The author and publisher have provided this e-book to you for your personal use only You may not make this e-book publicly available in any way Copyright infringement is against the law If you believe the copy of this e-book you are reading infringes on the author’s copyright, please notify the publisher at: us.macmillanusa.com/piracy To Mike Davis, a stirring correspondent and cherished friend, whose enthusiasm for things medieval —even (or especially) dark ones—is the reason this book exists CONTENTS Title Page Copyright Notice Dedication Illustrations Epigraph CHAPTERS INTRODUCTION In a Mirror, Darkly CHAPTER ONE Mirror of the Fathers: The Birth of a Jewish Iconography, ca 1015–1100 CHAPTER TWO Blinding Light and Blinkered Witness, ca 1100–1160 CHAPTER THREE Jewish Eyes: Loveless Looking and the Unlovely Christ, ca 1160–1220 CHAPTER FOUR All the World a Picture: Jews and the Mirror of Society, ca 1220–1300 CHAPTER FIVE The Jew’s Face: Flesh, Sight, and Sovereignty, ca 1230–1350 CHAPTER SIX Where Are the Jewish Women? CHAPTER SEVEN The Jew in the Crowd: Surveillance and Civic Vision, ca 1350–1500 Conclusion Abbreviations Acknowledgments Index About the Author Copyright ILLUSTRATIONS Full-color, high-resolution versions of the images can be found at www.saralipton.com INTRODUCTION: IN A M IRROR, DARKLY Unidentifiable early medieval Jews: Moses gives the law to the people of Israel Moutiers-Grandval Bible, Tours, ca 840 London, British Library Add ms 10546, fol 25v (Photo: © The British Library Board) A hideous late medieval Jew: A Jew crucifies and stabs young Adam of Bristol Narratio Legendaria, England, ca 1320 London, BL ms Harley 957, fol 22 (Photo: © The British Library Board) CHAPTER ONE: M IRROR OF THE FATHERS: THE BIRTH OF A JEWISH ICONOGRAPHY, CA 1015–1100 The Jewish hat as identifying sign: Jewish elders look on and argue as Saint Matthew writes his gospel above them The Moscow Gospels, Saxony, ca 1180 Moscow, Russian State Archives of Old Acts Fonds 1607, Inv 1, no 23, fol 1; formerly Dresden ms A 94 (Photo: Russian State Archives) The Prophet Abdias Stavelot Bible, Belgium, 1097 London, BL Add ms 28106, fol 221 (Photo: © The British Library Board) The Prophet Sophonias Lobbes Bible, Belgium, 1084 Tournai, Bibliothèque du seminaire diocésain ms 1, fol 270 (Photo: © KIKIRPA, Brussels) Saint John the Baptist preaching to Judean Elders Second Gospel Book of Bernward, Hildesheim, ca 1015 Dommuseum Hildesheim ms 18, fol 75 (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) The Last Supper and Judas’s Betrayal Second Gospel Book of Bernward, Hildesheim, ca 1015 Dommuseum Hildesheim ms 18, fol 118 (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) The Three Magi Second Gospel Book of Bernward, Hildesheim, ca 1015 Dommuseum Hildesheim, ms 18, fol 18 (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) King Cepheus in a Phrygian cap, from the Constellation Cepheus Aratea, Aachen (?), ca 816 Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit ms Voss Latin Q 79, fol 26v (Photo: Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit) Personifications of the Slavs, Germans, Gauls, and Romans pay tribute to Emperor Otto III Evangeliary of Otto III, Reichenau, ca 1000 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek clm 4453, fol 23v (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) An early rendering of a dying Christ Bernward Crucifix, Hildesheim, ca 1007–1022 Dommuseum Hildesheim, DS (Photo: Frank Tomio) 10 The Glory of the Son Second Gospel Book of Bernward, Hildesheim, ca 1015 Dommuseum Hildesheim ms 18, fol 174 (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 11 Crucifixion with Ecclesia and Synagoga Ivory plaque, Metz, ninth century London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv 250-1867 (Photo: V & A Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London) 12 Crucifixion with Sun, Ecclesia, and Life; and Moon, Synagoga, and Death Uta Codex, Regensburg, ca 1022 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliotek clm 13601, fol 3v (Photo: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich) 13 Princes of the priests and elders of the people Reichenau Evangelistary, Reichenau, ca 1056 Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett ms 78 A 2, fol 26v (Photo: Berlin/Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen/Volker-H Schneider/Art Resource, New York) CHAPTER TWO: BLINDING LIGHT AND BLINKERED WITNESS, CA 1100–1160 Scroll-bearing bearded prophets West faỗade central portal, Verona Cathedral, ca 1139 (Photo: Scala/Art