William blake and the body

William Blake and the Body Tristanne J Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 William Blake and the Body 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly William Blake, Visions of the Daughters of Albion Plate 2(1) 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Frontispiece Tristanne J Connolly Department of English Butler University Indianapolis 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 William Blake and the Body © Tristanne J Connolly 2002 No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2002 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries ISBN 0–333–96848–4 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Connolly, Tristanne, J., 1970– William Blake and the body / Tristanne J Connolly p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-333-96848-4 Blake, William, 1757–1827 – Criticism and interpretation Blake, William, 1757–1827 – Knowledge – Anatomy Body, Human, in literature Body, Human, in art I Title PR4148.B57 C66 2002 821¢.7 – dc21 2002025210 10 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission Contents vi Preface vii List of Abbreviations xvii Textual Bodies Graphic Bodies 25 Embodiment: Urizen 73 Embodiment: Reuben 95 Divisions and Comminglings: Sons and Daughters 125 Divisions and Comminglings: Emanations and Spectres 155 The Eternal Body 192 Notes 222 Bibliography 232 Index 241 v 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 List of Illustrations Frontispiece William Blake Visions of the Daughters of Albion Plate 2(1) Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books ii 2.1 William Blake Elohim Creating Adam © Tate, London 2001 26 2.2 W Pink after Agostino Carlini Smugglerius Royal Academy of Arts, London 36 2.3 William Cowper Myotomia Reformata Page The Wellcome Library, London 49 2.4 William Cowper Anatomy of Humane Bodies Table 45 The Wellcome Library, London 50 2.5 William Cowper Anatomy of Humane Bodies Appendix The Wellcome Library, London 51 2.6 William Blake Jerusalem Plate 25 Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books 52 2.7 William Blake Jerusalem Plate 24 Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books 54 2.8 William Blake Visions of the Daughters of Albion Plate Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books 55 2.9 William Cowper Anatomy of Humane Bodies Table 60 The Wellcome Library, London 56 2.10 William Cowper Anatomy of Humane Bodies Table 62 The Wellcome Library, London 57 5.1 William Blake Jerusalem Plate 69 Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books 150 5.2 Francesco Saverio Clavigero A History of Mexico 1787 Plate viii, page 279 Benson Latin American Collection University of Texas at Austin 151 6.1 William Blake Jerusalem Plate 35 [31] Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books 161 7.1 William Blake Jerusalem Plate 95 Reproduced with permission from the William Blake Trust’s edition of Blake’s Illuminated Books 200 vi 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 List of Illustrations One would think there would be nothing more to say about the body in general, or the body in Blake ‘The Human Form Divine’ is Blake’s selfproclaimed central image and ultimate reality; the human body is what we live in every day, what we are, what is most familiar to us Yet, the body is as alien as it is commonplace, as unfathomable as it is known: think of how many involuntary movements, such as heartbeat, are essential to its regular functioning, and how unexpectedly and inexorably disease and death can overtake the body Blake’s depiction of the body communicates this: the body both provides and threatens identity The simple question, ‘What does Blake think of the body?’, is difficult to answer, even though understanding the significance of his main preoccupation would be essential to understanding his work The body is Blake’s preoccupation not because of a confident admiration of it, but rather a troubled obsession He has a love/hate relationship with his favourite image; he at once reviles and glorifies the human body This paradox could be swiftly resolved by claiming that, in fact, there are not really any bodies in Blake at all The things that happen to Blake’s characters could not happen to real bodies: wives not burst from their husbands’ chests in globes of blood; poets not possess other poets by entering their left feet in the form of falling stars; and the city of London is not normally accessed by entering anyone’s bosom These are symbolic characters, it could be argued: allegories whose bodies are mere vehicles for meaning If Blake’s were a simple dualism, then not only his characters’ bodies, but also the real human body, would be only vehicles which could be discarded for the sake of their more valuable contents However, not even the most stilted allegory can completely transcend the symbols which embody its meaning, and Blake’s allegory is much more a tangled web than a nut in a shell He takes his symbols very seriously Coleridge saw in Blake a ‘despotism of symbols’, and Yeats christened Blake with the title, ‘literal realist of the imagination’ (Coleridge, in Bentley, Critical Heritage 55; Yeats 119) Blake’s allegorical characters are endowed in both design and verse with bones and blood, fibres and flesh; indeed, they are depicted in all gory detail Because of this, I take them as bodies; because Blake presents them as bodies, he must be making statements on the body through his choice of images The statements he makes not boil down to another possible simple answer, that the physical body is bad and the spiritual body good and both ultimately separate from each other Blake often caricatures the mortal body as pathetic, restrictive and painful, and there is truth in his exaggeration: again, think of all that cannot be controlled and all that must be suffered in mortal human form Yet, his adulation is not saved exclusively for incorporeal spiritual vii 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Preface forms He often celebrates sexuality, and even admires nerves and organs In the end, those nerves and organs are immortalized, making Blake’s eternal body most definitely a body Because the body is basic to human experience and fundamental to Blake’s art and verse, it is an inexhaustible topic Anthropologist Mary Douglas argues that ‘the body is a model which can stand for any bounded system’ (115) Because the range of the body’s symbolism is so broad, thinking about the body involves thinking about other things The result is that, though there has been recently a tangible wave of