POETRY REALIZED IN NATURE Poetry realized in nature Samuel Taylor Coleridge and early nineteenth-century science TREVOR H LEVERE Professor of the History of Science University of Toronto CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE MELBOURNE SYDNEY PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1981 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1981 First paperback edition 2002 A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Levere, Trevor Harvey Poetry realized in nature Includes index Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834 - Knowledge - Science Literature and science Science Great Britain - History - 19th century I Title PR4487.S35L4 821'.7 81-1930 AACR2 ISBN 52123920 hardback ISBN 52152490 paperback TO KEVIN AND REBECCA CONTENTS Page x* Preface Introduction: nature and mind CHAPTER Early Years: From Hartley to Davy Hartley and Priestley Thomas Beddoes and Erasmus Darwin Thought and feeling Schemes of education: to Germany Humphry Davy: chemistry, 1799-1804 Davy's lectures: chemistry and metaphor Coleridge and Davy's galvanic researches 10 14 16 20 28 31 CHAPTER Surgeons, Chemists, and Animal Chemists: Coleridge's Productive Middle Years From the Biographia Literaria to Aids to Reflection German literature and scientific preoccupations Biographia Literaria The composition of the Essay on Scrofula and the Theory of Life The Essay on Scrofula: Lawrence, Abernethy, and the definition of life The Society for Animal Chemistry The Friend and Aids to Reflection 36 39 42 45 52 54 viii Contents CHAPTER Two Visions of the World: Coleridge, Natural Philosophy, and the Philosophy of Nature A world of little things The active mind: science and romanticism Naturphilosophie and the life of nature Science, history, and principles Coleridge's history of science: dynamism versus Anglo-Gallic mechanism Coleridge on national styles of science: France, England, and Germany Toward a new dynamism in science 58 62 64 69 71 76 79 CHAPTER Coleridge and Metascience: Approaches to Nature and Schemes of the Sciences Unity in multeity: the need for a method Coleridge and empiricism Experiment, ideas, and the prudens quaestio The central phenomenon Ideas, nature, symbols, and correspondences Law, cause, theory The history of nature, and the productivity of nature Powers and polarity The compass of nature Genetic schemes of nature and hierarchies of the sciences 82 83 91 93 95 98 103 108 114 119 CHAPTER The Construction of the World: Genesis, Cosmology, and General Physics The construction of matter Philosophical and Mosaic cosmogony The book of nature and the Book of Genesis The world before animal life Cosmology and astronomy General physics Heat Light and colors Sound 122 129 134 137 139 146 147 149 156 Contents ix CHAPTER Geology and Chemistry: The Inward Powers of Matter Beddoes and Darwin, Werner and Hutton Dynamic geology, Steffens, and the Theory of Life Geology, chemistry, and the life of nature Revolutions or uniformity? Atoms and elements Productive powers and chemical substances New elements for old: transmutation Affinity and combination Oxidation, combustion, and acidity Chemistry become vital Products and educts Vegetation: the nuptial garland of earth and air Nitrogen fixation: animality in vegetation Chemistry and the ascent of life 159 161 166 169 171 175 179 185 188 191 193 194 198 200 CHAPTER Life: Crown and Culmination Coleridge and the doctors From irritability to dynamic physiology Organization Life actual Life as a power: problems of classification Natural history: instinct, teleology, and types The Theory of Life Conclusion 201 202 205 208 209 212 215 219 Notes 222 Index 265 Notes to pp 177-85 257 whom diamond was the first member of the siliceous series of rocks See Steffens, Oryktognosie, 1, xix ff., ff.; and A G Werner, "Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten," Abhandlungen der Bb'hmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, (1786), 272-97, trans, by A Ospovat as Short Classification and Description of the Various Rocks (New York, 1971) See also N3 V2 ffl38-9 52 Beytrdge, p 262 53 Table Talk, June 29, 1833; TL, p 69; N29 f52 54 CN, 3, 4420 See also N34 f4v; and N27 ff49-50v, 54\ 55 Steffens, Beytrdge, p 117; TL, p 91 Cf BM Egerton MS 2801 f62\ 56 Steffens, Beytrdge, p 138; M E Weeks, Discovery of the Elements, 6th ed (Easton, Pa., 1956), pp 407 ff.; N27 f55; CM, Steffens, Beytrdge, p +9 57 CiV,3,4420 58 Weeks, Discovery, chap 27; Davy, "Researches on the oxymuriatic acid, its nature and combinations ," Philosophical Transactions, 100 (1810), 231-57,104 (1814), 74-93 STC commented on Davy's work on chlorine when it first appeared: CL, 6, 1027 (Sept 27, 1811) 59 CM, Steffens, Beytrdge, back flyleaf, about p 138; CL, 5, 130 60 CM, Steffens, Geognostisch-geologische Aufsdtze, p + 1, about p 243 61 N28 f23v, after Brande, Manual of Chemistry, pp 83, 173 62 N27f61 (1819); CN, 3, 4196 [1814] 63 Davy, "Some further observations on a new detonating substance," Philosophical Transactions, 103 (1813), 242-51; N27 f49; Royal Institution MS 13j; Levere, Affinity and Matter, pp 45—6 64 CN, 3, 4196 65 CM, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica , 3d ed (London, 1658), pt 1, p 37, copy in Berg Collection, New York Public Library 66 Joseph Priestley, "Experiments on the production of air by the freezing of water," Nicholson's Journal, (1801), 193—6; CM, Behmen [Boehme], Works, 1, pt 2, pp 36-7 (cf N27 ff73v-72v); CM, Behmen [Boehme], Works, 1, pt 1, pp 78-9 67 M J Petry, Hegel's Philosophy of Nature, vols (London and New York, 1970), 2, 268—70; J A Deluc, Recherches sur les modifications de Vatmosphere, vols (Geneva, 1772); Deluc, Idees sur la meteorologie, vols (London, 1786—7); Martinus van Marum, Verhandelingen uitgegeeven door Teylers Tweede Genootshcap, vol (Haarlem, 1787), p 144 Cf N23 ff29-29v 68 CM, Behmen [Boehme], Works, 1, pt 1, p 79 Cf N27 f54\ 69 B Franklin, New Experiments and Observations on Electricity (London, 1751); Petry, Hegel's Philosophy of Nature, 2, 266 70 BM Egerton MS 2800 ffl67 (Aug 1817), 88 (notes to J Franklin's Narrative [London, 1823]) 71 N27ff62 v -3\ 72 Thomson, System of Chemistry, 6th ed (Edinburgh, 1820), 2, 355 Presumably, Brande used the 5th ed., 1817, which I have not seen The 6th ed was reviewed in the Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts, 11 (1821), 119-71, at 121-2 73 N27f67 74 Table Talk, Mar 18, 1832; CL, 5, 309 (Nov 1823); Levere, Affinity and Matter, chap 258 Notes to pp 185-91 75 J.