Resource, New York) The prophet Hosea South nave window, Augsburg Cathedral, after 1138 (Photo: SLUB Dresden/Deutsche Fotothek) Synagoga unveiled (Jesse tree) Lambeth Palace Bible, London, ca 1140 London, Lambeth Palace ms 3, fol 198 (Photo: The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Trustees of Lambeth Palace Library) Eilbertus portable altar Cologne, ca 1130–50 Welfenschatz, Kunstgewerbemuseum, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, W11 (Photo: RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York) Hebrew prophets and kings Side detail, Eilbertus portable altar Cologne, ca 1130–50 Welfenschatz, Kunstgewerbemuseum, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, W11 (Photo: Berlin/Kunstgewerbemuseum, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, New York) The Road to Emmaus Winchester Psalter, England, ca 1121–60 London, BL ms Cotton Nero C iv, fol 25 (Photo: © The British Library Board) Supper at Emmaus Winchester Psalter, England, ca 1121–60 London, BL ms Cotton Nero C iv, fol 26 (Photo: © The British Library Board) Heribert shrine Cologne, ca 1150–60 Church of Saint Heribert, Deutz-Cologne (Photo: Berlin/ Church of Saint Heribert/Hermann Buresch/Art Resource, New York) A Jew and a midwife testify to Heribert’s miraculous birth Detail, Heribert shrine Cologne, ca 1150–60 Church of Saint Heribert, Deutz-Cologne (Photo: Berlin/Church of Saint Heribert/Hermann Buresch/Art Resource, New York) 10 Stavelot Triptych Belgium, ca 1155 New York, Pierpont Morgan Library Purchased by Pierpont Morgan, 1910; AZ001 (Photo: Pierpont Morgan Library, New York) 11 Empress Helena compels Judas to reveal the site of the True Cross Detail, Stavelot Triptych Belgium, ca 1155 New York, Pierpont Morgan Library Purchased by Pierpont Morgan, 1910; AZ001 (Photo: Pierpont Morgan Library, New York) 12 Moses raises the Brazen Serpent Stained glass roundel, choir, Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis, ca 1144–45 (Photo: Anne-Marie Boucher) CHAPTER THREE: JEWISH EYES: LOVELESS LOOKING AND THE UNLOVELY CHRIST, CA 1160–1220 Christ in Majesty Apse fresco, Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Reichenau-Niederzell, ca 1120 (Photo: Erich Lessing) A Jew mocks and slaps the cross-bearing Christ Balfour ciborium, England, ca 1150–75 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv M.1:1, 2-1981 (Photo: V & A Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London) The crucifixion and brazen serpent Initial to Psalm 68, Peter Lombard, Commentary on Psalms, Paris (?), 1166 Bremen, Staatsund Universitätsbibliothek ms a 244, fol 113v (Photo: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Bremen) Christ nailed to the cross Reliquary casket, Westphalia-North Rhine, ca 1170 Paris, Louvre, OA 8096 (Photo: Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, New York) Temptation of Christ Stained glass panel, Champagne, ca 1170–80 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv C.107-1919 (Photo: V & A Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London) The Maccabees fight the Syrians Bible of Bishop Hugh le Puiset, England, ca 1153–75 Durham Dean and Chapter Library ms A.II.1, vol 3, fol 131v (Photo: Dean and Chapter, Durham Cathedral) Presentation of Christ Gospel of Henry the Lion, Helmarshausen, ca 1185–1188 Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek cod Guelph 105, noviss., fol 111 (Photo: Herzog August Bibliothek) Grieving men, one with veiled hand Illumination to Psalm Great Canterbury Psalter, England, ca 1180–90 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale ms lat 8846, fol 11v (Photo: Bibliothèque Nationale) Crucifix Austria, late twelfth century Museum of Melk Abbey (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, User Uoaei1) 10 Crucifixion Canon of the Mass, Stammheim Missal, Hildesheim, ca 1170–75 Los Angeles, J Paul Getty Museum ms 64, fol 86 (Photo: Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles) 11 Pharisees confront Jesus Great Canterbury Psalter, England, ca 1180–90 Paris, Bibiothèque Nationale ms lat 8846, fol 3v (Photo: Bibliothèque Nationale) 12 Saint Paul disputing with Jews and Greeks England, ca 1170–80 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Inv 223-1874 (Photo: V & A Images/The Victoria and Albert Museum, London) 13 Ham mocks his drunken father Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri Septem, Zwiefalten Abbey, Weingarten, ca 1160– 80 Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek HB 410, V, fol 1v (Photo: Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart) 