interest in writing about the body, the works which represent it not necessarily cohere into a body of work on one subject Of course they not all see the body as having the same significance, because they study the body through various disciplines, and in various cultures of various eras But even beyond this variation, different works on the body attach themselves to vastly different issues There are economic bodies, political bodies, medical bodies, sexual bodies, and more, each with numerous subdivisions and interrelations A book on Blake and the body could be about many things; too many things The way I approached the topic was to read Blake’s works and categorize the different kinds of bodies I perceived there; having categorized them, I would try to determine the characteristics of each category, and explore the significance of those characteristics through whichever historical, cultural and literary contexts they suggested The general categories I deduced were: texts as bodies; bodies in Blake’s designs; bodies coming into existence, or being shaped; bodies which split off from or fuse with other bodies; the ideal, eternal body; bodies which dissolve into landscapes; bodies which are also places, such as cities or countries To focus the project, I decided that its border would be the border between the body and the world Considering Blake’s bodies in relationship to their environment, and as symbols of nations or political systems, would be a fruitful topic for a separate study; there is a wealth of material, some of it already approached from a different direction in Jason Whittaker’s William Blake and the Myths of Britain That the remaining categories continued to shape my work will be seen from a glance at the Contents list, and the chapter outline provided at the end of this preface Concentrating on how bodies are formed and connect with each other lent itself to a number of contexts, one of the most central being gender Gender has been a tortured topic in Blake studies, until recently stymied by the division between critics who see Blake offering an ideal, liberating vision of equality between the sexes, and those who consider that vision to be fundamentally misogynistic There is evidence to support both stances in Blake, and the factors involved in interpreting the evidence allow much leeway for personal critical desires Many passages central to the question are placed in the mouths of ‘fallen’ characters who could be speaking under delusions the reader is meant to catch and disapprove The fallen/eternal 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 viii William Blake and the Body ix distinction in Blake can be a convenient trapdoor to save him from many sins: anything unpalatable can be explained away as fallen Because one might hope to find Blake’s ideals, unfiltered through any point of view, in the eternal realm, the question of Blake’s feminism or lack of it devolves to a great extent on the place of the female in eternity Though Blake creates a seemingly equal unification of male and female in eternity, that ‘human’ is overridingly male Jean Hagstrum, in The Romantic Body, contends that ‘Blake did break away from the prison of his own sex long enough to define and envision an intersexual world of intense mutuality and equality’ (140), but his arguments are undermined by embarrassed explanations of exceptions A good example of the difficulties Hagstrum runs into is found in his response to the most problematic passage for defenders of a non-misogynist Blake: It is true that Blake says that in Eternity woman ‘has no Will of her own’ (Last Judgment, E., 562) But if woman is denied will in Eternity, we should remember that under the Covenant of Forgiveness the new and gentle Jehovah also lacks will Will tends to be absent from the state of highest fulfillment: other qualities and other quests and a different orientation toward the self make it irrelevant or obtrusive So it is no loss that Jerusalem in particular and idealized women in general lack it (138) Hagstrum must fudge definitions to hold his point; and he does not take on Blake’s preceding words which indicate that the absence of will is due to ‘Woman’ being ‘the Emanation of Man’ Brenda Webster finds, ‘although Blake announces the end of sexual organization, male sexuality continues to stand as a model for the human, while the female is either incorporated or isolated restrictively in Beulah’ She holds that ‘in his late Christian prophecies, Milton and Jerusalem, [Blake] suggests that the female should cease even to exist independently and become reabsorbed into the body of man where she belongs’ (‘Sexuality’ 203, 194) Alicia Ostriker agrees: ‘at its most extreme, Blake’s vision goes beyond proposing an ideal of dominancesubmission or priority-inferiority between the genders’ (which is bad enough) ‘Blake wishfully imagines that the female can be re-absorbed by the male, be contained within him, and exist Edenically not as a substantial being but as an attribute the ideal female functions as a medium of interchange among real, that is to say male, beings’ (163) Essick, in his article, ‘William Blake’s “Female Will” and its Biographical Context’, considers the argument that females in Blake’s allegorical poetry must be understood metaphorically They are the representatives of otherness within the human psyche and its projection into an alienated nature He is making use of sexual divi- 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Preface Frosch, Thomas The Awakening of Albion Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974 Frye, Northrop Fearful Symmetry Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1947 Geddes, Alexander Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures, Vol London: Davis, Wilks and Taylor, 1800 George, Diana Hume Blake and Freud Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980 Gibbon, Edward The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vols Ed David Womersley London: Penguin, 1994 Gilbert, Sandra M and Susan Gubar The Madwoman in the Attic New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979 Gilchrist, Alexander The Life of William Blake Ed W Graham Robertson New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1906 Girard, René Violence and the Sacred Trans Patrick Gregory Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977 Glen, Heather Vision and Disenchantment: Blake’s ‘Songs’ and Wordsworth’s ‘Lyrical Ballads’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983 Godwin, William Enquiry Concerning Political Justice Ed K Codell