-C Guedon, "The still life of a transition: chemistry in the Encyclopedic," Ph.D diss., University of Wisconsin, 1974 76 H Guerlac, "Chemistry as a branch of physics: Laplace's collaboration with Lavoisier," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, (1976) 193—276; Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry, p xxi; Berthollet, Researches into the Laws of Chemical Affinity, trans M Farrell (London, 1804), and Essai de statique chimique, vols (Paris, 1803); Senebier, Physiologie vegetale , vols (Geneva, [1800]), 2, 303; M Sadoun-Goupil, Le chimiste Claude-Louis Berthollet, 1748-1822: sa vie, son oeuvre (Paris, 1977) 77 J Abernethy, An Enquiry into the Probability and Rationality of Mr Hunter's Theory of Life (London, 1814), pp 48-51 78 Grundziige, pp 48—58; Geognostisch—geologische Aufsdtze, p 243; Beytrdge, pp 1, 8, 117 Cf N27, N28, passim 79 CN, 3, 4244, 4454; CM, Nicholson's Journal, 26 (1810), 131, copy in VCL MS BT 27.7 80 TL, pp 59, 91, 56; N25 f85; VCL MS BT 37.7; Levere, Affinity and Matter, chap 81 STC, "On the Divine Ideas," in the Commonplace Book, Huntington Library MS HM 8195 fl65; Friend, 1, 94 n Cf N26 fl6 v [1826] 82 N26 f96v; BM Egerton MS 2800 f79v; Opus Maximum, VCL S MS 29, 1, f33 83 Opus Maximum, VCL S MS 29, 1, ff32, 28; CN, 3, 4244; VCL S MS 84 Allen Debus, The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, vols (New York, 1977) 85 M Crosland, "Lavoisier's theory of acidity," Isis, 64 (1973), 306-25; H, Le Grand, "Lavoisier's oxygen theory of acidity," Annals of Science, 29 (1972), 1-18 86 Beddoes had drawn attention to Mayow's work in Chemical Experiments and Opinions Extracted from a Work Published in the Last Century (Oxford, 1970) STC's criticism of Lavoisier is in N34 f4 87 N27 £50v STC's symbols are explained in N27 fF48v-51\ and in CM, Emanuel Swedenborg, De Equo Albo de quo in Apocalypsi, cap: xix (London, 1758), copy in BM 88 Davy, "Researches on the oxymuriatic acid"; CN, 3, 4171; N29 fl27v [1820] 89 Gay-Lussac, "Memoire sur l'iode," Annales de chimie, 91 (1814), 5-160, at 130 ff.; Davy, "On the analogies between the undecompounded substances," Journal of Science and the Arts, (1816), 283—8; Davy, Works, 5, 456; M Crosland, Gay-Lussac, Scientist and Bourgeois (Cambridge, 1978); T H Levere, "Gay-Lussac and the problem of chemical qualities," in Actes du colloque Gay-Lussac: la carriere et Voeuvre d'un chimiste francais durant la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle (Palaiseau, France 1980), pp 133—48 90 CL, 2, 727; CN, 2, 3192 (1807) Cf CM, Behmen [Boehme], Works, 1, pt 1, pp 41-2 91 N27 ff55v, 59\ 92 Steffens, "Ueber den Oxydations- und Desoxydations-Process der Erde," Zeitschrift fiir spekulative Physik, (1800), 137-68; Oersted, Ansicht; CM, ibid.; Levere, Affinity and Matter, pp 131-9; N23 ff28-32v; CL, 4, 772 93 N28f2v(1820) Notes to pp 192-7 259 94 Berman, Social Change, pp 131, 132, 136 See also Aubrey A Tulley, "The chemical studies of William Thomas Brande, 1788-1866," M.Sc thesis, University of London, 1971; and C H Spiers, "William Thomas Brande, leather expert," Annals of Science, 25 (1969), 179-201 95 CN, 3, 4420 (1818); J Goodfield, The Growth of Scientific Physiology: Physiological Method and the Mechanist-Vitalist Controversy, Illustrated by the Problems of Respiration and Animal Heat (London, 1960) 96 "Monologues by the late Samuel Taylor Coleridge (no I): on life," Fraser's Magazine, 12 (1835), 493-6; notebook entitled "Marginalia Intentionalia," ff 19-20, in Berg Collection, New York Public Library 97 X Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans F Gold (London, n.d.), pp 81-3; TL, passim; "Marginalia Intentionalia." 98 Senebier, Physiologie vegetale, 2, vi 99 Henry Watts, A Dictionary of Chemistry (1859-68; supps 1872, 1875, 1881), cited in OED Watts's definition, although later than STC's, conforms to STC's usage 100 Brande, Manual of Chemistry, pp 439-40; N27 f70; Steffens, Beytrdge, p 38 For STC's nonchemical use of "educt," see Lay Sermons, p 29 and n 101 Botanic Garden, pt 1, p 106 n, referring to Lavoisier, Traite elementaire de chimie, vols (Paris, 1789), 1, 132 102 K Coburn, ed., Inquiring Spirit: A New Presentation of Coleridge (London, 1951), p 223 103 H Davy, "An essay on the generation of phosoxygen, or oxygen gas: and on the causes of the colours of organic beings," in Contributions to Physical and Medical Knowledge, Principally from the West of England, ed T Beddoes (Bristol, 1799), pp 151-98, 199-205; Daniel Ellis, Farther Inquiries into the Changes Induced on Atmospheric Air, by the Germination of Seeds, the Vegetation of Plants, and the Respiration of Animals (Edinburgh, 1811), pp 59, 109-219 STC knew Ellis's work; see, e.g., CM, Steffens, Beytrdge, pp 35-6; N28 f7; Friend, 1, 469 (the reference is not to John Ellis); and BM Add MS 34225 fl63 r 104 Lay Sermons, p 72 This passage is discussed by M H Abrams in "Coleridge and the romantic vision of the world," in Coleridge's Variety: Bicentenary Studies, ed J Beer (London, 1974), pp 101-33, at 128-30 105 J Priestley, Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, vols (London, 1774—7); "Observations on different kinds of air," Philosophical Transactions, 62 (1772), 147—252; Ingenhousz, Experiments upon Vegetables (London, 1779); Philosophical Transactions, 72 (1782), 438, and On the Nutrition of Plants (London, 1796); Senebier, Physiologie vegetale; de Saussure, Recherches chimiques sur la vegetation (Paris, 1804), pp 58, 132-3; Davy, Works, 