14 Jews attempt to stone Christ Canon tables, leaf from Gospel manuscript, Belgium, ca 1170–75 Brussels, Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Inv V.2912bis (Photo: © KIK-IRPA, Brussels) CHAPTER FOUR: ALL THE WORLD A PICTURE: JEWS AND THE M IRROR OF SOCIETY, CA 1220–1300 Jews invite university students to turn to heresy and worship a cat Commentary to III Kings 11:1–9, Bible moralisée, Paris, ca 1220–25 Vienna ÖNB cod 2554, fol 50vd (Photo: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna) Royal Portal, West faỗade, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1145 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) Prophet with cap Detail, Royal Portal, West faỗade, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1145 (Photo: â Painton Cowan) Peering Hebrew elders Lintel, north door, Royal Portal, West faỗade, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1145 (Photo: â Painton Cowan) The Prophet Amos with hat and scroll North rose window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1235 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) The Prophet Samuel North porch central portal, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1215–30 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) The Prophet Ezechiel carrying John the Evangelist South transept lancet, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1221–30 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) Job on the dunghill tormented by demons and lectured by three friends North transept right portal tympanum, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1194–1230 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) Judgment of Solomon North transept right portal lintel, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1194–1230 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 10 Joseph cast into the well and sold to slavers Joseph window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 11 The Prodigal Son asks for his inheritance Prodigal Son window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 12 The father of the Prodigal Son gives him coins and a cup Prodigal Son window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 13 The Prodigal Son with a courtesan and serving boy Prodigal Son window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 14 The Prodigal Son asks a landowner for work Prodigal Son window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 15 The brother of the Prodigal Son protests to his father Prodigal Son window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 16 The killing of the fatted calf Prodigal Son window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 17 Synagoga blindfolded by a snake Symbolic Redemption (or Passion Typological) window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 18 Jewish doctors of the law debate Saint Stephen Saint Stephen window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1220–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 19 Pagan magicians debate Saints Simon and Jude Saints Simon and Jude window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1220–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 20 Hermogenes sends a messenger to Saint James Saint James the Greater window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1210–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 21 Constantine orders sacrifices to an idol Saint Sylvester window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1210–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 22 A Jewish moneylender Saint Nicholas pedagogical window, Bay 14, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1215–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 23 The Christian borrower swears a false oath Saint Nicholas pedagogical window, Bay 14, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1215–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 24 A money changer and his client Saint Joseph window, donor panel, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 25 The stoning of Saint Stephen Saint Stephen window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1220–25 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 26 Cain kills Abel Good Samaritan window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) 27 A priest’s hand withers as he touches the coffin of Mary Glorification of the Virgin window, Chartres Cathedral, ca 1205–15 (Photo: © Painton Cowan) CHAPTER FIVE: THE JEW’S FACE: FLESH, SIGHT, AND SOVEREIGNTY, CA 1230–1350 The fool says in his heart, ‘there is no God.’ Psalm 52, Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg, Paris, ca 1340 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86, fol 83v (Photo: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York) The torture of Saint John Paris Apocalypse, England, ca 1245–55 Paris, BN ms fr 403, fol (Photo: Bibliothèque Nationale) Isaac of Norwich, Mosse Mokke, and Avegaye Receipt Roll of the Jews, Hilary and Easter terms, 1233 London, National Archives E 401/1565 M1 (Photo: National Archives) The Jewish sage and Merlin in the Jew’s shop Detail, Cantiga 108, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 155v (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) A pious son, murderous father, and distressed wife Detail, Cantiga 108, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 155v (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) Merlin uses the deformed Jewish boy to convert Jews Detail, Cantiga 108, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 155v (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) The proper way to pray: Saint Bernard prays toward a crucifix Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg, Paris, ca 1340 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86, fol 295 (Photo: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York) The proper way to pray: two Christians pray toward the crucified Christ Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg, Paris, ca 1340 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86, fol 329 (Photo: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York) Janus January calendar page, Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg, Paris, ca 1340 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86, fol 1v (Photo: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York) 10 A monstrous grotesque wearing a miter October calendar page, Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg, Paris, ca 1340 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86, fol 11 (Photo: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York) 11 “Why you hide your face from me and consider me your enemy?” Maastricht Psalter, Netherlands, ca 1320 London, BL ms Stowe 17, fols 205v–206 (Photo: © The British Library Board) 12 The wound of Christ Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg, Paris, ca 1340 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86, fol 331 (Photo: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, New York) 13 Emperor Henry VII accepts a scroll of the law from a Roman Jew Codex Trevirensis, Germany, 1341 Koblenz, Landeshauptarchiv Balduineum I, Best C, Nr 1, fol 24r (Photo: Foto Marburg/Art Resource, New York) CHAPTER SIX: WHERE ARE THE JEWISH WOM EN? A marked Jewish man and unmarked Jewish woman: Elkanan and Hannah Bible, Paris, ca 1275–1300 London, BL ms Royal C II, fol 89 (Photo: © The British Library Board) Charles Landelle, Jewish Girl in Tangiers, ca 1860–1874 Reims, Musée des Beaux-Arts (Photo: Musée des Beaux-Arts, Reims/ De Vleeschauwer) The Jewish glassmaker of Bourges Detail, Cantiga 4, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 9v (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) The Jewish woman Marisalta sentenced to death Cantiga 107, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 154 (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) Marisalta falling Detail, Cantiga 107, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 154 (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) The Jewish woman who converted to Christianity after the Virgin Mary helped her through a difficult labor Detail, Cantiga 89, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Spain, ca 1280 Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1, fol 131 (Photo: Edilan-Ars Libris) The dance of Salome Petites Heures de Jean de Berry, Paris, ca 1375 Paris, BN ms lat 18014, fol 212v (Photo: Bibliothèque Nationale) The blacksmith’s wife forging the nails for the cross Holkham Bible, England, ca 1330 London, BL Add ms 47680, fol 31r (Photo: © The British Library Board) The blacksmith’s wife forging the nails for the cross Queen Mary Psalter, England, ca 1310 London, BL ms Royal B VII, fol 252v (Photo: © The British Library Board) 10 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Purification and Presentation at the Temple , Siena, 1342 Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi (Photo: Alinari/Art Resource, New York) 11 The circumcision of Christ by the Old Law Pèlerinage de Jesu Crist, France, ca 1400 Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale ms 10178, fol 222 (Photo: Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels) 12 Mass of Saint Gregory with instruments of the Passion South Germany, 1420–30 Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett 200–201 (Photo: Berlin/Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen/Art Resource, NY) 13 The Blessed Simon of Trent Woodcut, Germany (Nuremberg), 1479 Munich, Staatliche Graphische Sammlung 118 239 D (Photo: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich) 14 Jacques Daret, Nativity, Arras, ca 1425–35 Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza (Photo: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza/Scala/Art exegesis exotic royalty, pointed hats and extravagance eyeglasses eyes, of flesh vs of heart facial features and expressions See also caricature, physiognomic association with heresy and avarice and Chartres cathedral and contorted and hostile in twelfth-century art fama families family trees fasting, women and fatted calf femmes fatales festivals “ficta non esse prophetica dicta” fig, giving the figural images, increase in fines fire, Stavelot Triptych and First Crusade Flanders Florence foods fools forgiveness fornication Fourth Lateran Council See also Lateran decree France expulsion of Jews from frescoes See also specific frescoes frogs Froment, Nicolas Fuchs, Eduard Funeral of Saint Stephen (Lippi) funerals Gaston, Robert gazes backwards importance of direction of training of, surveillance and gazing Jews crowds and lethal loveless three guises of Geertgen tot Sint Jans Geertz, Clifford Gentiles, on Westphalia-north Rhine region reliquary casket Geoffrey of Auxerre German Jew See Aaron the Jew Gershom of Mainz (rabbi) gestures ghettos Ghirlandaio, Domenico giants, dwarves sitting on shoulders of giving the fig glassmaker, tales of glory, superficial conception of goatees Godehard of Hildesheim, Saint Goderanus Godfrey of Bouillon God Incarnate, as visible being Golden Calf, worshippers of Gonỗalves, Nuno Good Samaritan Gospel of John Gospel of Luke Gospel of Mark Gospel of Matthew Gothic style government Great Canterbury Psalter greed See also avarice Gregory I the Great (pope) Gregory VII (pope) grief, veiled hands and grimacing grotesque Gruneta See Brunetta Guigo of Chartreuse guilds Guillaume de Deguileville Habsburg realm hair See also darkness, of hair braiding of in fresco of Christ Carrying the Cross Jewish women and haloes ham hangmen Harding, Stephen Hartwig I (archbishop) hats Chartres cathedral and criminals and in fresco of Christ Carrying the Cross in historiography as Jewish sign Goderanus and imposed on Jews by church councils prophets and in Second Gospel Book of Bishop Bernward of Hidlesheim Stavelot and Lobbes Bibles and Winchester Psalter and worn by medieval Jews head coverings See also hats; miters; Phrygian caps in Jewish law of Jewish women of Magi of medieval Jews of pilgrims and travelers pointed, varieties of of urban Christians healing Hebraica Veritas Hebrew language Helena (empress) hemorrhoids Henry (Catholic cleric) Henry II (emperor) Henry III (king of England) Henry IV (emperor) Henry VII (emperor) heresy heretics Heribert of Cologne birth of reliquary shrine of Rupert’s biography of heritage, claiming of Herman See Judah/Herman hermeneutical Jews Herod Hevilath Hildesheim See also Bernward of Hildesheim Hippo, Augustine of See Augustine of Hippo A History of Jewish Costume (Rubens) Hitchcock, Alfred Holkham Bible Holy Trinity fresco (Masaccio) horned cap See hats, pileum horns Hosea (prophet) host desecration Hours of Catherine of Cleves (Master of Catherine of Cleves) households housewives, good Hughes, Diane Owen Hugo, Count of Worms humanity of Christ humiliation humility of Christ in worship hypocrisy Iberia See also Spain icon worship idolatry idols Idung of Prüfening inattention See distractedness Innocent III (Pope) Inquisition insipiens See fools intellectus irrationality Isaac of Norwich Isaiah (prophet) Isidore of Seville Israelites Jacob (prophet) Jacob Tam (rabbi) Janus Jan van Coudenberghe Jeremiah (prophet) Jerusalem Jesse trees Jesus See also Christ jewels Jewesses See also women as artistic sign unmarked in high Gothic art in Cantigas de Santa Maria in later medieval art Jewess of Toledo Jewish badge Jewish hat See hats The Jew’s Daughter Joan (queen of Naples) Job Joel (prophet) John, Gospel of See Gospel of John John, Saint (apostle) John Chrysostom John the Baptist, Saint John the Deacon Jolly, Penny Howell Jonah (prophet) Joseph, Saint