Carter Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971 —— Fleetwood Ed Pamela Clemit Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin, Vol General Editor Mark Philp London: William Pickering, 1992 Gray, Thomas The Complete Poems of Thomas Gray Eds H.W Starr and J.R Hendrickson Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966 Hagstrum, Jean H William Blake, Poet and Painter Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1964 —— ‘Christ’s Body’ William Blake: Essays in Honour of Sir Geoffrey Keynes Eds Morton D Paley and Michael Phillips Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, pp 129–56 —— The Romantic Body: Love and Sexuality in Keats, Wordsworth and Blake Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1985 Harvey, John ‘Blake’s Art’ Cambridge Quarterly, 1977, 7, 129–50 Henderson, Andrea K Romantic Identities Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Henry, Matthew An Exposition of the Old and New Testaments, 5th edn London, 1763 Henry, Thomas Memoirs of Albert de Haller London: J Johnson, 1783 Heppner, Christopher Reading Blake’s Designs Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Herz, Elisabeth K ‘The Grief Process After Pregnancy Loss’ The Psychiatric Implications of Menstruation Ed Judith H Gold Progress in Psychiatry series Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985, pp 63–74 Hey, Valerie, Catherine Itzin, Lesley Saunders and Mary Anne Speakman (eds) Hidden Loss: Miscarriage and Ectopic Pregnancy Handbook series London: The Women’s Press, 1989 Hilton, Nelson Literal Imagination: Blake’s Vision of Words Berkeley, CA: California University Press, 1983 —— ‘What has Songs to with Hymns?’ Blake in the Nineties Eds Steve Clark and David Worrall Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, pp 96–113 Hitchcock, Tim English Sexualities 1700–800 Social History in Perspective General Editor Jeremy Black London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997 Hobson, Christopher Z Blake and Homosexuality Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000 Hogarth, William The Analysis of Beauty Ed Joseph Burke Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Bibliography 235 William Blake and the Body The Holy Bible translated from the Latin Vulgat Doway: The English College, 1750 Hubert, Henri and Marcel Mauss Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function Trans W.D Halls London: Cohen and West, 1964 Hume, David A Treatise of Human Nature Ed Ernest C Mossner Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969 Hunter, John Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds London, 1794 —— A Treatise on the Venereal Disease London, 1786 —— The Case Books of John Hunter FRS Eds Elizabeth Allen, J.L Turk and Sir Reginald Murley London: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1993 Hunter, William Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Birmingham, 1774 N pag Hutchison, Sidney C The History of the Royal Academy 1768–1968 London: Chapman and Hall, 1968 Irwin, David John Flaxman 1755–1826: Sculptor, Illustrator, Designer London: Studio Vista/Christie’s, 1979 Joannides, Paul Michelangelo and his Influence: Drawings from Windsor Castle Exhibition catalogue London: Lund Humphries, 1996 Jordanova, L.J ‘Gender, Generation and Science: William Hunter’s Obstetrical Atlas’ William Hunter and the Eighteenth-Century Medical World Eds W.F Bynum and Roy Porter Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp 385–412 Kemp, Martin Dr William Hunter at the Royal Academy of Arts Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1975 King, James William Blake: His Life London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991 Kluger-Bell, Kim Unspeakable Losses: Understanding the Experience of Pregnancy Loss, Miscarriage and Abortion New York: Norton, 1998 Kreiter, Carmen S ‘Evolution and William Blake’ Studies in Romanticism, 1965, 4, 110–18 Kristeva, Julia Desire in Language Ed Leon S Roudiez, trans Thomas Gorq, Alice Sardine and Leon S Roudiez Oxford: Blackwell, 1980 —— Powers of Horror: an Essay on Abjection Trans Leon S Roudiez New York: Columbia University Press, 1982 —— Revolution in Poetic Language Trans Margaret Waller New York: Columbia University Press, 1984 LaBelle, Jenijoy ‘Blake’s Visions and Re-Visions of Michelangelo’ Blake in his Time Eds Robert N Essick and Donald Pearce Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978, pp 13–22 Lachelin, Gillian C Miscarriage: the Facts 2nd edn Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 Laplanche, J and J.-B Pontalis The Language of Psycho-Analysis Trans Donald Nicholson-Smith New York: Norton, 1973 Locke, John An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Vols Ed John W Yolton London: Dent, 1961 Lord, A.B The Singer of Tales Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Mallet, Paul Henri Northern Antiquities Vol London: T Carnan, 1770 Mander, Rosemary Loss and Bereavement in Childbearing Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994 Mann, Paul ‘Apocalypse and Recuperation: Blake and the Maw of Commerce’ English Literary History, 1985, 52, 1–32 —— ‘The Book of Urizen and the Horizon of the Book’ Unnam’d Forms: Blake and Textuality Eds Nelson Hilton and Thomas A Vogler Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986 pp 49–68 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 236 Mason, Eudo The Mind of Henry Fuseli London, 1951 McGann, Jerome ‘The Idea of an Indeterminate Text: Blake’s Bible of Hell and Dr Alexander Geddes’ Studies in Romanticism, 1986, 25, 303–24 —— Towards a Literature of Knowledge Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989 McKenna, Andrew J Violence and Difference Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992 McLaren, Angus Birth Control in Nineteenth-Century England London: Croom Helm, 1978 —— ‘The Pleasures of Procreation: Traditional and Biomedical Theories of Conception’ William Hunter and the Eighteenth-Century Medical World Eds W.F Bynum and Roy Porter Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp 323–41 Mee, Jon Dangerous Enthusiasm Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992 Mellor, Anne K Blake’s Human Form Divine Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1974 —— ‘Physiognomy, Phrenology and Blake’s Visionary Heads’ Blake In His Time Eds Robert N Essick and Donald Pearce Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978, pp 53–74 —— ‘Blake’s Portrayal of Women’ Blake: an Illustrated Quarterly, 1982–83, 16, 148–55 Miles, Jack God: a Biography New York: Vintage, 1995 Milton, John Paradise Lost The Oxford Authors: John Milton Eds Stephen Orgel and Jonathan Goldberg Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, 355–618 Miner, Paul ‘William Blake: Two Notes on Sources’ Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 1958, 62, 203–7 —— ‘William Blake’s “Divine Analogy” ’ Criticism, 1961, 3, 46–61 Mitchell, W.J.T ‘Style as Epistemology: Blake and the Movement Toward Abstraction in Romantic Art’ Studies in Romanticism, 1977, 16, 145–64 —— Blake’s Composite Art Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978 —— ‘Dangerous Blake’ Studies in Romanticism, 1982, 21, 410–30 —— ‘Metamorphoses of the Vortex: Hogarth, Turner and Blake’ Articulate Images: the Sister Arts from Hogarth to Tennyson Ed Richard Wendorf Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, pp 125–68 Mosheim, Johann Lorenz An Ecclesiastical History, Vols London: T Cadell, 1782 Murray, Penelope ‘Bodies in Flux: Ovid’s Metamorphoses’ Changing Bodies, Changing Meanings: Studies on the Human Body in Antiquity Ed Dominic Montserrat London: Routledge, 1998, pp 80–96 The New Jerusalem Bible Reader’s Edition London: Doubleday, 1990 Newton, Isaac Opticks New York: Dover, 1952 Nicolson, Marjorie Hope Newton Demands the Muse London: Archon, 1963 Ostriker, Alicia ‘Desire Gratified and Ungratified: William Blake and Sexuality’ Blake: an Illustrated Quarterly, 1982–83, 16, 156–65 Otto, Peter Constructive Vision and Visionary Deconstruction Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991 Ovid Ovid’s ‘Metamorphoses’ Englished Trans George Sandys Oxford: John Lichfield, 1632 Facsimile London: Garland, 1976 Paley, Morton D ‘William Blake, the Prince of the Hebrews, and the Woman Clothed with the Sun’ William Blake: Essays in Honour of Sir Geoffrey Keynes Eds Morton D Paley and Michael Phillips Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, pp 260–93 —— ‘The Figure of the Garment in The Four Zoas, Milton, and Jerusalem’ Blake’s Sublime Allegory Eds Stuart Curran and Joseph A Wittreich, Jr Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973, pp 119–39 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Bibliography 237 William Blake and the Body —— The Continuing City: William Blake’s ‘Jerusalem’ Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983 Patrick, Lowth, Arnald, Whitby and Lowman A Critical Commentary and Paraphrase on the Old and New Testament and the Apocrypha, Vols London [18 – –] Paulson, Ronald Hogarth’s Graphic Works, 3rd edn London: The Print Room, 1989 Persyn, Mary-Kelly ‘ “No Human form but Sexual”: Sensibility, Chastity, and Sacrifice in Blake’s Jerusalem’ European Romantic Review, 1999, 10, 53–83 Petherbridge, Deanna ‘Art and Anatomy: the Meeting of Text and Image’ The Quick and the Dead Exhibition catalogue London: National Touring Exhibitions, 1997 Phillips, Michael ‘William Blake and the Sophocles Manuscript Notebook’ Blake: an Illustrated Quarterly, 1997, 31, 44–64 Pope, Alexander, trans The Iliad of Homer The Poems of Alexander Pope, Vols VII–VIII Ed Maynard Mack London: Methuen, 1967 Porter, Roy ‘William Hunter: a Surgeon and a Gentleman’ William Hunter and the Eighteenth-Century Medical World Eds W.F Bynum and Roy Porter Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp 7–34 Preston, Kerrison Blake and Rossetti London: Alexander Moring Ltd., The De La More Press, 1944 Priestley, Joseph An History of the Corruptions of Christianity, Vol London: Joseph Johnson, 1782 Punter, David ‘Blake, Trauma and the Female’ New Literary History, 1984, 15, 475–90 —— The Romantic Unconscious: a Study in Narcissism and Patriarchy London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989 Raine, Kathleen Blake and the New Age London: Allen and Unwin, 1979 Reynolds, Joshua Discourses on Art Ed Robert R Wark San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1959 Richardson, Alan ‘Romanticism and the Colonization of the Feminine’ Romanticism and Feminism Ed Anne K Mellor Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988, pp 13–25 Richardson, Ruth Death, Dissection and the Destitute London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987 Ringgren, Helmer Word and Wisdom Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, 1947 Roberts, K.B and J.D.W Tomlinson The Fabric of the Body Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992 Rogerson, John Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century: England and Germany London: SPCK Press, 1984 Rousseau, G.S ‘Science and the Discovery of the Imagination in Enlightened England’ Eighteenth Century Studies, 1969, 3, 108–35 Russell, Jeffrey Burton The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977 Sawday, Jonathan The Body Emblazoned London: Routledge, 1995 Scarry, Elaine The Body in Pain Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985 Shakespeare, William Shakespeare’s Sonnets Ed Stephen Booth Yale Nota Bene New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000 Simpson, David ‘Reading Blake and Derrida: Our Caesars Neither Praised nor Buried’ Unnam’d Forms: Blake and Textuality Eds Nelson Hilton and Thomas A Vogler Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986, pp 11–25 Smellie, William A Collection of [Preternatural] Cases and Observations in Midwifery, Vols London: W Strathan, T Caddel and G Nicol, 1779 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 238 239 Smith, Adam The Theory of Moral Sentiments Eds D.D Raphael and A.L Macfie Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976 Smith, Mark S The Early History of God London: Harper and Row, 1990 Solodow, Joseph B The World of Ovid’s Metamorphoses Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988 Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus The Tragedies of Sophocles, Vol 2, trans Thomas Francklin London: T Davies, 1766, pp 137–229 Stafford, Barbara Maria Body Criticism Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1991 Stukeley, William Stonehenge: a Temple Restored to the British Druids London, 1740 Summers, David Michelangelo’s Theory of Art Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981 Swedenborg, Emanuel A Treatise Concerning Heaven and Hell London, 1778 Swinburne, Algernon Charles William Blake: a Critical Essay Ed Hugh J Luke Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1970 Teresa of Avila The Life of the Holy Mother St Teresa London, 1757 Toland, John Christianity Not Mysterious London, 1696 —— A Critical History of the Celtic Religion and Learning London: Lackington, Hughes, Harding and Co., 1820 Tolley, Michael J ‘Europe: “to those ychain’d in sleep” ’ Blake’s Visionary Forms Dramatic Eds David