7, 356; Everett Mendelsohn, Heat and Life: The Development of the Theory of Animal Heat (Cambridge, Mass., 1964) 106 Davy, Agricultural Chemistry, lecture 3; Friend, 1, 466-70 Knight's major papers are in Philosophical Transactions, 1801-8; they were much used by Davy in his Agricultural Chemistry 107 Daniel Ellis, An Inquiry into the Changes Induced in Atmospheric Air, by the Germination of Seeds, the Vegetation of Plants, and the Respiration of Animals (Edinburgh, 1807), pp xii, 46-8; Edinburgh Review, 22 (1814), 251-81 108 T H Levere, "Martinus van Marum and the introduction of Lavoisier's 260 Notes to pp 197-201 chemistry into the Netherlands," in Martinus van Marum: Life and Work, ed R J Forbes (Haarlem, 1969), 1, 158-286, at 236; de Saussure, Recherches, pp 261 n, 270; Brande, Manual ofChemistry, p 346 109 N27 ff62—62 V Problems of agricultural science in the generation after STC's were severe enough, as shown by Margaret W Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840—1880 (New Haven, 1975) 110 Agricultural Chemistry, lecture 111 Davy, Works, 7, 223; Steffens, Beytrdge, pp 35-6 Petry, Hegel's Philosophy of Nature, 3, 290, gives an account of Schrader's views 112 Davy, Works, 8, 38-9; CM, ca 1823, Steffens, Beytrdge, pp 35-6 113 Brewster, "On the optical and physical properties of Tabasheer," Philosophical Transactions, 109 (1819), 283-99; N28 f33 114 De Saussure, Recherches, p 270; Ellis, An Inquiry, pp 7, 52; Brande, Manual of Chemistry, pp 464-7; N28 ff7-7\ STC conflates Brande's discussion of animal and vegetable respiration 115 BM Egerton MS 2800 fl55v; N27 f63v; Brande, Manual of Chemistry, p 364; N27 f65 N17 fl28v and NF° f4v were prompted by a reading of Mirbel on "Cryptogamous and agamous vegetation," Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts, (1819), 20-31, 210-26, at 223 NF° f4v also refers to L N Vauquelin, "Experiments on mushrooms," Philosophical Magazine, 43 (1814), 292-9 N27 f64 was prompted by Brande, Manual of Chemistry, p 368, on fungin Linnaean botany held on longer in Britain than in France or Germany, where A L de Jussieu's system (expounded in his Genera Plantarum) was adopted F Delaporte, "Des organismes problematiques," Dix-huitieme Siecle, (1977), 49-59, discusses eighteenth-century debates about "animality" and "vegetality." 116 CM, Oersted, Ansicht, p 70 117 Brande, Manual of Chemistry, pp 461-2 BM Add MS 34225 fl63 r also deals with the chemistry of digestion 118 N28 ff4-9v; Home, "Observations ," Philosophical Transactions, 97 (1807), 139-79, and " H i n t s " Philosophical Transactions, 99 (1809), 385-91 119 Brande, Manual of Chemistry, pp 464, 434; C Hatchett, "Chemical experiments on zoophytes ," Philosophical Transactions, 90 (1800), 327-402, at 401; N27 f69 STC may also have read Brande's papers on these topics in Philosophical Transactions, 99 (1809), 373-84, 101 (1811), 90-114, 102 (1812), 90-114 120 Brande, Manual of Chemistry, 457—60, based on C Hatchett, "Experiments and observations on shell and bone," Philosophical Transactions, 89 (1799), 315-34; N27 ff71-71v, 99-99\ Chapter Life J Harris, "Coleridge's readings in medicine," Wordsworth Circle, (1972), 85—95; R Guest-Gornall, "Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the doctors," Medical History, 17 (1973), 327-42, at 328 There is a need for a major study of STC and the doctors See also CL, 1, 320 CL, 1, 518; CN, 1, 1657, 388; H Davy to Henry Penneck, Jan 26, 1799, Notes to pp 201-5 261 MS in American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia; Guest-Gornall, "Coleridge and the doctors," p 330; CL, 2, 851-2, 937, 6, 1025-7; CN, 3, 3744 CL, 4, 766; N29 f6; James Gillman, A Dissertation on the Bite of a Rabid Animal: Being the Substance of an Essay Which Received a Prize from the Royal College of Surgeons in London in the Year 1811 (London, 1812) CM, Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 14 (1818), 24 (1825), 33 (1830), VCL MS BT 21.12, transcribed by G Grove; CM, Quarterly Journal of Foreign and British Medicine and Surgery, (1818-19), VCL MS BT 37, transcribed by Sara Coleridge N29 f24 discusses A F Marcus, "Versuch eines Theorie der Entziindung," Jahrbiicher der Medicin als Wissenschaft, (1808), 51 Other medical topics are addressed in N29 f93; VCL S LT F13.1B; NF° f79v; CL, 5, 191; and N26 f20\ A Haller, "A dissertation on the sensible and irritable parts of animals," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, (1936), 656-99, reprint of London, 1755, translation of De partibus corporis humani sensibilius et irritabilius (Goettingen, 1752) As late as 1828 (N37 f3v), STC was reminding himself to read Haller on irritability John Neubauer, "Dr John Brown (1735-88) and early German romanticism," Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 (1967), 367-82; William Cullen Brown, ed., The Works of Dr John Brown (London, 1804); John Brown, The Elements of Medicine Translated by the Author with a Biographical Preface by Thomas Beddoes, vols (London, 1795); B Hirschel, Geschichte der Brown'schen Systems und der Erregungstheorie (Dresden and Leipzig, 1846); W R Trotter, "John Brown and the nonspecific component of human sickness," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 21 (1978), 258-64 CN, 1, 388; M J Petry, Hegel's Philosophy of Nature, vols (London and New York, 1970), 3, 379 Neubauer, "Dr John Brown," pp 372-3; Schelling, Werke, vols (Munich, 1927-56), 2, 73; G B Risse, "Schelling, 'Naturphilosophie,' and John Brown's system of medicine," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 50 (1976), 213-25; J F Blumenbach, Ueber den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsgeschdft (Gottingen, 1781; 3d ed., 1791), An Essay on Generation, trans A Crichton (London, [1792]), and The Institutes of Physiology, translated from the Latin [3d ed.] (London, 1815), p 38 BM Egerton MS 2801 fl20; CN, 3, 4226 (1815) 10 N29f28(?1824);N59ffll-14 11 Those exceptions fascinated STC; see, e.g., N28 f35v Background is given in R M