4,199, 221, 243, 316 Woodstock, Oxfordshire, 107, 244 Woollashill, in Eckington, Worcestershire, 32, 42, 298 Worcester, 42, 52, 70, 143, 247, 251, 266, 267, 270, 287,289, 290,297,298 —, bishopric of, 38, 44, 143, 146 —, cathedral priory, 62, 278, 291 —, church of, 54, 57, 59, 291 Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire, 141 Wormleighton, Warwickshire, 36 Wright, Margaret, 197, 225, 239 —, Walter, 181 Writde, Essex, 110,264,280 Wryght, Thomas, 181 Wryghte, Robert, 1%, 197, 213-14, 216 Wychwood, Oxfordshire, 17, 56 Wye, Kent, 199,215 Wylkyn.John, 199 Wymeswold, Leicestershire, Wymondham, Norfolk, 299 Wynke, Thomas, 230 Wyre Piddle, Worcestershire, 94 Yole.John, 181 York, 121,122, 177, 255, 263, 279, 284 —, archbishop of, 263 —, duke of, 263,265 Yoxley, Suffolk, 175 .. .Everyday Life in Medieval England This page intentionally left blank Everyday Life in Medieval England Christopher Dyer Hambledon and London London... maintain a supply of wage labour in the harvest by forbidding the able-bodied to glean, or to leave the village in search of higher wages, indicating that the employing interest was influencing... within each village Many employees were 'life- cycle servants', that is, young people beginning working life as servants in a neighbour's household, saving up money and gaining experience in preparation