Joseph of Arimathea Joseph the Patriarch Joseph Tob-Elem (rabbi) Josephus Judah/Herman emphasis on compassion and emotion and crucified Christ and relationships between Jews and Christians and revulsion and traditional attributes of divinity and walking into Christian church for first time Judas Judas Cyriacus Judgment of Solomon Judith Kalonymus Kemp, Wolfgang Killing of the Unicorn tapestry knives (sacrificial) circumcision of Christ and as representation of Jewish error and unbelief Synagoga and Knox, John Kruger, Steven kumta (cap) Lambeth Palace Bible The Lamb of God (van Eyck) lance bearer Lang, Andrew The Last Supper Lateran decree Laudatio Florentinae Urbis (Bruni) Lazarus See also Raising of Lazarus painting leftward gazing Legenda Aurea (Jacobus de Voragine) Leonardo da Vinci lettering, pseudo-Hebrew Life and Miracles of Saint William of Norwich (Thomas of Monmouth) Lippi, Filippo literacy literalism Little Book of Physiognomy (De Physiognomia libellus) Lobbes, Abbey of Lobbes Bible Loggias Lombard, Peter Lombard commentary initial See Commentary on the Psalms (Lombard) Longinus See also lance bearer Lorenzetti, Ambrogio Lorenzo de’ Medici Lorraine See also Lotharingia Lothair (emperor) Lotharingia See also Lorraine Lowlandish psalter Luke, Gospel of See Gospel of Luke Maccabees Magdalene, Mary Magdeburg Magi magicians Malchus Man of Sorrows biblical verse Man of Sorrows image manuscripts Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett ms 78 A (Reichenau Evangelistary) Bremen, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek ms a 244 (Lombard, Commentary on Psalms) Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale ms 10178 (Pèlerinage de Jesu Crist) Durham, Dean and Chapter Library ms A.II.l (Bible of Bishop Hugh le Puiset) Hildesheim, Dommuseum ms 18 (Second Gospel Book of Bernward) Koblenz, Landeshauptarchiv Balduineum I, Best C, Nr.1 (Codex Trevirensis) Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit ms Voss Latin Q 79 (Aratea) London British Library Add ms 10546 (Moutiers-Grandval Bible) Add ms 28106 (Stavelot Bible) Add ms 47680 (Holkham Bible) Cotton Nero C iv (Winchester Psalter) Harley 957 (Narratio Legendaria) Royal C II (Bible) Royal B VII (Queen Mary Psalter) Stowe 17 (Maastricht Psalter) Lambeth Palace ms (Lambeth Palace Bible) Los Angeles, J Paul Getty Museum ms 64 (Stammheim Missal) Madrid, El Escorial, Biblioteca de San Lorenzo el Real ms T.I.1 (Cantigas de Santa Maria) Moscow, Russian State Archives of Old Acts Fonds 1607, Inv 1, no 23 (Moscow Gospels) Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek clm 4453 (Evangeliary of Otto III) clm 13601 (Uta Codex) New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cloisters Collection 69.86 (Psalter and Hours of Bonne of Luxembourg) Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale fr 403 (Paris Apocalypse) lat 8846 (Great Canterbury Psalter) lat 18014 (Petites Heures de Jean de Berry) Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek HB 410 (Zwiefalten Orosius) Tournai, Bibliothèque du seminaire diocésain ms (Lobbes Bible) Vienna, ÖNB cod 2554 (Bible moralisée) Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek cod Guelph 105, noviss (Gospel of Henry the Lion) Marchand, Eckart Marian tales See also Cantigas de Santa Maria Mark, Gospel of See Gospel of Mark Martyrdom of Saint Mitre (Froment) martyrs See also Portal of the Martyrs Mary, Queen of Scots Masaccio masks, hypocrisy and Massys, Quentin materialism Matthew, Gospel of See Gospel of Matthew Maximilian (emperor) Mayr-Harting, Henry Mechelen Meditation (anonymous Cistercian or Carthusian) Meditations on the Life of Christ (Pseudo-Bonaventura) Meir of Rothenberg (rabbi) Meiss, Millard melancholy Melchisedek Memling, Hans Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare) merchants Merlin Milan (Ludovico Sforza, Duke of) miracles Rupert of Deutz on Simon of Trent and Miracles de Notre-Dame de Chartres miracle tales See also Marian tales, Cantigas d Santa Maria mirrors, rationale for selecting title and miters Modena Moissac, Abbey of monarchs, in Chartres cathedral See also specific monarchs monastic crisis of prosperity moneybags money changers moneylending See also usury Montaigne, Michel de moon Moses Mosse Mokke murders, ritual, accusations of Muslims Naddo di Ser Nepo di Ser Gallo nails narrative genres, and new signs Nativity (Daret) Nativity naturalism neighborhood watchfulness Nerius, Philip New Law New Testament Nicholas, Saint Nicodemus Nicolas, David noses notaries observers, observation of Office for the Dead Office