Maniquis, "The puzzling Mimosa: sensitivity and plant symbols in romanticism," Studies in Romanticism, (1969), 129—55 12 N29 f62v; Table Talk, May 2, 1820; N23 f42; N28 f54 13 Steffens, Beytrdge; Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie (Jena, 1809), and Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, vols (Leipzig and Jena, 1813; Jena, 1816-26) 14 Oken, Elements of Physiophilosophy, trans A Tulk (London, 1847), p 494 15 CN, 3, 4226 (1815); NF° f49; N27 ff37v-42 16 N2P/2 f59v; N26 ffl9-20\ 17 CM, Behmen [Boehme], Works, 1, pt 1, pp 120, 49-50, 249-51, copy in BM; CM, H Boerhaave, A New Method of Chemistry, trans P Shaw and E Chambers, pts in vol (London, 1727), pt 1, p 72, transcribed in 262 Notes to pp 205-10 VCL B T 37.3; John Hunter, A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds, to Which Is Prefixed a Short Account of the Author's Life, by His Brother-in-law Everard Home (London, 1794), pp 78-9; Blumenbach, Institutes of Physiology, pp 3-14 William Lawrence, "Life," in Rees's Cyclopaedia, 20 (1819), gives a good survey of contemporary views on physiology 18 Cuvier's Lectures are referred to in CN, 3, 4356-7 and nn (1817) 19 Von der Weltseele, p ix 20 Beytrdge, p 275 21 Kant, The Critique of Judgement, ed and trans J C Meredith (Oxford, 1973), pt 2, pp 21, 22, 24, 39, 74, 82, 87; Friend, 1, 497 22 Kant, Critique of Judgement, pt 2, p 86; Blumenbach, A Manual of the Elements of Natural History (London, 1825), p 8; Cuvier, Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 1, pp 6, xx—xxi Relations between Kant and Blumenbach, and the significance of the biological theories that followed their work, are being developed by T Lenoir in an important series of papers, of which the first ("Kant, Blumenbach, and Vital Materialism in German biology," Isis, 71 [1980], 77—108) was published as this book went to press 23 Hunter, A Treatise on the Blood, p 78; R Saumarez, The Principles of Physiological and Physical Science (London, 1812), p 42; BL, 1, 103 n (chap 9); J Abernethy, Physiological Lectures, Exhibiting a General View of Mr Hunter's Physiology (London, 1817), p 38, Introductory Lectures Exhibiting Some of Mr Hunter's Opinions Respecting Life and Diseases (London, 1815), pp 16—17 STC criticizes Abernethy's inconsistency in N27 f94 24 W Lawrence, Lectures on Physiology, Zoology and the Natural History of Man (London, 1819), pp 7-8 25 CL, 4, 690; Opus Maximum, VCL S MS 29,1, f9 26 Philosophical Lectures, p 353; Letters, Conversations and Recollections ofS T Coleridge, ed T Allsop, vols (London, 1836), 1, 233; BM Egerton MS 2801 f62\ 27 VCL S MS 13; N26 f l \ Cf CM, Swedenborg, Prodromus philosophiae ratiocinantis de infinito, et causa finali creationis: deque mechanismo operationis animae et corporis (Dresden and Leipzig, 1734), 2d blank sheet verso, copy in Huntington Library 28 CL, 1, 294-5 29 CN, 2, 2330 and n 30 N28ff44-5 31 N26ffl9-20\ 32 N28 ff72-72v, 1\ 33 VCL S MS F2.9 Cf Eraser's Magazine, 12 (1835), 493-6; and N25 ff86v-8 34 Preformation is discussed in P J Bowler, "The impact of theories of generation upon the concept of a biological species in the last half of the eighteenth century," Ph.D diss., University of Toronto, 1971 35 Blumenbach, Natural History, pp 8—10, An Essay on Generation, The Institutes of Physiology, p 16, and Ueber die naturlichen Vershiedenheiten im Menschengeschlechte , trans J G Gruber (Leipzig, 1798), pp 69—73; CN, 3, 3744 36 Hunter, A Treatise on the Blood, pp 78-9; Friend, 1, 493 n-4 n; N29 f94; N26 f44 Not everyone took this view of Hunter J C Prichard declared Notes to pp 210-14 263 that Hunter's "hypothesis of a vital principle has been proved, by careful examination, to be wanting in every characteristic of a legitimate theory." Prichard, A Review of the Doctrine of a Vital Principle (London, 1829), p 132 37 STC knew Home's works See N28 ff3v-4; and Friend, 1, 474 38 Blumenbach, Short System of Comparative Anatomy, trans William Lawrence (London, 1807), p xv, and Natural History, p 5; CM, Blumenbach, Ueber die naturlichen Vershiedenheiten, front flyleaf verso, entry dated Jan 1828 Cf N28 ff72v-3 (1820) 39 Cuvier, Le Regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation , vols (Paris, 1817), 1, v-xviii; M P Winsor, Starfish, Jellyfish, and the Order of Life (New Haven and London, 1976), p 40 Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 1, xxxvi, 59-60 41 Oken, Naturgeschichte, 5, ff., and Naturphilosophie; R Owen, "Oken," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8th ed, 16, 498-503; Winsor, Starfish, p 20 42 N29 ff81-2 STC read, or at least handled, Johann Friedrich Meckel's System der vergleichenden Anatomie, vols in (Halle, 1821-33), CM in New York Public Library Johann B Spix, zoologist, wrote Geschichte und Beurtheilung aller Systeme in der Zoologie (Niirnberg, 1811) Articles touching on physiology sometimes appeared in J S C Schweigger's Journal fur Chemie und Physik; I have not found a naturalist named "Sweigger." STC annotated G A Goldfuss, Handbuch der Zoologie, vols (Niirnberg, 1820), copy in VCL A major statement of J B Lamarck's classification is his Philosophie zoologique, vols (Paris, 1809) Henri de Blainville's classification is in his De Vorganisation des animaux (Paris, 1822) Andre Dumeril was the author of Zoologie analytique (Paris, 1809) A good summary of the principal early nineteenth-century systems of classification is Louis Agassiz, Essay on Classification (1857; reprint ed., ed E Lurie, Cambridge, Mass., 1962) STC's knowledge of French and German zoological schemes grew through his intercourse with J H Green In 1824, Green told his class at the Royal College of Surgeons about Lamarck's classification, with its serial gradations among kinds of animals He modified this to present his own ascending series of animals, claiming that this integration of parts into a system was in accord with Hunter's work (Royal College of Surgeons MS 67.b.l 1, notes by W H Clift and [Richard Owen]) In a lecture of 