V Erdman and John E Grant Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970, pp 115–45 Viscomi, Joseph Blake and the Idea of the Book Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993 Vogler, Thomas A ‘Re: Naming MIL/TON’ Unnam’d Forms: Blake and Textuality Eds Nelson Hilton and Thomas A Vogler Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986, pp 141–76 Warner, Janet A Blake and the Language of Art Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1984 Webster, Brenda S Blake’s Prophetic Psychology London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1983 —— Blake, ‘Women and Sexuality’ Critical Paths: Blake and the Argument of Method Eds Dan Miller, Mark Bracher and Donald Ault Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987, pp 204–24 Wesley, John and Charles The Poetical Works of John and Charles Wesley Ed G Osborn London: Wesleyan Methodist Conference Office, 1868 Whittaker, Jason William Blake and the Myths of Britain Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999 Whytt, Robert The Works of Robert Whytt Ed Daniel N Robinson Significant Contributions to the History of Psychology 1750–1920 Washington, DC: University Publications of America, 1978, pp 3–150 Wicksteed, Joseph William Blake’s ‘Jerusalem’ London: Trianon, 1954 —— Blake’s Vision of the Book of Job New York: Haskell, 1971 Wilson, Adrian The Making of Man-Midwifery: Childbirth in England 1660–1770 London: University College London Press, 1995 Winckelmann, J.J On the Imitation of the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks Trans Henry Fuseli, in Winckelmann: Writings on Art Ed David Irwin London: Phaidon, 1972 Wollstonecraft, Mary The Wrongs of Woman: or, Maria The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Vol 1, eds Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler London: William Pickering, 1989 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Bibliography William Blake and the Body The Women’s Bible Commentary Eds Carol A Newson and Sharon H Ringe London: SPCK Press, 1992 Wright, John Blake’s Relief Etching Method Blake Newsletter, 1976, 9, 94–114 Yeats, W.B William Blake and His Illustrations to The Divine Comedy Essays and Introductions New York: Macmillan, 1968 Yolton, John W John Locke and the Way of Ideas Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956 Youngquist, Paul Madness and Blake’s Myth University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 240 abominations, 3, 9, 103, 118, 129, 148 abortion, 107, 110, 111–12, 115–17; see also miscarriage Ackroyd, Peter, 106 Acts (Bible), 93 Aers, David, x Aglionby, William, 27 ‘Ah! Sunflower’, 194, 198–9, 225–6 Aitken, J., 225 Albion, 14, 21–2, 39, 47, 48, 71, 100, 125, 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 145, 149, 154, 158, 163, 166, 168–9, 185, 192–3, 199, 204, 206, 211–12, 214–15, 216 daughters of, xi, xiv, 101, 107, 132, 133–4, 147–54, 155, 159, 162, 167, 168, 169, 188, 189, 216, 217 sons of, xiv, 101, 104, 130–3, 136, 141–7, 152, 155, 159, 167, 168, 169, 192, 227 allegory, vii, ix–x, 84, 120, 142, 148–9, 153–4, 177, 189, 219–20, 230; see also personification All Religions are One, 13 altar, 102–3, 153–4 America: A Prophecy, 29, 47, 59, 70, 124, 155–6 anaesthetic, 90–1 Analytical Review, 31 anatomical art, xiii, 32–9, 41, 45–58, 65, 80–1, 224 anatomization, xiii, 21–2, 33–6, 38–9, 46–58, 71, 80–1, 152, 223, 224, 228 Ancient Britons, The, 41–5, 71, 122, 206–7, 223 androgyny, ix, xv, 43–4, 175, 211–13, 217 Annotations to Reynolds, 28–31, 37, 39–41, 43, 62, 209, 222 Annotations to Thornton’s The Lord’s Prayer, Newly Translated, 228 Annotations to Watson’s An Apology for the Bible, 13 Antijacobin Review, 66–7 arrows, 22, 90, 211–13, 217, 219 Auguries of Innocence, 227 Ault, Donald, 179, 194 Aztecs, 135–6, 137, 149, 151, 153 Bacon, Francis, 62, 178 Barry, James, 34 Basire, James, 34, 35, 223 Beatrizet, Nicolas, 222 ‘become what they beheld’, 119–20, 126, 143–7, 152–3 Beer, John, 64 Behrendt, Stephen, 15, 115, 229 Bentley, G.E., Jr., 108, 226, 227 Berkeley, George, xv, 177, 203–4 Beulah, ix, 7, 105, 152, 157–8, 181, 215, 218, 230 Bidloo, Govard, 46–7 Bindman, David, 34, 58, 148 Birch, John, 107, 109 birth, xii, xiii–xiv, 16, 46, 66, 76–7, 78–9, 81, 87–90, 95, 97, 98, 108–9, 111, 114, 117–19, 121–2, 125–31, 133, 154, 174, 179, 186–9, 190, 197, 212–13, 226–7, 228 of artworks, xiv, 16, 114, 120–4, 189–190 of intellectual productions, xiv, 127, 189, 190, 213 by male, xiv, 95, 119, 127, 129, 131, 155, 184, 186–90, 216 see also embryology, foetus, miscarriage Blair’s Grave, 16, 66–7 Blake, Catherine, xiv, 16, 105–9, 175–6, 180, 226 Blake, Robert, 33, 45, 61, 68 Blake, William, see individual works blood, vii, 2–3, 9, 32–3, 41–3, 67, 75, 100, 118, 128, 141, 146, 147, 153, 155, 179–80, 228, 229; see also globe of blood Bloom, Harold, 95, 119 Blunt, Antony, 28 241 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Index Index bodily borders, xiii, xiv, 2–5, 8–11, 19–24, 42–3, 103, 117–18, 129–30, 133, 142, 146, 147, 148, 151–2, 154, 217, 228 bodily fluids, 3, 9, 90, 103, 111, 118–19, 130, 148, 154, 179–80, 226 Bogan, Nancy, 115 bones, vii, 59, 75, 82, 91, 110–11, 148 Book of Ahania, The, 75–6, 84, 110, 212 Book of Thel, The, xi, 7, 22–3, 73, 107, 111–17, 119–20, 174, 226 Book of Urizen, The, see First Book of Urizen, The bosom, vii, 21, 125, 129, 130, 133, 142, 152, 153–4, 160, 173–4, 181, 190, 207, 210, 214, 215, 216–17, 229; see also womb Boulton, Jeremy, 226 broken back, 60, 61, 65 Brown, John, 34, 109, 112, 116, 117 Bruder, Helen, xi–xii, 23, 111, 114, 115 Bruhm, Stephen, 63, 91 Bryant, Jacob, 135 Bürger’s Leonora, 31–2 burial records, 107 Burke, Edmund, xiii, 62–3, 67–8, 70 Butlin, Martin, 44 Butts, Thomas, 11, 194 Bynum, Caroline Walker, 197 Caesar, Julius, 136 Carlini, Agostino, 35–6 ‘caverned man’, 42, 47, 87–90, 92–3, 121, 143, 145, 154, 156, 176, 178, 182, 224 Cheyne, George, 195 children, xiv, 5, 7, 16–17, 24, 48, 53, 58, 77, 80–2, 90, 99, 104–7, 111, 115, 122–4, 125–33, 138–40, 155, 157, 164, 170, 210, 212–13, 226; see also Albion, daughters of; Albion, sons of; Enitharmon, children of; Los, children of ‘Chimney Sweeper’ poems, 138–41 Christ, 11, 14, 43, 67, 97–8, 102, 137, 140–2, 148–9, 151, 154, 180, 181, 184–7, 188, 189, 205–6, 207, 209, 219, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 body of, 39, 69, 125, 149, 204, 206 Clark, S.H., 46, 119, 125, 133, 188, 189, 228, 230 Clarke, Edwin, 229 Clavigero, Francesco Saverio, 135–6, 138, 149, 151, 227 Cleland, John, 215 clouds, 48, 53, 58, 65, 126 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, vii, 20, 45 colour, 16, 29, 