of the Night Officium Peregrinorium (play) Old Law women and Old Testament On painting (Alberti) On the Divine Offices (Rupert of Deutz) ornaments, in the Temple “Otherness” Otto I (emperor) Otto III (emperor) Ottonians “Our Lady of Impruneta” image paganism pageantry palam Parable of the Prodigal Son Paris, Matthew Paris Apocalypse manuscript Paris Psalter Passion narratives Passover Paul, Saint Pèlerinage de Jésus-Crist (Guillaume de Deguileville), women in penance Persia perspective, linear Perugino, Piero Peter, Saint Peer Abelard Peter Damian Peter Lombard Peter Martyr, Saint Peter the Venerable Philip the Good philosophy, association of Jews with Phrygian caps physiognomy See also caricature, physiognomic pietists, Jewish piety, art as marker of Pilate pileum See also hats pilgrim, Christ as pilgrimage pimps Pinturricchio police, secret Pope-Hennessy, John popes See also specific popes Poppo of Stavelot Portal of the Martyrs (Chartres) portraiture poverty, return to monastic emphasis on preaching Premonstratensian canons Presentation in the Temple (anonymous) pride priestly authority, pointed hats and priests “Prioress’s Tale” (Chaucer) privacy Prodigal Son See Parable of the Prodigal Son proof, standards of See also evidence, rules of property sales prophesies prophets See also specific prophets on altar from Cologne in Chartres cathedral in late medieval anti-Jewish art on reliquary shrine of Heribert standardizing appearance of Winchester Psalter and women prostitutes prostitution Protoevangelium of James Psalm 52 (Vulgate) Psalm 68 (Vulgate) Pseudo-Augustine public, private vs Purification and Presentation panel (Daret) Purification of the Virgin (Lorenzetti) Queen Mary Psalter Quodvultdeus “Sermon against the Jews” Raising of Lazarus (van Ouwater) Raising of the Son of Theophilus (Masaccio) Raphael Rashi Ravenna ravens realism recluses red Regensburg Bible relic reliquaries Rembrandt renegades reputation Ringelheim ritual murders, See murders, ritual, accusations of Road to Calvary (Andrea da Firenze) Road to Emmaus Robert de Liège See Rupert of Deutz Roman law Rome Rothschild Canticles Rubens, Alfred Rubin, Patricia Rules for Women Recluses rumor Rupert of Deutz Jews as witnesses and reliquary shrine of Heribert and on value of vision, ornament, and images wealth and glory and Ruth sacrifice of Christ sages Saint Albans Psalter Saint Columbia altarpiece Saint-Denis, Abbey Church of Saint-Denis stained glass medallion Saint Eligius as a Goldsmith (Christus) Saint John (Lady) saints See also specific saints female haloes and images of, as training tool onlookers and ostentatious display of Saint Stephen window (Chartres) Saint Sylvester window (Chartres) Saint-Vaast, Abbey of Saint-Victor de Paris, Abbey of Salome Samson ben Abraham of Sens (rabbi) sanbenitos sand, red Sanhedrin Sano Di Pietro Santa Maria Novella, Priory of San Zeno, Verona, Church of Savonarola, Girolamo Scenes from the Passion (Memling) Schedel, Hartmann scholars Christian Jewish scholarship, biblical Schönau, Abbey of Scopic regime scorpions scowling scrolls Second Coming of Christ Second Crusade Second Gospel Book of Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim secrecy secret police seduction seeing See sight self-consciousness Sélincourt, church of senses, physical, and perception sensory experience See senses “Sermon against the Jews” serpents See also snakes; brazen serpent, raising of Serra, Jaime servitude, Jewish Seven Sorrows of Mary Seventh Council of Nicaea shaving See beards Shrine of Heribert Siegfried of Gorze Siete Partidas Sigebert of Gembloux sight See also blindness; senses; witnesses importance and imperfection of bodily vision and Jews and of Christ of the Cross of Jews prophets and Synagoga and Sijena, Abbey of, altarpiece Simonio See Simon of Trent Simon Magus Simon of Trent Simon the Cyrene Simon the Pharisee sin Sistine Chapel slaves snakes See also serpents sneering sodomy Solomon See also Judgment of Solomon soothsayers sorcery sovereignty Spain spitting sponge giver See also Stephaton spurs to devotion spying stained glass windows Stammheim Missal Stavelot, Abbey of Stavelot Bible Stavelot Triptych Stephaton Stephen, Saint Stephen Harding, See Harding, Stephen Stimulus Amoris (Ekbert) stone building, revival of stoning stripes Stuttgart Orosius sudra See turbans Suger of Saint-Denis sumptuary laws sun suppedaneum surveillance Sylvester, Saint Synagoga Chartres cathedral and as female personification of Judaism Judgment of Solomon and loss of vision of regained vision of in Stammheim Missal tablets