1827, he again presented an ascending series of animals, this time acknowledging Cuvier But his classification is markedly different from Lamarck's, Cuvier's, or indeed that of any other zoologist whose works I have been able to examine A copy of this scheme, in Green's writing, is in the STC collection at VCL, MS LT 50b The scheme is broadly compatible with STC's in TL 43 N28f54 44 N28ff57, 54 45 E.g., CN, 3, 3956 ff.; N23 f34v-42; CN, 2, 2321-36 46 N23 ff35v-6; Opus Maximum, VCL S MS 29, 2, fl85v; AR, pp 211 ff.; N26 f30v; N59 f9 47 N28f69\ 48 Friend, 7,498 49 CL, 6, 595 50 N23 ff38v-40; Opus Maximum, VCL S MS 29, 2, f61 264 Notes to pp 214-21 51 N25ff87-87\ 52 P L Farber, "The type-concept in zoology during the first half of the nineteenth century, 'Journal of the History of Biology, (1976), 93-119; T Lenoir, "Generational factors in the origin of Romantische Naturphilosophier Journal of the History of Biology, 11 (1978), 57-100 53 N56ff9v-10 54 In N65 fF2-2v, the integration of the substance of the Theory of Life in Opus Maximum is made explicit 55 N59f5 56 TL, pp 36-7 57 Although "individuation" is widely used in the Scholastics, in Spinoza, and in Schelling, it is likely that STC's immediate source for this usage was Steffens, e.g., in Grundzuge, pp 70 ff 58 A taking together, a summary 59 TL, pp 85-6 Cf Steffens, Beytrdge, p 316 60 TL, p 85, echoes Genesis 1:26 and 2:7 See also CL, 6, 595 (1826) 61 Phrenology and mesmerism were in STC's day two sciences illuminating the relations of body and mind Mesmerism in particular suggested to him that there was a higher power of life, manifested through the exertion of will and perhaps one with imagination See T H Levere, "S T Coleridge and the human sciences: anthropology, phrenology, and mesmerism," in Science, Pseudoscience, and Society, ed M P Hanen, M J Os- ier, and R G Weyant (Waterloo, Ont., 1980), pp 171-92 62 P 113 63 Agricultural chemistry, for example, was well regarded, largely through the vogue for Davy's published lectures But contemporary ignorance about plant physiology meant that nitrogen fixation and the role of trace metals were glossed over Similar problems arose in the chemistry of digestion and animal respiration STC identified and stressed these issues 64 Works, 8, 347 65 T H Levere, "Coleridge, chemistry, and the philosophy of nature," Studies in Romanticism, 16 (1977), 349-79 66 CM, Hegel, Logik, 1, —4—— 1, copy in BM INDEX on the affinity between basalts and Abernethy, John: 44-52, 186, 206; Enquiry into Hunter's Theory of Life, 52; granite," 168 Physiological Lectures, 52 Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, 15, Abrams, M H., 5, 196 175 Adams, Joseph, 48 Berthollet, C L.: Elements de Vart de la albumen, 200 teinture, 153; Essai de statique chimique, alchemy: 72, 185; see also chemistry, 186; Researches into the Laws of Chemical transmutation Affinity, 186 alkali metals, 33-4 Berzelius, J J., 33, 53, 79, 182 alkaline earths, 33 Bible, the (see also Genesis), 7, 157 Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung, 38 Bichat, Xavier, 48, 50 analogy, 51, 59 Bildungstrieb, 37, 203, 206, 209 230 n5 anatomy, comparative, 44, 88, 210-11 Black, Joseph, 11,33,53 animality, animalization, 90, 163-5, blood, 47 198-200, 218, 260 n 115 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich: 5, 13, Annual Anthology, 20 205; anthropology, 114—15; Bildungsanthropology, 114-15, 247 nl66 trieb, 37, 203, 206, 209; Institutiones Aristotle: 101-3, 188, 249 n24; De Anima, Physiologicae, 18, 226 n42; lectures, at150: Posterior Analytics, 101-2 tended by STC, 17-19; natural history, association, 10, 24, 40, 61, 87 210-11, 262 n22; Naturgeschichte, 23, astrology, 251 n 80 210—11; Ueber die natiirlichen Verschieastronomy, 72, 139-46 denheiten im Menschengeschlechte, 247 atheism, 58-60, 76 nl66 atom, atomism, 35-6, 58-60, 69, 77-8, Board of Agriculture, 167 171-5 Boehme, Jacob: 41, 111, 119, 131, 183, 205, 231 n23; Aurora, 154, 156-8; Works, 47, 182 Bacon, Sir Francis: 70, 72-5, 101, 238 n 78; New Atlantis, 73; Novum Organum, Boerhaave, H., 205 Boosey, Thomas, 38 83, 85; and Platonism, 77, 84, 90, botany: 88-90, 260 nl 15; see also vegeta92-3, 96; Sylva Sylvarum, 73 tion Banks, Sir Joseph, 12 Boyer, Jean Baptiste de, 74 Barfield, Owen, Boyle, Robert, 74-6 Baxter, Richard: 15; Reliquiae BaxterBraconnot, Henri, 168—9 ianae, 121 Brande, W T : 53, 161, 167, 174, 191-3; Beddoes, Thomas: 5, 10-15, 22, 33, 60, 159-60, 201-3; Alexander's Expedition, Manual of Chemistry, 53, 78, 147, 161, 10-11; Contributions to Physical and 168, 181, 183-5, 191-4, 198-200; Medical Knowledge, 22; "Observations Outlines of Geology, 168 266 Index Brentano, Clemens, 63 Brewster, David, 198 Bristol, 10-11 Bristol Library Society, 14 British Association for the Advancement of Science, 5, 73 Brodie, Benjamin, 53 Brougham, Henry, 33 Brown, John: 202-3; Elements of Medicine, 202; see also physiology, Brunonian Bruno, Giordano, 111, 119, 142 Buckland, William, Vindiciae Geologicae, 169 Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de: 88; Histoire Naturelle, 141 Burke, Edmund, 12, 70 Burns, John, Dissertation on Inflammation, 46 caloric, 22, 60, 148-9, 252 n93 Calvert, William, 25 Carlisle, Sir Anthony, 31 Carlyon, Clement, 18-19 Carus, Karl Gustav, 232 n35 cause, 101-2 chemistry: 3, 5-7, 14, 16, 20-38, 44, 524, chapter passim; acidity, 102—3, 188-91; affinity, 31, 33, 185-8; agricultural chemistry, 264 n63; analysis, analyses, 53, 172-3, 183-5; animal chemistry, see organic chemistry; atomic theory, see atom, atomism; combination, 186—8; combustion, 188—91; educts, 193-4; electrochemistry, 6, 25, 31-4, 48, 50-1, 79, 186-7, 228 n77; elements, 22, 31, 34, 171-81; organic chemistry, 6, 52-3, 79-80, 183-5, 194-200; phlogiston theory, 188; pneumatic chemistry, 11, 14, 20; power, see power(s), chemical; qualities, 176—9; transmutation {see also alchemy), 179-85, 197-8 Children, John George, 53 chlorine, 180, 189-91 Christianity, see religion, Christianity classification, 77, 88-90, 