35, 41, 175–6, 190, 211, 224 conception and execution, 15, 33, 121–4, 209–11, 222, 230–1 concubinage, xi, 105, 113, 123 contortion, 25–30, 31–2, 37, 47, 60–2, 65–6, 147; see also pain in art; passion in art contrapposto, 60–1 conversation (verbal and sexual), xv, 23–4, 152, 173–4, 181, 203, 205–21, 229–30 copying (in art), 30–1, 36–8, 40–3, 70 Corinthians (Bible), 125, 197–8, 229 Cowper, William (poet), 224, 230 Cowper, William (surgeon), xiii, 46–58, 70, 71, 224 Cox, Stephen D., 30–1, 71 Crashaw, Richard, 219 Curtis, F.B., 223, 225 Daly, Mary, 186, 189 Damon, S Foster, 10, 84, 87–8, 95, 100, 106–7, 111, 145, 152, 163, 165, 226 Damrosch, Leopold, 131 Dante, 21 Darwin, Erasmus, 156 de Almeida, Hermione, 64 Defoe, Daniel, 116 deformity, see contortion; pain in art; passion in art delight, xiii, 67–8, 70, 105–6, 139, 145 De Luca, Vincent Arthur, 17, 62, 89, 222 demons, 70, 170, 172, 229; see also Satan Descartes, René, 63 Descriptive Catalogue, 18, 40–5, 53, 122; see also Ancient Britons, The Deuteronomy (Bible), 9, 102–3 devil, see demons; Satan Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 227 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 242 dislocation, see broken back; contortion divination, 135–6 Donoghue, Emma, 215–16 Dörrbecker, D.W., 12, 23, 156 Douglas, Mary, viii, xiii, 3–5, 6, 9, 42–3, 103, 117, 133, 148 druids, 101–2, 135–6, 140–2, 143, 148, 149, 227 Dryden, John, 20, 215 dualism (physical/spiritual), vii, x, xv, 15, 16, 33, 48, 53, 58, 63, 66–7, 72, 77–8, 97–8, 105, 119–23, 126, 140, 141, 142, 146, 152, 153–4, 176–7, 178–9, 186–7, 195–8, 199, 201, 208, 217, 225–6, 228, 229 Duverger, Christian, 137–8 Earle, James, 34, 223 Easson, Kay Parkhurst and Roger Easson, 15–16, 80–1, 88, 225 Eaves, Morris, 16, 17–18, 22, 70, 105, 121, 123, 177, 222, 223 Ecclesiasticus (Apocrypha), 181 écorchés, 35–6, 41, 223 Edwards, John, 202 Ellis, Edwin J., 106–7, 114 Elohim Creating Adam, xiii, 25–7, 120, 165 emanations, ix, xiv–xv, 16, 24, 45, 111, 125, 127, 141–2, 147, 149, 155–9, 167, 169, 172–81, 184–5, 187, 189–91, 192, 206, 210–11, 214–18, 220, 229 embryology, xiii, 79–83, 87, 94, 95, 104–5, 114, 122, 125, 226–7; see also foetus empiricism, xiii, 30–2, 40, 42, 46–8, 53, 62, 80, 117 engraving, 2, 8, 10–12, 14–17, 18–19, 22–4, 28–9, 30, 32–4, 59–60, 66, 83–4, 86, 120–1, 122, 124, 169, 171–2, 201, 208–9, 222, 224, 230–1 Enitharmon, xi, 16–17, 90, 100, 104, 111, 113, 127–30, 152, 155–6, 158, 160, 170, 172, 174–5, 179, 180, 187, 188, 190, 211, 216, 218 children of, 16–17, 174 Erdman, David V., 10–11, 14, 15, 16, 35 erotic mysticism, 218–20, 230 Essick, Robert N., ix–x, 16, 17–18, 22, 60, 105, 175–6, 222, 223, 224, 230–1 eternity, ix, xiv–xv, 20–1, 24, 73–4, 76, 78, 88, 90, 97, 121–2, 152–4, 157–8, 162, 173–4, 175, 177, 189, 192–221, 225–6, 228, 229–31 etching, see engraving Europe: A Prophecy, 12, 16–17, 19, 23, 65, 73–4, 145, 155–6, 173, 174, 180, 190, 192–4, 199, 222 execution, see conception and execution Exodus (Bible), 9, 102, 198 Ezekiel (Bible), 1, 13, 66 Blake’s dinner guest, 162–3 failure, artistic, xiv, 4, 7, 22–3, 29–30, 32, 37, 40–1, 70, 121–4, 172, 209–11, 220–1 Feldman, Burton and Robert D Richardson, 135 female, ix–xii, 16, 43–5, 95, 97–101, 113, 118, 122, 138, 149–51, 153, 174–6, 186–91, 211–21, 223, 226, 228, 230–1 ‘Female Will’, ix–xi, 89–90, 101, 153, 185 feminism, viii–xii; see also gender Ferber, Michael, 115 fibres, vii, 20, 32–3, 48, 53, 58–9, 64–5, 67, 68–72, 89, 91, 118, 128, 154, 179, 180, 187, 195, 207, 211, 216, 224, 230 First Book of Urizen, The, xi, 15–16, 32, 35, 44, 45, 48, 65–6, 71, 73, 76–94, 104, 105, 111, 114, 126–30, 152, 155–7, 160, 169, 172, 187, 190, 192, 194, 199, 222, 224, 225 Flaxman, John, 34, 121–2, 223 foetus, xiv, 66–7, 80–2, 83, 87–8, 94, 105, 111, 115–16, 118, 122, 131, 225; see also embryology Four Zoas, The, 43, 66, 70, 73, 84–5, 89, 95–6, 100, 122, 128–9, 145, 155, 175, 193, 224, 225, 228 Fox, Christopher, 158–9 Fox, Susan, x French Revolution, The, 155 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Index 243 Index Freud, Sigmund, 143, 145, 213, 214, 217–18; see also Oedipus complex Frosch, Thomas, xi, 94, 154, 209, 224, 225 Frye, Northrop, 61, 95–6, 118, 119, 178–9, 227 Fuseli, Henry, 34, 41, 58 Galatians (Bible), 14 ‘Garden of Love, The’, 225–6 garments, 15, 41–5, 66–7, 70, 122, 148–51, 154, 198–201, 207, 212, 223, 227 Geddes, Alexander, 86, 160, 162–3, 225 gender criticism of Blake, viii–xii, 175 in Blake’s works, viii–xii, 44–5, 65, 114–15, 119, 149, 153, 156, 160, 175, 186, 188–9, 211–21, 222, 228, 229–31 see also feminism; female; homosexuality; human as male generalization, 37–40, 47, 62, 69, 122–3, 153, 179, 222 generation, 69, 84, 96, 98, 100, 104, 112–13, 123, 125, 129, 132–3, 167, 181, 184, 189, 190, 207, 209 Genesis (Bible), 81, 85–6, 95, 101, 103–6, 118–19, 125, 160, 173, 186, 225, 228 genitals, 48–53, 132–3, 142, 145, 189–90, 212–13; see also bosom; orifices; penis; perception as sexual; womb genital sexuality, 19, 100–3, 105, 112, 152 George, Diana Hume, x, 226 Ghisi, Giorgio, 28, 222 Ghost of Abel, The, 13, 85, 222 Gibbon, Edward, 182 Gilbert, Sandra M and Susan Gubar, 190, 213–14 Gilchrist, Alexander, 105–6, 180, 230 Girard, René, xiv, 143–7 Gleckner, Robert F., 115 Glen, Heather, 138–9 globe of blood, vii, 90, 92, 127, 155, 172, 180 Gnosticism, 12, 165, 173, 185, 228 God, x, 11, 16, 33, 39, 68, 69, 70, 98, 102–4, 106, 115–16, 136–7, 138, 141, 148, 153, 160–7, 169, 172, 173, 180–6, 201–4, 206, 209, 220, 228, 229–30 Godwin, William, 23–4 gravity, 31, 59, 61, 90, 92, 99, 120, 146 Gray, Thomas, 133–5 Guy, William, 107, 109 Hagstrum, Jean, ix, 34 Haller, Albert de (Albrecht von), 34, 81, 109 Harvey, John, 29–30, 32 Hayley, William, 68–9, 71, 107, 230–1 Hazlitt, William, 20 Hebrews (Bible), 102, 141–2 hell, 4, 21–4 Henderson, Andrea K., 80–2 Henry, Matthew, 205, 229 Henry, Thomas, 34, 81, 109 Heppner, Christopher, 25–8, 29–30, 31, 58, 222 Herz, Elisabeth K., 115 Hesiod, 228 Hey, Valerie, 109, 112, 115–18 Hilton, Nelson, 20, 64, 82, 97–8, 110, 131–2, 153–4, 172, 173, 195, 212, 213, 226–7, 228 Hitchcock, Tim, 215 Hobson, Christopher, xi–xii, 84, 113, 214–15, 229–30 Hogarth, William, xiii, 34, 35, 43–5, 47, 58–61, 69, 71, 224 Holy Spirit, xiv, 93, 181, 184–6, 225, 228, 230 homosexuality, xi–xii, xv, 229–30 female, xv, 113, 152, 214–17, 218 male, xv, 20–2, 142, 152, 186, 211–17, 218–19, 220, 223, 230 Hosea (Bible), 220 Hubert, Henri and Marcel Mauss, 139–40, 148 human, vii, xiv, 26–7, 69, 120, 141, 149, 177, 178, 182, 196, 201, 204, 209, 220, 227 as male, ix–x, 44, 101, 125, 151, 152, 156, 174, 189, 212–13, 215, 220, 223, 229–30 