of the law tails Tam, Jacob (rabbi) taxation Tertullian testimony See also evidence, rules of; witnesses Augustinian concept of culture of surveillance and iconographically marked male as in criminal cases from Jews of prophets to miracles women and textual errors theater states theatrical productions Thomas Aquinas Thomas of Cantimpré Thomas of Monmouth three-faced Jew Three Magi, See Magi time, passage of toads Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone See Masaccio tonsures Tornabuoni Chapel Torn Veil of the Temple torture Tree of Jesse See Jesse trees Trent triumphalism, Christian True Cross turbans Uccello, Paolo usurers usury Uta Codex See also moneylending Van Coudenberghe, Jan Van der Goes, Hugo Van der Weyden, Rogier Van Engen, John Van Eyck, Jan Van Ouwater, Albert Vasari, Giorgio veiled hands veils Venice Venetian Council of Ten Verona See also Man of Sorrows image Vespasiano Da Bisticci vessels ecclesiastical leaky, women as Via Veritatis (Andrea da Firenze) viewer, Jew as See sight villains in Chartres cathedral fathers as in fresco of Christ Carrying the Cross in late medieval anti-Jewish art vine branches violence Virgin, Cult of Virgin and Child, veneration of Virgin Mary circumcision of Christ and in altarpiece of Purification of the Virgin in Annunciation altarpiece in Cantigas de Santa Maria in Daret Nativity in high medieval art in Holy Trinity fresco in Man of Sorrows image in Stammheim Missal Virgin of Impruneta vision See sight Visitation (Ghirlandaio) Vita of Heribert of Cologne Voelkle, William wafers See Eucharist walls Warburg, Aby weakness, women and wealth Wecelin weddings Weltchronik (Schedel) Westphalia–north Rhine region reliquary casket Wibald of Stavelot William of Norwich, Saint Winchester Psalter windows See also stained glass windows wisdom witchcraft witches witnesses See also crowds, witnessing; testimony Aaron the Jew as altar from Cologne and of birth of Heribert of Cologne in Vita Cantigas de Santa Maria and evidentiary rules of ancient Roman law and forged in Cantigas of Santa Maria Jews as Pope Innocent III on proliferation of images featuring protection of Jews respecting Christian primacy and Stavelot Triptych and Synagoga and viewers of art as women See also Jewesses; Synagoga carnality of increased symbolic significance of in medieval Christian thought imposition of clothing regulations on Jewish “otherness” and lack of requirement for wearing of distinguishing mark by as witnesses wool guild World Chronicle (Schedel) See Weltchronik yellow Zacharias (prophet) Zebel Zwiefalten, Abbey of ABOUT THE AUTHOR SARA LIPTON teaches medieval history at SUNY Stony Brook and is the author of Images of Intolerance: The Representation of Jews and Judaism in the Bible moralisée, which won the Medieval Academy of America’s John Nicholas Brown prize The recipient of fellowships from the New York Public Library’s Cullman Center, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Oxford University, her writing has appeared in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, and The Huffington Post DARK MIRROR Copyright © 2014 by Sara Lipton All rights reserved For information, address Henry Holt and Co., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 www.henryholt.com eBooks may be purchased for business or promotional use For information on bulk purchases, please contact Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department by writing to MacmillanSpecialMarkets@macmillan.com The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as follows: Lipton, Sara, 1962– Dark mirror: the medieval origins of anti-Jewish iconography / Sara Lipton pages cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-8050-7910-4 (hardback)—ISBN 978-0-8050-9601-9 (electronic book) Jews in art Antisemitism in art Art, Medieval Art and society—Europe—History—To 1500 I Title N8219.J49L57 2014 704.9’49305892404—dc23 2014015899 e-ISBN 978-0-8050-9601-9 First Edition: November 2014 ... especially) dark ones—is the reason this book exists CONTENTS Title Page Copyright Notice Dedication Illustrations Epigraph CHAPTERS INTRODUCTION In a Mirror, Darkly CHAPTER ONE Mirror of the... ILLUSTRATIONS Full-color, high-resolution versions of the images can be found at www.saralipton.com INTRODUCTION: IN A M IRROR, DARKLY Unidentifiable early medieval Jews: Moses gives the law to the people... Standard Version) INTRODUCTION IN A MIRROR, DARKLY Thus indeed appear the Jews regarding the Holy Scripture they carry: like the face of a blind man in a mirror By others he is seen; by himself,