209-12, 241 n28 Coleridge, Luke, 201 Coleridge, S T.: Aids to Reflection (mentioned) 39, 57, (quoted) 1, 79-80; Biographia Literaria (mentioned), 7, 37, 39-43, 111, 119, (quoted) 4, 40-1,68, 70-1, 96, 109, 127; Collected Works, 3; Constitution of the Church and State (mentioned) 39, 86, (quoted) 87, 219; "Destiny of Nations" (quoted) 14-15, 97; Divine Ideas, 242 n62; Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, introduction, 55, 240 n6; "Eolian Harp" (quoted) 156; "Essay on Faith" (quoted) 1; Friend (mentioned) 3, 39, 41, 52, 54-7, 71, 77, 88, 94, 106, (quoted) 55, 71, 89, 92, 94, 95, 112, 176-7, 210; "Frost at Midnight" (quoted) 26, 97; Lay Sermons (mentioned) 39, 54, 70, (quoted) 70, 97, 195; marginalia, 222, 237 n55 (Schelling), 243 n 79 (Swedenborg), 244-5 nl 14 (Steffens), for marginalia to individual works, see the entries for those works; Notebooks, 3, 223-4 nl2; notebooks, autograph, 222; Opus Maximum (mentioned) 4, 6-7, 39, 104, 120-1, 129, 216, 219, 221, (quoted) 101, 133, 137, 207; Philosophical Lectures (men- tioned), 46, 60, 83, (quoted) 2, 51; plagiarism, 224 n21; "Religious Musings" (quoted) 9, 64; Scrofula (mentioned) 43-6, 102, (quoted) 43; Shakespeare lectures (quoted) 42, 175; Statesman's Manual, see Lay Sermons; Table Talk (quoted) 72, 251 n80; Theory of Life (mentioned) 6, 37, 42-6, 49-51, 54, 164-5, 206-9, 212, 215-19, (quoted) 50, 51, 162, 163, 177, 219; The Watchman (quoted) 12 Coleridge, Sara, 42-3 comets, 140-1,251 n70 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot, Abbe de, 22, 40,61,70 Condorcet, M-J.-A.-N C, Marquis de, 12 consumption, 11 coral, 162-3 cosmogony, 129-34, 244 nlOO creation, creativity, 2, 7, 83, 131-2 Cudworth, Ralph, 60 Cullen, William, 202 Cuvier, Georges: 77, 94, 103, 170, 206, 239 nlOO; classification, 77, 88, 212, 215, 263 n42; Essay on the Theory of the Earth, 255 n33; Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 77, 205, 239 nlOO, 241-2 n37; Le regne animal (quoted) 211, (mentioned) 241-2 n37 Dalton, John, 30, 36, 60, 172-4, 256 n37 Darwin, Erasmus: 5, 11—13, 159; Botanic Garden, 12, 40, 159, 194, 225-6 n24, 250 n64; Zoonomia, 12, 13, 202 Davy, Humphry: 2, 11, 20-8, 60, 78, 161, 167, 171-87 passim (chemistry), 189-90; Bakerian Lectures 1806, 1807, and electrochemistry, 31-35, 48, 79; Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 53, 172, 194-8; "Essay on heat, light, and the combinations of light," 22—3, Index 27, 148; lectures, STC attends, 5, 28-31; poetry and chemistry, 3, 176, 185; Researches on Nitrous Oxide, mentioned 24 definition, 50 Deluc, Jean Andre, 182 Descartes, Rene, 26, 75-6, 109 dynamic philosophy, dynamism, 39, 44, 55, 65, 67-8, 79-80, 171, 174-5 Edgeworth, Anna Maria, 11 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, 11 Edinburgh Review, 33-4, 48 education, 3, 16, 36, 87 Eichorn, J G., Einleitung ins Alte Testament, 135 electricity: 51, 60, 146; see also chemistry, electrochemistry, galvanism Ellis, D., 89, 198, 241 n33 empiricism: 15, 25-6, 39, 41, 74, 85-8; see also sense English science, thought, 69, 77-80, 240 nlO6 epigenesis, 209 Eschenmayer, A K A., Psychologie, 132, 142, 144-5 excitability, 80 experiment, 91-3 explanation, 48, 50, 88 Fabricius, Opera Chirurgica, 46 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: 37-8, 41, 64-6, 231 n7; Wissenschaftslehre, 65 fluids, imponderable, 40, 48-9, 60, 110 Franklin, Benjamin, 60, 183 Franklin, John, Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, 183 French Revolution, 9-10, 49, 70, 76 French science, thought, 69, 76, 147, 240 nlO6 Frere,J H., 243 n77 Galileo Galilei, 72 galvanism: 68, 116, 124; see also electrochemistry Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 190 Genesis: 71, 131-8, 166, 169-70; see also Bible, the geogony, 161-7 Geological Society of London, 18, 161 geology: 6, 13, 18, 159-71, 218; catastrophism, 159, 161, 169-70, 255 n33; Neptunist theory, 160, 166-7, 255 n33; uniformitarianism, 159-61, 166, 170-1 geometry, 127, 249 n24 German language, 16, 19 267 German science, thought, 69, 78-80, 240 nlO6 German sources, 7, 13, 36-9 Germany, 15—20 Giddy (Gilbert), Davies, 32 Gillman, James: 5, 42-5, 54, 201-2, 207; Dissertation on the Bite of a Rabid Animal, 43 glory, 14 Godwin, William, 21 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: 93-4, 240 n i l ; ZurFarbenlehre, 38, 151-4, 253 nlO3; Zur Naturwissenschaft Ueberhaupt, 253 nl03 Goldfuss, G A., 114,212 Gottingen, 5, 16-17, 19,203 Gower, B., 236 n37 granite, 168 Greece, the Greeks, 72 Green, Joseph Henry: 5, 44-5, 86, 112, 139, 175, 202, 232 n32, n35; 263 n42; Spiritual Philosophy, 44, 232 n32; Vital Dynamics, 44, 245 nll9, 246 nl38 Greenough, George Bellas, 18, 30, 161 Hales, Stephen, Vegetable Staticks, 196 Haller, Albrecht von, 37, 202, 261 n5 Harrington, James, 70 Hartley, David: 2, 9-10, 14-15, 23, 87; Observations on Man, 10, 61 Hartzreise, the, 18-19 Hatchett, Charles, 52-3, 79, 85, 94-5, 161, 167, 176, 199-200 Hauy, Rene-Just, Traite de Mineralogie, 18 Haygarth, John, 14 heat, 22, 60, 147-9 Hegel, G W E, Wissenschaft der Logik, 221,253nl07 Heraclitus, 111 Hermes Trismegistus, 23-4 Herschel,J F W, 139, 172 Herschel, William, 26-7, 139 history, 103-4 history of science, 2—4, 54—5, 71—6 Home, Everard: 52-3, 156, 161, 199; Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 210 Hooke, Robert: 74-5, 86; Posthumous Works, 74 Huber, Francois, Natural History of Ants, 213 Hufeland, Christoph Heinrich, 13 Humboldt, Alexander von, 223 n 10 Hume, David, 22, 40, 49, 70, 101 Hunter, John: 14, 37, 46-52, 79, 92-4, 205-210, 263 n42; A treatise on the Blood, 156 Hunterian Museum, see Royal College of Surgeons, Hunterian Museum 268 Index Hutchinsonians, the, 235 n 10 Hutton, James, 12, 159-61 hylozoism: 60, 107; see also life of nature idea(s), idealism: 1, 10, 41, 54, 62, 65, 70, 83, 91-8, 210; and law(s) of nature, 2-3, 54, 56-7, 83, 91, 95-6, 210 identity, Identitdtslehre, 66, 237 n47 imagination, 2-4, 6-7, 41, 56, 90, 188, 209 individuation, 45, 217, 264 n57 Ingenhousz, Jan, 