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 244 Index 245 ‘Infant Joy’, 7, 125–6 ‘Infant Sorrow’, 94, 125–6, 128 inarticulacy, 77, 94, 126, 136–7, 146 intercourse (verbal and sexual), see conversation intestines, 48, 53, 58, 65 Irwin, David, 223 Isaiah (Bible), 198 Blake’s dinner guest, 162–3 Island in the Moon, An, 34 Jeremiah (Bible), 220 Jerusalem, xi, 48, 71, 103, 169, 185, 214–15, 221 Jerusalem, ix, xiv, 2, 10–12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21–3, 26, 32, 44, 45, 48, 53, 58, 60, 65–6, 69, 70, 71, 73, 95–107, 114, 117–20, 124, 125, 130–7, 141–54, 155, 157–8, 159, 160, 167–75, 178–81, 185–90, 192–5, 199, 201, 204–17, 221, 224, 228, 230 Jesus, see Christ Joannides, Paul, 222 Job (Bible), 11, 164–7, 169, 174, 176 John (Bible), 97–8, 137, 141, 148–9, 228, 230 Johnson, Joseph, 34, 223 Johnson, Mary Lynn and John E Grant, 223 Jordan, 95–6, 102, 117–20 Jordanova, L.J., 37–8, 41, 80–1, 87 Joshua (Bible), 96, 102 Juvenal, 215–16 Kemp, Martin, 34–7 King, James, 106, 188 Kings (Bible), 120, 163 Kluger-Bell, Kim, 107 Knox, Robert, 34 Kreiter, Carmen, 34, 79–80, 223, 226–7 Kristeva, Julia, xiii, 3, 5–10, 186 La Belle, Jenijoy, 30 Lacan, Jacques, Lachelin, Gillian C., 32 Lairesse, Gerard de, 46, 48, 70 ‘The Lamb’, 69, 70 Laocoön Blake’s engraving, 39, 60, 206, 223 original statue, 60, 223 Laplanche, J and J.-B Pontalis, 217 ‘Laughing Song’, 45 Leah, 95, 103–6, 113 lesbianism, see homosexuality, female Leutha, 174 Leviticus (Bible), 3, 147–8 line, 20, 58–61, 69, 70, 175–6, 201, 224 lineaments, 20, 66–7, 69, 105, 121, 199, 204, 207, 227 ‘Little Girl Lost, The’, 45, 225–6 ‘Little Vagabond, The’, 225–6 Locke, John, xi, xiv–xv, 42–3, 62, 158–9, 176–9, 182–3, 186, 202–3, 205, 228, 229 Los, 16–17, 21–2, 69, 71–2, 73, 76, 78, 83–4, 86, 90, 95–6, 99–101, 110, 114, 117, 119–21, 124, 126–31, 152, 155–6, 158, 159, 160, 167–73, 175, 177, 180, 181, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 210–11, 215, 216, 218, 226, 229–30 children of, 16–17, 95, 98, 114, 120, 133 Lowth, Robert, 13 Lucifer, see Satan Luke (Bible), 126, 137 Luvah, 43, 136, 141–54, 193 lying-in hospitals, 108–9 Mallet, Paul Henri, 135–6, 147, 148 Mander, Rosemary, 107 mandrakes, 100, 104, 118 Mann, Paul, 82, 84, 222 Mark (Bible), 180 Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The, x, 15–16, 33, 42, 70–1, 83, 105, 110, 127, 162–3, 165–6, 177, 201, 204, 205, 208–9, 212, 213 ‘Mary’, 106 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 humanization, 158, 199, 204–5, 206, 209 Hume, David, xiv, 159 Hunt, Robert, 41 Hunter, John, 34–5, 46, 47, 64, 79–81, 108, 109, 223, 224, 226–7 Hunter, William, xiii, 34–8, 40, 45, 46, 47, 61, 80–1, 87, 108, 109, 116, 223, 226–7 Index Mary, xi, 97–8, 113, 225, 226 Mason, Eudo, 34 masturbation, 83–4, 112–13, 145, 212–14, 215, 216 Matthew (Bible), 14, 137, 142 McGann, Jerome, 10, 84, 86 McLaren, Angus, 114, 116 Mee, Jon, xii, 13–14, 140, 160, 228 Mellor, Anne, xi, 25–7, 67, 115, 175, 201, 208, 222, 223, 229 metamorphosis, xiv, 4, 73–81, 83, 86, 89, 94, 144, 192–7, 199, 201, 212 Michelangelo, 27–31, 41, 58, 60, 222, 223 Miles, Jack, 163 Milton, ix, xi, 7, 29, 45, 47, 48, 61, 73, 84–5, 87–8, 90, 95–6, 100, 121, 157, 164, 166–7, 174, 181, 188, 199, 201, 205–6, 207, 218, 224, 225 Milton, John, xiv, 98, 136, 180–1, 209, 226 Miner, Paul, 226, 227 ‘minute particulars’, 29–31, 37, 62, 69, 170, 202 miscarriage, xiv, 95, 106–24, 126, 146, 226; see also abortion; failure, artistic misogyny, vii–xii, 98, 122, 214, 223, 230–1; see also ‘Female Will’ Mitchell, W.J.T., xii, 18, 59, 61, 92, 224 moles, 114 Mosheim, Johann Lorenz, 182, 228 Murray, Penelope, 77–8 musculature, 28–30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 41–5, 47, 59–61, 65–7, 199, 224; see also écorchés nature, representation of in art, 30–2, 36–43, 46, 70 nerves, 20, 48, 62–5, 68, 71, 82, 89, 92, 110, 195, 196, 204–5, 207, 223, 229 nervous, 91, 225 Newton, Isaac, 47, 178–9, 194 Nicolson, Marjorie Hope, 178 Novatian, 184 ‘Nurse’s Song’, 45 Oedipus, 144–7, 227 Oedipus complex, xiv, 100–1, 118–19, 128–32, 139, 142, 143, 226 ‘On Another’s Sorrow’, 69 On Virgil, 36 Oothoon, see Visions of the Daughters of Albion oral poetry, 84–6, 120, 224 Orc, xiv, 17, 90, 104, 126, 128–31, 155, 169, 226 orifices, xiii, 3, 11–12, 19–20, 23–4, 32, 125, 133, 145, 152, 196; see also penetrability; perception as sexual; sense organs; text as body Ostriker, Alicia, ix, 97, 230 Otto, Peter, 96, 119 Ovid, xiv, 74–8, 81, 86, 87, 92 pain, xiii, xiv, 8–9, 25–7, 35–6, 47–8, 53, 62–4, 67–9, 74, 76, 78, 90–3, 98–9, 103, 111, 113, 116–17, 120, 126, 129–31, 136–8, 141–3, 145–7, 152–3, 155, 187–9, 226, 228 in art, xiii, 25, 32, 37–8, 60–2, 63–6; see also contortion; passion in art Paley, Morton D., 43, 66, 95–6, 99, 118, 149, 167, 175, 199, 213, 224, 226, 228, 230 Palmer, Samuel, 227, 230 Paradise Lost, xiv, 98, 127, 129–30, 137, 172, 180–1, 187, 209, 226, 228, 229 parents, xii–xiv, 17, 82, 98–9, 105, 122, 125–31, 138–9, 142, 188, 226 father, 77, 113, 128, 132, 133, 138, 143, 144, 155, 164 mother, 5, 81, 99–101, 104–5, 111–12, 113, 114–15, 117, 129–30, 133, 142, 144, 186, 188–9, 225 see also Oedipus complex passion, in art, 27–30, 31, 36–7, 42, 60–2, 63–6; see also contortion; pain in art Patrick, Symon, 160, 225 penetrability, xv, 19, 22–4, 32, 42, 53, 58–9, 65, 135, 152–3, 154, 177, 210, 212, 215, 216, 228 penis, 20, 100, 101, 110, 111–12, 114, 142, 149–50, 187, 189, 211–14, 219 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 246 perception, 30–2, 37–43, 47, 58, 62–3, 64, 70–1, 81–2, 88–9, 91, 117, 119–20, 126, 129, 134, 137, 144–7, 153, 159, 162, 171, 176–7, 182, 198–9, 202–5, 213, 227 as sexual, 17–22, 31, 32, 65, 145, 194, 199 personification, x, xiv, 16–18, 22, 33, 53–4, 61, 71, 74, 111, 118, 123, 126–31, 141, 147, 155, 159–60, 164–5, 181, 191, 210, 219; see also allegory; text as body Persyn, Mary-Kelly, 153 perversity, xiv, 68, 71, 76, 83–4, 98–9, 113, 123, 136, 142, 145, 149, 152–3, 189, 213, 216–17 Petherbridge, Deanna, 33, 36, 223, 224 Philippians (Bible), 205–6 Phillips, Michael, 227 physiognomy, 42, 207, 229 pity, xiii, 69–72, 95, 103–4, 106, 126–7, 143, 155, 169, 201 Plato, Symposium, 228 Poetical Sketches, 18 ‘Poison Tree, A’, 48 polygamy, see concubinage polymorphous perversity, 19–20, 101–3, 152 polypus, 130–2, 226–7 Pope, Alexander, 179 Porter, Roy, 108 Preston, Kerrison, 106 Priestley, Joseph, 91, 182, 184–5 prophecy, 1–2, 4–5, 7, 11–15, 22, 93, 129, 137, 148 Proverbs (Bible), 114, 180–1 Psalms (Bible), 137, 149 Public Address, 33, 40, 60, 123 Punter, David, xi, 119 Rachel, 103–6, 113 rainbow, 173–6, 178–9, 211–12 Raine, Kathleen, 204 Raphael, 41, 46 Rembrandt, 40 Rephaim, 118 reproduction of artworks, 19, 82–3, 122–3, 222 resurrection, xv, 31–2, 44, 66–7, 138, 142, 173, 196–8, 199–202, 205, 207, 209, 227, 229 Reuben, xii, xiii–xiv, 95–106, 114, 117–20, 122, 143, 146, 193 Revelation (Bible), 163 Reynolds, Joshua, xiii, 27–31, 34, 35, 37–40, 43, 45, 60, 62, 69, 122–3, 209, 223 Richardson, Alan, 175, 211 Richardson, Ruth, 107, 109, 111, 226 Richmond, George, 227 Riemsdyck, Jan van, 38 Ringgren, Helmer, 181 rivers, 96, 100, 117–18, 120, 195, 196, 201, 207 Roberts, K.B and J.D.W Tomlinson, 32, 46–8, 222 Robinson, Henry Crabb, 20, 105 Rogerson, John, 225 Romans (Bible), 92 roots, 48, 75–7, 100–1, 132, 187, 199 Rousseau, G.S., 105 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 143 Royal Academy of Arts, xiii, 34–7, 223 Rubens, 41, 43–4, 46, 121 Russell, Jeffrey Burton, 164–6 sacrifice, xi, xiv, 102, 134–54, 163, 216, 217, 227 St Augustine, 185 St Bernard of Clairvaux, 230 St Paul, xv, 125, 197–201, 212, 229, 230 St Teresa of Avila, xv, 219, 230 Satan, xiv, 21, 96, 127, 137, 163–7, 169, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178, 180, 185, 187, 209, 228; see also demons Sawday, Jonathan, 39, 223, 224, 228 Scarry, Elaine, 136–7, 146–7 seeds, 84, 114, 90, 92, 197–9, 212, 225 sense organs, xv, 19, 22–3, 31, 47, 70–1, 73–4, 78, 88–94, 95, 97, 99, 111, 117, 119, 145–6, 153–4, 171, 173, 178, 182, 192–7, 199, 202–5, 209, 228, 229 sensibility, 22–3, 37, 71, 109, 230 serpent, 59, 101, 110, 111, 137, 165, 212 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Index 247 Index Seven Eyes of God, 163 Shakespeare, William, 189–90 Shiloh, 113, 175, 211, 229 shooting, 81, 90–2, 94, 212 Short, Thomas, 116 Simpson, David, 83–4 skeleton, 59, 66, 224 skin, 19–20, 29, 32–3, 41, 43–5, 47, 67, 89, 147, 149–51, 152 skull, 17, 87–9, 93 Smellie, William, 109–11, 114, 115 Smith, Adam, xiii, 67, 70 Smith, Mark, 160 Smugglerius, 35–6, 37 solidification, 8, 9, 74–6, 78, 82–8, 91–2, 99–100, 153–4, 177, 193, 203, 209, 225 solipsism, 30, 65, 67, 82, 88, 89–90, 123, 146–7, 210 Solodow, Joseph, 74, 77 Son of God, see Christ Song of Songs, 219–20, 230 Song of Los, The, 173 Songs of Innocence and of Experience, 20, 45, 71, 97–8, 125–6, 225–6; see also individual titles Southcott, Joanna, 113, 116, 175, 225 spectres, xiv, 98, 111, 118, 124, 125, 136, 141, 147, 149, 155–9, 164, 166–73, 175, 176–8, 180, 185, 187, 201, 210 spiring, 92, 93, 199 Stafford, Barbara, 32–3, 59, 64 stereotype, 85–6 Stevenson, W.H., 95, 102, 104, 227 Stillingfleet, Edward, 182 Stubbs, George, 34, 223 Stukeley, William, 135, 140, 227 sublimation, 186, 190, 217–18 sublime, 24, 29, 62–3, 89, 186, 210 subordination, ix, xv, 166–8, 170–2, 174–6, 182, 184, 185, 187–9, 191, 210–11, 213–18, 220–1, 228, 230–1; see also emanation; human; human as male; spectre subsumption of the female, ix, 189–91, 211, 216, 218, 220 Summers, David, 60–1 Swedenborg, Emanuel, xv, 105, 195–6, 207–8 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 7, 10, 14 sympathy benevolence, compassion, 95, 98, 120, 122, 126, 214–15 involving nerves, organs, xiii, 20, 63–5, 67–72, 74, 130, 142–3, 175, 223 Szreter, Simon, 226 Tacitus, 136 Tatian, 184 text as body, xii–xiii, xiv, 1–24, 32–3, 43–53, 64–5, 67, 69, 82–6, 92, 105, 120–4, 137, 170–1, 208–11, 214, 221, 222, 229 Thel, see Book of Thel, The There Is No Natural Religion, 31, 88 Tirzah, 97–100, 114, 119–20, 122, 195, 226 Titian, 41 Toland, John, 140–49, 183–4 Tolley, Michael J., 16 torture, 99, 136–7, 146, 149, 152–3 ‘To Tirzah’, 97, 197, 225–6 transparency, xv, 15, 32, 41–3, 45, 53, 64, 66–7, 71, 121–2, 142, 151, 177, 196, 205, 206–8 Trinity, 162, 163, 181–9, 201–2, 210, 228, 230 Trusler, Dr, 13 Turner, J.M.W., 224 Ulro, 14, 158 umbilical cord, 38, 53, 129, 130 Urizen, xii, xiii–xiv, 34, 71–2, 73, 75–94, 95, 99–100, 105, 110, 111, 114, 120, 156–7, 158, 169, 187, 192–5, 199, 225 Urthona, 159, 167–9, 177 Vala, 101, 130, 142–5, 169, 214–15 Vasari, Giorgio, 27 vegetation, 48, 65, 69, 74–8, 90–2, 100–1, 104, 129, 132, 158, 194–5, 198–9, 209, 224; see also roots; shooting; spiring ‘vehicular form’, 167, 169, 176–7, 185, 201 veil, 66, 101–2, 141–2, 154, 198, 199, 215, 223, 227 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 248 veins, 32–3, 48, 59, 64–5, 67, 89, 91, 199, 207, 224, 229 virgin birth, 112–13, 123, 186, 219, 225, 226 virginity, 20, 23, 76, 112, 186, 198–9, 226 Viscomi, Joseph, 11, 16, 17–18, 20, 22, 60, 83, 96, 105, 120, 209, 222 vision, 30–1, 39–41, 53, 62, 65, 67, 121, 205, 206 Vision of the Last Judgment, A, ix–x, 30–1, 153, 173–4, 185, 189, 210, 229 ‘Visionary forms dramatic’, 20–1, 24, 173, 205, 208–10, 211, 213–14, 217, 227; see also conversation; text as body Visions of the Daughters of Albion, xi, 17–18, 31, 32, 53, 61, 98, 105, 112–13, 145, 194, 215–16, 222, 224, 226 Vogler, Thomas, vortex, 59, 92, 224 war, 134–6 Warner, Janet, 27 Webster, Brenda, ix, 93, 175, 188 Wesley, Charles, 179–80 Whitby, Daniel, 197 Whittaker, Jason, viii, 134–6, 143, 162 Whytt, Robert, xiii, 63–4 Wicksteed, Joseph, 105–6, 149, 165 Wilkinson, Garth, 7–8 will, ix, 44, 58, 73, 174, 185–6, 189–90, 194; see also ‘Female Will’ ‘William Bond’, 106 Wilson, Adrian, 226 Winckelmann, Johann, xiii, 41–2, 45, 61 Wisdom, xiv, 15, 114, 180–1, 185, 190 Wisdom (Apocrypha), 181 ‘Woe cried the muse’, 68 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 116–17, 228 womb, xiv, 21, 76, 78–9, 87–9, 93, 94, 100, 103, 104, 111, 112, 114, 117–19, 125, 126, 127, 129–31, 133, 190, 216, 226; see also bosom worms, 48, 111–12, 115–17, 130, 131 Worrall, David, xii, 44, 224 woven body, 59, 65, 90, 98–101, 107, 118, 133, 154, 227 Wright, John, 10 writing, 77, 136–7 backwards, 14, 171–2, 228 Yeats, William Butler, vii Yolton, John, 182, 202 Youngquist, Peter, 17 Zechariah (Bible), 163 Zoffany, Johann, 35 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly Copyright material from www.palgraveconnect.com - licensed to Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso - PalgraveConnect - 2011-03-18 Index 249 ... 2011-03-18 William Blake and the Body 10.1057/9780230597013 - William Blake and the Body, Tristanne Connolly William Blake, Visions of the Daughters of Albion Plate 2(1) 10.1057/9780230597013 - William. .. William Blake and the Body body, particularly in the shape of sense organs, and fascinated with blood Investing the text with these images gives the text human attributes, and it reinforces the. .. unexpectedly and inexorably disease and death can overtake the body Blake s depiction of the body communicates this: the body both provides and threatens identity The simple question, ‘What does Blake