164, 196 instinct, 203, 213-14, 218 irritability, see physiology, irritability Jenner, Edward, 201 Journal of Natural Philosophy, ed W Nicholson, 25 nature (see also hylozoism), 63, 78-80, 162, 167-9, 192, 208; see also Coleridge, S T., Theory of Life; hylozoism light and colors, 22, 26, 115-16, 149-58, 195, 252 n98 Linnaeus, C, 88-9, 241 n28, n31, 260 nll5 Liverpool, Lord, 69—70 Locke, John, 6, 10, 14-15, 25-6, 61, 74, 76-7 logic, 111-12 London Philosophical Society, 78 Long, Roger, Astronomy, 139 Lunar Society of Birmingham, 11 Lyell, Charles: 159; Principles of Geology, 170-1 Lyonnet, Pierre, 208, 213 Machiavelli, 70 McFarland, T, 1, 4, 66, 223 n2 Kant, Immanuel: 2, 13, 15, 19, 50, 62, 64—8, 123—4; Allgemeine Naturgeschichte Magazine for Experimental Psychology, 24 und Theorie des Himmels, 84, 123, 136, Malta, 31 142-3; Anthropologie, 247 nl69; Cole- man, 219 ridge's reading of Kant, 6, 16, 17, 37, Marcus, A F "Versuch eines Theorie der 41, 111; Critique of Pure Reason, 39, Entziindung," 129 101, 123, 244 n 104; Critique ofTeleologi- Marum, Martinus van, 182 calJudgement, 101, 206, 244 nl02, 262 materialism, 26, 46, 50-2, 58-61 n22; Gedanken von den wahren Schdtzungmathematics: 6, 138, 250 n62; see also geder lebmdigen Krdfte, 80; Logic, 234 ometry n65; Metaphysische Anfangsgrilnde der matter, construction of, 122—9 Naturwissenschaft, 121, 123, 128, 248 n6 Mayow,John, 11, 189 mechanism, 14-15, 26, 40, 55, 58, 62-3, Keill, John, 59 74_7, 79-80, 141 Kepler, 72, 74-5, 143-4, 238 n76 Meckel, Johann Friedrich, 212, 232 n35 Keswick, 23, 30 medicine, 5, 11, 14, 38, 42-50, 201-5 Kielmeyer, Carl Friedrich, 203 Mesmerism, 38, 264 n61 Kirby, William, and Spence, William, Introduction to Entomology, 213 metals, metalleity, 163-5, 169, 177-9 metaphor, 28-29, 229 n90 Knight, T A., 89, 196, 241 n33 metaphysics, 23-4, 34, 36, 41, 55, 62, 80, Lamarck, J B A P de Monet de, 212, 242 n44 metascience, 5, chapter passim 263 n42 meteorology, 182—3 Lamb, Charles, 16 method, 6, 54-5, 73, chapter passim, language, 28-9 240 n6 Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de: 136, 147—8; Exposition du systeme du monde, Milton, John, 17,26,74 mind: 3, 14, 29, 52, 64, 96, 115; active, 7, 143; Mecanique celeste, 130, 142, 251 26,40-1,65-8 n82 mineralogy, 87, 160-1, 167 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent: 27, 31, 44, Mirbel, C F B de, 89, 241 n32, 260 60-1, 102, 172-4, 188-90; Traite nll5 elementaire de chimie, 53, 148, 186 Monthly Review, 13 Lawrence, William, 44-52, 206-7 Morning Post, 21, 28, 32 laws of nature, 3, 41,56-7, 88, 91, multeity, unity in, 82-3, 95-6, 113 95-103, 243 n92, 244 n98 Leibniz, G W, 23 Nasse, Wilhelm, 63 Le Sage, G.-L., 142-3 natura naturans 8c naturata, 66, 105—6 Liebig, Justus von, life: 8, 22, 32, 37, 43-52, 54, chapter natural history, 19, 88, 161, 212-15 nature: 2-3, 7-8, 65-8, 74, 82, 244 passim; ascent of, 204-12, 217-19; of Index 269 "physiogony," 105, 245 n l l physiology: 5-6, 19, 79-80; and anatomy, comparative, 210—11; Brunonian physiology, 18, 80, 202-3, 261 n6, n8, see also Brown, John; and chemistry, 52-4, 199-200; irritability, 203-4, 218, 261 n5; of life, 45, 48-9, 79; plant physiology, 194-200 Plato, Platonism: 1-2, 36, 62-4, 75, 83-4, 90, 102; Republic, 99 Play fair, John, Huttonian Theory of the Earth, 168 Plotinus, 64 Pneumatic Institution, 11,20 poetry, 3, 17, 20-1, 23, 41-2, 176-7 polarity: 6, 55, 67-8, 92, 96, 108-14; law of, 112 politics, 9-11, 14, 21, 46, 49, 69-70 Poole, Thomas, 16, 18, 26, 197 power(s): 54, 61, 108-14, 246 nl38; chemical, 27, 33, 36-7, 176-9; compass of nature, 114-21, 125-6, 163, 177-81, 188, 217; genetic hierarchies, 107, 119-21, 133-4, 177, 200, 204; life a power, 37, 107; triplicity, 109, 116-18, 126-9, see also Trinity preformation, 209 observation, 84, 90-1 Oersted, H C: 79, 220; Ansicht der chem- Priestley, Joseph: 9, 15-16, 77; chemistry, ischen Naturgesetze, 256 n44; The Soul in 11-12, 31, 164, 182, 196; Disquisitions on Matter and Spirit, 9, 14, 59, 123, 235 Nature, 64 n7; Experiments and Observations on DifOken, Lorenz: 110, 115, 206, 211-12; Erste Ideen zur Theorie des Lichts, 154—5; ferent Kinds of Air (quoted) 9; Vision, Light and Colours, 14 Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 156, 161, principle(s), 39, 47-8, 54, 56, 69-71 204,211 Pritchard, James Cowles, Researches into opium, 26, 30, 202, 229 nlOO the Physical History of Man, 114 optics, see light and colors; Newton, Sir Proclus, 64 Isaac, Opticks organization, 47-8, 50-2, 54, 205-8, 244 productivity, 41,67, 109-13, 116, 124-7, 230 n5 nl02 "psilosophy," 77, 239 n99 Owen, Richard, 232 n33 oxygen, 189-91 Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Paley, William, Natural Theology, 214 the Arts, 53, 168, 191-2 pantheism: 7, 59, 76, 100, 107, 131; see Quarterly Review, 51, 207 also Spinozism Paracelsus, Paracelsian tradition, 72, 133, race, see anthropology 188, 238 n73, 249 n33 Rademacher, J G., 63 reason, 1, 56-7, 82-3, 99, 195, 213 Parmenides, 60, 174 Rees, Abraham, Cyclopaedia, 45 Paul, Jean, 63 Penn, Granville, Comparative Estimate of Reill, Johann Christian, 13 the Mineral and Mosaic Geologies, 169 Reimarus, H S., 208, 213 Pfaff, Christoph Heinrich, 13 religion: 4, 7-8, 24, 56-7, 58, 69, 74, 228 n7l; Christianity, 1, 7-8, 12, 55-6, 83, phenomenon, central, 93-4, 96 219; natural theology, 55-6, 214; the"philosopher," 73 ology, 16; Unitarianism, 6, 9, 14-15; philosophy: 1-5, 58, 69-70; see also metasee also atheism, and Trinity, the physics respiration, 53, 194-7 phrenology, 223 nl 1, 264 n61 reticulation, 1-2 physiocrats, 70 nlO2; ascent of, 108, 119, 192; definition, 100; history of, 103-4; organism, 62—4, 79; sympathy with, 41—2; see also life of nature Naturphilosophie: Coleridge and, 7, 35, 38, 41, 78-9, 104-5; doctrines of, 64-8, 83; responses to, 2-3, 69, 223 nlO Naturzentrum, 145 Neoplatonism, Neoplatonists, 36, 61, 215 Newton, Sir Isaac: 10, 26, 47-8; atheism and mechanism, 58—62, 76; Coleridge's early enthusiasm for, 9, 14, 23, 26; historical assessments, 72, 75-6, 239 n90; Opticks, Ih, 149-53, 240 nl8, 252 n98, (Coleridge's reading) 14, 26, 240 nl8, (Newton's rings) 155, 253 nl77, (thirty-first query) 47, 122; Principia, 10, 14, 26, 47, 58-9, 76, 123 Newtonianism, 47-8, 58-9, 76, 122-3, 140, 233 n53 Nicholson, William: 31; see also Journal of Natural Philosophy nitrogen, 165, 182, 198-200, 256 n41 nitrous oxide, 20, 24 270 Index Ritter, J W., 2, 63, 68-9, 171 Robinson, Henry Crabb, 16, 38 romanticism, 3, 62-4, 223 n i l Royal College ofSurgeons: 7, 43-4, 46-8, 53; Hunterian Museum, 47, 49-50, 52, 92-3, 233 n49 Royal Institution of Great Britain: 7, 27, 32-3, 53, 78, 161, 167, 174; Davy's lectures, attended by Coleridge, 5, 30 Royal Society of London, 7, 12, 34, 73_4, 77_8 Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, 22 Runge, F R, Neueste Phytochemische Entdeckungen, 112 Senebier, Jean: 164; Physiologie vegetate, 186 Sennertus, Daniel, Operum, 46 sense, senses, sensation: 1, 10, 15, 22, 24, 40, 61, 91; see also empiricism Shakespeare, William, 3, 26, 42, 74, 84, 176 Small, Robert, Account of the Astronomical Discoveries of Kepler, 72 Society for Animal Chemistry, 7, 52-4 sound, 156-8 Southey, Robert, 10, 20-1 Spence, William, and Kirby, William, Introduction to Entomology, 213 Spinoza, B., 23, 66-7, 82, 106 Spinozism: 4, 19, 59, 66, 74, 100, 245 nl 15; see also pantheism Saumarez, Richard: 80, 206; New System of Philosophy, 80; Principles of Physiologi-Steffens, Henrik: 6-7, 37, 43, 129, cal and Physical Science, 140 177-9, 186-7, 204-7; Anthropologie, Saussure, H N de, Voyage dans les Alpes, 244-5 nl 14; Beytrdge zur innern Natur168 geschichte der Erde, 104, 120, 164-5, Saussure, N T de, 196-8 178, 244-5 nl 14, (source for ColeScheele, Carl Wilhelm, 11 ridge's Theory of Life) 42, 45, 50, 218; Schelling, F W J von: 6-7, 35, 37, 106, Caricaturen des Heiligsten, 244—5 nl 14; 131, 203, 245 n l l ; "Allgemeine DeColeridge's reading, 43, 104, 244-5 duction des dynamischen Processes," nl 14; Die Gegenwartige Zeit, 244-5 121, 124-5, 231 n7, 237 n55, 247 nl 14; Geognostisch-geologische Aufsdtze, nl77, see also Zeitschrift fiir spekulative 142, 144-5, 165-6, 244-5 nll4; gePhysik; Coleridge's reading, 43, 231 n7, ology, 134, 161-6; Grundziige der philo237 n55, n58; Darlegung des wahren sophischen Naturwissenschaft, 105, Verhdltnisser der Naturphilosophie zu der 143-4, 232 n31, 244-5 n 114, 245 verbesserten Fichteschen Lehre, 237 n55; nl 15, 264 n57, (powers, compass of Denkmal der Schrift von den gb'ttlichen nature) 117-18, 120, 125-6, 132, 149, 153, 163; "Recension der neuern naDingen &c des Herrn Friedrich Jacobi, turphilosophischen Schriften des Her237 n55; Einleitung zu seinem Entwurf ausgebers [Schelling]," 244-5 nl 14; eines Systems der Naturphilosophie, 68, 124, 231 n7; Ideen zu einer Philosophic Schriften alt und neu, 253 nl 10; derNatur, 148, 231 n7, 237 n55; Natur"Ueber den Oxydations- und Desoxyphilosophie, 41, 62, 64-8, 104, 111; Phidations-Process der Erde," 164; Ueber losophie und Religion, 231 n7, 237 n55; die Idee der Universitdten, 244—5 nl 14; Philosophische Schriften, 237 n55; System Vollstdndiges Handbuch der Oryktognosie, des Transcendentalen Idealismus, 65, 68, 250 n56 231 n7, 231 n24, 237 n55; Ueber die Stuart, Daniel, 21 Gottheiten von Samothrace, 237 n55; VonSwammerdam, Jan, 213 der Weltseele, 67, 138, 205, 230 n5 Swedenborg, Emanuel: 98, 134, 243 n79; De Coelo et Inferno, 243 n84; De Schiller, J C F von, 15-16 EquoAlbo, 119, 243 n79; Oeconomia Schrader,J C C , 198 Schroter, J H., Beitrdge zu den neuesten as- Regni Animalis, 98, 243 n79; Prodromus philosophic ratiocinantis de infinito, 243 tronomischen Entdeckungen, 140 n79; Regnum Animate, 243 n79 Schubert, G H von: Allgemeine Naturgeschichte, 146, 250 n62; Ansichten von der Swedenborgians, 79, 98 symbol(s), 96-8 Nachseite der Naturwissenschaft, 139, 141-2 Taylor, Jeremy, 15 science, 3-5, 15-17, 71, 220 Taylor, Thomas, 64 sciences, schemes of: 138, 192; see also teleology, 206, 213-14 powers, genetic hierarchies Tennant, Smithson, 179 "scientist," 73 Tetens,J N., 37 scrofula, 43, 45-6, 233 n42 Index 271 Watt, Gregory, 11, 13 Thelwall, John, 208 Watt, James, 11, 14, 148 theology, natural, see religion; natural Watts, Henry, Dictionary of Chemistry, 193 theology Wedgwood, Josiah, 17, 19 theory, 102-3 Wedgwood, Thomas, 11, 17, 26 Thomson, Thomas: 167; Annals of Philosophy, 183-4; System of Chemistry, 184,Werner, A G., 37, 159-61, 164-7, 171 Whalley, George, 222 257 n72 Whewell, William, 73 Tieck, Ludwig, 44 White, Gilbert, Natural History and AnTiedemann, Friedrich, tiquities ofSelborne, 85, 212-13 Tooke, John Home, 23 Wiedemann, Christian, 19 Treviranus, G R., will, 1, 10, 99 Trinity, the: 1, 6, 15, 36, 55, 104, 120-1; see also power(s), triplicity; religion Willich, A F M., Elements of the Critical Philosophy, 62, 80, 236 n20 Tulk, C A., 79, 98, 243 n79 Wiseman, Richard, Eight Chirurgical Treatype, 214-5, 241-2 n37 tises, 46 Wolff, Christian, 232 n35 understanding, 56-7 Wollaston, W H., 176, 179 Unitarianism, see religion, Unitarianism Wordsworth, Dorothy, 65 Urphdnomen, 93-4, 96 Wordsworth, William: 17, 21, 23, 25, 40; Lyrical Ballads, 25 vegetation: 90, 163-5, 194-200, 218, 260 nl 15; see also botany Vince, S., Complete System of Astronomy, 72 Young, Thomas, 157 Volta, Alessandro, 25, 31, 146 Voltaire, F M A de, 40, 70 Zeitschrift fur spekulative Physik, 68, 81, 124, 244-5 nl 14 Wade,Josiah, 12 ... Cataloguing in Publication data Levere, Trevor Harvey Poetry realized in nature Includes index Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1772-1834 - Knowledge - Science Literature and science Science Great Britain... Poetry realized in nature Samuel Taylor Coleridge and early nineteenth- century science TREVOR H LEVERE Professor of the History of Science University of Toronto... recognizing the creativity inherent in scientific discovery, saw in science a source of imaginative insight And in interpreting science philosophically, as he had to in striving for a true system,